986
. From Craig S. Keener, “One New Temple in Christ (Eph
2
:
11–22
; Acts
21
:
27–29
; Mark
11
:
17
; John
4
:
20–24
),” Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies
12
(
1
, January
2009
):
75–92
. Reprinted by permission of the Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies, APTS Press.
. I take Ephesians to be Pauline, but those who attribute it to a disciple of Paul may still find value in the connections between Eph
2
:
11–22
and the setting of Paul’s captivity envisioned in Acts
21
–
22
. Many scholars doubt Ephesians’s Pauline authorship; see e.g., Lincoln, Ephesians, lix-lxxiii; Nineham, “Authorship”; Mitton, Ephesians,
4–11
; Kirby, Ephesians,
3–56
. But in favor of Pauline authorship, see e.g., Hoehner, Ephesians,
2–61
,
114–30
(thoroughly); Sanders, “Authorship”; Robinson, Redating,
63
; Barth, Ephesians,
1
:
3–60
; cf. Roon, Authenticity,
37–44
; Cadbury, “Dilemma.” I believe that the style is sufficiently Pauline, if one allows for some “Asianist” rhetoric and his increased skill in using Stoic language (as in Philippians; cf. Acts
19
:
9
), and that Hoehner’s argument (favoring Paul’s authorship) is compelling.
. The original, considerably longer article treats each of these passages and some others, including the new temple envisioned in Revelation; I have restricted the present essay largely to Acts and to what I view as corresponding information in Ephesians.
. I have treated this subject elsewhere in Keener, “Invitations,”
210–13
; Keener, “Reconciliation,”
118–22
.
. See e.g., Josephus Ant.
3
.
318–19
;
15
.
417
; War
5
.
194
;
6
.
124–26
,
426–27; m. Kel.
1
:
8
. Such purity regulations may be partly in mind in Eph
2
:
15
as it relates to shattering the dividing wall in Eph
2
:
14
.
. Josephus Ant.
15
.
417
; War
5
.
194
;
6
.
125–26
; cf. Philo Embassy
212
; the inscription in Carmon, Inscriptions,
76
,
167–68
, §
169
; Deissmann, Light,
80–81
; comment in Finegan, Apostles,
119–20
. Most ancients could not read, but presumably word would spread; many ancient temples had various sorts of purity regulations, some requiring death for violation (e.g., Strabo
14
.
6
.
3
; Hesiod Astron. frg.
3
).
. Cf. Josephus War
6
.
126
; m. Sanh.
9
:
6
; discussion in Segal, “Death Penalty.”
. I cover these observations from Acts in much more detail in Keener, Acts,
3
:
3147–49
.
. Dangerous riots sometimes occurred in the temple (Josephus War
2
.
224–27), requiring extra precautions during the festivals (War
5
.
244
); this is probably a festival or just after one (see Acts
20
:
16
).
. From the staircase (Acts
21
:
40
) noted in Josephus War
5
.
243–44
.
. Paul did exercise the rhetorical sensitivity to otherwise establish rapport first (as recommended in rhetoric; see e.g., Rhet. Alex.
29
,
1436
b.
17–19
,
38–40
;
1437
a.
1–1438
a.
2
;
1442
a.
22–1442
b.
27
).
. For this approach to the circular letter, see e.g., Hoehner, Ephesians,
78–79
,
144–48
; Robinson, Ephesians,
11
; Stagg, Acts,
199
; Ford, Revelation, 389; Arnold, Power,
5–6
. Manuscripts could also generalize originally more specific addressees; see Gamble, “Formation,”
186
; Lincoln, Ephesians,
1–4
.
. Josephus War
2
.
266–70
,
457–58
.
. See e.g., Tob
13
:
10
;
14
:
5
;
4
Q
212
f
1
.
4
.
18
;
11
Q
19
29
.
9
;
1
En.
90
:
28–29
;
91
:
13
(at least in the Ethiopic version); Sib. Or.
3
.
657–60
,
702
,
772–74
;
2
Bar.
4
:
3
;
32
:
4
; t. R.H.
2
:
9
; Shab.
1
:
13
; Sanders, Jesus and Judaism,
78–86
; Freyne, Galilee,
153–57
; notes in Maier, Temple Scroll,
98–116
; Yadin, “Temple Scroll,”
41
; Broshi, “Dimensions.”
. E.g.,
1
QS
8
.
5–9
; Gärtner, Temple,
16–46
. Among gentiles, cf. Richardson, “Sacrifices”; Richardson, “Influence”; Richardson, Temple.
. Cf. e.g., Ezek
44
:
9
; Zech
14
:
21
;
4
Q
176
f
8–11
.
3
; Ps. Sol.
17
:
22
.
. Historically, see Keener, Matthew,
560–63
, and the many sources cited there; also my Historical Jesus of the Gospels.
. See discussion in Keener, “Invitations.”
. Cf. Keener, “Human Stones.”