Endnotes
Endnotes CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to the Didache 1. William Varner, "The Didache's Use of the Old and New Testaments" The Masters Seminary Journal, Volume 16, Number | (Spring, 2005): 127-51; "What the Teaching Can Teach Us" Christianity
Today Volume 50, Number 6 (2006): 30-32.
2. Joan Hazelden Walker, "Reflections on a new Edition of the Didache," Vigiliae
Christianae 35 (1981): 35.
3. Kurt Niederwimmer, The Didache, (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998); Aaron Milavec, The Didache: Faith, Hope and Life of the Earliest Christian Communities, 5070 C.E., (New York: Newman Press, 2003).
4. The Didache in Context: Essays on its Text, History and Transmission, ed. Clayton Jefford, (New York: E.J. Brill, 1995); The Didache in Modern Research, ed. Jonathan
A. Draper, (New York: E.J. Brill, 1996); and The Didache: Its Jewish Sources and Its
Place in Early Judaism and Christianity, eds. Huub van de Sandt and David Flusser,
(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002); Matthew and the Didache:
Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu?, ed. Huub van de Sandt, (Minneapolis: Fortress Press,
2005).
5. See as a recent sample, Jonathan Draper, "Ritual Process and Ritual Symbol in Didache 7-10" Vigiliae Christianae 54, 2 (2000): 121-158; Clayton Jefford, "Conflict at Antioch: Ignatius and the Didache at Odds" Studia Patristica 36 (2001): 262-269; Huub van de Sandt, "Do not give what is holy to the dogs (Did. 9:54 and Matt. 7:6a; the Eucharistic food cf the Didache in its Jewish Purity Setting" Vigiliae Christianae 56, 3 (2002):
223-246; and Jonathan Draper, "The Apostolic Fathers: The Didache" The Expository
Times 117, 5 (2006): 177-81.
6. "The New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers," Oxford University, April 5-7, 2004. The conference was called to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the publication of a seminal volume titled The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers produced in 1905 by the Oxford Committee on Historical Theology. The proceedings have been published as The New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers, eds. Andrew Gregory and Christopher Tuckett, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 2 volumes.
7. See e.g., David Flusser, footnote 4 and the early article by Kaufmann Kohler in the Jewish Encyclopedia, \sidore Singer, ed. (New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1901):
IV, 585-88.
8. See the following standard works for treatments of these important "introductory" issues: J.B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers (London: Macmillan, 1893), 2nd edition, ed.
Endnotes Michael Holmes (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999); Niederwimmer, chapters 1-7; and Milavec, Parts | and 2.
9. This is the general position of the contributors to Matthew and the Didache.
(2005). See also the recent article by Jonathan Draper, "The Apostolic Fathers: The Didache," (2006).
10. See, e.g., Milavec, vii-xxv.
As early as 1885 the French scholar Sabatier defended this early date (La Didache. Paris: Librairie Fischbacher). Jean Paul Audet in La
Didache: Instruction des Apotres (Paris: Librairie Lecoffre, 1958) has provided the most scholarly defense of a very early date, although he does acknowledge a number of later editorial additions to the document.
11. Stephen Neill and NT Wright, The Interpretation of the New Testament, 18611986 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 2nd ed., 64.
12. See, e.g., the commentary by Niederwimmer; Willy Rordorf and Andre Tuilier, La doctrine des douze apétres. 1978 edition republished and enlarged (Paris: Cerf, 1998), and Alan Garrow, The Gospel of Matthew's Dependence on the Didache (London, New
York: TandT Clark, 2004).
13. Those influential writers will be discussed in later chapters where their contributions to the discussion of various issues will be noted.
CHAPTER TWO: The Rediscovery of the Didache 14. Two of the scholars on the list were David Flusser, who reported on his own examination of the manuscript in The Didache, 16-24, and Willy Rordorf, another major
Didache scholar. | did not recognize the name of the third "reader" who signed the sheet.
There surely have been more than these who have visited the library to see the Didache.
For example, the Notre Dame scholar, David Aune, informed me in a private email that he had also examined the manuscript in Jerusalem in 2002.
15. Philotheos Bryennios, Atdayn Twv Awdexa ArootoAwy (Constantinople:
Tupois 5.1. Voutyra, 1883).
16. Recent scholars have seriously questioned the romantic version of the scroll's discovery, although Muhammad ed Dihb and his relatives never abandoned their original account of the scroll's "accidental" discovery.
See Hershel Shanks, editor, Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls (New Y ork: Random House, 1992).
17. Edwin A Grosvenor, "An Interview with Bishop Bryennios-The Discovery of the Teaching," Andover Review November (1884): 515-16.
18. Philotheos Bryennios, Tou ev ἁγίοις matpoc nuwy Κλεμεντος επισκοπου Pwpng at δυο προς Κορινθιοὺυς επιστολαι (Constantinople, 1875).
19. See the discussion of the Alexandrinus "Clements" by J.B. Lightfoot, Apostolic
Fathers, vol. 1, (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1981 reprint of the original 1890 edition.): 116-21.
20. J. Rendel Harris, The Teaching of the Apostles (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1887). The ten photographic plates follow page 107.
21. Bryennios, κ᾽ (20).
22. Adolf Harnack, Die Lehre der Zwélf Apostel: Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Altchristlichen Literatur. Vol. 2 (Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1886): 1-70, and "Didache," in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge S.M. Jackson, ed. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1906: III, 420-24. Harnack also assigned the verse
Endnotes
divisions which have been used until today. Bryennios had earlier divided the work into its sixteen chapters.
23. Schaff, 12, 121.
24. See the discussion, e.g., in J.E.L. Oulton, "Clement of Alexandria and the Didache" JTS 41 (1940): 177-79.
25. Bart Ehrman, "The New Testament Canon of Didymus the Blind" Vigiliae Christianae Volume 37, no. 1 (March, 1983): 11-13, 16-17, 21.
26. Van de Sandt and Flusser, 112-39.
27. Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Part XV. (London:
Egypt Exploration Society, 1922): 12-15.
28. See Varner (2006) for accompanying photos of the fragment.
29. Colin Roberts, Manuscript, Society and Belief in Early Christian Egypt (London:
Oxford, 1979): 10-15.
30. G.W.H. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981): 405.
31. Markus Bockmuehl, Seeing the Word: Refocusing New Testament Study (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006): 64-68.
CHAPTER THREE: The Text of the Didache 32. Grenfell and Hunt, 12-15.
33. Bryennios, 37.
34. Harris, 1-10.
35. Karl Bihlmeyer, Die Apostolischen Vater: Neubearbeitung Der Funkschen Ausgabe, Ester Teil (Tubingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1970), 1-9.
36. Klaus Wengst, Didache, Barnabasbrief, Zweiter Clementsbrief, Schrift an Diognet (Munchen: Kosel-Verlag, 1984), 66-91.
37. Willy Rordorf and Andrew Tuilier, La doctrine des douze apdtres. 1978 edition republished with extended bibliography and notes as part of the Sources Christienns series (Paris: Cerf, 1998), 142-99.
38. Both Rordorf/Tuilier and Bihlmeyer add these bracketed words that appear in the Doctrina Apostolorum and the Apostolic Church Order.
39. Rordorf/Tuilier and Bihlmeyer add this word due to its inclusion in the Doctrina
Apostolorum, Barnabas, and Apostolic Constitutions.
40. The inclusion of the name Inood is attested only in the Coptic version. Although a case can be made for its inclusion due to the parallels in the previous verses, it is best to not include it due to its late attestation.
41. The Coptic version and the Apostolic Constitutions include, with some variations, an interesting prayer over "ointment" (μύρου). It is not included due to its late attestation and to the fact that it is nowhere recorded that Jesus ever made known the "ointment" as he did the other blessings in 9:2,3 and 10:2,3.
42. The words are found in a similar sentence at 12.2, are supported by the Ethiopic version, and make better sense in the context. The inclusion of the name Ἰησοῦ is attested only in the Coptic version. Although a case can be made for its inclusion due to the parallels in the previous verses, it is best to not include it due to its late attestation.
Endnotes CHAPTER FOUR: A Translation of the Didache 43. Milavec, The Didache, 2003: 9-45.
44. Aelred Cody, "The Didache: An English Translation," in The Didache in Context: Essays on Its Text, History, & Transmission, ed. by Clayton Jefford (Leiden: E.J.
Brill, 1995), 3-14.
CHAPTER FIVE: The Scriptures of the Didache 45. The literature in this area is extensive and continues to expand. For three recent works that illustrate various approaches to the hermeneutical implications of the "Old in the New," see Greg Beale, ed., The Right Doctrine from the Wrong Texts? (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1994); Steve Moyise, The Old Testament in the New (New York: Continuum, 2001); and Craig Evans, ed., From Prophecy to Testament: The Function of the Old Testament in the New (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2004).
46. David E. Aune, The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003) 395.
47. A sampling of Patristic authors through the fourth century who utilized this
Malachi text as prophetic of the eucharist in the same way as the Didachist include Justin
Matryr, Dialogue with Trypho 41:2; 116.3; 117:1,4; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 5.136.2,3; Irenaeus Heresies 4.17.5,6; and Tertullian, Adversus Judaeos 5.4; 5.7; Against Marcion 3.22.6; 4.1.8; Lactantius, Divine Institutions 4.11.8; Origen, Homily on Genesis, 13.3; Eusebius, Demonstratio 1,10,35; 3,2,74; and Cyril of Alexandria, Catechesis ad Illuminados A 18,25.
48. George Eldon Ladd, "The Eschatology of the Didache" (Harvard University, 1949), 145-155.
49. For a creative suggestion about the content of that missing ending, see Robert
Aldridge, "The Lost Ending of the Didache," Vigiliae Christianae, 53: 1-15.
50. Some see another possible allusion to Luke 12:35 in Didache 16:1a.
51. See, for example, Schaff, 78-88. Schaff also believed that the Didache showed implicit knowledge of some other NT books, a position not often advocated by scholars today, 88-95.
52. Edouard Massaux, The Influence of the Gospel of Saint Matthew on Christian Literature before Saint Irenaeus Book 3: "The Apologists and the Didache." English translation ed. by Arthur Bellinzoni (Macon: Mercer University Press, 1993).
53. Helmut Koester, Synoptische Uberlieferung bei den apostolischen Vatern. TU, vol. 65 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1957).
54. See, for example, Jonathan Draper, "The Jesus Tradition in the Didache" in Gospel Perspectives, vol. 5, The Jesus Tradition Outside the Gospels, ed. David Wenham
(Sheffield: JSOT, 1985) 269-287. Papers at the "New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers" conference in 2004 presented by Arthur Bellinzoni, William Peterson and Helmut
Koester still advocated this position. This is also the general position of most of the authors in Matthew and the Didache.
55. Jean Paul Audet, La Didache Instructions des Apotres (Paris: Librarie Lecoffre,
1958). See endnotes 10, 11.
56. Christopher Tuckett, "Synoptic Tradition in the Didache" in The Didache in Modern Research, ed. Jonathan Draper (Leiden: EJ Brill, 1996), 92-128.
57. Udo Schnelle, The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998), 355.
Endnotes
58. Martin Hengel, The Four Gospels and the One Gospel o Jesus Christ (Harrisburg: Trinity Press, 2000), 64.
59. Tuckett, 128,129.
60. Bruce Metzger, The Text of the New Testament (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968 ) 87.
61. This is much like Paul's use of the very same discourse marker to introduce the successive subjects he was addressing in his First Epistle to the Corinthians (7:1; 7:25;
8:1; 12:1; 16:1; 16:12).
62. Oskar Skarsaune, In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity, (Downers Grove, IL: Inter Varsity Press, 2002) 406-421.
63. Draper, "Jesus Tradition in the Didache," 78.
64. W.D. Davies and D.C. Allison, Matthew 1-7 (London: T&T Clark, 1988), 676; and D.A Carson, "Matthew" in Expositors Bible Commentary, vol. 8 (Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1984) 185.
65. Andre Tuilier, "La Didache at le probleme synoptique," in Jefford, The D idache in Context, 110-130; and "Les charismatiques itinerants dans la Didache et dans
T'Evangile de Matthieu (with an English abstract)" in Van de Sandt, Matthew and the Didache: 157-72.
66. Lampe, 549.
67. Tuilier, "La Didache," 130.
68. Patrick Skehan, "Didache 1, 6 and Sirach 12, 1" Biblica 44, 1963, 533-536.
69. Bryennios, 56. Robert M. Grant mentions the use of Sirach also at 4:8 (Sir. 4:5);
4:5 (Sir. 4:36); 1:2 (Sir. 7:30); 13:3 (Sir. 7:31-32); and 1:4 (Sir. 8:1). Apostolic Fathers
(New York: Nelson, 1964), Vol. 1, 75n. Comparative examination of these texts indicates more a level of echo rather than of citation.
CHAPTER SIX: The Two Ways of the Didache 70. I will only mention a few of the main books and articles on this subject in the last fifty years. Jean Paul Audet in La Didache. Instruction des Apotres (Paris: 1958);
Jean Danielou, The Theology of Jewish Christianity I (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1964) 28ff., 315ff.; Jean-Paul Audet, "Literary and Doctrinal Affinities of the Manual of Discipline" in Draper, Didache, 129-147.
71. Matthew and the Didache: Two Documents from the Same Jewish-Christian Milieu?, ed. Huub van de Sandt, (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005), 238-70.
72. Jean-Paul Audet, "Literary and Doctrinal Affinities of the Manual of Discipline" in Draper, Didache, 129-147.
73. Willy Rordorf, "An Aspect of the Judaeo-Christian Ethic: The Two Ways" in Draper The Didache, 151.
74. B.B. Warfield, "Notes on the Didache" Journal of the Exegetical Society, June,
1886, 92-93.
75. For the text in English, see Geza Vermes, The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English (Penguin, 1997) 101-103.
For a brief summary discussion of the rabbinic concept of the two inclinations in man, see Jacob Neusner, ed. Dictionary of Judaism in the Biblical Period (New York: Simon and Schuster) 312, 668.
76. Wilhelm Michaelis, "ὁδός, in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing, 1967 ), Volume V, 53-60, 93-96.
77. Aaron Milavec, The Didache: Faith, Hope and Life of the Earliest Christian Communities, 50-70 C.E., (New York: Newman Press, 2003).
Endnotes 78. Aaron Milavec, The Didache: Text, Translation, Analysis, and Commentary
(Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2003).
79. Milavec, The Didache: Text, 44-61.
80. Milavec, The Didache: Text, 41.
81. Milavec, The Didache: Text, 49-50. As is so often the case, Milavec provides in his longer work more evidence for adopting this interpretation. Milavec, The Didache:
Faith, 112-16.
82. For considerations of space, I do not always quote in its entirety the Didache text to which I am referring. Readers are requested to consult the Analytical Translation in chapter four, pages 29-42.
83. Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zonbervan, 1997): 569-70.
84. Milavec, The Didache: Text, 53.
85. David N. Freedman, ed. Anchor Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday,
1992): I, 34.
86. While the translation is mine, I again acknowledge the influence of Aaron Milavec on my utilizing an analytical translation, which he also has pioneered in his own works on the Didache.
87. The contemporary Jewish scholar, Jacob Neusner, has eloquently issued this warning in a number of his many valuable volumes.
88. Huub van de Sandt and David Flusser illustrate this Jewish characteristic of 3:16 with a wealth of examples from Jewish literature in The Didache: Its Jewish Sources and its Place in Early Judaism and Christianity, 165-179 (see endnote 4).
89. Schaff, 93.
90. An excellent review of the recent scholarly discussion on the Haustafeln is provided in a thorough excursus by Harold Hoehner, Ephesians: An Exegetical Commentary
(Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002): 720-29.
91. Milavec, The Didache: Text, 60.
CHAPTER SEVEN: The Sacraments of the Didache 92. Van de Sandt and Flusser, "A Jewish-Christian Addition to the Two Ways: Did.
6:2, 3": 238-70.
93. David Flusser, "Paul's Jewish-Christian Opponents in the Didache," in The Didache in Modern Research, ed. Jonathan Draper, 195-211.
94. Niederwimmer, 122-23; Rordorf and Tuilier, 32-33.
95. Willy Rordorf, "Baptism in the Didache," in The Didache in Modern Research," ed. Jonathan Draper, 212-22.
96. Rordorf, 221-22.
97. Schaff, 29-35.
98. This lecture is published as "The Apostolic Fathers and Infant Baptism" in TraJjectories through the New Testament and the Apostolic Fathers, Andrew Gregory and Chistopher Tuckett, eds. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005): 123-33.
99. Abundant examples of such immersion mikveh installations have been uncovered in the land of Israel. These mikvaot also contain entrances and exits for the water so there would always be "living water" flowing through the mikveh.
100. Schaff, 34.
101. See Schaff, 35 for these references.
Endnotes
102. For the various views and an excellent discussion of this passage, see Jonathan
A. Draper, "Christian Self-Definition against the "Hypocrites" in Didache 8," in Draper,
The Didache in Modern Research: 223-43.
103. Johannes Betz, "The Eucharist in the Didache" in Jonathan A. Draper, The Didache in Modern Research: 245. Betz's thorough discussion of these issues (245-75), along with the following chapter by Enrico Mazza, "Didache 9-10: Elements of a Eucharisic Interpretation" (276-99) offer a most thorough and up-to-date handling of these questions.
104. Willy Rordorf, "The Didache" in The Eucharist of the Early Christians (New York: Pueblo Publishing Co., 1976): 1-21. Rordorf also offers additonal valuable insight into these chapters in Rordorf and Tuilier, 38-48, 63-73 (endnote 12).
105. For an able discussion of the Jewish context of these prayers, see Oskar Skarsaune, In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christanity (Downers
Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2002): 399-421.
106. Rordorf, 6.
107. Audet, 372-98.
108. Skarsaune, 411.
109. Rordorf, 9.
110. Bart Ehrman, translator, The Apostolic Fathers, Vol. One, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 24: 431-33.
111. Rordorf, 14.
112. Rordorf, 15.
113. Rordorf, 17.
CHAPTER EIGHT: The Ministers of the Didache 114. Andre de Halleux has effectively surveyed the different interpretations of these
"ministers" and offered his own informed interpretation in "Ministers in the Didache,"
Jonathan A. Draper, ed. The Didache in Modern Research: 300-320. I have generally followed the approach of Simon Tugwell, The Apostolic Fathers (Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing, 1990): 1-5.
115. In the mid-second century, Lucian exposes the philosopher Peregrinus by presenting him as exploiting Christian hospitality. As he wandered, he had "the Christians as sufficient provisions for hs journey" (De Morte Peregrini, 16). Cited by Tugwell, 18n.
116. Danker, 1090.
117. Schaff, 125-27.
118. Schaff, 126n.
119. Tugwell, 3.
120. Milavec, 73, for example.
121. Walter Bauer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature, 3d ed.. Fredrick W. Danker, ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2000): 1013.
122. Schaff, 75.
CHAPTER NINE: The Theology of the Didache 123. I have refrained from providing references to illustrate this point, since I do not wish to appear that I am attacking writers for their lack of theological acumen.
124. Schaff, 22.
Endnotes 125. One of the earliest efforts in this regard was by the German Catholic scholar
Krawutzky in 1884. Schaff duscusses and critically interacts with his views and offers a rejoinder that also applies to the few scholars who later have advanced this charge of Ebionism. See Schaff, 23-24.
126. In this regard the reader is referred to the tendential treatment by Bart Ehrman,
Lost Christianities:The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2003): 95-103. For more even handed treatments, there is the long out of print and hard to secure volume by Hugh J. Schonfield, The History of Jewish
Christianity (London: Duckworth, 1936). The best treatment of the subject is the scholarly volume edited by Oskar Skarsaune and Reidar Hvalvik, Jewish Believers in Jesus:
The Early Centuries (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2006).
127. Oscar Cullmann, The Christology of the New Testament (Louisville, KY:
Westminster John Knox Press, 1980):64-65.
128. Cullmann, 73.
129. Cullmann, 73.
130. Cullmann, 75.
131. Schaff, 26.
132. Thomas F. Torrance, The Doctrine of Grace in the Apostolic Fathers (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans publishing Co., 1959): 36-43.
133. Lampe, 786.
134. Schaff, 26.
135. F.F. Bruce, "The Eschatology of the Apostolic Fathers," in The Heritage of the Early Church (Rome: Pontificum Institutum Studiorum Orientalium, 1973): 83.
136. See the articles by Milavec and Pardee in Jefford, The Didache in Context and the articles by Bammel and Seeliger in Draper, The Didache In Modern Research.
137. George Eldon Ladd, "The Eschatology of the Didache," Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1949.
138. Hans Reinhard Seeliger, "Considerations on the Background and Purpose of the Apocalyptic Conclusion of the Didache," in Draper, Didache in Modern Research:
374-76. It is ironic that Seeliger still refers to the chapter as "apocalyptic" in the title!
139. Seeliger, 374. Collin's definition as given is the result of the work of the Genres Project of the Society of Biblical Literature.
140. Seeliger, 381.
141. Danker, 517; Lampe, 708.
142. Schaff, 215-16. See Nancy Pardee in Jefford, The Didache in Context: 156-76, for another thorough evaluation of the verse.
143. Danker, 307, citing Wengst.
144. See Schaff, 218; and Ladd, 33ff. Both believed that the eschatological views of the Didache were at least consistent with pre-millennialism.
145. Robert E. Aldridge, "The Lost Ending of the Didache" Vigiliae Christianae 53
(1999): 1-15.
146. Ladd, 177. I have paraphrased Ladd with my own nuancing at certain points.
CHAPTER TEN: The Lessons of the Didache 146 .Milavec, The Didache: Text: 88.
147. Schaff, 97.
148. Bryennios, 58-61.