Notes
Author’s preface
Chrysostom, p. 335.
Preliminary essay
Luther (1546), p. 365.
Calvin, p. 5.
From William Tyndale’s translation of the New Testament (1534).
Augustine, Book 8.19–29, pp. 146–153.
Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand (Hodder and Stoughton, 1951), p. 45.
Ibid., p. 54.
This appears to be F. F. Bruce’s free translation (p. 57) of Luther’s own account of his ‘tower experience’, so called because it took place in the tower of Wittenberg’s Black Cloister. His account appeared first in 1545 in his preface to the Wittenberg edition of his Latin works.
John Wesley’s Journal from the entry for 24 May 1738.
I am grateful to Dr Paul Negrut of Oradea, Romania, for allowing me to read and quote from his unpublished paper entitled ‘The Bible and the Question of Authority within the Orthodox Church of Romania’.
Barth, p. v.
See John Bowden, Karl Barth, Theologian (SCM, 1983).
Eberhard Busch, Karl Barth (1975; ET, SCM, 1976), p. 119.
Ibid., p. 44.
Ibid., p. 2.
Ibid., p. xi.
Quoted by Bruce, p. 58, and by Robinson, p. viii.
Bruce, p. 58.
Calvin, p. 5.
First published in 1976.
Stendahl, pp. 11ff., 78ff.
Ibid., p. 27.
Ibid., p. 2.
Ibid., pp. 14, 40, 80.
Phil. 3:6.
Stendahl, p. 13.
Ibid., p. 4; cf. p. 28.
Ibid., p. 29.
Ibid., p. 27.
Phil. 3:6.
John 16:8ff.
Sanders (1977), p. 56.
Ibid., p. 59.
Stephen Neill and Tom Wright, The Interpretation of the New Testament, 1861–1986 (Oxford University Press, 2nd edn, 1988), p. 374.
Sanders (1977), p. 420.
Ibid., p. 474.
Ibid., e.g. pp. 453ff., pp. 506ff.
Ibid., p. 491.
Ibid., pp. 547f.
Ibid., p. 549.
Sanders (1983). See also Sanders (1991).
Ibid., p. 30.
Ibid., p. 156.
Sanders (1977), p. 146.
Gal. 5:4.
Sanders (1977), p. 117.
Ibid., p. 409.
Jacob Neusner and Bruce Chilton, ‘Uncleanness’, Bulletin for Biblical Research 1 (1991), pp. 63ff.
Hengel, p. 44.
Ibid., p. xi.
Sanders (1977), p. 426.
Article XI.
The Prayer of Humble Access in the Holy Communion Service.
E.g. 1 Cor. 1:31; 2 Cor. 10:17; Gal. 6:14.
E.g. 1 Cor. 1:29; 3:21; 4:6f.
Cf. Eph. 2:9.
Phil. 3:9; Rom. 10:3.
Mark 7:21ff.
Luke 18:9ff.; Matt. 20:1ff.; Mark 10:13ff.
Sanders (1977), p. 433. Cf. Sanders (1983), p. 148.
Räisänen, p. 11.
Ibid., p. 199.
Ibid., p. 69.
Ibid., pp. 264f.
Jer. 31:33; Ezek. 36:27; Rom. 7:6; 8:4; Gal. 5:14ff.
Dunn, vol. 38A, pp. lxiiiff.
Westerholm, pp. 118ff., 167.
In Donfried, p. 182.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 819.
In Donfried, pp. 16ff.
Wedderburn (1988), p. 5.
Acts 20:2f.
2 Cor. 8 – 9.
Wright, p. 234.
Acts 2:10.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 818.
Suetonius, Life of Claudius (c. ad 120), 25.4.
See Acts 18:2.
Wedderburn, p. 50.
Ibid., p. 62.
Cf. Acts 15:1.
Hengel, p. 86.
Sanders (1991), p. 66.
Chapter 1
Ps. 116:16.
E.g. Isa. 43:1, 10.
Luke 6:12f.
E.g. Gal. 1:1.
Acts 1:21–26; 1 Cor. 9:1; 15:8f.
Barrett, p. 16.
Phil. 3:5.
Nygren, pp. 45f.
Gal. 1:15f.
Jer. 1:5.
Acts 26:17.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 53.
Morris (1988), p. 40.
John 5:39; Luke 24:25ff., 44f.
Acts 2:14ff.; cf. 1 Pet. 1:10ff.
Acts 17:2f.; cf. 13:32ff.
1 Cor. 15:3f.
Luther (1515), p. 4.
Calvin, p. 15.
The title goes back ultimately to 2 Sam. 7:12ff., where God promised to establish David’s throne for ever; it was picked up by the prophets (e.g. Ps. 89; Isa. 9:6ff.; 11:1, 10; Jer. 23:5f.; and Ezek. 34:23f.; 37:24f.) and further developed in the Qumran literature. For the New Testament fulfilment see e.g. Matt. 1; Mark 12:35ff.; Luke 1 – 2; John 7:42; Acts 2:29ff.; 13:22f.; 2 Tim. 2:8; Rev. 5:5; 22:16.
E.g. Matt. 11:27.
E.g. Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 62.
Nygren, p. 51; cf. 2 Cor. 13:4.
Rom. 8:11.
Acts 2:33.
E.g. Rom. 12:3; 15:15; 1 Cor. 15:10; Gal. 1:15; 2:9; Eph. 3:1f., 7f.
Acts 9:15; 22:21; 26:17f.; Rom. 11:13; 15:16ff.; Gal. 1:16; 2:2ff.; Eph. 3:8.
Phil. 2:9ff.
3 John 7.
Chapter 2
Neill, p. 2.
Num. 6:25f.
Cf. Rom. 9:24f.
Rom. 12:6.
Eph. 4:11.
1 Cor. 12:11.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 79.
Chapter 3
From The Acts of Paul and Thecla, included in The Apocryphal New Testament, ed. M. R. James (Clarendon, 1924; corrected edn, 1953), p. 273. Cf. 2 Cor. 10:10; Gal. 4:13ff.
E.g. 1 Cor. 4:1f.; Gal. 2:7; 1 Thess. 2:4; 1 Tim. 1:11; Titus 1:3.
Mark 8:38.
2 Tim. 1:8, 12.
1 Cor. 2:3.
1 Cor. 1:18, 23.
Cf. Rom. 3:22; 4:11; 10:4, 11.
Rom. 10:12; cf. Gal. 3:28.
Acts 13:46.
Gen. 18:25.
Ps. 45:6f., quoted in Heb. 1:8f.; cf. Ps. 11:1ff.
Ps. 98:2; cf. 51:14; 65:5; 71:2, 15; 143:11.
Isa. 46:13; cf. 45:8; 51:5f.; 56:1; 63:1.
Isa. 45:21.
Ps. 35:24.
Ziesler (1989), p. 70. See also Ziesler (1972), p. 42.
Käsemann, pp. 23ff.
Wright, p. 234.
Phil. 3:9; cf. Rom. 10:3.
Phil. 3:9.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 100.
Gal. 3:11.
Nygren, p. 87.
Bruce, p. 76.
Section A
Mark 2:17.
Rom. 3:9b.
Rom. 3:19b.
Chapter 4
M. D. Hooker, ‘Adam in Romans 1’, New Testament Studies 6 (1959–60).
Sanday and Headlam, pp. 51f.
Wisdom 13:1, nrsv.
Wisdom 13:10.
Wisdom 14:27.
Wisdom 14:26.
Wisdom 13:8f.
Godet, p. 106.
Matt. 5:22.
Gal. 5:19f.; Eph. 4:31; Col. 3:8.
Dodd, p. 21.
Ibid., p. 23.
Hanson, p. 69.
Ibid., pp. 21, 37.
Robinson, p. 19.
Neill, p. 10.
Lightfoot, p. 251.
Ps. 19:1; Isa. 6:3.
Job 37 – 41; 42:5.
Acts 14:14ff.; cf. Matt. 5:45; Acts 17:22ff.
Ps. 19:2.
1 Thess. 1:10.
Rom. 2:5, 8; cf. 3:5; 4:15; 5:9; 9:22.
Neill, pp. 12f.
Ziesler (1989), p. 75.
Cf. Ps. 81:12; Hos. 4:17; Acts 7:42; 14:16.
E.g. Gal. 4:8; 1 Thess. 4:5; 2 Thess. 1:8.
Cf. Ps. 106:20; Jer. 2:11.
Dodd, p. 25.
Robin Scroggs, The New Testament and Homosexuality (Fortress, 1983), pp. 115ff., 130f.
John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality (University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 107ff.
Richard B. Hays, ‘Relations Natural and Unnatural: A Response to John Boswell’s Exegesis of Romans 1’, Journal of Religious Ethics (Spring 1986), p. 192.
Ibid., pp. 200f.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 125.
Matt. 19:4ff., quoting Gen. 2:24.
Chapter 5
E.g. 1:16; 2:9f.; 3:9, 29; 9:24; 10:12; 15:8f.
Bruce, p. 82.
Moo, pp. 127, 135.
Ps. 103:8; Exod. 34:5ff.
Cf. Ezek. 33:11; 2 Pet. 3:9.
Hos. 12:2; Jer. 17:10; 32:19.
E.g. Ezek. 9:10; 11:21; cf. 2 Chr. 6:23.
Matt. 16:27.
E.g. 2 Cor. 5:10.
E.g. Rev. 2:23; 20:12f.; 22:12.
Jas 2:18.
Gal. 5:6.
John 17:3.
Matt. 6:31ff.
Matt. 7:24ff.
Cf. Heb. 3:14.
John 5:29.
Jer. 31:33; cf. 2 Cor. 3:3.
E.g. 1 Sam. 16:7; Ps. 139:1ff.; Jer. 17:10; Luke 16:15; Heb. 4:12f.
John 5:22, 27.
E.g. Matt. 7:21ff.; 25:31ff.
Acts 17:31.
Acts 10:42.
1 Thess. 1:10.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Letters and Papers from Prison (Fontana, 1959), p. 50.
Young children and those with intellectual disabilities are obviously not as morally responsible as adults and those without such disabilities.
Chapter 6
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 108.
Isa. 42:6f.; 49:6.
Josephus, 18.81ff.
Matt. 5:21ff.
Dodd, p. 39.
Gen. 17:9ff.
Quoted by Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 172, footnote 1. Compare the saying in Mishnah Sanhedrin that ‘all Israelites have a share in the world to come’, quoted by Sanders (1977), p. 147. But Jesus himself taught that covenant membership was no guarantee of immunity from God’s judgment (e.g. Matt. 21:28ff.). So had John the Baptist before him (e.g. Matt. 3:7ff.).
Gal. 5:3.
Lev. 26:41; Deut. 10:16; 30:6.
Ezek. 44:9; Jer. 9:25f.; 4:4; Ezek. 36:26f.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 127.
Cf. 2 Cor. 3:6.
Cf. Gen. 29:35; 49:8.
E.g. Acts 17:1ff., 17; 18:4ff.; 19:8.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 91.
Dodd, p. 46.
Ps. 147:19f.; cf. Deut. 4:8.
Ziesler (1989), p. 97.
Calvin, p. 60.
Ps. 51:4.
Gen. 18:25.
Hodge, p. 75.
Chapter 7
Morris (1988), p. 166. He quotes in support A. Edersheim’s The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, vol. 1 (1890), p. 449.
E.g. Job 28:28.
Ps. 14:2.
Ps. 54:3, rv; cf. Ps. 16:8.
Ps. 10:4.
J. I. Packer, Concise Theology (Tyndale House and Inter-Varsity Press, 1993), pp. 83f.
Cranfield, vol. 1, pp. 196f.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 158. The phrase occurs also in 3:28; 9:32; Gal. 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10.
Ibid., pp. 152ff.
Westerholm, p. 119. Professor Fitzmyer also disagrees with Professor Dunn’s ‘restricted sense’ of the expression ‘works of the law’ (p. 338).
Moo, p. 216.
Ziesler (1989), p. 105.
Luther, Commentary on St Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians (1531; James Clarke, 1953), p. 316.
Chapter 8
2 Cor. 6:2.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 199.
Morris (1988), p. 173.
Cf. John 12:43.
Cf. 1 Cor. 11:7.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 36.
Jeremias, p. 66.
Marcus Loane, This Surpassing Excellence: Textual Studies in the Epistles to the Churches of Galatia and Philippi (Angus and Robertson, 1969), p. 94.
Hodge, p. 82.
See the Council of Trent, Session VI, and its decrees on original sin and justification.
Calvin, p. 121.
Küng, p. 204.
Ibid., p. 210.
See my section on ‘justification’ in The Cross of Christ (Inter-Varsity Press, 1986), pp. 182ff.
Barrett, pp. 75f.
Heb. 10:7.
Deut. 25:1.
Prov. 17:15.
Isa. 5:23.
Exod. 23:7.
E.g. Lev. 25:47ff.
Exod. 15:13.
Isa. 43:1.
Mark 10:45.
Moule (1894), p. 92.
Heb. 9:5.
Cf. Exod. 25:22.
Hodge, p. 93.
Godet, p. 151.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 215. Nygren uses a similar expression on p. 156.
Dodd, p. 54.
1 John 4:10.
E.g. Lev. 17:11.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 217; cf. vol. 2, p. 828.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 827.
Acts 14:16; 17:30.
From Hooker’s ‘Definition of Justification’, being chapter xxxiii of his Ecclesiastical Polity (1593).
Emil Brunner, The Mediator (1927; Westminster, 1947), pp. 291ff.
Phil. 3:3ff.
Eph. 2:9.
E.g. Rev. 7:10.
1 Cor. 1:31; Gal. 6:14.
Gen. 12:2f.
N. T. Wright, New Tasks for a Renewed Church (Hodder and Stoughton, 1992), p. 168.
See Gal. 3:21ff.
Matt. 1:1.
Dodd, pp. 64, 71.
Gal. 3:8.
Isa. 51:1f.
E.g. Gen. 12:1ff.; 15:1ff.; 17:1ff.
2 Chr. 20:7; Isa. 41:8; Jas 2:23.
Jubilees 23:10.
Gen. 22:15ff.; 26:2ff.
1 Maccabees 2:52. For other rabbinic quotations see Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 229.
Jas 2:21ff.
Jas 2:18.
Jas 2:17, 21.
Gen. 11:27ff.; 12:1ff.
Gen. 13:14f.
Gen. 13:16; 15:5.
Gen. 15:6; Rom. 4:3.
Gen. 17:1, 17.
Gen. 17:1ff.
Gen. 22:1ff.
Phlm. 18.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 231.
2 Cor. 5:19, 21.
Cf. 2 Sam. 19:19; Acts 7:60; 2 Tim. 4:16.
Hodge, p. 115.
Ibid., p. 107.
Ibid., p. 110.
Rom. 13:14; cf. Gal. 3:27.
2 Cor. 5:21.
1 Cor. 1:30; cf. Jer. 23:6.
Phil. 3:8–9.
Gen. 17:11.
Nygren, p. 175.
Gen. 13:12, 14, 17.
E.g. Gen. 12:3; 18:18; 22:18.
Sirach 44:21. See also Jubilees 17:3; 22:14.
Gal. 3:16; cf. John 8:56.
E.g. Ps. 2:8; Isa. 9:7.
Matt. 5:5.
1 Cor. 3:21f.
Gal. 3:18.
Cf. Gal. 3:12.
Graham McCann, Woody Allen, New Yorker (Polity Press, 1990), pp. 43, 83.
Jer. 32:17.
Eph. 1:17ff.
Gen. 15:4f.
See Gen. 17:17 and 18:11.
Heb. 11:17ff.
Mark 11:22.
Cf. 1 Cor. 10:11.
Hodge, p. 129.
Moule (1884), p. 98.
Murray, vol. 1, p. 155.
Cf. 1 Cor. 15:17.
Chapter 9
Sanday and Headlam, p. 118.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 258.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 118.
Metzger (1975), p. 511.
Denney, p. 623.
Cf. Heb. 10:19ff.
Cf. 1 Pet. 5:12.
Ps. 19:1; Isa. 6:3.
E.g. John 1:14; 2:11.
E.g. John 12:23f.; 17:1ff.
Mark 13:26; cf. Titus 2:13.
1 John 3:2; cf. Col. 3:4.
2 Thess. 1:10.
1 Cor. 11:7; Gen. 1:26f.; 9:6; Jas 3:9.
Cf. Mark 13:19, 24; cf. Rev. 7:14.
John 16:33, thlipsis again.
Acts 14:22, same word.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 125.
Joel 2:28f. = Acts 2:17f.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 253.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 4, pp. 84f.
Ibid., p. 89.
1 Pet. 1:8.
John 3:16; cf. 1 John 4:10.
Gal. 2:20.
Hodge, p. 138.
Cf. Eph. 5:6; Col. 3:6.
1 Thess. 1:10; 5:9.
John 5:24.
Godet, p. 213.
2 Cor. 11:3; 1 Tim. 2:13f.; cf. Sirach 25:24.
Murray, vol. 1, pp. 182f.
2 Esdras 4:30.
2 Esdras 7:118.
Ziesler (1989), p. 147.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 134.
See the full statements by Hodge (pp. 142ff.) and by Murray, vol. 1 (pp. 178ff.).
Morris (1988), p. 233.
Murray, vol. 1, p. 187.
Hodge, p. 142.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 4, p. 178.
Heb. 7:9f., nrsv.
Josh. 7:1, 11.
Acts 4:27.
Heb. 6:6.
2 Cor. 5:14ff.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 286.
Phil. 2:8.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 4, p. 274.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 285.
Nygren, pp. 224f.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 830.
Heb. 4:16.
1 Cor. 15:22.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 271; cf. vol. 2, p. 830.
TDNT, vol. 6, pp. 536ff.
Acts 2:17.
Acts 19:10.
1 Cor. 15:22f.
Godet, pp. 216, 223.
Hodge, p. 177.
Cf. Eph. 3:10.
Hodge, p. 178.
Rev. 7:9.
Cf. Col. 2:15.
Ps. 110:1 and e.g. Eph. 1:20ff.
E.g. 12:9; 22:2ff.
Gen. 5:3ff.; 1 Chr. 1:1ff.; Luke 3:38.
Matt. 19:4ff., quoting Gen. 1:27.
Acts 17:26.
Cf. 1 Cor. 15:22, 45ff.
From his article ‘Evolution of Early Humans’, in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, ed. Steve Jones, Robert Martin and David Pilbeam (Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 249.
Gen. 2:15.
Gen. 3:7; cf. 21.
Gen. 4:2ff.
Gen. 4:17.
Gen. 4:21.
Gen. 4:22.
Gen. 2:7.
Derek Kidner, Genesis, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries (Inter-Varsity Press, 1967), p. 29.
Gen. 5:5.
Gen. 1:11ff.
Dodd, p. 81.
Gen. 2:17.
Gen. 3:19.
Wisdom 2:23f.
Ps. 49:12.
Eccl. 3:19.
Gen. 5:24; 2 Kgs 2:11.
1 Cor. 15:51f.
Mark 9:2ff., 9.
Jude 4.
Vaughan, pp. 117, 123.
Gen. 2:17.
Rev. 21 – 22.
E.g. Heb. 7:27; 9:12, 26, 28; 10:10; 1 Pet. 3:18.
2 Cor. 5:14.
Other commentators argue that by his incarnation Christ so completely identified with the old era that sin had authority over him, although he never succumbed to it; and that by his death he gained freedom from its rule (e.g. Moo, pp. 396f.). Similarly, Martyn Lloyd-Jones urges that Christ ‘died to the realm and to the rule and to the reign of sin’ (vol. 5, pp. 103, 121); and that we are ‘dead to sin’ in the sense that we are ‘no longer under its rule’, being ‘out of the territory and the jurisdiction of sin’ (p. 290). This does not seem, however, to be the most natural way to explain the link between sin and death in the expression ‘died to sin’. Nor in fact do Christian people seem to be altogether beyond the reign of sin, since we still need to be urged not to let it reign over us (12).
Haldane, pp. 239ff.
Matt. 3:11.
E.g. John 1:33; Acts 1:5.
E.g. Acts 2:38, ‘Repent and be baptised . . . ’
Matt. 28:19.
Acts 8:16; 19:5; contrast 1 Cor. 1:13, ‘in the name of Paul’.
Gal. 3:27; Rom. 6:3.
1 Cor. 10:2.
Acts 22:16.
Gal. 3:27.
1 Pet. 3:21.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 314.
Cf. Eph. 1:19ff.
Barrett, pp. 119, 123.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 308.
Vaughan, p. 118.
Murray, vol. 1, p. 220.
Luke 9:23.
Rev. 1:18.
Cranfield, vol. 1, pp. 316f.
Cf. Rom. 13:12; 2 Cor. 6:7; 10:4.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 338.
Gal. 3:10.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 320.
Ziesler (1989), p. 167.
John 8:34.
Matt. 6:24.
2 Tim. 1:13.
E.g. 1 Cor. 15:3f.
E.g. 1 Thess. 4:1ff.
For ‘believing’ the truth see 2 Thess. 2:12f.; 1 Tim. 4:3; for ‘knowing’ or ‘acknowledging’ it see John 8:32; 1 Tim. 2:4; 2 Tim. 2:25; and Titus 1:1; and for ‘obeying’ the truth see Rom. 2:8; Gal. 5:7; and 1 Pet. 1:22.
Barrett, p. 132.
Col. 1:13.
Matt. 11:29f.
E.g. Rev. 20:14; 21:8.
Ziesler (1989), p. 171.
Matt. 7:13.
Gen. 3:1.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 326.
Chapter 10
Rom. 10:5, quoting Lev. 18:5.
Gal. 3:10f., 21f.
Ps. 19:10.
Morris (1988), p. 271.
Cf. Gal. 2:19; 3:10, 13.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 336.
Dodd, pp. 100, 103.
Godet, p. 267.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 6, pp. 51ff.
Ibid., p. 64.
Ibid., p. 66.
Ibid., p. 66.
Denney, p. 638; Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 337.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 363.
Gen. 1:28.
Cf. Rom. 2:29; 2 Cor. 3:6.
Bruce, p. 139.
Phil. 3:5.
Phil. 3:6; cf. Rom. 2:17ff.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 6, p. 132.
Käsemann, p. 196.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 401.
Ziesler (1989), p. 182.
Gen. 2:17.
Barrett, p. 143; cf. Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 400.
Gen. 3:13; cf. 2 Cor. 11:3; 1 Tim. 2:14.
Gen. 3:6.
Gen. 2:17; 3:19.
Moo, p. 453.
Ibid., p. 454.
Exod. 20:17.
Moo, p. 455.
Eph. 2:1.
Moo, p. 456.
Ziesler (1989), p. 180.
Stendahl, pp. 5, 14.
Phil. 3:6.
Col. 3:5.
Matt. 5:21ff.
Mark 10:17ff.
Ziesler (1989), p. 176.
Augustine, Book 2.9, p. 29.
Ibid., 2.14, p. 32.
1 Cor. 15:56.
Barrett, p. 145.
Bruce, p. 142.
Moo, pp. 474ff.
Ibid., p. 474.
Cranfield, vol. 1, pp. 340f.
Ibid., p. 341.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 6, p. 229.
Ibid., pp. 229ff.
Ibid., pp. 255f.
Ibid., p. 262.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 404.
Ibid., p. 408.
Ibid., p. 435.
Ibid., p. 410.
Calvin, p. 149.
Moule (1894), p. 194.
Ps. 1:1f.
Ps. 19:8.
Ps. 119:47.
Ps. 119:97.
Ezek. 36:27.
John 14:17.
E.g. Matt. 18:25.
Gen. 9:6; Jas 3:9.
E.g. Matt. 5:46f.; 7:11.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 183.
Chapter 11
Hodge, p. 247.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 7, p. 264.
Dunn, vol. 38A, pp. 414ff.
E.g. Hodge, pp. 250f.; Moule (1894), p. 210; Lloyd-Jones, vol. 7, p. 290.
2 Cor. 3:8.
Cf. Gal. 4:4, 6.
E.g. 1 John 4:2; 2 John 7.
E.g. 2 Cor. 5:21; Heb. 4:15; 7:26.
Wright, pp. 220ff.
2 Cor. 5:21.
E.g. Mark 14:64: ‘they all condemned him as worthy of death.’ TDNT, vol. 3, pp. 951ff.
Ibid.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 373.
Hodge, pp. 254f.
Matt. 5:17.
Cf. Gal. 5:14.
Räisänen, p. 11.
Ibid., p. 69.
Ibid., p. 264.
Ibid., p. 265.
Ezek. 36:26f.; Jer. 31:33; cf. 2 Cor. 3:3.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 372. Cf. Luther’s favourite description of fallen human nature as ‘deeply curved in on itself’ (e.g. Luther [1515], pp. 291, 313, 513).
Ziesler (1989), p. 195.
Murray, vol. 1, p. 285.
Ps. 63:1.
Ps. 42:1.
1 Thess. 4:1.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 196.
John 14:17.
1 Cor. 6:19.
Moule (1894), p. 206.
E.g. John 14:16f., 21, 23.
Käsemann, p. 224.
E.g. 2 Cor. 4:10ff., 16.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 7, p. 69.
Gen. 3:19.
Nygren, p. 323.
Cf. Deut. 30:15ff.; Jer. 21:8ff.
E.g. Luke 21:16.
Gal. 5:24.
Mark 8:34.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 395.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 7, p. 143.
Matt. 5:29f.
Col. 3:1f.
Phil. 4:8.
Luke 9:23.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 395.
Godet, p. 309.
Käsemann, p. 226.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 450.
The same verb is used of the Spirit ‘leading’ Jesus from his baptism in the Jordan to his temptation in the desert (Luke 4:1). It is true that Mark’s parallel has ekballō (1:12), which can mean ‘drive out, expel, literally, throw out more or less forcibly’. But it can also be used of to ‘send out’, in this case ‘without the connotation of force’ (BAGD). Since in addition it expresses the action of ‘removing’ a splinter from the eye (Matt. 7:4f.), Dr Lloyd-Jones writes: ‘Here is a man who is going to perform a very delicate eye operation; so if you insist that this word always means “force”, “thrust”, “drive”, let me express the hope that, if ever you have a foreign object in your eye, you may not be treated by such a violent oculist, or optician!’ (vol. 7, p. 172).
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 7, p. 167.
Eph. 4:30.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 7, p. 174.
Acts 17:28.
E.g. John 1:12; Gal. 3:26; 1 John 3:1, 10.
Bruce, p. 157; cf. Barclay, pp. 106f.
Mark 14:36; cf. Gal. 4:6.
J. Jeremias, The Prayers of Jesus (SCM, 1967), pp. 57ff.
Matt. 6:9; Luke 11:2.
Gerhard Kittel on ‘Abba’ in TDNT, vol. 1, p. 6.
E.g. Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 462.
Gottlob Schrenk on patēr etc. in TDNT, vol. 5, p. 1006.
E.g. Deut. 19:15.
Morris (1988), p. 317.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 403.
1 John 3:1f.
Cf. Gal. 4:7.
1 Pet. 1:4.
Murray, vol. 1, p. 298.
Deut. 18:2; 32:9.
Ps. 73:25f.; cf. Lam. 3:24.
1 Cor. 15:28.
John 17:24ff.
Luke 24:26; cf. Mark 8:31.
1 Pet. 4:13.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 7, pp. 233ff.
Ibid., pp. 285ff.
Ibid., p. 272.
Ibid., p. 293.
Ibid., p. 302.
Ibid., p. 329.
Ibid., p. 356.
1 Pet. 5:10.
2 Thess. 1:10.
1 John 3:2.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 408.
2 Cor. 4:17. Note that the Hebrew word for ‘glory’ is kābōd, which means ‘heaviness’ or ‘weight’.
Gen. 3:17ff.
Godet, p. 313.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 410.
Pss 96:11ff.; 98:7ff.
Gen. 3:17ff.; cf. Rev. 22:3: ‘No longer will there be any curse.’
Eccl. 1:2.
Ps. 102:25ff.
Isa. 65:17ff.; cf. 66:22.
Isa. 35:1ff.; cf. 32:15ff.
Isa. 11:6ff.; cf. 65:25.
Matt. 19:28, ‘the renewal of all things’, niv.
Acts 3:19, 21.
Eph. 1:10; Col. 1:20.
Rev. 21; 22; cf. 2 Pet. 3:13; Heb. 12:26f.
Matt. 24:8; Mark 13:8; cf. John 16:20ff.
Cf. 2 Cor. 5:17.
E.g. Gal. 5:22; 1 Thess. 1:6.
See 2 Cor. 1:22; 5:5; Eph. 1:14.
2 Cor. 5:2, 4.
Cf. Eph. 1:7; Col. 1:14; cf. Rom. 3:24; 1 Cor. 1:30.
Phil. 3:21; cf. 1 Cor. 15:35ff.
Cf. Eph. 2:8.
Cf. Heb. 11:1.
Eph. 2:18.
Cf. Phil. 1:19ff.; cf. John 12:27.
1 John 3:2.
Pace Käsemann, pp. 240–242.
Acts 2:4ff.; 1 Cor. 14:13ff., 26ff.
Cf. 1 Sam. 16:7; Pss 7:9; 139:1ff.; Jer. 17:10; Acts 15:8; 1 Thess. 2:4.
Cf. 1 John 5:14.
See Deut. 29:29.
Metzger (1975), p. 518.
Nygren, p. 338.
E.g. 1 Cor. 2:9; 8:3; cf. Eph. 6:24.
Deut. 6:5; Mark 12:30.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 431; cf. 1 John 4:19.
Gen. 50:20.
Jer. 29:11.
Acts 2:23; cf. 4:27f.
Pss 1:6; 144:3.
Hos. 13:5.
Amos 3:2.
Cf. 1 Pet. 1:2.
Deut. 7:7f.; cf. Eph. 1:4f.
Eph. 1:5, 9, 11; 3:11.
E.g. Eph. 1:4.
1 Cor. 2:7; 2 Tim. 1:9; cf. 1 Pet. 1:20; Rev. 13:8.
2 Sam. 7:22ff.; cf. Exod. 19:3ff.; Deut. 7:6; 10:15; 14:2; Ps. 135:4.
Inter-Varsity Press, 1961.
Ibid., pp. 12ff.
Eph. 1:6, 12, 14.
Rev. 5:11ff.
Luther (1515), p. 371.
Packer, op. cit., p. 21.
John 6:44.
John 5:40.
Eph. 1:4; cf. 2 Tim. 1:9.
Gen. 12:1ff.
Isa. 42:1ff.; 49:5ff.
E.g. Acts 13:47; 26:23.
1 Pet. 2:9.
2 Cor. 3:18.
1 John 3:2f.
1 Cor. 15:49; Phil. 3:21.
Cf. Col. 1:18.
2 Thess. 2:13f.
1 Thess. 1:4f.
Gal. 2:17.
2 Cor. 5:21.
Bruce, p. 168.
Denney, p. 652.
Cf. 1 Cor. 16:9: ‘there are many who oppose me’.
1 Cor. 15:26; Heb. 2:14.
Cf. Eph. 6:12.
Assyria and its capital Nineveh (Nah. 2:13; 3:5); Babylon (Jer. 50:31; 51:25); Egypt (Ezek. 29:3, 10; 30:22); Tyre and Sidon (Ezek. 26:3; 28:22); and Edom (Ezek. 35:1ff.).
E.g. Lev. 26:17; Ezek. 5:8; 14:8; 15:7; 21:3.
E.g. Ezek. 13:8f., 20; 14:9; 34:10.
Gen. 22:16.
Quoted by John Murray, from No Condemnation in Christ Jesus (1857), p. 324.
Rev. 12:10; cf. Zech. 3:1.
1 John 3:20f.
Gal. 3:13.
Cf. 1 Cor. 15:14ff.
E.g. Heb. 1:3; 10:11ff.
Phil. 2:9ff.
Acts 2:33; 5:31.
Ps. 110:1.
E.g. 1 John 2:1f.
E.g. Heb. 7:23ff.
Hodge, p. 290.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 8, p. 425.
Matt. 6:25f.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 512.
Cf. Ps. 44:22, lxx.
E.g. 2 Cor. 11:23ff.
Dunn, vol. 38A, p. 504.
E.g. Eph. 6:12; Col. 2:15.
E.g. Eph. 1:21f.
1 Pet. 3:22.
Barrett, p. 174.
Cranfield, vol. 1, p. 443.
One of the most thorough statements and defences of this doctrine is given by D. M. Lloyd-Jones in his exposition of Rom. 8:17–39 entitled The Final Perseverance of the Saints (Banner of Truth, 1975). Chapters 16–36 (pp. 195–457) are specifically devoted to this great theme.
Section C
Wright, p. 231.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 8, pp. 367f.
Stendahl, p. 4.
Ibid., p. 28.
Nygren, p. 357.
E.g. 1:16; 2:9f., 17ff.; 3:1ff., 29ff.; 4:1ff.; 5:20; 6:14f.; 7:1ff.; 8:2ff.
Chapter 12
Exod. 32:32.
Luther (1515), p. 380.
Exod. 4:22; cf. Hos. 11:1.
Jer. 31:9.
Exod. 29:42ff.; 40:34ff.
1 Kgs 8:10f.
2 Sam. 6:2; cf. Lev. 16:2; Heb. 9:5.
Exod. 24:8.
2 Sam. 23:5.
Deut. 4:7f.
E.g. Rom. 14:9; Eph. 1:20ff.; Phil. 2:9ff.; Col. 1:18f.
E.g. 2 Cor. 1:3; Eph. 1:3; cf. 1 Pet. 1:3.
E.g. Rom. 10:9, 13; Phil. 2:9ff.
Gal. 4:4; 2 Cor. 8:9.
Phil. 2:6 mg.
Col. 2:9.
Gen. 21:12; cf. Gal. 4:23ff.
Gen. 18:10, 14.
Gen. 25:23.
Mal. 1:2f.
Calvin, p. 202.
Luke 14:26.
Matt. 10:37.
Gen. 25:29ff.
Gen. 27:1ff.
John 13:18; cf. 15:16; 17:6.
Ps. 115:1.
Rev. 5:12f.; 7:10ff.
Exod. 33:19.
Exod. 9:16.
Denney, p. 662.
E.g. Exod. 8:10; cf. Ezek. 6:7, 14 etc.
Morris (1988), p. 361.
E.g. Exod. 4:21ff.; 7:13, 14, 22; 8:15, 19, 32; 9:7, 17, 27, 34f.; 10:3, 16; 11:9; 13:15; 14:5.
E.g. Exod. 4:21; 7:3; 9:12; 10:1, 20, 27; 11:10; 14:4, 8, 17.
Isa. 6:9f.; Matt. 13:13ff.; Mark 4:11f.; John 12:39f.; Acts 28:25ff.
Jer. 18:1ff.
Isa. 29:16.
Isa. 45:9.
Dodd, p. 159.
Exod. 3:5f.
Job 40:4; 42:3, 6.
Job 42:7f.
Job 40:2; cf. 1:22; 2:10.
E.g. Gen. 9:6.
E.g. Ezek. 1:28; 2:1f.; Dan. 10:7ff.
Bruce, p. 179.
Hodge, p. 319.
2 Pet. 3:3ff.; cf. Rom. 2:4.
Hos. 1:6.
Hos. 1:9.
Hos. 2:23.
Hos. 1:10.
Eph. 2:12f., 19.
1 Pet. 2:10.
Isa. 1:4ff.
Isa. 10:12ff.
Isa. 7:3.
Isa. 10:22f.
Isa. 1:9.
Gen. 22:17; cf. 15:5.
Matt. 8:11f.
2 Tim. 3:1ff.
1 Cor. 1:23.
Gal. 5:11.
Gal. 2:21.
1 Pet. 2:6, 8.
Ps. 118:22; Mark 12:10; cf. Acts 4:11; 1 Pet. 2:7.
1 Cor. 3:11.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 9, p. 285.
Memoirs of the Life of the Rev. Charles Simeon, ed. William Carus (Hatchard, 1848), pp. 674f.
Preface to the Horae Homileticae in 21 volumes (1832), p. 5.
Chapter 13
Gal. 1:14.
Gal. 1:13; Phil. 3:6.
Acts 22:3.
Acts 26:9ff.
See Preliminary Essay, pp. 9ff.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 593.
Ibid., pp. 587, 595. Compare E. P. Sanders (1983): ‘“their own righteousness” . . . means “that righteousness which the Jews alone are privileged to obtain” rather than “self-righteousness which consists in individuals presenting their merits as a claim upon God”’, p. 38.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 588.
Ibid., p. 598.
Calvin, p. 221.
Isa. 64:6.
Phil. 3:9.
Lev. 18:5.
Gal. 3:10ff.
See Gal. 3:28.
Eph. 3:8.
Acts 2:21.
1 Cor. 1:2.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 620.
Cf. 2 Cor. 5:20; 13:3.
Cf. Gal. 1:15f.
E.g. Luke 6:12f.; Gal. 1:1.
2 Cor. 8:23.
E.g. Acts 13:1ff.
Cf. Isa. 52:7.
Cf. Isa. 53:1.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 623.
Col. 1:23, 6.
Bruce, p. 194.
Matt. 13:19.
Cf. Deut. 32:21.
Hos. 1:9f.; 2:23.
Isa. 65:1.
Isa. 65:2.
Chapter 14
Hodge, p. 353. In fact, Paul emphasizes ‘its temporal and providential character’ (Fitzmyer, p. 608).
Ps. 94:14. See also 1 Sam. 12:22.
Luther (1515), p. 421.
Jer. 33:19ff.
1 Kgs 19:10.
1 Kgs 19:18.
Acts 21:20.
Barrett, p. 209.
John 15:25 = Ps. 69:4.
Ziesler (1989), p. 273.
Acts 13:46.
Acts 14:1; 18:6; 19:8f.
Acts 28:28.
Matt. 8:11f.; 21:43.
Acts 5:17; 13:45; 17:5.
For other references to his unique apostolic ministry to Gentiles see Acts 9:15f.; 22:21; 26:16ff.; Gal. 1:1, 16; 2:7ff.; 1 Tim. 2:7.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 656.
Eph. 2:11ff.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 319.
Barrett, p. 215. So too Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 563; Dunn, vol. 38B, pp. 658, 670; and Käsemann, p. 307.
E.g. Eph. 2:1ff.; Col. 3:1ff.
Denney, p. 679.
Ezek. 37:3ff.
Moule (1884), p. 193.
Murray, vol. 2, p. 84.
Cf. Num. 15:17ff.
Jer. 11:16; Hos. 14:6.
E.g. Ps. 80:8ff.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 328.
Dodd, p. 180.
Page 19. The article appeared in W. Robertson Nicoll (ed.), The Expositor, 6th series, vol. 11 (Hodder and Stoughton, 1905), pp. 16ff. and 152ff., and was later included in Ramsay’s Pauline and Other Studies (1906), pp. 217ff.
Ibid., pp. 24, 34.
Ziesler (1989), p. 281.
E.g. Heb. 3:14; 1 John 2:19.
E. M. Smallwood, The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian (Brill, 1976), pp. 123f.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 330.
Col. 2:2f.; 4:3.
Eph. 1:9; 3:3ff.; Col. 1:26f.; 3:11.
2 Cor. 3:14ff.; 4:3f.
Cf. Mark 13:10; cf. Rev. 7:9ff.
Calvin, p. 255.
Murray, vol. 2, p. 96.
Bruce, p. 209.
Isa. 59:20.
Jer. 31:33f.
Stendahl, p. 4.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 683. Cf. Sanders (1983), pp. 194ff. and p. 205 n. 88; and Ziesler (1989), p. 285. For a comprehensive and sensitive statement on the propriety of Jewish evangelism, see The Willowbank Declaration on the Christian Gospel and the Jewish People (World Evangelical Fellowship, 1989).
Wright, p. 233.
Ibid., p. 249.
Ibid., p. 249.
Num. 23:19.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 587.
Gal. 3:22ff.
Rev. 7:9.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 587.
Bruce, p. 211.
Chapter 15
Godet, p. 416.
Eph. 2:4; cf. 1:7.
Eph. 3:8; 3:16. Cf. also 2 Cor. 8:9; Phil. 4:19.
Col. 2:2f.
1 Cor. 1:18ff.
Eph. 1:8; 3:10.
For the unfathomable nature of God’s mind and mysteries see e.g. Job 5:9; 11:7; Ps. 139:6; Isa. 40:28.
Isa. 40:13.
Job 35:7 – 41:11.
Rev. 1:8; 21:6; 22:13.
Chapter 16
Isa. 52:7.
Lloyd-Jones, vol. 9, p. 33.
Graham W. Hughes, With Freedom Fired (Carey Kingsgate Press, 1955), pp. 10–12.
E.g. 1 Cor. 1:21.
J. I. Packer, Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God (Inter-Varsity Press, 1961), p. 106. See also R. B. Kuiper, God-Centred Evangelism (Banner of Truth, 1961).
Section D
Dr Michael Thompson helpfully distinguishes between (1) a ‘quotation’, which Paul introduces by an explicit citation formula, (2) an ‘allusion’, which is an intentional reminder to his readers of a tradition they already know, and (3) an ‘echo’ or ‘reminiscence’, which seems to parallel Jesus’ teaching but may not do so consciously in Paul’s mind (Thompson, pp. 29f.). Dr Thompson concludes that in Romans 12:1 – 15:13 there are no quotations, ‘only one probable allusion’ (viz. in 12:14b) and ‘three virtually certain echoes’, together with several other probable ones (p. 237). Further, the effect of these echoes ‘decisively favours the conclusion that dominical teachings significantly influenced Paul’ (p. 238), as did Christ’s example even more.
Chapter 17
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 448. True, ‘mercy’ translates oiktirmos in 12:1 and eleos (or its cognate verb) in 9:16, 23 and 11:30ff. Nevertheless, although the words are different, the sense is the same.
Bruce, p. 213 footnote.
Cf. Lev. 1:3, 9.
Lev. 18:3–4; cf. 2 Kgs 17:15; Ezek. 11:12.
Matt. 6:8.
Barclay, p. 157.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 712.
Mark 9:2.
Mark 9:9.
Barth, pp. 424ff.
E.g. 1 Cor. 2:14ff.; 2 Cor. 5:17; Eph. 4:20ff.; Col. 3:9f.; Titus 3:5.
Eph. 6:17.
E.g. 1 Thess. 2:13; 4:1ff.; 2 Thess. 2:15; 3:6.
Chapter 18
Phil. 2:5ff.
1 Cor. 15:9f.; Eph. 3:7f.
Cranfield, vol. 2, pp. 613ff.
Peter makes the same distinction: ‘If anyone speaks . . . If anyone serves . . . ’ (1 Pet. 4:11).
Cf. Eph. 3:5.
1 Cor. 13:2.
Rev. 1:3; 22:7, 18f.
1 Cor. 12:28; cf. 14:37; Eph. 4:11.
1 Cor. 14:29; 1 Thess. 5:19ff.; 1 John 4:1.
E.g. 2 Thess. 3:6ff.
Hodge, p. 389.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 621.
1 Cor. 12:5.
Acts 6:1ff.
Acts 4:36; 9:26ff.
Calvin, p. 270.
E.g. 1 Tim. 3:4f., 12.
E.g. 1 Thess. 5:12; 1 Tim. 5:17.
Chapter 19
Robinson, p. 135.
Luke 22:48.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 740.
R. A. Knox, Enthusiasm: A Chapter in the History of Religion (Oxford, 1950), p. 581.
Ibid., p. 9.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 753.
Acts 2:42ff.
1 Tim. 3:2; Titus 1:8.
Luke 6:28a.
Luke 6:28b; Matt. 5:44.
Luke 6:27.
Phil. 2:2.
Chapter 20
Cf. 1 Thess. 5:15; 1 Pet. 3:9.
E.g. Matt. 5:39ff.; Luke 6:27ff.
E.g. Prov. 20:22; 24:29.
Cf. Matt. 5:9.
Deut. 32:35.
Matt. 16:27.
Prov. 25:21f.
Pss 11:6; 140:10; cf. 2 Esdras 16:53.
Haldane, vol. 2, p. 574.
This is the conclusion of William Klassen’s ‘Coals of Fire: Sign of Repentance or Revenge?’, New Testament Studies 9 (1962–3), p. 349, quoted e.g. by Murray (vol. 2, p. 143), Morris (1988, p. 455) and Dunn (vol. 38B, p. 571).
1 Pet. 2:23; cf. Ps. 37:5ff.
Godet, p. 439.
Chapter 21
Cullmann (1962), p. 196.
Cullmann (1957), p. 63.
Cullmann (1962), pp. 194f.
Ibid., p. 196.
Eph. 6:11f; cf. Rom. 8:37ff.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 658.
Murray, vol. 2, p. 254.
Eph. 1:20ff.; 2:4ff.; 1 Pet. 3:22.
Mark 12:17.
Dan. 4:17, 25, 32.
Prov. 8:15f.
Acts 18:2.
Suetonius, 25.4.
John 19:11. The book of Proverbs contains several references to the existence of wicked rulers (e.g. 28:3, 12, 15, 16, 28), even though it affirms that it is by Wisdom that kings reign (Prov. 8:15).
Acts 25:11.
Cullmann (1957), pp. 55f.
Ibid., p. 57.
Acts 5:29.
Exod. 1:17.
Dan. 3.
Dan. 6.
Acts 4:18ff.
Charles W. Colson, Kingdoms in Conflict: An Insider’s Challenging View of Politics, Power and the Pulpit (William Morrow/Zondervan, 1987), p. 251.
Cullmann (1957), p. 86.
Hodge, p. 415.
1 Pet. 2:14.
E.g. Acts 12:2; Rev. 13:10.
Denney, p. 697.
Gen. 9:6.
Gen. 4:13ff.
1 Pet. 2:23.
Bruce W. Winter, ‘The Public Honouring of Christian Benefactors’, Journal for the Study of the New Testament 34 (1988), p. 93.
See Jer. 29:7; 1 Tim. 2:1ff.
Chapter 22
See e.g. John A. T. Robinson, Honest to God (SCM, 1963), pp. 105ff.
Matt. 22:39f.; cf. Gal. 5:14.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 677.
Chapter 23
Mark 13:32.
1 Thess. 5:1f.; cf. Acts 1:6f.
Mark 13:10.
2 Thess. 2:1ff.
E.g. Acts 2:17; 1 Cor. 10:11.
Rev. 22:7, 12, 20.
Mark 13:35f.
Denney, p. 699.
Gal. 3:27.
Col. 3:12.
Ziesler (1989), p. 321.
Cf. Gal. 5:24.
Chapter 24
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 700; cf. 14:2, 22f.
Käsemann, p. 365.
Barrett, p. 256.
Gal. 1:8f.
Acts 15:19ff., 27ff.
E.g. Acts 16:3; 21:20ff.; Gal. 6:12ff.; 1 Cor. 9:20.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 795.
Dan. 1:3ff.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 800.
Ibid., p. 805.
Ibid., p. 801.
Phlm. 17.
Acts 28:2.
John 14:3.
Moule (1894), p. 374.
Cf. Gal. 4:10; Col. 2:16.
See 1 Cor. 10:30; 1 Tim. 4:3ff.
Murray, vol. 2, p. 175.
Matt. 7:1.
Matt. 7:15.
1 Tim. 4:1ff.
Mark 7:14ff.
Acts 10:15, 28.
1 Cor. 8:9ff.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 821.
Matt. 10:28.
E.g. Acts 14:22; 17:7; 19:8; 20:25; 28:23, 31; 1 Cor. 6:10; Eph. 5:5; Col. 1:13.
Matt. 6:33.
Barrett, p. 265.
Cf. 1 Cor. 8:8.
Lev. 19:18; cf. Rom. 13:9.
E.g. Gal. 1:10; Col. 3:22; 1 Thess. 2:4.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 732.
Phil. 2:6ff.
Cf. 1 Cor. 10:11.
Matt. 23:23.
Luke 24:27; cf. John 5:39.
2 Tim. 3:15.
Chapter 25
Sanday and Headlam, p. 403.
E.g. Rom. 6:17; 1 Cor. 15:1ff.; Phil. 3:1; 2 Thess. 2:15; 1 Tim. 6:20; 2 Tim. 1:13f.; 3:14; Heb. 2:1; 2 Pet. 1:12ff.; 3:1; 1 John 2:21ff.; Jude 3.
Cf. Gal. 2:9; Eph. 3:2ff.
Heb. 10:11.
Heb. 8:2.
E.g. 1 Pet. 2:5.
E.g. Exod. 29:33ff.
Isa. 66:20.
Acts 21:27ff.
1 Cor. 3:9; cf. 2 Cor. 6:1.
2 Cor. 5:20; cf. Acts 15:12; 21:19.
Acts 1:1.
See the Acts record and e.g. Heb. 2:4.
Eph. 6:17.
E.g. 1 Cor. 2:4; 1 Thess. 1:5.
Acts 13:1ff.
Luke 24:47; Acts 1:8; cf. Isa. 2:3.
Acts 9:26ff.
Acts 20:1ff.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 762.
1 Cor. 3:6, 10.
Isa. 52:15.
Chapter 26
Cf. Titus 3:13; 3 John 6f.
E.g. Acts 20:38; 21:5.
E.g. Phil. 4:14ff.
Acts 11:27ff.
Acts 2:44f.; 4:32ff.
Dodd, p. 230.
Rom. 15:25ff.; 1 Cor. 16:1f.; and especially 2 Cor. 8 – 9.
2 Cor. 10:16.
Cf. 1 Kgs 10:22, niv mg.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 769.
1 Clement 5:7.
Gal. 5:22.
Gen. 32:24ff.
Eph. 6:12.
Cf. Col. 2:1f.; 4:12.
Acts 21:13.
1 John 5:14.
Matt. 6:10.
Luke 22:42.
Cf. Jas 4:15.
Acts 24:17.
Acts 21:30ff.; 22:22ff.; 23:10.
Acts 22:25ff.
Acts 23:12ff.
Acts 23:11.
Dunn, vol. 38B, p. 884.
Chapter 27
Chrysostom, p. 553; Brunner, p. 126. See ‘The Roman Christians of Romans 16’ by Peter Lampe, in Donfried, pp. 216ff.
Dunn, vol. 38B, pp. 888f. This opinion is based on the fact that pragma (2) is used of a lawsuit in 1 Cor. 6:1.
E.g. Acts 18:27; 2 Cor. 3:1.
Chrysostom, p. 550.
Ibid., p. 549.
E.g. Phil. 1:1; 1 Tim. 3:8, 11.
Acts 18:1ff., 18, 26; 1 Cor. 16:19.
Mark 15:21.
Acts 18:18, 26; 2 Tim. 4:19.
2 Cor. 8:23.
Phil. 2:25, literally ‘your apostle’.
Acts 13:1ff.; 14:4, 14; cf. 1 Thess. 2:7.
Gal. 3:28.
Cf. Acts 12:12; 1 Cor. 16:19; Col. 4:15; Phlm. 2.
Rev. 7:9ff.
See ‘The Pasadena Consultation on the Homogeneous Unit Principle’ (Lausanne Occasional Paper no. 1, 1978).
1 Cor. 16:20; 2 Cor. 13:12; 1 Thess. 5:26; 1 Pet. 5:14.
Justin Martyr, Apology, I.65.
Tertullian, On Prayer, 14.
Acts 20:4.
Chapter 28
See Matt. 10:34ff.
1 Cor. 1:23.
For similar commands see 1 Cor. 5:11; 2 Thess. 3:6, 14; 2 Tim. 3:5; Titus 3:10. They relate not to trivial matters, but to inveterate and impenitent offenders, who deliberately turn away from plain apostolic truth, and who ignore repeated warnings.
Cranfield, vol. 2, p. 800.
Sanday and Headlam, p. 431.
Ps. 8:6.
Eph. 1:22; cf. Heb. 2:8f.
Ps. 110:1, and its many New Testament applications to Christ.
E.g. 1 Cor. 4:17.
Acts 20:4.
Acts 13:1.
Acts 20:5f.
Acts 17:5ff.
Acts 20:4.
1 Cor. 1:14.
Acts 18:7.
Acts 19:22.
2 Tim. 4:20.
Complex textual questions surround the end of Romans in general and the doxology in particular. The manuscript evidence suggests that two editions of Romans were in circulation, a longer and a shorter. Origen wrote that Marcion, the second-century heretic, on account of his hostility to the Old Testament and Judaism, was responsible for the shorter edition which omitted the last two chapters. Other scholars suggest that Paul himself authorized the publication of two editions, one with and one without the long list of greetings. The doxology (verses 25–27) and the grace (verses 20 and 27) also occur in different places. The standard commentaries provide the details. So does Dr Bruce Metzger in his Textual Commentary (pp. 533ff., 540). Despite the textual uncertainties, the authenticity of Rom. 16 is not in doubt, and the themes of the doxology at the end of the letter dovetail beautifully with those of its introduction. For a stout defence of the integrity of Rom. 16 see Donfried, ‘A Short Note on Romans 16’, pp. 44ff., 119f.
E.g. Acts 14:21f.; 15:41; 18:23.
E.g. Rom. 1:11; 1 Cor. 1:8; 2 Cor. 1:21; Col. 2:7; 1 Thess. 3:2, 13; 2 Thess. 2:17; 3:7.
Col. 2:2.
Col. 1:27.
Eph. 3:6ff.; 6:19f.
1 Cor. 2:7ff.
Eph. 1:9f.
Cf. Acts 17:1ff.
Col. 2:3; cf. 1 Cor. 1:30.
1 Cor. 1:24.
1 Cor. 1:21.
Eph. 3:10.
Eph. 1:8ff.
Rev. 7:12.