9. Addresses Delivered at the Inauguration of Rev. J. W. Nevin,
The Principle of Protestantism in 1825 on the campus of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. Because of "incompatibility of temperament" between the two schools, the Seminary moved to York, Pa. in 1829, and a high school or preparatory classical department was added to the curriculum. The preparatory school moved to Mercersburg, Pa. in 1835 and the following year was chartered as Marshall College by the State of Pennsylvania. Since the charter of the Seminary stated that it was to be permanently located in York, the removal of that institution to Mercersburg was delayed until the fall of 1837. After the merger of Franklin College
(Lancaster, Pa.) and Marshall College to form Franklin and Marshall College on the Lancaster campus in 1853, the Seminary remained in Mercersburg until 1871, when it also moved to Lancaster.
The corporate name of the institution at the present time is "The Lancaster Theological Seminary of the United Church of Christ." See
George W. Richards, History of the Theological Seminary of the Evangelical and Reformed Church at Lancaster, Pennsylvania
(Lancaster; 1952), pp. 129 ff.
5. Weekly Messenger, Nov. 20, 1844, p. 1913.
6. See The Acts and Proceedings of the Synod of the German Reformed Church at Greencastle, Pa., October
(Chambersburg, 1840) , pp. 25-26.
7. B. C. Wolff, A Sermon Delivered at the Opening of the Synod of the German Reformed Church at Reading, Pa., October 21, 1841
(Chambersburg, 1841), pp. 4-12.
(Appended to The Acts and Proceedings of 1841.) 8. John Williamson Nevin (1803-1886) was born on a farm near
Shippensburg, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in a staid ScotchIrish Presbyterian settlement. Educated at Union College and Princeton Theological Seminary, he became professor of Hebrew and biblical literature at Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian) , Pittsburgh, Pa. in 1829. He was called to the Theological Seminary of the German Reformed Church, Mercersburg, Pa. in 1840. He became the honored colleague of Philip Schaff at that institution and one of the founders of the Mercersburg theology. His writings have been called
"one of the first significant American contributions to the history of theology." See James Hastings Nichols, Romanticism in American Theology: Nevin and Schaff at Mercersburg
(Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1961); Theodore Appel, The Life and Work of John Williamson Nevin (Philadelphia: Reformed Church Publication House, 1889) .
9. Addresses Delivered at the Inauguration of Rev. J. W. Nevin,
Philip Schaff
D.D., Mercersburg, Pa., May 20, 1840 (Chambersburg, 1840), p. 24.
10. The Acts and Proceedings of the Synod of the German Reformed Church at Allentown, Lehigh Co., Pa., 1844 (Chambersburg,
1844) 5p. 34:
Il.
The Acts and Proceedings of the Synod of the German Reformed Church at Greencastle, Pa., October
(Chambersburg, 1840) , pp. 75-83. i227 0td., pp: 11-18.
13. Nevin's important articles on the Heidelberg Catechism were carried by the Weekly Messenger, beginning Dec. 9, 1840 (p. 1085), and extending to Aug. 10, 1842.
14. Judging mainly from the Mayer Liturgy. See Liturgy for the Use of the Congregations of the German Reformed Church in the United States of North America. Approved by the Synod of said
Church (Chambersburg, 1841), pp. 52-71.
15. The Constitution of the German Reformed Church in the United States of North America, adopted by the Synod in 1846
(Chambersburg: Kieffer, 1850), p. 44. ("The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper shall be administered in every congregation where it is practicable twice a year and oftener.")
16. See Bard Thompson, "The Catechism and the Mercersburg Theology,'
Essays on the Heidelberg Catechism (Philadelphia:
United Church Press, 1963), pp. 53-74.
17.
The Acts and Proceedings of the Synod of the German Reformed Church at Allentown, Lehigh Co., Pa., 1844 (Chambersburg, ia )epace:
18. "A true revival" was certainly the ideal of Nevin in his first edition of The Anxious Bench (1843).
19. The text of the Church Order is given in: Wilhelm Niesel (ed.), Bekenntnisschriften und Kirchenordnungen der nach Gottes Wort reformierten Kirche (Zollikon—Zurich: Evangelischer Verlag, 1938) , pp136-218.
Z0 4) ee Petrin, Histoire des Vaudois (Geneva, 1619); translated into English as History of the Old Waldensians (New York: Mason,
1843).
21.
Weekly Messenger, Hep caLOe 2 else lo2 4.
22, See the Weekly Messenger, Jan. 27, 1841; Nov. 11, 1840; Sept.
15, 1841. Note the Zwinglian character of the Mayer Liturgy.
23. A Sermon Delivered at the Opening of the Synod (1841), p.
10.
The Principle of Protestantism 24. See "Does the Roman Catholic Church Constitute Any Part of the Church of Christ?" Weekly Messenger, Jan. 12, Feb. 2, 16, 1842, ppe 131541324,"
13345 Seey James Hastings Nichols, Romanticism in American Theology: Nevin and Schaff at Mercersburg
(Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1961), pp. 169 ff.
25.
Weekly Messenger, Nov. 25, 1840, p. 1079.
26. Joseph F. Berg, The Old Paths (Philadelphia, 1846), p. viii.
27. See The Principle of Protestantism, thesis 31.
28. See The Principle of Protestantism, p. 73.
29. Philip Schaff, What Is Church History? (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1846), pp. 80 ff.
30. Ibid., pp. 75-77.
31. The Acts and Proceedings of the Synod of the German Reformed Church at York, York Co., Pa., October 1845 (Chambersburg,
1845), pp. 72-91.
INTRODUCTION: JOHN W. NEVIN
1. Development, evolution.
2. Schaff was ordained on April 12, 1844 in the Reformed Church at Elberfeld, at which the distinguished Friedrich Wilhelm Krummacher
(1796-1868) preached. Following Dr. Krummacher's remarks in which he admonished the young scholar to go to America "as the bearer of a pure German national spirit" to rescue the Germans in that land from "the many-headed monster of pantheism and atheism, issuing from the sphere of German speculation,' Schaff preached a sermon on "The Macedonian Call,' Acts 16:9. In the sermon he pictured the deplorable religious condition of the Germans in America, a view held generally by the leaders of the German Church. Printed copies of the sermon reached America about the same time that Schaff did, and brought down upon him immediately virulent attacks from the German-American press. The tenor of the sermon can be seen from the following quotation from the English translation:
Fix your attention .
. closely on yonder man [the German Christian in the United States] and give earnest heed to his words.
He is well prepared to support his plea, Come over and help us, with such reasons as ye cannot disregard, if ye be Christians, German Evangelical Christians. He tells you of a threefold abyss, on the verge of which he stands giddy, and into which he is likely to fall, without your timely help. Heathenism, Romanism, Sectarism— these are the three foes that press upon him from every quarter and
Philip Schaff
that will assuredly swallow up his life, if ye place not arms in his hands, and skillful soldiers at his side, without delay.
See David S. Schaff, The Life of Philip Schaff (New York: Scribner, 1897), pp. 79 ff.; "Ordination of Professor Schaf,' an article in the Weekly Messenger, Wednesday, September 4, 1844, p1869, translated from Krummacher's Palmblaetter. See the bibliography of this book,
INO. 29, 3. See Weekly Messenger, Wednesday, September 4, 1844, p1869.
4. See John W. Nevin, The Mystical Presence (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1846), Ch. 2, Sec. 4.
5. See J. H. S. Burleigh, 4 Church History of Scotland (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1960) , pp. 281 ff.
6. George Bush (1796-1859) , esteemed Hebrew scholar and orientalist, Onetime instructor in Union Theological Seminary, New York
(1836-37) . In 1845 Bush associated himself with the Swedenborgians.
His Anastasis (New York and London: Wiley & Putnam, 1845) repudiated the traditional doctrine of the resurrection of the body. In The Soul (New York: Redfield, 1845), he wrote: 'We hope to show that ..
. the soul is the real man, and that he begins to live at once after death in the full integrity of his true manhood" (p. 19). See The New
Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.), I, 318.
7. See note 6 above.
8. Christoph Friedrich von Ammon (1766-1850), German rationalistic theologian, accomplished scholar in many fields, and influential official in church and state. See The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.), I, 155.
9. Both Nevin and Schaff were influenced by the distinguished German church historian Johann August Wilhelm Neander
(17891850) . Schaff, who studied under Neander at the University of Berlin, called him the father of modern church history. In a reply to a letter sent to Schaff by the theological faculty of the University of Berlin on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of his academic teaching, he wrote:
Dr. Neander—that Christian Israelite without guile, who was led by Moses and Plato to Jesus the Messiah—attracted me still more by his original personality, his childlike simplicity, his evangelical catholicity, and his deep spiritual insight into the religious and moral forces of history. He wrote in my album the Pauline motto:
"Theologica crucis, non gloriae."
The Principle of Protestantism See David S. Schaff, The Life of Philip Schaff (New York: Scribner,
1897), pp. 164 ff.; Berlin 1842-New York 1892, the Semi-Centennial of Philip Schaff (New York: Privately printed, 1893), p. 16. See also the bibliography of this book, Nos. 52, 53, 86, 87, 91.
10. See the Editors' Preface to this book.
PART ONE 1. Schaff is probably referring to Mechtildis of Magdeburg (ca.
1212-1280) who belonged to the famous school of mystics at the convent of Helfta in Saxony.
2. Schaff is not referring to the theologian Arminius, but to Arminius (18 B.c.-A.p. 17), chief of the Cherusci, who thwarted the Roman conquest of Germany. See Tacitus, Ann. 1-2.
3. German humanist, nationalist-.
(1488-1523), literary champion of German nationalism in the early Lutheran Reformation. See E. G.
Schwiebert, Luther and His Times (St. Louis: Concordia, 1950), pp.
5DOTr:
4. Noted German Lutheran poet of Nuremberg (1494-1576). See The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
(1908 ed.) , X, 138-39.
5. Franz von Sickingen (1481-1523), German Knight and would-be protector of Luther; leader of the Knights' Uprising in 1522-23. See
E. G. Schwiebert, Luther and His Times (St. Louis: Concordia, 1950) , pp. 550 ff.
6. Florentine scholar (1433-1499), member of the celebrated Platonic Academy of Florence. See E. Cassirer, P. O. Kristeller, J Ei:
Randall, Jr. (eds.), The Renaissance Philosophy of Man (University of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 185-92.
7. The Albigensians, Bogomiles, and Cathari were Manichaean sects of the Middle Ages. See "The New Manicheans,' The New
Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia (1908 ed.), VIII, 143-47. The Beguines and Beghards designate respectively male and female communities, semimonastic in nature, which arose apparently in the twelfth century and represented the general mendicant piety of the era. They were persecuted as heretics, owing largely to their association (supposed and real) with unconventional parties in the church.
8. Preacher of "apostolic poverty" who was executed in 1155 for his repeated attacks upon the riches and temporal power of the church.
9. Paris theologian (d. 1204); his intellectual development led
Philip Schaff
him finally to pantheism, of which he was forced to recant by InnoCent elit:
10. French theologian (d. after 1215); his pantheistic system was condemned by provincial council, Paris, 1210,
I]. Le., Brethren of the Common Life. i2seSeerB. J. Kidd, The Counter-Reformation
(London: SPCK, 1933) 3) Ppel ff.
13. Perhaps better known as Theologia Germanica. See the edition by Joseph Bernard (New York: Pantheon, 1949) . For Luther's interest in this book, see J. MacKinnon, Luther and the Reformation
(New York: Longmans, Green, & Go 1925) 212335, 14. French theologian and _ ecclesiastical statesman
(1367-1437) , colleague of d'Ailly and Gerson, author of numerous treatises dealing with the errors and conceptions of the church.
15. French theologian (1350-1420), chancellor of the University of Paris, later bishop of Cambrai and cardinal; his conciliar views are treated by M. Spinka in Advocates of Reform: Library of Christian
Classics, XIV, 91-105.
16. Better known perhaps as Wessel Gansfort. See E. W. Miller and J. W. Scudder, Wessel Gansfort: Life and Writings (2 vols.; New
York /London, 1917} 17. In English: Carl Ullmann, Reformers Before the Reformation
(2 vols., 4th ed.; Edinburgh: Clark, 1872-74) .
18. See G. H. Williams, The Radical Reformation (Philadelphia:
Westminster, 1962), Chs. 22-29, 19. Roman Catholic theologians and teachers of the early nineteenth century with strong evangelical and reforming tendencies. Consult appropriate volumes in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.).
20. Bruno Bauer (1809-1882), biblical critic; his radical application of Hegelian principles led to his dismissal from Bonn in 1842.
See The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia (1908 ed.) , I, 5.
21. Schaff apparently refers to the dogmatic constitution "Unigenitus" of September 1713. It was directed against Jansenism in general, and the errors of Paschasius Quesnel in particular. Cf. Carl Mirbt,
Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums und des Rémischen Katholizismus (4th ed.; Tiibingen: Mohr, 1924), pp. 395-99.
22. Johann Baptist Hirscher (1788-1865), Roman Catholic theologian, professor of pastoral theology at Freiburg, 1834-63.
23. The editors have not been able to verify this specific passage.
A comparable statement is found in Melanchthon's Loci praecipui
The Principle of Protestantism theologici of 1559, under the heading "De vocabulo fidei."
See Melanchthons Werke in Auswahl, 11/2 (Gitersloh:
Bertelsmann, 1953) pote 24. Paolo Sarpi in his History of the Council of Trent (London, 1619; Eng. trans., 1676) .
25. Ernst Wilhelm Christian Sartorius (1797-1859), German Lutheran theologian who defended the doctrine of the Augsburg Confession against both German rationalism and Roman Catholicism.
26. See Luther's Church Postil; Gospel for the 20th Sunday After 'Trinity.
27. Preface to the Wittenberg edition of Luthers Werke (1545) ; Weimar Ausgabe, LIV, 185 f.
28. Martin Chemnitz (1522-1586), Lutheran theologian and controversialist. His Examinis Concilit Tridentini
(1565-73) was one of the most formidable attacks upon Roman claims. For his part in the Formula of Concord, see Philip Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, Vol. I,
SecnAb:
29. Albertus Pighius (1490-1542) , Roman Catholic controversialist.
In his principal work, Hierarchiae ecclesiasticae assertio, he gave a comprehensive defense of the papal system, and openly asserted the authority of tradition alongside of scripture.
30. William Damasus Lindanus (1525-1588), Roman Catholic bishop and inquisitor of the Low Countries. The writing referred to is De optimo scripturas interpretandi genere
(Cologne, 1558) .
31. Leander van Ess (1772-1847). See The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia (1908 ed.) , IV, 178.
32. Council of Toulouse, 1229. See J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (Florence, 1759-98) , XXIII, 197.
33. Council of Tarragona, 1234. See J. D. Mansi, Sacrorwm Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (Florence, 1759-98) , XXIII, 329.
34.
Johann Adam Moehler (1796-1838), Roman Catholic historian, professor in Ttibingen, and then in Munich; author of the noted
Symbolik oder Darstellung der dogmatischen Gegensiitze der Katholiken und Protestanten (1832).
35. Vincent of Lérins (flourished ca. 450). The ocion ("which is believed everywhere, always, and by all') is from Vincent's Commonitorium.
36. The illustrations following are discussed briefly, but with further documentation, in B. J. Kidd, The Counter-Reformation
(London: SPGK31933571937)-ppp.s 59 ft.
37. Council of Constantinople; held in 754 at the insistence of the.
Philip Schaff
Emperor Constantine Copronymos; consisted of 338 oriental bishops; no patriarch was present, nor any delegates from the great sees of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem; assumed the title ecumenical, but the Council of Nicaea IT (787) is usually accorded "Ecumenical VII." See Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York:
Scribner, 1891) IV, 454-64.
38. These references are to the Formula of Concord. The pages noted correspond to Carolus Augustus Hase, Libri Symbolici (Leipzig,
1837) .
39. Le., Karl Daub (1765-1836) , professor of theology at Heidelberg.
40. See note 28 above.
41. Examinis Concilii Tridentini (Francofurti, 1606), Part I, Dp:
135, lines 37 f.
42. Council of Trent, Session 4: Decretum de editione et usu sacrorum librorum. See Carl Mirbt, Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums und des Rémischen Katholizismus
(4th ed.; Ttibingen: Mohr, 4924) 5 p.292:
43.
I.e., Johann Gerhard (1582-1637), Lutheran dogmatician.
44, See note 34 above.
45. Against Heresies, V, xxxiii, 4.
46. Spanish Dominican (1500-1563), Catholic controversialist, writer of compendia and catechisms, professor of theology in Oxford during the reign of Mary Tudor, active participant in later sessions of the Council of Trent.
47.
See Luthers Werke. Weimar Ausgabe XXX:3, 547 f.
48. Johannes Andreas Quenstedt (1617-1688) , Lutheran dogmatician. See Robert Preus, The Inspiration of Scripture: A Study of the Seventeenth Century Lutheran Dogmaticians (Mankato, Minn.: Lutheran Synod Book Co., 1955) ; bibliography, pp. 212-16.
49. Karl Immanuel Nitzsch (1787-1868) , German Protestant, prominent representative of the mediating theology.
50.
Followers of Astemon or Artemas (ca. 235?) , hence adoptionists or dynamic monarchians.
51. The teachings of Georg Hermes (1775-1831), German Catholic theologian, who taught, in prejudice to the Catholic view of authority, that "a man can believe only that which he has recognized as true from evidence furnished by his reason." His teachings were condemned by a papal brief of 1835. See The New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia (1908 ed.) , V, 242-43.
The Principle of Protestantism PART TWO 1. Johann Adam Moehler (1796-1838) , Roman Catholic historian, professor in Tiibingen, and then in Munich; author of the noted Symbolik, oder, Darstellung der dogmatischen Gegensdize der Katholiken und Protestanten (1832).
2. Johann Josef von Goerres (1776-1848) , political essayist, authority in German literature. Associated with J. J. I. Doellinger and J. A.
Moehler at Munich.
3. Schaff is apparently referring to the works of Jakob Boehme (1575-1624) and Johann Arndt (1555-1621) .
4. See Robert Preus, The Inspiration of Scripture: A Study of the Seventeenth Century Lutheran Dogmaticians
(Mankato, Minn.: Lutheran Synod Book Co., 1955); bibliography, pp. 212-16.
5. On this point, see Philip Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, Vol. I, SeCua0:
6. Le., German Pietism, the teachings of Philip Jakob Spener. See John T. McNeill, Modern Christian Movements (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1954). Ch..2.
7. In the German text Das Princip des Protestantism, Schaff uses the term "Briidergemeinde." He is apparently referring, not to the American sect United Brethren, but to the Moravian Brethren.
8. Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687-1752), a leading figure of the liberal Pietism of Wiirttemberg, whose major work was done in New
Testament study, text and exegesis; his Apparatus Criticus became the starting point for modern textual criticism of the New Testament.
See J. C. F. Burk, A Memoir of the Life and Writings of John Bengel; trans. by R. F. Walker (London, 1837).
9. Johann Salomo Semler (1725-1791), professor of theology at Halle (1752), a pioneer in biblical criticism. See Carl Mirbt, "Semler,' The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
(1908 ed.) , X, 354-55.
10. Christian Wolff (1679-1754), German philosopher, founder of the influential Wolffian School, professor at Halle until he was driven away in 1723 by pietistic opponents; in 1740 Frederick the Great called him back to Halle with honor and he taught there until his death. On his philosophical and theological views, see W. Windelband, A History of Philosophy
(New York: Macmillan, 1950), pp:
460 ff.
11. Bruno Bauer (1809-1882), biblical critic; his radical application of Hegelian principles led to his dismissal from Bonn in 1842.
See The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (:908"ed.)", IT, 5.
12. Johann Friedrich Roehr (1777-1848) , German Lutheran theologian of the rationalistic school, chief pastor at Weimar
(1820) .
13. Julius August Ludwig Wegscheider (1771-1849), German rationalistic theologian, professor of theology in Halle
(1810).
14. See note 1 above.
15. Dionysius Petavius (Denis Pétau:
1583-1652), French Jesuit, professor of theology at Paris (1621-44). One of his major works was avowedly antischolastic:
De theologicis dogmaticis (5 vols.; Paris, 1644-50) .
16. Richard Simon (1638-1712), French Roman Catholic biblical scholar. Eberhard Nestle has referred to Simon as "the real founder of biblical criticism." See The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.) , X, 422.
17.
Karl Friedrich Bahrdt (1741-1792) , a brilliant, dissolute assailant of all belief in revealed religion. His System der moralischen Religion (Berlin, 1787) advocates open naturalism.
18. Johann Christian Edelmann (1698-1767), German rationalist who denied the Bible as revelation, repudiated all formal religious bodies, and tried to base religion on nature and human thought.
19. Der Licht-Freund, a semimonthly German newspaper founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1840, by Eduard Muehl and Karl Strehly. The editors moved it to Hermann, Mo., in 1843 and changed its name to Freimanner Wochenblatt in 1845.
It carried a subtitle Organ des Freisinnigen Deutschthums and also organ of Verein Frever Mdnnevr.
An incomplete file is held by the Concordia Historical Institute, St.
Louis. See Karl J. R. Arndt and May E. Olson, German-American Newspapers and Periodicals, 1732-1955 (Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer,
DOL: 240:
20. Die Fackel was published continually from 1843 to 1869. The place of publication varied. The periodical was a highly personal journal of the editor, Samuel Ludvigh, a noted, radical rationalist.
He traveled extensively as a tireless missionary of free thought and anticlericalism. Die Fackel was read all over the nation and abroad by a select group of followers. A nearly complete file can be found among the holdings of the following libraries in Baltimore: Enoch
Pratt Free Library, Society for the History of Germans in Maryland, Archives of Zion's Church. See Karl J. R. Arndt and May E. Olson,
German-American Newspapers and Periodicals, 1732-1955 (Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer, 1961) , p. 189:
The Principle of Protestantism 21. Jakob Boehme (1575-1624), German Protestant mystic, a Gorlitz shoemaker by trade.
22. John Kepler (1571-1630) , German scientist, one of the founders of modern astronomy.
23. For a brief review, see John T. McNeill, Modern Christian Movements (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1954), Ch. 4, "The Tractarianism and Anglo-Catholicism"
(bibliography, pp. 183-85).
Cf.
J. W. Nevin, "The Anglican Crisis," Mercersburg Review (1851), U1, 359-98.
24. Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk (1791-1861), Protestant Episcopal bishop of New York, supporter of the Tractarian movement in the American church, who prescribed the ordination of Arthur Carey in 1843, although an examining board had refused him ordination because of his Romish views. See E. Clowes Chorley, Men and Movements in the American Episcopal Church (New York: Scribner, 1946), pp.
207 ff.
25. See note 24 above.
26. Smith and Anthon were members of a special examining committee in the Carey affair. They reported their views in the pamphlet,
Drs. [Hugh] Smith and [Henry] Anthon, The True Issue for the True Churchman: A Statement of Facts in Relation to the Recent Ordination in St. Stephen's Church, New York (New York:
Harper & Brothers, 1843) .
27. Lutheran dogmatician (1612-1686), professor at Wittenburg.
His Systema locorum theologicorum (12 vols., 1655-77) , based on the Formula of Concord, was one of the important dogmatic productions of the seventeenth century.
28. Lutheran theologian (1673-1749), superintendent at Dresden (1709) . Loescher became leader of the orthodox party in the Lutheran
Church, as opposed to its pietistic and naturalistic factions.
29. Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus (1761-1851), professor of biblical exegesis at Heidelberg (1811-44).
30. Fra Angelico (1387-1455), Dominican friar and Florentine painter.
31. Baccio della Porta, called Fra Bartolomeo di San Marco (1469-1517) ; celebrated Italian painter.
32. Pietro Perugino (1446-1524), Italian painter immediately preceding the era of Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael.
33. Erwin of Steinbach (d. 1318), architect of Strasbourg Cathedral.
34. Bramante or Bramante Lazzari (1444-1514), celebrated Italian
Philip Schaff
architect who was commissioned by Pope Julius II to make the design for St. Peter's Basilica.
35. Distinguished German men of letters: Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) , a contemporary of Lessing; Christopher Martin
Wieland (17353-1813) Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853) , a conspicuous figure in the German romantic school; Friedrich von Hardenberg (17721801) , better known as Novalis, a poet and philosopher, often called
"the prophet of the romantic school"; August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1767-1845), German poet, translator, critic; and his brother, Karl
Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829) , historian of literature.
Both Schlegels were leaders of the rising romantic school.
36. Justus Moeser (1720-1794), German historian and economist; Johann von Mueller (1752-1809), eminent Swiss historian; Heinrich
Leo (1799-1878), German historian whose interests extended to politics and literature.
37. Bertel Thorwaldsen (1770-1844) , Danish sculptor who made the colossal statues of Christ and the apostles which are now in the Fruenkirche in Copenhagen.
38. Johann Friedrich Overbeck (1789-1869), German painter, prominent figure in the nineteenth-century revival of Christian art.
39.
Peter von Cornelius (1784-1867) , German painter, leader of German art revival in the nineteenth century, by whom the academy at Diisseldorf was reorganized.
40. Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1805-1874), German painter, associated mainly with the city of Munich; celebrated for his murals.
41. Roman Catholic scholars in Germany. The editors have been able to identify the following: Johann Leonhard Hug (1765-1846) , biblical scholar at Freiburg. Johann Adam Moehler (1796-1838) , distinguished church historian at Tubingen (1823-35). Johann Sebastian von Drey (1777-1853), professor of theology at Tiibingen (1817-46) ; his principal work was in apologetics. Johann Baptist Hirscher (17881865) , professor of moral and pastoral theology at Tubingen
(181734) and Freiburg (1834-63). Franz Anton Staudenmaier (1800-1856) , professor of theology at Giessen (1830), author of Die Christliche Dogmatik in 4 vols.
(1844-52). Anton Guenther (1783-1863) , Jesuit theologian and philosopher.
42. Franz Volkmar Reinhard (1753-1812), German Lutheran theologian and preacher, a leader of the supernaturalistic school.
43. Gottlob Christian Storr (1746-1805), founder of the so-called older Tiibingen school—a tradition characterized by "biblical supernaturalism."
The Principle of Protestantism 44, Probably Heinrich August Schott (1780-1835), German Lutheran theologian, at Jena after 1812.
45. Christoph Friedrich von Ammon (1766-1850), German theologian of varied career and vacillating opinions with decided rationalistic leanings.
46. Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider (1776-1848), German theologian whose standpoint was the so-called rational supernaturalism, founder of the Corpus Reformatorum.
47.
Frederick Leopold Stolberg (1750-1819), German poet, a convert to the Roman Church in 1800.
48. On Novalis and Schlegel, see note 35 above.
49. Nevin's translation is neither lucid nor literal. The original reads: Zwar ich kenne die furchtbare Episode wohl, welche von der linken Seite der Hegelschen Philosophie aus in der ruhigen Gang der bereits im besten Zuge begriffenen Entwicklung hineingekommen ist, gleich dem Sturm der Julirevolution, diesem Nachziigler der franz6sischen Staatsumwalzung der neunziger Jahre.
50. Johann August Wilhelm Neander (1789-1850), eminent German church historian, among whose disciples Schaff counted himself.
For Schaff's appraisal of Neander, see his History of the Apostolic Church (New York: Scribner, 1853), pp. 95-107. For a general article on Neander, see The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious
Knowledge (1908 ed.) , VIII, 95-96.
51. Karl Immanuel Nitzsch (1787-1868), German Protestant theologian, professor of theology at Berlin
(1847), distinguished representative of the mediating theology.
52. Julius Mueller (1801-1878), German Lutheran theologian, professor of theology at Halle (1839), closely associated with Neander and Nitzsch. He was in favor of the union of the confessional churches.
53. Karl Friedrich Goeschel (1784-1861), German jurist and philosopher. His chief concern was the reconciliation of Christianity with modern culture, of which he saw Hegel to be the chief philosophical representative; and Goethe, the chief poetical representative.
54. Richard Rothe (1799-1867), German theologian, professor at the Wittenberg seminary, at Heidelberg and Bonn. His conception of church history and his speculative theology are discussed by F. Sieffert in "Rothe," The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge «( 190SFeds exe h00-3:
55. Isaac August Dorner (1809-1884) , an eminent German Lutheran theologian of the mediating school; served in a number of German universities and closed his career at Berlin (1862). See P. Schaff, Ger-
Philip Schaff
many: Its Universities, Theology, and Religion (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston,
1857), pp. 376-80; P. Schaff, "Dorner,"
The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.), IU, 492-93.
56. Hans Lassen Martensen (1808-1884) , Danish bishop and theologian. While he professed to be a confessional Lutheran, Martensen was a speculative thinker, influenced by Hegelian idealism, the theosophy of Franz von Baader, and the mysticism of Jakob Boehme.
57. Schaff probably means Johann Christian Konrad Hofmann (1810-1877), German theologian and exegete, professor at Rostock
(1842) and Erlangen (1845). On his theology, see Joh. Hausleiten, Grundlinien der Theologie von Hofmanns in seiner eigenen Darstellung (1910) . See also A. Hauck, "Hofmann,' The New Schaff-Herzog
Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 COs )eeVseo L213.
58. Friedrich Rudolf Hasse (1808-1862) , German theologian, professor of church history at Bonn (1841).
59. Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg (1802-1869) , German Lutheran theologian and biblical scholar, professor in Berlin for four decades, founder and editor of the influential Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, an earnest critic of the rationalistic spirit.
60.
Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless (1806-1879) ; German Lutheran theologian, who came lately to appreciate the Lutheran symbols and defended them, at several important posts, against the opposition of rationalism.
61.
Friedrich August Gottreu Tholuck (1799-1877) , German theologian and preacher, professor of theology at Halle (1826). He turned
Halle away from rationalism to the evangelicalism which characterized it in the nineteenth century. See P. Schaff, "Tholuck,"
The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.), XI, 420-21.
62.
Schaff probably refers to Christoph Friedrich Nicholai (17331811), German author and bookseller. Nicholai edited several periodicals which characteristically assailed authority in religion, as well as certain supposed extravagances in German literature. He misunderstood and misrepresented the new movement of ideas set forth by Herder, Gothe, Schiller, Kant, and Fichte.
63. Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853) , one of the most conspicuous figures of the German romantic school of literature.
64. On Schlegel and Novalis, see note 35 above.
65. Calvin Ellis Stowe (1802-1886), Congregationalist theologian, professor of biblical literature at Lane Theological Seminary
(183350).
The Principle of Protestantism 66. On Dorner, see note 55 above.
67. Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus (1761-1851), German theologian, professor at Heidelberg (1811-44) , a leading representative of the Aufkldrungs-T heologie.
68. Julius August Ludwig Wegscheider (1771-1849), German rationalistic theologian, professor of theology at Halle
(1810). After Tholuck's inauguration at Halle (1826), Wegscheider's popularity declined.
69. Bruno Bauer (1809-1882) , Hegelian, biblical critic of extreme radicalism; dismissed from his academic post at Bonn in 1842.
70. Karl von Eschenmayer (1770?-1852?) , German philosopher and physicist; in many particulars his views were identical to those of Schelling.
71. Henrik Steffens (1773-1845), Norse writer who introduced Schelling's ideas to Danish literary circles.
72. Schaff probably refers to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart (1739-1791) , German poet and publicist.
73. Heinrich Leo (1799-1878) , German historian, professor at Halle (1828). See Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart
(2d ed.), III, 1583. Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886), influential German historian. For critique and bibliography, see W. Koehler, "Ranke," Die
Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart (2d ed.), IV, 1699-1700. The other historian, whom Schaff mentions, is probably Martin Haug (18271876) , orientalist, professor at Munich
(1868-76) .
74. On Storr, see note 43 above. See ""Tuebingen School,' The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.) , XII,
S431 75. Johann Georg Benedikt Winer (1789-1858), orientalist and New Testament grammarian, professor at Erlangen and Leipzig.
76. George Heinrich August Ewald (1803-1875) , German orientalist, Hebraist and biblical critic, popularizer of the Development Hypothesis of Old Testament growth. Ferdinand Hitzig (1807-1875) , German exegete and Old Testament critic, professor at Zurich (1833-61) and Heidelberg (1861).
77. Karl Friedrich August Fritzche (1801-1846) , 'German exegetical scholar, professor at Leipzig, Rostock, Giessen. Fritzsche was one of the most industrious contributors to the grammatical method of Bible study introduced by Winer.
78. On Harless, see note 60 above.
79. Friedrich Bleek (1793-1859), German theologian and biblical scholar, professor at Berlin and Bonn.
Philip Schaff Zol 80. On Bengel, see note 8 above.
81. For the midwestern use of "evangelical," see David Dunn (ed) A History of the Evangelical and Reformed Church
(Philadelphia:
Christian Education Press, 1961) , Ch. 6.
82. For the complete text of the hymn, see R. C. Trench, Sacred Latin Poetry (London: Macmillan, 1864) , pp.75-79.
83. Johann Gerhard (1582-1637), German Lutheran dogmatician and one of the foremost exponents of Lutheran orthodoxy in the seventeenth century. See note 4 above. On Bengel, see note 8.
84. See H. R. Mackintosh, Types of Modern Theology (London:
Nisbet, 1937) , pp. 117 ff. See Schaff, History of the Apostolic Church (New York: Scribner, 1853) , pp> LMEE 85. Johann August Ernesti (1707-1781), professor of theology at Leipzig who persisted in the older confessional orthodoxy, yet insisted that biblical philological interpretation, as such, deserved independent status in theology.
86. Samuel Friedrich Nathanael Morus (1756-1792) , pupil of Ernesti, professor of theology at Leipzig.
87. Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider (1776-1848), German theologian whose standpoint was rational supernaturalism.
88. On Calvin Ellis Stowe, see note 65 above.
89. Victor Cousin (1792-1867) .
90. Frederick Denison Maurice (1805-1872), theologian of the Church of England, professor of moral theology and philosophy at Cambridge, 1866 ff. The full title of the book is The Kingdom of Christ, or, Hints to a Quaker Respecting the Principle, Constitution, and Ordinances of the Catholic Church.
91. Johann Lorentz von Mosheim (1694?-1755) ; German Lutheran church historian, who conceived of Christian doctrine as a fixed, unalterable, apostolic system. Church history in America tended to be governed by Mosheim's ideas and books. For Schaff's appraisal of Mosheim as historian see his What Is Church History? pp. 42 ff., 56.
92. Johann August Wilhelm Neander (1789-1850) ; German church historian, to whom Schaff ascribed particular indebtedness, and called
"the father of modern church history." See Schaff, History of the Apostolic Church (New York: Scribner, 1853), pp. 95-107. See also The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.) ,
VIII, 95-96.
93. J. C. L. Gieseler (1792-1854) ; professor of church history in Gottingen; contemporary of Neander, with whom he maintained a friendly rivalry. Schaff noted a rationalistic tendency in his historical
The Principle of Protestantism scholarship. See History of Apostolic Christianity (Edinburgh: Clark,
1893) , I, 42-43.
94. J. H. Merle d'Aubigné (1794-1872). The man's name is Merle; "d'Aubigné" is merely an assumed byname. French Reformed church historian; author of Histoire de la Réformation du 16 siécle (5 vols.;
Paris, 1835) , widely circulated in Britain and America.
95. Philipp Konrad Marheinecke (1780-1846), German Protestant theologian and historian. See The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.) , VII, 179-80.
96. Moses Stuart (1780-1852), professor of sacred literature in Andover Theological Seminary (1810-48); brought American theology abreast of biblical scholarship in Germany.
97. Charles Hodge (1797-1878) , professor in Princeton Theological Seminary (1822), advocate of old-school Calvinist orthodoxy, opponent of Schaff's colleague, Nevin, in the dispute over the Lord's Supper
(1846-50) .
98. Edward Robinson (1794-1863) , professor of biblical literature in Union Theological Seminary, N.Y.
(1837).
Schaff called him "probably the most distinguished biblical scholar whom America has produced, indeed, one of the most distinguished of the nineteenth century."
99.
Nevin's sermon Catholic Unity, which was in fact appended to the English edition of The Principle of Protestantism, will be published in the second volume of this series, under the title Early Writings of John W. Nevin.
100. As a postlude to the Carey case (see note 24 above) the Evangelical party in the Episcopal Church brought charges of drunkenness and improper familiarities with women against a leading high churchman, Bishop B. T. Onderdonk of New York. He was found guilty and suspended. His brother, Bishop Henry Onderdonk of Pennsylvania, was also charged with drunkenness by the Evangelicals but resigned before being brought to trial. Both incidents were the result of conflict between Evangelicals and High Churchmen. See William Wilson
Manross, A History of the American Episcopal Church (New York:
Morehouse-Gorham, 1950) , pp. 266 ff.
101. Samuel Seabury (1801-1872), editor of The Churchman, and one of the leaders of the High Church movement. He defended the suspended Bishop Onderdonk in the press. See Charles C. Tiffany, A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America (New York: Christian Literature Co., 1895) , pp. 478-79.
102. Francois Fénelon (1651-1751); French prelate and curate of
Philip Schaff
souls; associated with French mysticism of the 17th century; became involved, with Mme. Guyon, in the Quietist controversy. On his condemnation, see Pierre Pourrat, Christian Spirituality
(Westminster, Md.: Newman, 1955) , IV, 205-32.
103.
Orestes Augustus Brownson (1803-1876), Roman Catholic convert in 1844 after a varied career as orthodox Presbyterian, Universalist minister, socialist politician, independent preacher, Unitarian clergyman, etc. He published an influential and somewhat independent
Catholic journal, Brownson's Quarterly Review, 1844-64 and 1873-75.
104.
"Deutschkatholicismus" is the technical name of a reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church of Germany, which was prompted by the protest of the priest, Johannes Ronge, ca. 1844. See
"German Catholicism," The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1908 ed.) , IV, 466-68.
105. Joachim of Fiore (Latin Floris; 1145?-1202), abbot of San Giovanni in Fiore. On Joachim's vision of three "ages," see R. C.
Petry, A History of Christianity: Readings in the History of the Early and Medieval Church (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1962) , pp. 470 ff.
Rett a aerint
Bibliography
PRIMARY SOURCES
Principal Works by Philip Schaff in the Mercersburg Period GERMAN WorKS i Das Princip des Protestantismus.
(Inaugural address as professor of biblical literature and church history in the Theological Seminary of the German Reformed Church, Mercersburg, Pa.) Chambersburg: In der Druckerei der Hochdeutsch-Reformirten Kirche,
1845.
Der Anglogermanismus.
Eine Rede gehalten den 10ten Marz, 1846, vor der Schillergesellshaft des Marshall Collegiums. Chambersburg, 1846.
Geschichte der Christlichen Kirche, von ihrer Griindung bis auf die Gegenwart. Vol. I, Die apostolische Kirche.
(Dedicated to Neander. This was, in fact, the commencement of Schaff's monumental history of the church. It was also his first effort to treat the history of the apostolic church.) Mercersburg: Selbst-verlag des Verfassers, 1851.
Geschichte der apostolischen Kirche, nebst einer allgemeinen Einleitung in der Kirchengeschichte.
(Second edition of 3, above.) Leipzig: Holtze, 1854.
200.
The Principle of Protestantism 5. Amerika: Die politischen, socialen, wnd kirchlich-religidsen Zustiinde der Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika mit besonderer
Riicksicht auf die Deutschen, aus eigener Anschauung dargestellt.
Berlin: Wiegandt & Grieben, 1854. Second edition, enlarged: 1858.
Third edition, enlarged: 1865.
6. Deutschland und Amerika. (An address delivered to the German Evangelical Church Diet at Frankfurt am Main.) 1854.
7. Der Heilige Augustinus. Sein Leben und Wirken. Berlin: Hertz, 1854.
8. Christlicher Katechismus mit Bibelspriichen fiir Schule und Haus.
(The "Grosse Ausgabe" of Schaff's catechism.) Chambersburg:
Kieffer, 1861.
Second edition, enlarged, Philadelphia:
Kohler, 1863.
9. Katechismus fiir Sonntags-Schulen. In zwei und fiinfzig Lectionen mit Bibelspriichen und Andeutungen fiir Lehrer. (The "Kleine
Ausgabe" of Schaff's catechism.) Chambersburg:
Kieffer, 1861.
Second edition, enlarged, Chambersburg: Kieffer, 1863; and Philadelphia: Kohler, 1863.
10. Der Heidelberger Katechismus. Nach der Ausgabe von 1563 revidirt und mit kritischen Anmerkungen, sowie einer Geschichte und
Charakteristik des Katechismus versehen. Ein Beitrag zur Dreihundertjahrigen Jubelfeier im Jahre, 1863. Philadelphia: Kohler, and Chambersburg: Kieffer, 1863. Second edition, revised:
1866. ll. Der Biirgerkrieg und das christliche Leben in Nord Amerika. Vortrage gehalten in Berlin und mehreren Stadten Deutschlands und der Schweiz. Berlin: Wiegandt & Grieben, 1865. Third edition:
1866.
ENGLISH WorkKS 12. The Principle of Protestantism as Related to the Present State of the Church. Translated from the German, with an Introduction, by John W. Nevin, D.D. (A translation of 1, above.) Chambersburg: Publication Office of the German Reformed Church, 1845.
13. Anglo-Germanism, or, The Significance of the German Nationality in the United States. An address delivered March 10, 1846, before the Schiller Society of Marshall College. Translated by J. S. Ermentrout.
(A translation of 2, above.) Chambersburg, 1846.
14.
What Is Church History? Vindication of the Idea of Historical Development. Translated from the German by John W. Nevin.
Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1846.