Subject Index
Subject Index
abstraction, from matter, 78, 88
accidents
as beings, 39–40, 42, 44, 99–100, 105–6, 111
predication and, 99–100
act
and potency. See potency and act.
being (esse) as, 104–6, 128–29
form as, 35, 47–50, 62, 128–29
action
first grasped in motion, 37–38
immanent vs. transitive, 71, 147, 155, 164–66
natural and voluntary, 167–68
activity
and being, 111–12
motion as incomplete, 36
perfect or complete, contrasted with motion, 70–71, 165
affirmation and denial. See judgment.
afterlife, 114–17
analogy, 84, 141–42
analytical philosophy, xvii, 101, 146n3
angels, 37, 117–20, 167
as ipsa forma subsistens, 126–27, 136
appetite, 59, 61–62, 71–72, 170n84
as a source of immanent action, 71
See also will.
artificial, vs. natural, 31–33
Arts masters (Paris), xvi–xvii, 10–11, 16, 77
authority, of the auctores, 4–7
Averroists, 10–11, 77
beatitude. See bliss.
Beatitudes, 158
being (ens)
as subject of metaphysics, 22–23, 92–98, 103
attributes of, 94–95, 97n63, 102–5
does not always require matter, 109
first understood, by abstraction, 95
in unqualified sense, actual substance, 104–6
taken as a whole, God’s effect, 137
See also being (esse).
being (esse)
and ens, 92
and essence, 127–29
and form, 54, 109–10, 115, 126–30
and unity, 104
as distinct from essence and form in creatures, 126–29
as specifiable, 128–30
concept of, 130–31, 137
for living things, same as life, 55
in general, a proportion, 131
in God, 126–40, 142–43
most formal, 76, 134, 139
natural, vs. intentionale, 71–72
unqualified, same as substantial, 44, 105, 127–28
universal, God’s effect, 124–26, 137–38
See also being (ens).
birth
and nature, 28–31, 46
in God, 28–29
bliss, 145, 154–63
and speculative virtues, 157, 158–59
cannot be a motion or a product, 154–55
perfect and imperfect, 156–57, 159, 162
this-worldly and in the afterlife, 156–60, 162
body
mathematical and physical, 30–31
natural, not inert, 26–27
includes form, 47–48, 53–56
subject of motion, 34–35
unity of, 47, 55, 57
and soul. See soul, and body.
parts of, as substances. See substance, parts as.
brain, as organ of interior senses, 74, 78, 81
categories, 39, 99–100, 103–5
causality
final. See end, as a cause
four types of, 38, 58
formal. See formal cause
in modern science, 47n65
of nature, 32–33
caused by God, 123
universal
of angels, qualified, 118–20
of God, 97, 118, 122–23, 126, 153, 161
celestial phenomena, 26, 81, 118–19, 161
change
and creation, 125
immediate, 37, 43, 47n65
in cognition, 65, 69–71
properly in a substance, 40, 78–79
spiritual, 13, 37
substantial, 40–44
accompanied by accidental, 43–44
not random, 43–44
prime matter and, 43
See also motion.
charity, 146, 163
city, 164–66
cognition, 61–82, 89–91
and immateriality, 69–72
as complete or perfect activity, 70–71
as immanent action, 71
brings more perfect appetite, 72
in angels, 118–19
intentional being and, 72n57
potency for, contrasted with potency of matter, 69–70
See also cognitive likeness, intellect, knowledge, sensation, truth.
cognitive likeness, 63–66, 90
as a meaning of species, 64
as form of both cognizer and cognized, 65–66, 71, 76
as other than what is cognized through it, 66, 90
composition and division. See judgment.
consciousness, sensitive and intellectual, 66, 81
contemplation, motives for, 160–61
See also life, philosophical.
continuous
infinitely divisible, 47
not made out of indivisibles, 37
requires an inner principle of unity, 47–48
creation, 11–12, 124–25
death
as immediate change, 43
of human body, unnatural for human soul, 116
of human soul, impossible, 114–116
vegetative functions and, 59
differentia, as sense of nature, 46n60, 79–80
Avicebron’s account of, 100
elements
bodily, 33, 41, 45, 48, 56–57, 81n80
of a city, 164–65
end
as a cause, 38, 50, 58, 97n63, 171
God as, 118, 154–55
in nature, 33, 50, 123–24
in practical reason, 153–54, 171
last, of man, 21, 152, 154–63, 171–72
twofold, 156–62
See also bliss.
proper, of intellect, 85–88, 91
See also good.
esse. See being (esse).
essence
and esse, distinct in creatures, 127–30
as an extended sense of nature, 46
expressed in a definition, 46, 100
includes everything in the definition of the thing’s kind, 46, 80
synonyms of, 60n29
taken as a form, 46, 117
See also God, as having essence.
eternal law, 171
eternity
of world, 11–12, 125
ethics, as part of moral philosophy, 149–50. See also moral philosophy.
faith
and existence of God, 18, 121
and rationality, 121, 162
as an initial share in knowledge, 22
philosophy and, 11, 18–19
preambles of, 18, 21
principles of theology held by, 18
final cause. See end, as a cause.
five ways. See God, existence of.
form
and esse, in creatures, as potency and act, 128–29
as denominating, 43
as distinct from esse in creatures, 127–30
as measure of a thing’s good, 49
as more of a being than matter, 49, 101, 109
as terminus of motion, 34–36
causal roles of, 58
essence taken as, 46, 117
importance in metaphysics, 109–15
intellect can treat non-forms as, 34–35, 46, 87, 91n34, 101
principle of cognition, 64–66, 70–71, 76, 135
principle of esse, 54, 109–10, 115, 128–9
principle of motion, 45–46
separate, 117
simple, 47–48, 77
subsistent, 112–14
substantial. See substantial form.
whole as on the side of, 58n22, 81–82
See also formal cause, matter.
formal cause
and being, 109–10
and metaphysics, 110
and unity, 47–48
in immaterial beings, 117
See also form.
freedom, 88
human, and God’s knowledge, 15
of choice
as rooted in intellect, 77, 167
as caused by God, 153
human, range of, 163
friendship, 39
charity a kind of, 146, 163
and civil society, 165–66
generation and corruption. See change, substantial.
God
as act of all things, 76n66
as creator, 124–25
as end of human action, 154–55
as His own being (esse), 76, 126–140, 142–43
as having essence, 130–36
as having form, 133–36
as ipsum esse subsistens, 76, 136, 139
as motive of action, 160–62
as specified, 135–36
beyond being (esse) itself, 137–44
beyond essence, 131–33, 141n123–142
causality of, universal, 97, 118, 122–26, 136–38, 153, 161
changeless, 29
eternity of, 29, 122, 143n126
existence of, 120–25
generation in, 28–29
goodness of, 142, 161–62
image of, 28–29, 52
infinity of, 76, 135n106
knowledge in, 135, 140n119
man’s knowledge of, 79, 141–44, 156, 159
man’s love of, 155, 160–62
names of, 141–44
simple, 13, 127, 134
simplicity and perfection of, extreme, 138–42
transcendence of, 137–44
triune, 28–29, 52, 117, 134–35, 141n123
good
and appetite, 72, 77, 104
and being, 49, 104, 148
and evil, 153, 166–67, 169
moral, 148, 153, 166–67
and nature, 49, 123, 170–71
as topic for metaphysics, 147, 162
common, priority of, 166
complete, requires accidents, 39, 104n87
meaning of, as said of God, 142
intelligibility of, 162, 169–70
See also end, as a cause.
grace
imitates nature, 27, 49
and last end, 157–58
and love of God, 162, 172
does not eliminate intellect’s need for phantasmata, 79n70
supposes natural understanding of being and good, 97–98, 162
gravitation, 25–26, 33, 50
growth, 29, 34, 55, 56–57, 79
happiness. See bliss.
heavenly (celestial) bodies. See celestial phenomena.
hylomorphism, 34, 41, 57, 81–82, 160n44
and predication, 86–87, 101
See also form, matter.
immaterial substances, 15, 23, 49n69, 80, 82, 93, 96–97, 108, 110, 116, 117–20, 129, 133–34, 159, 161
immateriality
and cognition, 69–77
and metaphysics, 120
in sensation, qualified, 72–74
as a high grade of form, 120
See also form, matter, spirit.
immortality, of soul. See soul, human, immortality (incorruptibility) of.
individuation, 76, 134, 138
infinity
potential, of divisibility in a continuum, 47, 62n34
formal, 69, 76, 134
God’s, 76, 134, 137–38
of intellect, qualified, 76
intellect
and metaphysics, 83, 93n46–94, 101
as power of soul, 77
human
comparable to prime matter, 68, 79
needs interior senses, 59, 78–79
infinity of, 68, 76
object of, 60–61
requires subsistent form in its subject, 113
theory of there being one for all human beings, 11–12
total immateriality of, 75–77, 81
See also cognitive likeness, cognition, knowledge, sensation, truth.
is–ought fallacy, 170–1
judgment (affirmation and denial), 84–87
as seat of truth, 86–87, 89
knowledge
critique of, 89–91
in God, 135
scientific, 21–23, 29, 64, 84–85, 89, 96
See also cognition, sensation, intellect, truth.
Leviathan, 165–66
life
as vital activity, 54–55, 151–52, 154
as substantial being of a living thing, 55–58, 105, 128
eternal, 155
grades of, 61–62
philosophical, as happiness, 151–52, 157, 158–59
See also soul.
logic, 29, 83–86, 149, 164n62
and metaphysics, 91–92, 95, 98–101, 108
and real distinctions, 56, 100–1
man, unity of, 57, 79–80, 116. See also soul, human.
manuductio (leading by the hand), xv–xvii, 19n40, 108, 162
mathematics
and natural science, 30–31, 47n65
in the order of learning, 83
subject of, 30, 42
matter
and metaphysics, 106–8
as contracting form, 69, 76, 120, 135, 142–43
as less of a being than form, 49, 101, 109
forms in, as having contraries, 35, 69–70, 75
included in definition of natural thing, 45–46, 80
notion of, 35
not the same as privation, 35, 104
parts as on the side of, 58n22, 81–82
potency of, contrasted with cognitive potency, 69–70
relative nature of, 41, 73–74
in spiritual creatures, theory of, 13, 79n73, 100–1
See also prime matter.
metaphysics, 91–98
and angels, 117–20
and first principles, 91–97, 101–2
and form, 109–15
and God, 20–24, 117–18
and highest causes, 92–93, 96–98, 108, 117–18, 120
and intellect, 83, 93n46-94, 101
and logic, 91–92, 95, 98–101, 108
and matter, 106–8, 119–20
and natural philosophy, 30, 33–34, 102–3, 106–8
and moral philosophy, 145–49, 151–53, 162, 163–71
and other sciences generally, 20, 101–3
and prudence, 152
and theology, 20–24
and the supernatural, 97–98
as first philosophy, 91, 101
as last part of philosophy to learn, 83
as science, 21–23, 103–4
as science of truth, 91
as wisdom, 95–97, 101–3, 108, 151–53
subject of, 21–23, 92, 97n62, 103
moral philosophy, 145–72
and God, 147–48, 154–55, 161–63
and metaphysics, 145–49, 151–53, 163–71
and moral theology, 153–58, 162–63
and prudence, 172
division, 149–50
in order of learning, 83
compared to other parts of philosophy, 149–52
subject of, 149
Thomas’s sources for, 146–47
motion, 34–38
and four kinds of cause, 38
and its termini, 34–36
as continuous, 35, 37
as denominated by its endpoint, 36
as focus of natural philosophy, 30–31, 98, 149
definition, 36
existence of, treated by metaphysics, 102–3
hylomorphic analysis of, 34–36
incomplete activity, 36
contrasted with complete, 70–71
kinds of, 34, 56
like a birth, 31
needs a mover, 38
properly with respect to accidents, 39–40, 47n65
relation to action and passion, 67
requires matter, 107
starting-point of first way, 122
subject of, a body, 34–35
See also change.
mover
needed for motion, 38
direct and indirect, 38
in morals, 38n33
unmoved, 40, 122
natural and supernatural, 18–19, 22, 97–98, 156–159, 162–63, 172
natural law, 163, 171
and love of God, 161–62, 167, 171–72
natural philosophy, 28–30
and matter, 107
and metaphysics, 30, 33–34, 102–3, 106–8
and natural science, 29–30, 82
and philosophy of science, 29
as secondary wisdom, 23
in order of learning, 83
subject of, 29–32, 149, 153
nature, 25–50
and birth, 28–31, 46
and growth, 29, 56–57
as principle of activity, 25–27, 31–33, 49, 60n29
causality of, caused by God, 123
definition and existence of, 32–34
final causality and, 33
form and matter as senses of, 34, 44–45
extended senses of, 27, 45–46, 60n29
good and, 170
imitated by reason, 27, 49, 163–64, 166–70
order of, instituted by divine wisdom, 27, 49, 124, 163–64, 168
nature (continued)
practical reason and, 163–72
understood through motion and rest, 78–79
necessity
absolute, in creatures, 115–16
logical, not the only kind of absolute, 115
neuroscience, 80–82
non-contradiction, principle of, 94, 169
object, as specifying activity and power, 59–61
per se notum, 168–69
person
definition of, 46n60, 112n14-113
divine, and divine essence, 117, 134–35, 141n123-142
human
as ensouled body, 112–13, 116
death of, 59
possesses only one soul, 12, 58
phantasma, required for human understanding, 78–79
philosophers
and Aquinas, xvi–xviii
pagans, 18, 21
engaged in contemplation out of self-love, 160–1
philosophy
and bliss, 21, 154–163
and theology, xviii–xix, 17–24. See also moral philosophy, and moral theology.
controversies of Thomas involving, 10–14
division and order of learning, 83
in Thomas’s education and teaching, 2–10
politics, 150, 163–67
potency and act
as attributes of being, 95, 101–2, 104–6
distance between, 62, 101, 104–6
in matter and form vs. form and being (esse), 134
in motion, 35–38
in relation of created form and esse, 128–29, 136
order of intelligibility of, 81–2, 93
unity of, 48–49, 57
See also being, form, matter.
powers of soul. See soul, powers of.
predication
and being, 99–101
and hylomorphism, 86–87, 101
prime matter, 41–46
and substantial form, as “components,” 48–49, 57
as purely potential, 42–44, 49, 62, 106
cannot exist without form, 13, 42–43, 49n74
caused by God, 118, 125
grasped through substantial change, 43
subject of substantial form, 111
See also matter.
principles
first for us vs. first simply, 91–93, 142
first for us and first simply, 93–98
of particular sciences, and metaphysics, 101–3
privation
as required for motion, 35
distinct from matter, 35, 104
how grasped, 91n34
protomatter. See prime matter.
prudence
and moral philosophy, 152
and wisdom, 152, 155n27
See also intellectual virtues.
quiddity, 60n29
in God, 131–33
reason
and faith, 121, 162
and moral theology, 148
and revelation, 17–21, 162
as concern of logic, 83–85, 98–99, 108
as human intellect, 79
as imitating nature, 27, 49, 163–64, 166–70
beings of, 99, 108
fourfold order of, 149–151
limits of, 23, 92–93, 116–17, 139, 154–55, 160
operations of, 84–85
practical
begins from an end, 153–54
principles of, 166–72
rest, as absence of motion, 33
resurrection 116–17, 160n44
saints, contemplate out of love of God, 160
science. See knowledge, scientific.
sensation, qualified immateriality of, 72–74
See also cognitive likeness, cognition, intellect.
separate substances. See immaterial substances.
simple apprehension, 84–86, 94
soul
and body, 12, 51–56, 112n14-113
despotic rule in relation of, 166n67
not dualistic, 56–57
reunion in the resurrection, 116–17, 160n44
as substantial form of organism, 12, 52–57, 62
definition, 54
different kinds of, 52, 57
existence of, 51
grades of transcendence of matter, 62–77, 80, 110
human
image of God in, 28–29, 52
immortality (incorruptibility) of, 114–16
in genus of animals, 12, 52
necessary existence of, 115–16
relation to human person, 112–13, 116
unity of, 12, 58, 100
and death, 59, 114–16
spiritual, 51–54, 58, 80, 111–14
subsistent and form of body, 80, 111–14
incorporeity of every kind of, 53–54
non-human, as not spiritual, 52
powers of, 55, 59–62
intellectual, as in a way all things, 68
vegetative, 60–63
source of self-motion but not immanent action, 71
whole in whole body and in every part, 28, 48, 52
See also life.
species
as kind, a sense of nature, 45
of natural things, includes matter, 45
See also cognitive likeness.
speculative life. See life, philosophical.
spirit
and change, 37, 79n73
and matter, 13, 79n73, 100–1, 114
and human soul, 51–54, 58, 111–14
and substantial form, 62, 109–14
in recent thought, 90
See also immateriality.
subject
and predicate, 84, 86–87, 99, 101
of a science, 22, 102–3
of activity, 49, 61
of being, 39, 43, 80, 106, 111, 114
of metaphysics, 22–23, 92–98, 103
of motion, 35–36, 49
of moral philosophy, 149, 153
of natural philosophy, 29–32, 149
subject (continued)
of natural and revealed theology, 23, 119n45
of order, 165
subsistence, 106
and activity, 111–12
of human soul, 80, 111–114
substance
and accidents, 39–40, 42, 44, 99, 105–6, 111
as primary concern of metaphysics, 104–6
as subject of accidents, change, activity, 40, 78–79, 111
as subject of being (esse), 111
as subject of motion, 40
as this something, 47–49
generable and corruptible, 40–44
immaterial. See immaterial substances.
kinds of, not on a continuum, 47n65
not unqualified without form, 42
parts as, 39–40, 61, 111–12
separate, in the sense of immaterial. See immaterial substances.
substantial change, 41–43
as immediate, 43, 47n65
prime matter grasped through, 43
substantial form, 44–50
and immaterial substance or spirit, 62, 109–14
as cause of being to matter, 100
as measure of good, 49
as nature in the primary sense, 28–29, 44–46
as source of activity, 46–50, 71–72
as strength to be, 49
as unitive energy, 46–50
carries a dimension of potency, 128, 136
gives unqualified being, 44, 77, 104n87, 105, 109–10
inheres in prime matter, 111
gradations of, 57–59, 62, 72–73, 77, 110–11
modern science and, 47n65
one substance has only one, 12, 52, 100
unimaginable, 45
whole in the whole and in every part, 48
See also form, formal cause, matter.
suicide, 162–63
supernatural. See natural and supernatural.
theologians (Paris), xvii, 11–13
theology
and philosophy in general, 17–21
apophatic, 132–36
moral, and moral philosophy, 153–58
revealed and philosophical (or natural), 9, 21–24, 119n45, 120n49, 152
transcendentals. See being (ens), attributes of.
truth
as intellect’s end, 85–88, 91
as philosophy’s end, 5, 21, 88–89, 92, 146, 152
nature of, 85–89
speculative and practical, 88–89
unity
and being, 49, 57–58, 79, 104
and form, 12, 46–50, 54–57, 77, 114
of a body, 47–48, 55, 57
of a city, 150, 165
of esse in general, 131
of God, 122
of potency and act, 49
of voluntary action, 153
primary type of, 57, 77
universals, 76, 78, 81
virtue
acquired and infused, 163
as imitating nature, 27, 49
cardinal, 147
ethics, 146n3
in genus of quality, 39
intellectual, 93n46-94, 151–53
moral, 147–49, 163, 167
speculative, and bliss, 157, 158–59
theological, 163
will (intellectual appetite), 59, 77, 85n8, 104, 153, 170n84
wisdom, 23–24, 88, 93–98, 101–3, 145, 149, 151–53
and practical knowledge, 145–46, 149–155
divine, 27, 49, 141, 171
See also metaphysics, as wisdom.