See Pre-Raphaelite Paintings from the Manchester City Art Gallery, where ‘The Shadow of Death’ hangs, by Julian Treuherz.
Michael Gough, Origins of Christian Art, p.18. See also J. H. Miller, ‘Cross’ and ‘Crucifix’; Christian World, ed. Geoffrey Barraclough; and Cross and Crucifix by Cyril E. Pocknee.
Tertullian, De Corona, Ch. III, p.94.
Gregory Dix (ed.), Apostolic Tradition of St Hippolytus, p.xi.
Ibid., pp.68–69.
Cyprian, Ad Thibaritanos IX.
Cyprian, De Lapsis 2.
Richard Hooker, Ecclesiastical Polity, Book V, Ch. lxv.20, ‘Of the Cross in Baptism’.
Ibid., Book V, Ch. lxv.6.
See especially pp.1–10 of Crucifixion by Martin Hengel, whose original title was Mors turpissima crucis, ‘the utterly vile death of the cross’, an expression first used by Origen.
See the accounts given by Josephus in Antiquities xvii.10.10 and Jewish War V.xi.1.
Cicero, Against Verres II.v.64, para. 165.
Ibid., II.v.66, para. 170.
Cicero, In Defence of Rabirius V. 16, p.467.
Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho a Jew, Ch. lxxxix.
Mark 8:31ff.; cf. Matt. 16:21ff.; Luke 9:22ff.
Mark 10:32–34; cf. Matt. 20:17–19; Luke 18:31–34.
Matt. 17:9–13; Mark 9:9–13; cf. Luke 9:44.
Mark 10:35–45; Matt. 20:20–28.
Mark 12:1–12; cf. Matt. 21:33–46; Luke 20:9–19.
For the Passover saying see Matt. 26:2; for the ‘burial’ references Mark 14:3–9 and cf. Matt. 26:6–13; for the woe on Judas Mark 14:10ff. and cf. Matt. 26:14ff. and Luke 22:22; for the institution of the supper Mark 14:22–25 and cf. Matt. 26:26–29, Luke 22:14–20 and 1 Cor. 11:23–26; and for the arrest Matt. 26:47–56 and cf. Mark 14:43–50, Luke 22:47–53 and John 18:1–11.
John 2:4; 7:8.
John 7:25ff. especially v. 30, and 8:12 ff. especially v. 20.
John 12:20–28.
John 13:1; 17:1.
John 12:27; 13:1; Mark 14:35, 41. cf. Matt. 26:18.
Joachim Jeremias develops this argument in Central Message. See especially p.41.
Zech. 13:7; Matt. 26:31; Mark 14:27.
Ps. 118:22; Matt. 21:42; Mark 12:10–11; Luke 20:17. cf. Acts 4:11; 1 Pet. 2:7.
Mark 8:31; Luke 24:44; Matt. 26:54; Luke 24:26.
Acts 2:14–39; 3:12–26; 4:8–12; 5:29–32 and 10:34–43.
Acts 13:16–41; 14:15–17; 17:2–3 and 22–31; 28:23–31.
cf. Acts 2:33–36; 3:26; 5:31–32; 10:43 and 13:38–39.
Acts 2:38; 3:16; 4:10, 12; cf. Luke 24:46–47.
1 Cor. 1:18–25; Rom. 6:3; 1 Cor. 11:26.
E.g. 1 John 2:22; 4:1–3; 2 John 7.
1 John 3:16; 4:9, 14; 4:10 and cf. 2:1–2; 1:7.
See especially Hebrews 8 – 10.
Rev. 7:9–14, 16–17; 13:8; 21:27; 14:1ff.
Rev. 5:1–6; 22:1, 3; 12:11; 17:14.
Rev. 5:8–9, 11–14.
Rev. 6:15–17; 19:6–7; 21:9–10, 22–23.
Heb. 6:6; Phil. 2:8; Heb. 12:2.
Luke 24:26; John 12:23–24; 1 Pet. 1:11; 4:13; 5:1, 10; 4:14.
Quotations are from The Koran. The five rejections of the possibility of ‘substitution’ are on pages 114 (liii.38), 176 (xxv.18), 230 (xvii.15), 274 (xxxix.7) and 429 (vi.164).
The spurious ‘Gospel of Barnabas’, written in Italian in the fourteenth or fifteenth century by a Christian convert to Islam, contains parts of the Koran as well as of the four canonical Gospels. It tells the fantastic tale that, when Judas came with the soldiers to arrest Jesus, he withdrew into a house. There angels rescued him through a window, while Judas ‘was so changed in speech and in face to be like Jesus’ that everybody was deceived, and Judas was crucified in Jesus’ place.
Samuel M. Zwemer, Glory of the Cross, p.6.
Gandhi, An Autobiography, p.113.
The Guardian, 30 August 1979.
From the chapter entitled ‘Jesus and History’ in Truth of God Incarnate, ed. E. M. B. Green, p.80.
Justin Martyr’s First Apology, Ch. lv, ‘Symbols of the Cross’.
