Notes
Chapter 1
1. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 80.
2. For some of the ideas on “gentlemen,” the author is indebted to Gordon S. Wood, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Penguin, 2005), 17–60.
3. George Whitefield, Letter CCXXXVIII (November 26, 1740), Works of George Whitefield, vol. 1 (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 255–56.
4. Arnold Dallimore, George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival, vol. 2 (Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1980), 450.
5. Franklin, Autobiography, 101.
6. Benjamin Franklin, Letter to John Franklin, August 6, 1747, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
Chapter 2
1. Dante Alighieri, The Divine Comedy, translated by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, public domain, Inferno, canto 26.
2. Augustus Jessopp, John Donne: Sometime Dean of St. Paul’s A.D. 1621–1631, Parts 1621–1631 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1897), 150–61.
3. George Herbert, The English Poems of George Herbert: Together with His Collection of Proverbs Entitled Jacula Prudentum (London: Rivingtons, 1871), 203–10.
4. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 398.
5. Thomas Paine, Common Sense, public domain.
6. Mayflower Compact cited in Rod Gragg, Forged in Faith (New York: Howard, 2010), 30.
7. “John Winthrop Delivers ‘City Upon a Hill’ Sermon Aboard the Arbella, Heading En Route to Colonial America, 1630,” http://worldhistoryproject.org/1630/john-winthrop-delivers-city-upon-a-hill-sermon-aboard-the-arbella-heading-en-route-to-colonial-america.
8. Ibid.
9. For some ideas and information in this chapter, the author is indebted to Charles L. Sanford, “An American Pilgrim’s Progress,” American Quarterly 6, no. 4 (Winter 1954): 297–310.
Chapter 3
1. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 13.
2. Ibid., 15.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., 14.
6. Ibid., 17.
7. Ibid.
8. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 41.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 41–42. Italics his.
11. Franklin, Autobiography, 15.
12. Ibid., 15–16.
13. Ibid., 78.
14. Whitefield, Journals, 42.
15. Franklin, Autobiography, 17–18.
16. Ibid., 18.
Chapter 4
1. Benjamin Franklin, New-England Courant, April 2, 1722 (Silence Dogood Letter no. 1), www.historycarper.com.
2. Franklin, New-England Courant, May 14, 1722 (Silence Dogood Letter no. 4), www.historycarper.com.
3. Franklin, New-England Courant, July 23, 1722 (Silence Dogood Letter no. 9) www.historycarper.com.
4. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 23.
5. Ibid., 24.
6. Ibid., 26.
7. Ibid.
8. For more on this theme, see Charles L. Sanford, “An American Pilgrim’s Progress,” American Quarterly 6, no. 4 (Winter 1954): 297–310.
9. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Creators: A History of Heroes of the Imagination (New York: Random House, 1992), 577–84.
10. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 40.
11. Franklin, Autobiography, 17.
12. Boorstin, The Creators, 583.
13. Franklin, Autobiography, 26.
14. John Bunyan, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (London: Religious Tract Society, 1905), sec. 8.
15. George Whitefield, “A Recommendatory Preface to the Works of Mr. John Bunyan,” January 3, 1767, in The Works of the Reverend George Whitefield, vol. 4 (London: Dilly, 1771), 327–28.
16. Ibid., 328.
17. Bunyan, Grace Abounding, sec. 12.
Chapter 5
1. The US Census didn’t begin until 1790, so early data must be inferred from various other sources, and some guesswork is involved. Also, many cities (like Philadelphia) were still establishing their boundaries. For instance, Germantown is now part of Philadelphia, but when Whitefield preached there, it was a separate town. For estimates of metropolitan areas in the 1700s, The author is using the calculations of this Web site: http://www.peakbagger.com/pbgeog/histmetropop.aspx#tables. Even if Whitefield exaggerated the attendance figures, as some historians think, it’s still a huge portion of the area’s population.
2. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 100.
3. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 396. The quotation is from Revelation 3:8 (KJV).
4. There is a Whitefield Society at City Church, meeting in the University of Pennsylvania area.
5. Franklin, Autobiography, 28.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 28–29.
8. Ibid., 29.
9. Ibid., 28.
Chapter 6
1. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 32.
2. Ibid., 18. See the accompanying note by editor Joyce E. Chaplin. Franklin also references this book in a letter to Samuel Mather, May 12, 1784: “I have always set a greater value on the character of a doer of good, than on any other kind of reputation; and if I have been, as you seem to think, a useful citizen, the public owes the advantage of it to that book.”
3. Benjamin Franklin, Letter to Samuel Mather, May 12, 1784, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
4. Ibid.
5. Franklin, Letter to Samuel Mather, July 7, 1773, franklinpapers.org.
6. Ibid.
7. Franklin, Autobiography, 42.
8. Ibid.
Chapter 7
1. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 49.
2. Arnold A. Dallimore, George Whitefield: God’s Anointed Servant, vol. 1 (Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1970), 13.
3. George Whitefield, Journals, 43.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid., 42.
6. George Whitefield, Letter DXXIII (June 21, 1743), The Works of the Reverend George Whitefield, vol. 2 (London: Dilly, 1771), 27.
7. Ibid.
8. Whitefield, Journals, 42.
9. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 42.
10. Ibid., 43.
11. Lewis Theobald, Harlequin Sorcerer: With the Loves of Pluto and Proserpine (Google eBook) (London: Woodfall, 1752), 10.
12. James Ralph, The Touch-stone (“Booksellers of London and Westminster,” 1728), 221.
13. Benjamin Franklin, A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain, 1725, franklinpapers.org.
14. Franklin, Autobiography, 50.
Chapter 8
1. A. M. Nagler, A Sourcebook in Theatrical History (New York: Dover Publications, 1952), 115.
2. Ibid., 128–29.
3. Ibid., 130.
4. Scott McMillin, ed., Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Comedy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 494.
5. Ibid., 496.
6. In this context, our interest in Franklin is as a promoter of the “Whitefield show,” a role that Ben performed quite well. (Franklin also provided literary entertainment. The colonies didn’t have much of a theater scene until about 1750, but Franklin’s wit, especially in Poor Richard’s Almanac, was certainly a key part of the pop culture of eighteenth-century America.)
7. McMillin, Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Comedy, 324–5.
8. John Gay, The Beggar’s Opera and Companion Pieces, ed. C. F. Burgess (New York: Meredith Corporation, 1966), 5.
9. Romans 3:10 (KJV).
10. Eighteenth-Century Plays, with an Introduction by Ricardo Quintana (New York: Random House, 1952), 325.
Chapter 9
1. “George Whitefield,” Christian History (blog), Christianity Today, August 8, 2008, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/evangelistsandapologists/whitefield.html.
2. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 102–3.
3. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 43.
4. Cicero, On Rhetoric, lines 221ff. My translation.
5. Cicero, On Oratory and Orators, trans. J. S. Watson (New York: Harper and Bros., 1860), book 3, chapter XIV.
6. Jean Benedetti, The Art of the Actor (New York: Routledge, 2007), 71.
7. Aaron Hill, The Prompter, no. 118, December 23, 1735.
8. Kevin A. Miller, “George Whitefield: From the Editor—The Original Christian History,” Christian History, issue 38 (1993): 2.
9. “George Whitefield,” Christian History (blog).
10. “Controversial George Whitefield,” Christianity.com, http://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1701-1800/controversial-george-whitefield-11630198.html.
11. Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991), 239–40.
12. Ibid., 239.
13. Ibid., xviii.
14. Whitefield, Journals, 43.
15. Ibid., 44.
16. Franklin, “Journal of a Voyage, 1726,” in Autobiography, 226.
Chapter 10
1. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 51.
2. Ibid.
3. Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac, 1743, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
1. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 44.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 45–6.
4. Ibid., 47.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 46.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., 47.
9. Ibid., 48.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., 49.
13. Whitefield, Journals, 50.
14. Charles Wesley, “An Elegy on the Late Reverend George Whitefield, M.A.,” Journal of Charles Wesley, vol. 2 (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1960), 419.
15. George Whitefield, “Sermon LXXV,” Sermons on Important Subjects by the Rev. George Whitefield (London: Fisher, 1836), 251.
16. Samuel Johnson said, “When at Oxford, I took up Law’s Serious Call to a Holy Life, expecting to find it a dull book (as such books generally are), and perhaps to laugh at it. But I found Law quite an overmatch for me; and this was the first occasion of my thinking in earnest of religion, after I became capable of rational inquiry.” His biographer added, “From this time forward religion was the predominant object of his thoughts; though, with the just sentiments of a conscientious Christian, he lamented that his practice of its duties fell far short of what it ought to be.” Boswell, Boswell’s Life of Johnson.
17. William Law, A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, July 13, 2005, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/law/serious_call.ii.html.
18. John Gillies, Memoirs of the Life of the Reverend George Whitefield, M.A. (London: Dilly, 1772), 19.
19. Whitefield, Journals, 20.
Chapter 12
1. Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac, Melons, 1733; Haste, 1753; Gains, 1745; Fleas, 1733. The publication was known as Poor Richard Improved from 1748 on. http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
2. Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac, 1736, franklinpapers.org.
3. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 55.
4. Ibid., 55–56.
5. Ibid., 56.
6. Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 40.
7. Adam B. Seligman, Innerworldly Individualism: Charismatic Community and Its Institutionalization (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994), 165.
8. Samuel Mather, The Life of Dr. Cotton Mather (Minneapolis: Curiosmith, 2012), 45.
9. Benjamin Franklin, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/pop_juntoquestions.html.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. John Wesley, questions gathered from “A Scheme of Self-Examination” and “Rules of the Band Societies.”
14. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 51.
15. August Hermann Francke, Nicodemus, or A Treatise Against the Fear of Man, 3rd ed. Bath, UK: S. Hazard, 1801), ii.
16. The Country-Parson’s Advice to His Parishioners: In Two Parts (Google eBook) (London: Benj. Tooke, 1680), https://play.google.com/store/books/details/The_Country_parson_s_Advice_to_His_Parishioners?id=6gk8AQAAMAAJ, 79–80.
17. Ibid., 80–81.
Chapter 13
1. “Benjamin Franklin’s Epitaph,” http://www.librarycompany.org/bfwriter/images/large/1.10.jpg.
2. George Whitefield, Letter MLXXIII (January 17, 1755), Works, vol. 3 (London: Dilly, 1771), 120.
3. Benjamin Franklin, “Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion,” 1728, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
4. George Whitefield, Letter DCCCCXXVI (August 17, 1752), Works, vol. 2 (London: Dilly, 1771), 445.
5. The Country-Parson’s Advice to His Parishioners: In Two Parts (Google eBook) (London: Benj. Tooke, 1680), https://play.google.com/store/books/details/The_Country_parson_s_Advice_to_His_Parishioners?id=6gk8AQAAMAAJ, 43.
6. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 51.
7. Ibid. He cites Henry Scougal, The Life of God in the Soul of Man, ccel.org, 38–39. Whitefield paraphrases the original, which reads: “I cannot speak of religion, but I must lament, that, among so many pretenders to it, so few understand what it means: some placing it in the understanding, in orthodox notions and opinions; and all the account they can give of their religion is, that they are of this or the other persuasion, and have joined themselves to one of those many sects whereinto Christendom is most unhappily divided. Others place it in the outward man, in a constant course of external duties, and a model of performances: if they live peaceably with their neighbors, keep a temperate diet, observe the returns of worship, frequenting the church and their closet, and sometimes extend their hands to the relief of the poor, they think they have sufficiently acquitted themselves. Others again put all religion in the affections, in rapturous heats and ecstatic devotion; and all they aim at, is, to pray with passion, and think of heaven with pleasure, and to be affected with those kind and melting expressions wherewith they court their Saviour, till they persuade themselves that they are mightily in love with him; and from thence assume a great confidence of their salvation, which they esteem the chief of Christian graces. Thus are those things which have any resemblance of piety, and at the best are but means of obtaining it, or particular exercises of it, frequently mistaken for the whole of religion. . . . But certainly religion is quite another thing, and they who are acquainted with it will entertain far different thoughts, and disdain all those shadows and false imitations of it. They know by experience that true religion is a union of the soul with God, a real participation of the divine nature, the very image of God drawn upon the soul, or, in the apostle’s phrase, ‘It is Christ formed within us.’ ”
8. Ibid.
9. Whitefield, Journals, 60.
10. Whitefield, Journals, 63, footnote 2.
11. Ibid.
12. Whitefield, Journals, 64.
13. George Whitefield, Sermon LXII, “Repentance and Conversion,” Sermons on Important Subjects by the Rev. George Whitefield (London: Fisher, 1836), 75.
14. John Wesley, The Heart of John Wesley’s Journal, ed. Percy Livingstone Parker (New Canaan, CT: Keats, 1979), 43.
15. Charles Wesley, Journal of Charles Wesley, vol. 1 (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1960), 91.
16. John Wesley, “The Almost Christian,” sermon 2, UMCMission.org, http://www.umcmission.org/Find-Resources/John-Wesley-Sermons/Sermon-2-The-Almost-Christian.
17. Whitefield, Sermon LXII, 70, 72–73
18. Ibid., 74.
19. Henry Scougal, The Life of God in the Soul of Man, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/scougal/life/, 40–41.
20. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 56.
21. Ibid., 101.
1. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 67.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 99.
4. The Pennsylvania Gazette, February 4, 1735, http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/the-pennsylvania-gazette/.
5. Franklin, Autobiography, 99.
6. Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 55.
7. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 71.
8. George Whitefield, Letter XIII (June 20, 1736), Works, vol. 1 (London: Dilly, 1771), 26.
9. George Whitefield, Works, vol. 5 (London: Dilly, 1771), 134.
10. Whitefield, Letter XVI (June 30, 1736), Works, vol. 1, 28–29.
11. Whitefield, Works, vol. V, 134–5.
12. Whitefield, Letter XVI, 28–29.
13. Whitefield, Journals, 87.
14. Ibid.
15. James Paterson Gledstone, George Whitefield, M.A.: Field Preacher (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1900), 42.
16. Whitefield, Journals, 90.
17. Ibid., 91.
18. Whitefield, Letter XX (February 10, 1737), Works, vol. 1, 35.
19. Whitefield, Letter XXVII (October 25, 1737), Works, vol. 1, 40–41.
20. Whitefield, Letter XX.
21. Whitefield, Journals, 99.
22. Ibid.
23. Frank Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Great Awakening, 1737–1745,” Journal of American History 77, no. 3 (December 1990): 816–17.
24. Franklin, Autobiography, 103.
25. Whitefield, Journals, 110.
Chapter 15
1. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 51–52. All the early material on George Webb comes from this source.
2. For Webb’s involvement in the Junto and his betrayal of Ben’s secret, see Autobiography, 58–59.
3. Ibid., 221.
4. Samuel Austin Allibone, Poetical Quotations from Chaucer to Tennyson (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1875), 514.
5. Franklin, Autobiography, 78.
6. Franklin, Autobiography, 93–94.
7. Bryan F. LeBeau, Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1997), 46 (note 5). LeBeau gives a thorough treatment of the Hemphill affair on pages 45–63.
8. The Pennsylvania Gazette, April 10, 1735, http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/the-pennsylvania-gazette/.
9. This analysis of Franklin’s religious search comes partly from Herbert W. Schneider in his article “Ungodly Puritans,” included in Benjamin Franklin and the American Character, ed. Charles L. Sanford (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1955), 77–83, and excerpted from Schneider’s The Puritan Mind (New York: Holt, 1930).
10. LeBeau, Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism, 55.
Chapter 16
1. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 159.
2. Ibid., 139.
3. George Whitefield, Sermons of George Whitefield, ed. Evelyn Bence (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2009), 42.
4. Ibid, 44–5.
5. Whitefield, Journals, 90.
6. Ibid., 633.
7. Ibid., 183.
8. George Whitefield, Letter XL (June 10, 1738), Works, vol. 1 (London: Dilly, 1771), 55–56.
9. Whitefield, Journals, 178.
10. It’s hard to determine exactly what an amount of money in the past would be worth in modern times, but thirteen hundred pounds in 1738 would probably equate to, at minimum, a quarter-million US dollars today, and possibly a million or more.
11. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 101.
12. The Pennsylvania Gazette, April 24, 1740, http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/the-pennsylvania-gazette/.
13. Whitefield, Letter XL, 55–56.
14. John Gillies, Memoirs of the Life of the Reverend George Whitefield (London: Dilly, 1772), 38.
15. Whitefield, Letter XLII (December 30, 1738), Works, vol. 1, 58.
16. Whitefield, Journals, 293.
17. Gillies, Memoirs of the Life of the Reverend George Whitefield, 37–38.
1. The Pennsylvania Gazette, July 26, 1739, http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/the-pennsylvania-gazette/.
2. The Pennsylvania Gazette, November 8, 1739.
3. Ibid.
4. The Pennsylvania Gazette, November 15, 1739.
5. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 396.
6. Ibid., 395.
7. Ibid., 396.
8. Ibid., 399.
9. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 100.
10. Whitefield, Journals, 444.
11. Franklin, Autobiography, 101.
12. Ibid.
13. Whitefield, Journals, 460.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 459–60.
16. The Pennsylvania Gazette, May 15, 1740.
17. George Whitefield, Letter CCXXXVIII (November 26, 1740), Works, vol. 1 (London: Dilly, 1771), 255–56.
Chapter 18
1. George Whitefield, Letter LXIX (November 10, 1739), Works, vol. 1 (London: Dilly, 1771), 81.
2. Ibid.
3. The Pennsylvania Gazette, May 1, 1740, http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/the-pennsylvania-gazette/.
4. The Pennsylvania Gazette, May 8, 1740.
5. Ibid.
6. The Pennsylvania Gazette, June 10, 1731.
7. Ibid.
8. William Seward, Journal of a Voyage (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2009), 30–31.
9. Walter Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), 112.
10. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 492–93.
11. The Pennsylvania Gazette, April 10, 1740.
12. Frank Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Great Awakening, 1737–1745,” Journal of American History 77, no. 3 (December 1990): 821, 836.
13. Whitefield, Letter CLXIX (March 26, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 179.
14. Whitefield, Letter CXCII (May 24, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 207.
15. Whitefield, Letter CXCIX (June 25, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 214–15.
16. Whitefield, Letter CCXIV (August 25, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 231–32.
17. Whitefield, Letter CCXXI (September 25, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 239.
18. Whitefield, Letter CCXXIX (November 9, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 247–48.
19. Whitefield, Letter CCXXXVI (November 24, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 254.
20. Luke Tyerman, The Life of the Rev. George Whitefield, vol. 1 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1877), 412.
21. Whitefield, Letter CXCII (May 24, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 207.
22. Ibid.
23. The Pennsylvania Gazette, October 2, 1740.
Chapter 19
1. John R. Williams, “The Strange Case of Dr. Franklin and Mr. Whitefield,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 102, no. 4 (October 1978): 403.
2. The Pennsylvania Gazette, October 9, 1740, http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/the-pennsylvania-gazette/.
3. George Whitefield, Journals (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 505–6.
4. Ibid., 506, footnote.
5. Jonathan Edwards, A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God, sec. 1, http://www.jonathan-edwards.org/Narrative.html.
6. Edwin S. Gaustad, ed., A Documentary History of Religion in America to the Civil War (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1982), 216.
7. Iain H. Murray, Jonathan Edwards: A New Biography (Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1987), 157.
8. Whitefield, Journals, 521.
9. Ibid., 522.
10. J. B. Wakeley, Anecdotes of the Rev. George Whitefield (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1879), 184–85.
11. Chris Armstrong, “The Trouble with George,” Christian History, issue 77 (2003): 19.
12. Whitefield, Letter CCXIV (August 25, 1740), Works, vol. 1 (Shropshire, England: Quinta Press, 2000), 232. The reference is to 1 Corinthians 3:6–8.
13. Daniel Walker Howe, “Franklin, Edwards, and the Problem of Human Nature,” Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards, and the Representation of American Culture, eds. Barbara B. Oberg and Harry S. Stout (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 90.
1. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 80.
2. Walter Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), 163.
3. Ibid., 165.
4. Charles Wesley, Journal of Charles Wesley, vol. 1 (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1960), 79.
5. George Whitefield, Letter XCIII (November 10, 1739), Works, vol. 1 (London: Dilly, 1771), 105.
6. Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991), 164.
7. Whitefield, Letter CLX (February 1, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 171.
8. Whitefield, Letter CLXXII (April 4, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 182–83.
9. Whitefield, Letter CLXXIII (April 4, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 184–85.
10. Whitefield, Letter CCIII (June 26, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 219–20. Note: Some assume that the June 26 letter must be misdated and should be July 26. In that case, George would have been telling Seward about a rejection letter he had just received from Elizabeth. But it makes more sense both emotionally and chronologically to see this June letter coming after George got a reply to the letter he sent to Elizabeth on February 1. Since he had sent a letter of strong spiritual exhortation, she might have responded with a letter lacking the kind of spiritual commitment he wanted.
11. Wesley, Journal of Charles Wesley, 237–40.
12. Arnold Dallimore, George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival, vol. 1 (Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1970), 473–74, 597.
13. Whitefield, Letter CCXII (August 15, 1740), Works, vol. 1, 229.
14. Whitefield, Journals, 521–22.
15. Mark Galli, “Whitefield’s Curious Love Life,” Christian History, issue 38 (1993): 33.
16. Whitefield, Letter CCCXC (February 2, 1742), Works, vol. 1, 403.
17. Franklin, Autobiography, 77.
18. Anonymous, but attributed to Charles Chauncy, A Letter from a Gentleman in Boston to Mr. George Wishart One of the Ministers of Edinburgh, Concerning the State of Religion in New England (Edinburgh: s.n., 1742), 8.
19. Ibid., 12–13.
Chapter 21
1. There was a broadside printed that was purported to be a letter from Franklin to Whitefield, dated June 3, 1743. Carrying the title “Give Us But Light,” it had some personal remarks and then launched into a discussion of good works. Later analysis identified it as a letter written a decade later to a Reverend Joseph Huey. It appears as such in collections of Franklin’s letters.
2. Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991), 175.
3. Luke Tyerman, The Life of the Rev. George Whitefield, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1877), 134.
4. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 102 (italics his).
5. George Whitefield, Letter DCCXIX (December 21, 1748), Works, vol. 2 (London: Dilly, 1771), 219.
6. Frank Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Great Awakening, 1737–1745,” Journal of American History 77, no. 3 (December 1990): 826.
7. Arnold Dallimore, George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival, vol. 2 (Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1980), 214.
8. Benjamin Franklin, Letter to Joseph Huey, June 6, 1753, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
9. George Whitefield, Letter to Benjamin Franklin, June 23, 1747, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
10. Whitefield, Letter to Benjamin Franklin, February 26, 1750, franklinpapers.org.
11. Franklin, Letter to Cadwallader Colden, September 29, 1748, franklinpapers.org.
12. Franklin, Letter to George Whitefield, July 6, 1749, franklinpapers.org.
13. See Franklin, Letter to Thomas Hopkinson, October 16, 1746, and Letter to Jane Mecom, July 28, 1743, franklinpapers.org.
Chapter 22
1. Document dated April 16, 1746, from the Pennsylvania Gazette, May 22, 1746, http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/the-pennsylvania-gazette/.
2. The Pennsylvania Gazette, July 31, 1746.
3. Ibid.
4. Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991), 196.
5. Benjamin Franklin, Letter to John Franklin, August 6, 1747, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
6. Peter Collinson, Letter to Benjamin Franklin, July 7, 1752, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
7. The Pennsylvania Gazette, October 19, 1752.
8. George Whitefield, Letter DCCCCXXVI (August 17, 1752), Works, vol. 2 (London: Dilly, 1771), 445.
9. Whitefield, Letter MLV (August 15, 1754), Works, vol. 3, 105.
10. Whitefield, Letter MLVI (August 17, 1754), Works, vol. 3, 106
11. Whitefield, Letter MLIV, (August 7, 1754), Works, vol. 3, 105.
12. Whitefield, Letter MLXXIII (January 17, 1755), Works, vol. 3, 120.
13. Franklin, Letter to George Whitefield, July 2, 1756, franklinpapers.org.
Chapter 23
1. Benjamin Franklin, Letter to Deborah Franklin, November 22, 1757, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
2. James Paterson Gledstone, George Whitefield, M.A.: Field Preacher (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1900), 225.
3. David Hume, Letter to Benjamin Franklin, May 10, 1762, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
4. George Whitefield, Letter MCCXL (August 15, 1760), Works, vol. 3 (London: Dilly, 1771), 268–69.
5. Whitefield, Letter MCCCXII (June 25, 1764), Works, vol. 3, 317.
6. Franklin, Letter to George Whitefield, November 28, 1763, franklinpapers.org.
7. Franklin, Letter to George Whitefield, June 19, 1764, franklinpapers.org.
8. Ibid.
9. Franklin, Letter to William Strahan, June 25, 1964, franklinpapers.org.
10. Franklin, Letter to Sally Franklin, Nov 8, 1764, franklinpapers.org.
11. John Gillies, Memoirs of the Life of the Reverend George Whitefield, M.A. (London: Dilly, 1772), 189.
12. Arnold Dallimore, George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival, vol. 2 (Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1980), 450.
13. Franklin, Letter to Deborah Franklin, February 27, 1766, franklinpapers.org.
14. Franklin, Letter to Jane Mecom, March 2, 1767, franklinpapers.org.
15. Whitefield, Letter to Benjamin Franklin, January 21, 1768, franklin papers.org.
16. Ibid.
17. Franklin, Letter to George Whitefield, December 6, 1768, franklinpapers.org.
18. Whitefield, Letter MCCCXCVIII (November 12, 1768), Works, vol. 3, 382.
19. Whitefield, Letter MCCCCVII (March 17, 1769), Works, vol. 3, 387.
20. Luke Tyerman, The Life of the Reverend George Whitefield, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1877), 558.
21. Franklin, Letter to George Whitefield, before September 2, 1769. franklin papers.org.
22. Ibid.
23. Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991), 230–31.
24. Phillis Wheatley, The Poems of Phillis Wheatley (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 133.
25. The Pennsylvania Gazette, October 11, 1770, http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/the-pennsylvania-gazette/.
26. Franklin, Letter to Noble Wimberly Jones, March 5, 1771, franklinpapers.org.
Chapter 24
1. Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography, ed. Joyce E. Chaplin (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), 101.
2. Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1991), 220.
3. Franklin, Letter to Noble Wimberly Jones, March 5, 1771, http://franklinpapers.org/franklin//framedVolumes.jsp.
4. Harry S. Stout, “Heavenly Comet,” Christian History, issue 38 (1993).
5. Paul Johnson, A History of Christianity (New York: Touchstone, 1976), 427.
6. Ibid.
7. The Pennsylvania Gazette, June 12, 1740, http://www.accessible-archives.com/collections/the-pennsylvania-gazette/.
8. Franklin, Letter to Ezra Stiles, March 9, 1790, In God We Trust, ed. Norman Cousins (New York: Harper, 1958), 41–42.