Problem of infi nite ranges and, 249–52
Problem of infi nite ranges and, 249–52
284, 322, 355, 393–5, 398, 404, 406, 408,
purely logical theory of, 228–9
415, 506, 515, 532. 533 n. 13, 609
Restricted Principle of Indifference, 234–6
warrant, ix, 18, 190, 230, 231–2, 233, 397,
scientifi c realism vs. antirealism, 227–8
398, 404, 415, 416, 510, 576, 615
statistical vs., 226, 228, 259–60, 261 n. 47
essentialism; see also Leibnizian cosmological
Thesis of Common Ancestry, 226, 227, 233,
argument
240
Aristotelian account, 33, 39–43
epistemology, see also foundationalism
Kripkean essential property, 43 n. 6, 63
basicality, 294
eternal infl ation, 136–9, see also
cognitive adjustment, 528, 540, 541, 545,
Hawking-Penrose Theorems
546
asymptotically static space-time, 147–50
emotions and, 444, 522 n. 10
cyclic universe, 134, 150–7, 167, 180
epistemic seeming vs. comparative seeming,
cosmic relic and horizon problem, 136–7
508, 509, 510 n. 5, 520, 525, 526, 527, 528,
infi nite contraction, 143–7, 170 n. 70, 180
534, 538
models of, 139–43
epistemic values, 295, 336
time deconstruction, 157
expressivism, 412, 415 n. 10
universe fl atness problem, 137
externalism, 407, 509
ethical naturalism vs. nonnaturalism, 409–14;
fi tness-aimed vs. truth-aimed belief
see also moral argument
formation, 404, 407, 408–9, 414, 416–17
Euthyphro, 350, 440, 460, 462; see also moral,
Humean skepticism vs. Reidean externalism,
moral argument
415–17
evil, see problem of evil
inference to the best explanation (IBE), 526,
existence vs. actuality, 35, 98 see also modality
532
experience, see also argument from religious
internalism, 358, 509
experience
memory and experience, 509, 523, 530–1,
comparison and confl ict of, 527
532–3, 535, 539, 540, 544
confl icting, 536
naturalist, xi, 284–5, 286, 287, 290, 292, 293,
noetic, 509, 510–11, 513, 529, 543–4
303, 307, 328, 337, 373, 404, 405
interpersonal, 522, 545
naturalness, 294–5, 304
intracoherence as a type of, 511–12, 543–4
nonconceptual explanation, 52, 78, 92, 520
moral, 392, 406, 524, 544–5
nonrational vs. irrational loss of knowledge,
monistic mystical, 538–9, 544
46–7, 344, 353–4, 359, 382
nonconceptual content, 520
of mathematics, 84
overinterpretation vs. underinterpretation,
of religious belief, 18, 20
506
philosophy of religion and, 549
phenomenology of, 515, 519, 521, 522
presumptive data, 503, 525, 526, 537, 540,
presumptive data, 503, 525–6, 537, 540–1
541
propositional content of our epistemic
prima facie justifi cation (PFJ), 507–8, 509,
seeming, 520–1, 539
510, 511, 512, 515 n. 7, 523–4, 525, 530,
religious, 18, 498–503, 503, 505, 506, 507,
534, 546, 548
509, 512–15, 534, 535, 536, 537–8, 540,
Principle of Consensus, 526, 527
541, 545, 548
Principle of Critical Trust (PCT), 507–12,
sense (SE), 503, 506, 507, 509, 511, 512, 518,
525–34, 536, 538, 541, 548
519 n. 8, 520, 523, 526, 530, 533–5,
Principle of Epistemic Enhancement, 527,
536 n. 17, 540, 544, 558
548
sifting presumptive data of, 525–7
Principle of Epistemic Defeat, 526
superreliability requirement, 524, 548
experience ( cont’d)
epistemically illuminated (EI), 244–9
theistic (TE), xiii, 498, 499–501, 505, 508,
constants of physics, 213–20, 239–41, 252–3
510, 512, 513, 515, 516–18, 519–24, 547–8
determinism, 275
unveridical, 504, 505, 508, 548
fi ne-tuning of a constant C of physics, 204
veridical, 498, 501–2, 503, 506, 510, 515 n. 7,
electromagnetism, 212
519, 520, 523, 524, 527, 534, 535, 538, 540,
embodied moral agents and, 211, 212
541, 542, 547–8, 616
fundamental law objection, 274–5
explanation; see also epistemology
General Relativity, 215
best candidate principle, 79
gravity, 211–12, 214–15
causa sui, 78
Higgs fi eld, 216
causal, 5, 44–5, 56, 75, 187, 192, 194 n. 101,
initial conditions of the universe, 220–2
285, 288, 293, 296, 299, 300, 304, 305, 357,
infl ationary cosmology, 217
358–9, 360
laws of nature and, 211–13
coherence, 532–3
multiple universes, 217
combinatorial modes of explanation, 284–5,
Pauli Exclusion Principle, 213
288, 290, 328
phase space, 220
conceptual, 52, 60, 78, 89
problem stated, 216
contrastive, 58–60
quintessence, 174, 216–19, 224
cosmic theistic, 13
statistical mechanics, 221–2
cumulative, 617, 619
Stenger, 217–18, 222–5
foundationalism, 531–3
strong nuclear force, 212
gap, 10, 287, 355, 373
supersymmetry, 218
inference to the best, 30–2
zero-point energies, 217, 218
isomorphic skeptical hypothesis (ISH), 531–2
fi rst philosophy, 284
folk psychological, 13, 370
Fischer, John Martin, 463, 464–5
mechanistic, 386, 387, 443
Flanagan, Owen, 435, 450, 451–2, 459, 465–6
natural, 13, 29, 224–5
Flew, Antony, 501, 503, 536
personal, 192–3, 194 n.101, 208–9, 296,
Flint, Thomas, 472
297–8, 335–6
fl ourishing, see happiness
philosophical, 12
Fodor, Jerry, 376
power of, 4, 18, 30, 283, 287, 304, 319, 337,
foundationalism
527, 531, 536 n. 18, 542, 545, 622, 623,
Cartesian, 416
625, 628, 637, 643, 644
explanatory, 531
probalistic, 595
foundherentism and, 503, 527
putative, 89
intercoherence, 527, 544–5
quantum mechanical, 58
moderate, 525
self-explanatory, 26, 55, 57, 71, 78, 86, 93
properly basic, 416
scientifi c nonconceptual, 52
sense experiences (SEs), 503
scientifi c causal, 52, 293, 304
strong, 525, 647 n. 40
simplicity, 209, 532
traditional, 503, 507
statistical relevance theories of, 52, 56 n. 12, 57
weak, 525
teleological, 443, 452
Forgie, J. W., 519, 521
ultimate, 24, 59, 78, 209, 443, 484
Forrest, Peter, 57, 261 n. 47
Extreme Modal Realism (EMR), 35–6
freedom, see libertarian freedom
Friedmann-Lemaitre model, see standard Hot
Farmer, H. H., 501, 516
Big Bang model
Farrer, Austin, 467, 601
Fumerton, Richard, 532
Feser, E., 365, 366–9
functionalism, 321, 411
Findlay, John, 85, 568
fi ne-tuning of the universe, 204, see also
Gale, Richard, 25 n. 1, 80–1, 118 n. 17, 502,
teleological argument
535–6, 544
anthropic fi ne-tuning, 213–14
Gellman, Jerome, 18, 96–8, 502, 522, 524, 525,
Bohr’s rule of quantization, 213
536 n. 16, 548, 548
I N D E X 671
Gasperini, Maurizio, 160–5, 169
Guth, Alan, 136–7, 141, 142–3, 150, 157, 168,
general relativity (GR), 115 125, 127, 129, 131,
175, 180, 217
132, 133, 134, 137, 148 n. 47, 149, 158,
Gutting, G., 502, 503, 504, 510, 524, 525
159, 165, 169, 176, 178, 180, 185, 190, see
also standard big bang model
Haack, Susan, 503, 527
Gibbard, Alan, 411, 412, 413
Habermas, Gary, 607, 609, 616, 624 n. 23, 626,
Ginet, C., 531
627 n. 30
Gladstone, W. E., 641
Hackett, Stuart, x, 102, 431
God, see also, argument from religious
Hacking, Ian, 226, 240, 247
experience; ontological argument; problem
Hajek, P., 577, 578
of evil; religious experience; sensus
Hannay, Alisdair, 8
divinitatis
happiness, 421, 426, 427–8, 429–30, 432, 455,
aseity and God, 94
457–62, 465, 468, 469, 471–3, 476; see also
anthropomorphism and, 4, 5–6, 13, 118 n.
argument from evil
17, 274
Harman, Gilbert, 398, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408,
attributes of, 25, 91, 347, 519
410, 412
agency of, 12, 14, 15–16, 91–2, 384
Harris, James, 507, 547
commands of, 15, 443–4, 460–2, 610
Harrison, Jonathan, 519, 521, 522
divine concurrence, 45–6
Hartshorne, Charles, 18, 553, 572–4, 589–90;
divine presence, 474, 521–2
see also, ontological argument
essence and existence, 94
Hasker, William
First Cause, 24–5, 94, 190–6
argument from computers, 381
goodness, 92–3
complete happiness and evil, 471
great-making properties, xiii, 554, 556, 557,
counterfactual argument from mental
558, 559, 562, 564, 565, 568
causation, 376–7
greatest conceivable being, xiii, xiv, 562–3,
emergent dualism, 315, 317, 383
572
O’Connor’s (Timothy) view of emergence
“who designed God?” objection, 203, 272–4
and, 315, 317
Immaterial, x, 5–6, 25, 39, 192–3, 194, 196
Reppert (Victor) and, 355–6
intervention, 5, 224, 308, 480–1
“Transcendental Refutation of Determinism”,
human happiness and, xii, 392, 455, 457–84,
361
486–94
Hawking-Penrose Theorems, 131–3, 136, 138–9,
justifi cation for belief in God, xii, 208, 273,
141, 158, 159, 161, 179, see also eternal
392, 498, 512, 549
infl ation, standard Hot Big Bang
middle knowledge and evil, 478 n. 19
Chronology Protection Conjecture (CPC),
necessarily existent, 1, 26, 84–6
134, 135
omnipotence, 91, 96–8, 274, 308, 573
closed-timelike curves (CTC), 132–6
perfection, 94–5, 571
eternal infl ation, 136–42
personhood, 91, 96, 193, 443, 444–5
quantum gravity cosmologies, 158–79
simplicity, 42, 77, 93–6, 291–2
Hay, D., 501, 513, 514, 515
temporality and, 2
Hengel, Martin, 601, 605 n. 13, 606
Godel, K., xiii, 33, 85, 553, 572, 574–80, 590–2
Hess, Rick, 488 n. 28
Goetz, Stewart, xii, 10, 326, 433, 434, 435, 436,
Hesse, Mary, 502
437, 438, 443, 452; see also argument from
heterophenomenology, 9
consciousness; argument from reason;
Hick, John, 502, 508, 515, 528, 539, 543–54,
argument from evil
546 n. 21
Gould, Stephen, 401, 414, 442–3
Hilbert, David, 104, 105, 107–11
Greene, Brian, 137–8, 263
Hill, Thomas E., 419, 428–9
Grice, G. R., 419
Hiscock, William, 135, 136 n. 32
Griffi th-Dickson, Gwen, 506, 548
historical Jesus, 597 see also Jesus of Nazareth
Grunbaum, 113, 124, 183, 185, 191, 195–6
Hitler, Adolf, 387, 404–5, 409, 410 n. 3, 412,
Gott-Li model, 133–6, see also
414, 417, 481, 544
Hawking-Penrose Theorems
Horgan, Terrence, 303–4, 373
Howard-Snyder, Daniel, 478–9, 479 n. 20
initial conditions of the universe, 168, 202, 204,
human fl ourishing, see happiness
211, 220, 225, 234, 239, 242, 243, 245, 252,
human person
275
dignity, 417–20, 431–2, 438–9, 443
intellectual virtues, 20–1
God compared to, 5–6
intentionality, 307, 363–9, 371–4, see also,
ideal observer theory, 439–42, 445
argument from consciousness, argument
imago Dei, 442–5
from reason
intrinsic value of, 439
determinate content, 365–9
moral agency and, 438–9
mentalistic worldview, 374
nature of, 5
physicalist accounts of, 366–9
purpose of, xiii, 457–6, 471–3
prior intentionality and, 374
Hume, David; see also miracles; natural
representation, 364, 366–7, 370
theology
intrinsic value, xii, 216, 421, 426, 433, 438, 439,
access to mental states vs. access to self,
440, 441, 445 n. 12, 457 n. 6; see also moral
326–37, 434–5
argument
anthropomorphism and theism, 5, 13
introspection, 9, 231, 306–7, 318, 323–4, 328,
Causal Principle, 190
371, 378, 509, 533, 535; see also
causation, 84
epistemology
consciousness, 13
Islam, 1, 101, 514
design argument and, 7–8
epistemological moral skepticism, 415–17
Jackson, Frank; see also naturalism; materialism;
Hume’s Principle, 85, 104, 109, 120, 122
physicalism
Hume-Edwards-Campbell principle, 80–2
account of the mental, 291–2
miracles, xiii, 5, 6–7, 594, 637–44, 651–8
emergent mental properties, 340
modal imagination argument, 47–50
location problem, 286–7, 319
moral properties, 393
logic of mereological hierarchy, 287
objection to theistic natural theology, 2, 5,
personal identity, 325
7–8
prescientifi c notion of solidity, 324
parallel miracle claims, 654–8
principle of simplicity, 291–2
Principle of Suffi cient Reason (PSR), 27
serious metaphysics, 291, 319
Reid’s common-sense, 416–17
James, William, 437–8
Regress Problem, 24
Jenkin, Robert, 624
“who designed God?” objection, 272
Jerome, Jerome K., 420
Hursthouse, Rosalin, 427, 429–30
Jesus of Nazareth, see also argument from
Husserl, Edmund, 338
miracles; God
Huyssteen, J. W. V., 19
archaeology and, 600–1
bodily resurrection of (R), 594, 595, 596
idealism, 344, 347–8, 374
classical scholars and, 603–4
imago Dei, 442, 444; see also human person
command to love persons unconditionally,
inductive probability, 226, 229; see epistemic
444
probability
death and burial of, 605–6
infi nite contraction, 143–7, 151 see also
disciples testimony of the empty tomb,
Borde-Vilenkin-Guth (BVG) singularity
608–15
theorem
general reliability of New Testament
infi nite regress, xi, 26, 60, 115–16 cf. Leibnizian
accounts, 597–604
cosmological argument
literary criticism and, 599–600
infl ationary cosmology, 123, 138–9, 265–71, see
miracles, 384, 602, 611, 627
also Hawking-Penrose Theorems
Paul’s conversion and, 595, 615–16
Albrecht’s “dominant channel” response,
prophetic abilities of, 599, 603
265–9
religious experience of, 499–500, 522
Boltzmann brain (BB), 266–7, 269–72
swoon theory, 605
low-entropy problems, 265
women’s testimony of the empty tomb,
megaverse, 269, 270
607–8
I N D E X 673
Johnson, Daniel, 46
consciousness and modern philosophical
Johnson, Robert N., 427, 428, 429, 431
orthodoxy, 436, 450
Josephus, 598, 604, 605, 608, 614, 615
consciousness “oddly absent”, 434
Joyce, Richard, 396–7, 398, 400
correlations, 310, 436
Judaism, 1, 613, 614, 625, 629, 653
dualism, 325
emergent epiphenomenal dualist, 340 n. 8
kalam cosmological argument; see also
epistemological and ontological simplicity,
Leibnizian cosmological argument
291–2
a-theory and b-theory of time, 113 n. 13,
irreality of the mental, 340
114, 115, 116, 118 n. 17, 121, 124, 183–6,
location problem, 292
187, 191
minimal physicalism, 321, 436
al-Ghazali, 101, 102
problem of interaction, 382, 383
beginning of the universe, 101, 103, 122, 125,
reductionism, 436–8
130, 131, 135, 180, 181, 184–5, 187 n. 93,
supervenient as a label, 286
188, 189, 191 n. 99, 193, 195, 222
supervenience/exclusion argument, 436
beginningless universe, 123,181
Kitcher, Philip, 400, 401, 402
Causal Principle, 186–8, 189, 190, 195
Klausner, Joseph, 621
description and overview of, 101–3
Kolda, Christopher, 219 n. 15
ex nihilo nihil fi t, experiential confi rmation
Koons, Robert, x, 28, 68 n. 17, 75, 77, 87,
and objection, 182–90
574 n. 20, 578
First Cause of the universe, 190–6
Kripke, S., 36 n. 3, 43 n. 6, 63, 85, 367, 369, 409,
formation of an actual infi nite by successive
520
addition and, 117–24
Kruskal, William, 632
impossibility of an actual infi nite, 103–17
Kuhn, Thomas, 339, 505
Leibnizian argument and, 25–6, 101, 372
Kwan, Kai-man, xii, 498 n. 1, 508, 513, 514, 525,
mutakallim, 102
545, 547, 547, 548; see also argument from
quantum physics, 182–3
religious experience
scientifi c problems with the infi nity of the
past, 125–82
Laplace, P.S, 634 n. 36, 640
Kane, Robert, 325, 465–7
Larmer, Robert, 384
Kanitscheider, Bernulf, 187–8
Law of Excluded Middle (LEM), 27–8
Kant, Immanuel; see also materialism, moral
Lewontin, Richard, 438
conscience, 467
laws of nature, 28, 31–2, 52, 58, 78, 82, 202,
consciousness, 338
204, 211–13, 219, 233, 252, 256, 261 n. 47,
Descartes-Leibniz ontological argument and,
264, 265, 272, 275, 276, 285–6, 304, 338,
569
596, 637; see also natural theology
design argument and, 7
Layman, C. S., 500, 502, 521–2, 529
dignity, 431, 438–9, 442
Leibnizian cosmological argument; see also
existence and essence, 569–70
kalam cosmological argument
First Antinomy, 102
broadly logical necessity and, 28
materialist account of the mind, 352
causal principle (CP), 25
moral law and, 392, 438–9
description of, 24, 25, 101
objections to theistic natural theology, 2, 7–8,
further research and, 98
18, 208
Gap Problem, 25, 90, 91, 93, 98
ontological argument, 570 n. 18
Glendower Problem, 24
Principle of Humanity, 414, 431, 432
mechanistic materialism, 282
virtue and moral duty, 418, 431, 443–4
narrowly logical account of modality, 33
Keim, Theodore, 626–7
ontological argument and Leibniz, 565–72, 580
Kenny, Anthony, 8, 20
principle of suffi cient reason (PSR), 24, 25,
Keynes, John Maynard, 226, 228, 229
26–33, 44–59
Kim, Jaegwon; see also argument from
principle of good-enough explanation, 54
consciousness, naturalism, physicalism
Regress Problem, 24, 76
completeability of physics, 287-8
Taxicab Problem, 24, 86–7
Leslie, Charles, 653
loop quantum gravity (LQG), 149, 169–74,
Leslie, John, xi, 19–20, 79, 202 n. 1, 214 n. 9,
180–1, see also quantum gravity
225, 259, 276, 278, 414, n. 8
Lowder, Jeffrey, 621
Lewis, C. S.; see also argument from reason
Lucas, J. R., 361
“an act of knowing”, 358, 360, 361
Lycan, William, 349, 382, 503, 510, 531
Anscombe’s objections, 353–5, 356–8, 360
Lyons, William, 283, 450–1
argument from reason, 352–61
Barfi eld (Owen) and, 347
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 457–8, 503
Beversluis, John, 351, 361
Mackie, J. L.; see also argument from
cultivation of character, 444
consciousness; argument from miracles;
death and the meaning of human persons,
atheism; kalam cosmological argument
435
Causal Principle, 190
emergence of rational inference, 360–1
infi nite past, 119–20
evolutionary naturalism (EN), 394
libertarian agency, 296
happiness, 461
Locke and thinking matter, 308–9
intentionality, 363–4
miracles, 640, 643
materialism’s empty universe, 348
objections to the kalam cosmological
problem of pain, 449–50
argument, 189
rational inference, 357, 362–3, 375–6
pleasure and happiness, 468
realism, 351
problem of evil and freely choosing the
reasoning process, 362–3
good, 458, 468
truth relation, 364
supervenience of moral properties, 311
Lewis, David, 30, 35–6, 64, 65, 72, 258
“who designed God?” objection, 272
libertarian freedom, 25, 54–6
Madell, Geoffrey, 282, 298
autonomy and naturalism, 436
Malcolm, Norman, xiii, 553, 572, 573, 583,
compatibilism, 451–2
588–9
determinism and, 54–5
Manley, David, 74
problem of evil, 451–2
Maritain, J., 546
randomness objection, 54–5
Martin, Michael,439–42, 445, 502, 510, 540–1,
life-permitting universe (LPU), 203, 205, 207,
628 n. 31; see also moral argument
209, 210, 225, 230, 232–3, 241, 243, 254,
Mascall, Eric, 361
256, 257, 259, 261, 273, 276, 277–8
materialist, see also naturalism; physicalism
Likelihood Principle
broadly, 345
Bayes’s Theorem, 205 n. 2
causal-closure, 360, 379
conditional epistemic probability, 205–6
consciousness and modern philosophical
elaborated innocence hypothesis, 210–11
orthodoxy, 450
Expectation Principle, 206
Darwinian purposelessness, 348–9
Kant’s method of theoretical reason and, 208
eliminative, 345, 369–70, 371
life-permitting universe (LPU), 207, 208
error theories and, 350–1
naturalistic single-universe hypothesis
essential features of, 345–6
(NSU), 208
general problem of, 348–50
probabilistic tension, 209–11
mentalist vs., 344–6, 347
restricted Principle of Indifference, 207
mystery and, 374–5
restricted version of, 202, 205 n. 2, 206–7
nonreductive, 360, 371
Swinburne’s personal explanation and,
normativity, 349
208–9
problem of interaction, 382–3
Theistic hypothesis (T), 208
reductionism, 346
Linde, Andrei, 139, 142 n. 41, 175, 264
subjectivity, 349
Linville, Mark, xii, 428 n. 16, 439 n. 21; see also
mathematics, see also actual infi nite; kalam
moral argument
cosmological argument
Locke, John, 1, 15, 101, 283 n. 1, 308–9, 315,
antirealist vs. realist views of mathematical
401, 533 n. 13
objects, 107–8
Lockwood, Michael, 9–10, 437
Cantor and, 111
I N D E X 675
existence and, 105
rule utilitarianism, 423, 424–5
fi nitism and, 108 n. 7, 111
“social utility”, 426
Hilbert, 107, 108–9
utility and justice, 423, 424–5
intuitionism, 106, 111
modality; see also kalam cosmological
numbers and propositions causally
argument
ineffi cacious, 84–5
alethic, 33
set theory, 111
Aristotelian-causal account of, 43–5
transfi nite arithmetic, 111, 121
Aristotelian-essentialist account of, 39–43
Zeno’s paradoxes, 108 n. 8
Lewisian account of, 35–6
Zermelo-Fraenkel, 88
medieval Aristotelian, 43 n. 6
Maydole, Robert, xiii, 580 n. 33, 35, 581, 586;
modal imagination argument and PSR,
see also ontological argument
47–50
McDermott, Drew, 9
modal inference of 2QS5. 588
McGill, A.C., 554–5 n. 2
narrowly local account of, 33–5
McGinn, Colin; see also argument from
platonic account of, 36–9
consciousness; consciousness; naturalism;
Van Inwagen’s modal fatalism and
physicalism
probabilistic argument, 50–8
actual infi nite, 331
Moore, G. E., 486
agency theory, 333
moral; see also moral argument
antinaturalist solutions, 329
agency, 214, 399, 436, 437, 438, 439
causal necessitation and Searle, 305–8
beliefs, 392, 394, 395–6, 397–8, 400, 402–11,
dualism, 329, 336
413–17, 432–3, 441–2
kalam cosmological argument, 338
community, 421, 425
fi nite consciousness, 330
explanations, 404–5, 412–13, 428
mysterian “naturalism”, 328–30, 336–9, 374,
faculties, xii, 408 n. 2, 414, 417
387, 437–8
language, 412
noetic faculties, 329
nonmoral, 45, 406, 408, 412–13, 439–40, 458,
nonspatiality of the mental, 330, 338
493
panpsychism, 329
moral properties, 311, 393, 397, 400, 405,
problem of evil, 334–5
409, 411–12, 413, 414, 415, 428
property/event dualism, 328, 329
standing, 418–27
space as a three-dimensional manifold,
subjectivism, 349, 393–4, 396, 415
338–9
moral argument, xii, 350, 392, 416, see also
standard naturalist solutions, 328
moral
theistic dualism, 330–6
argument from evolutionary naturalism
McGrew, Timothy and Lydia, 247 n. 29, 249,
(AEN), 392–404, 407, 408, 415
250, 251, 595; see also argument from
argument from personal dignity, 392,
miracles
417–20, 431–46
Meier, John, 597
description of and scope, 391–2
Mena, Olga, 218 n. 14
Darwinian counterfactuals, 403, 409, 413, 442
mentalism, 344–6, 347, 374
Dependence Thesis and, 404–9, 411, 414
Menuge, Angus, 362, 374
egoism, 391, 420–1, 441, 442
Mersenne, Father, 568
ethical naturalism and nonnaturalism,
metaethics, 392, 396, 415, 430
409–14
Midgley, Mary, 400, 401, 419, 429–30, 434
Euthyphro problem, 440
Mill, John Stuart; see also moral argument
fi tness-aimed vs. truth-aimed belief
Bentham and, 424
formation, 404, 407, 408–9, 414, 416–17
Blackstone’s Formulation, 425
fl ourishing, 421, 426, 427–8, 429, 430, 432
hedonist theory of value, 421
genetic fallacy, 395, 399
Paley and, 425
human morality, 394, 395, 397, 399, 401, 402,
pleasure, 426
404, 407, 412, 414
Principle of Utility, 421, 422, 424, 425
human persons, xi, xii, 428, 433–8, 439, 443,
Rights, 424, 432
444–5
moral argument ( cont’d)
existence of rational norms, 349–50
Humean skepticism vs. Reidean externalism,
explanatory gap, 10
415–17
panpsychism, 298
Independence Thesis, 395–6
supervenience, 10
instincts, 396–7, 401–4, 409, 445, 467
type reductions, 310
intrinsic value and, xii, 421, 426, 433,
Narveson, Jan, 4–5, 8, 12, 18 see also, Matthew
438–42, 445 n. 22, 457 n. 6
Bagger
Kant and, 392, 411, 418, 431–2, 438–9,
natural theology, see also arguments for the
442–4
existence of God; Christianity; God
moral knowledge, 397–8
antitheistic arguments and, 2–7
moral properties, 311, 393, 397, 400, 405,
argument from reason and, 347–8
409, 411–12, 413, 414, 415, 428
God of the gaps, 384–6
moral realism and antirealism, 277, 393, 395,
historical apologetics, 639–40
398, 406–7, 409, 411, 412, 438, 441–2
nontheistic versions of, 18–20
moral skepticism, 393–4, 395, 398, 404, 408,
objections to theistic natural theology, 7–8,
413 n. 6, 415
10–18
Nietzsche, 391–2, 445
philosophy of mind and, x, xi, 8–10
reductionism, 398–400, 436–8
project described, x, 1–2
subjectivism, 349, 393–4, 396, 415
renaissance of, ix, x
supervenience of moral properties, 311, 405
revealed theology and, 1, 2, 18
Thesis of Moral Objectivity (TMO), 398
status of arguments for God’s existence and,
Truth-maker, 395, 396, 398, 404, 410
xi
utilitarianism, 421–7, 430, 432 n. 18.
theism as a scientifi c thesis, 4, 11
virtue ethics, 427–31
naturalism, see also, Frank Jackson, David
moral knowledge, 13, 397–8; see also
Papineau, Colin McGinn, Jaegwon Kim,
epistemology
materialism, physicalism
Moreland, J. P., 188 n. 94, 373, 383, 194 n. 101,
agent causation (AGC), 285, 312–13, 314–18,
373, 383; see also argument from
319, 324–7, 333
consciousness; argument from reason
antitheistic natural theology arguments and,
Morgan, Thomas, 652
2–7
Morriston, Wesley, 188–9
argument from evolutionary naturalism
Multiverse, 204, 256–8, see also naturalism,
(AEN), 392–404, 407, 408, 415
teleological argument
argument from reason and, 346, 347–8,
chaotic infl ationary models, 263
351–2, 353–4, 356, 359, 362, 368–9, 373,
generator, 263
375, 376, 378–9
haecceities, 262
Barefoot’s corollaries of naturalism, 378–9
hypothesis, 203, 204
biological, 299–302, 304, 307, 309
Infl ationary-superstring, 262–72
broad, 436
life-permitting universe (LPU), 203, 204, 207,
Cartesian dualism and, 304, 306, 373
208, 252–3, 275–7
causal closure, 287–8, 289, 290, 314, 355, 360,
Naturalistic multiverse hypothesis, 204
376, 377, 436
standard infl ationary superstring scenario,
causal necessitation, 293–9, 302–3, 305, 335
262
combinatorial modes of explanation, 284–5,
superstring/M-theory, 264
288, 290, 292, 328
unrestricted, critique of, 259–62
competitor with theism, 2–3
weak anthropic principle, 257–8
consciousness and, xi, 2, 282–4, 285–9, 294,
Murray, Michael J., 477 n. 18, 493
297, 299–300, 302, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310,
316, 329, 337, 339, 340, 437
Nagel, Thomas; see also materialism,
described, 2, 284
naturalism, physicalism
emergent properties, 284, 285, 286, 287,
absurdity and discrepancy, 459–60, 493
288–90, 292–4, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302,
causal necessitation and Searle, 302–7
303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
conceivability, 310
313, 314, 315–24, 325, 335, 340
I N D E X 677
epiphenomenal, 288–9, 290, 329, 335, 340,
Nielsen, Kai; see also atheism; moral argument;
376, 379, 436
argument from evil
epistemological features of, xi, 284–5, 286,
foundationalism and moral realism, 441–2
287, 290, 292, 293, 303, 307, 328, 337, 373,
happiness and living forever, 463
404, 405
no logical space for theism argument, 3–4,
ethical naturalism and nonnaturalism,
11
409–14
persons and justice, 441
falsifi ed, 295, 303–4, 452
Nietzsche, Frederick, 391–2, 445
fi rst vs. third person perspective, 284, 316,
no logical space for theism argument, 3–4, 8,
318, 323–4, 326, 327–8, 333–4, 350, 434
11
fi rst philosophy and, 284
noncognitivism, 395–6, 412
fi tness-aimed vs. truth-aimed belief
formation, 404, 407, 408–9, 414, 416–17
O’Connor, Timothy; see also argument from
Grand Story of, 284–6, 287, 288, 289, 290,
consciousness; consciousness
291, 292, 293, 295, 303–4, 319, 328
agent-causation (AGC), 312–13
hegemony of, 18, 283
agent is not a purely physical particular,
irreducible teleology, 285–6, 298, 443, 452
314–18
logical problem, 286–7
Causal Unity of Nature Thesis, 312, 314
logic of the mereological hierarchy, 287–91
conceivability, 320–1
metaphysical, 407, 413
consciousness as emergent, 322–4
mereological hierarchy and, 225, 287–91,
Constitution Thesis, 312, 314
313, 316, 319
dualism, 326
monism, 285, 314, 543, 544
emergent individuals, 316
multiverse hypothesis, 204, 256–8
emergent necessitation, 319–22
mysterian “naturalism”, 328–30, 336–9, 374,
emergent properties, 314
387, 437–8
emerging naturalist picture of the world (N),
naturalized epistemology, 405
312, 313–14
nonnaturalism, 413
Harmony Thesis, 312, 319
nonreductive, 360, 371
Hasker (William) and, 316–17
O’Connor’s emerging naturalist picture of
human, 326, 327
the world (N), 312, 313–14, 317–21, 324–6
immanent universals, 315
ontology of, 286–91
introspection/intuition, 323
persons and, 433, 443
McLaughlin, Brian, 232–4
philosophical, 2–3, 283, 291, 363 368, 452, 599
mereological hierarchy, 313–14
Principle of Causal Exclusion, 436
modal argument for substance dualism,
Principle of Naturalist Exemplifi cation
320–222
(PNE), 289–90
panpsychism and, 316, 318–19
scientism and, 284
Persons and Causes, 312, 321
single-universe hypothesis (NSU), 204, 205,
prephilosophical intuitions, 324–8
207, 208, 209, 210, 230, 232, 233, 234, 241,
substance monism, 314
243, 244 n. 27, 245, 246, 252, 253, 255,
strong physicalism, 323
256, 276, 277, 278
thought experiments, 321–1
strict, 12, 434, 435, 436
ontological argument, xiii, 19, 86, 95–6, 553,
supernatural, 2–3, 5, 6, 13, 32, 147, 268, 277,
650 see also, God; modality
283, 359, 384, 386–8, 437, 438, 498, 612,
analytic and synthetic, 85, 98, 106, 177, 558,
626, 640
567, 570, 571–2
supervenience and, 10, 45, 286, 287, 288, 303,
Anselm’s argument, 554–65
304, 307, 311, 320, 321, 335, 355, 360,
begging the question and, 561–2, 572, 580
371–4, 377–8, 405, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414,
conceivability, xiii, 556, 558, 560, 561, 562,
436, 440
563, 572
top/down causation, 287–90, 315, 316, 317,
Descartes and Leibniz’s argument, 565–72,
318
580
weak vs. strong, 286, 287, 339
existential propositions, 78, 570
ontological argument ( cont’d)
Paley, William, 425, 598, 599 n. 8
Gaunilo’s parody, 563–4
Palfrey, John Gorham, 652–3
God-likeness, 574–7
panpsychism, xi, 298, 315, 316, 318–19, 328,
Gödel’s argument and theorems, 572,
329, 337
574–80, 590–2
pantheism,18, 19, 344, 347, 374
great-making property, xiii, 554, 556, 557,
Papineau, David, 284, 286, 309, 340, 504
558, 559, 562, 564, 565, 568
Parsons, Keith, 226, 358, 382, 386, 387, 627 n. 29
Hartshorne’s argument, 572, 573, 574, 589–90
Peacock, John, 218, 249, 264, 266
existence-in-mind, 560
Penrose, Roger, 131–3, 136, 138–9, 141, 145–6,
existence-in-reality, 554–5, 556, 558–9, 560,
179, 158–62, 170, 172–3, 179, 220
562, 564, 565, 572
Phillips, D. Z., 3, 11
existence-in-the-understanding, 554–5, 556,
Philo (the journal), ix, 362, 580 n. 33
559, 560
Philoponus, John, 101
existence-the-understanding, 555, 556, 558,
Philosophia Christi, 355, 362, 659 n. 43
559
Philosophy, 15, 20–1, 319, 322, 324–8, 346
existing necessarily, 565–6, 567, 568, 570,
philosophy of mind, 8–10, 94–5, 300, 363–74,
571, 572, 577
431, 452
logical reconstruction of the ontological
philosophy of religion, 8, 18, 20–1, 549, 593–4
argument, 553, 556, 566, 569, 572
physicalism, see also materialism; naturalism
Malcolm’s argument, 572, 573, 588–9
epiphenomenalism and, 288–9, 290, 329, 335,
modal perfection argument (MPA), 572,
340, 376, 379, 436
580–1, 582
intentionality and, 366–9
nonexistential properties, 560, 565 n. 13, 567
minimal, 321, 436
overview of, 553
ontology, 12
parodies and, 562–5, 570, 571–2, 573, 574,
Phillips, D. Z. and, 3
578, 579, 581, 586
strong, 285, 299, 300, 308, 311, 324, 328, 340
perfect being, 565–6, 567, 568–9, 570, 571,
theism and, 8–9
572, 573, 589
Pitts, James Brian, 182 n. 83
Plantinga’s argument, 573, 580 n. 35,
Plantinga, Alvin; see also argument from evil;
589 n. 41 590
epistemology; naturalism; natural
Principle of Existential Noninclusion,
theology; Platonism;
565 n. 13, 567 n. 17
Anselmian argument, 573
temporal-contingency argument, 572, 582–6
cognitive faculties, 229–30
The Third Way of Aquinas, 582–5, 586
complete happiness and evil, 472–3
twentieth-century developments of, 572–4
conditional epistemic probability, 230
ultrarealism, 555, 557, 559, 560
“Darwin’s Doubt”, 408
Oppy, Graham; see also kalam cosmological
Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism,
argument
362, 408
Conway’s surreal numbers, 111 n. 11
faith as a mode of knowing, 273
cosmological arguments, 103 n. 3
free will defense, 455–6, 470, 473
cumulative arguments, 19
God of the gaps idea, 385
Dretske and, 118
Munchausen argument, 490
infi nity, 108 n. 7, 110, 111, 113 n. 13, 118 n.
Newton and, 385
16, 123
Platonic account of modality, 36–8
parodies of Anselm’s ontological argument,
Principle of Dwindling Probabilities, 644–50
564–5
Reid’s commonsense epistemology, 416
principle of suffi cient reason (PSR), 123
sensus divinitas, 46
theory-ladenness objection to religious
theodicies, 453 n. 3, 457, 470, 489–90, 491–2
experience, 504, 505
warranted, 18, 273
Otte, Richard, 230–1
platonism
anti-Platonist views, 49, 106–15
Page, Don, 268, 278 n. 59
concrete universe vs. actual world, 37
Pagels, Heinz, 179
cosmological argument and, 101
I N D E X 679
imaginability argument against, 49
Principle of Only Explanation (POE), 89
mathematical objects and, 106–8
Principle of Optimality, 79
modality and, 36–9
quantum mechanics and, 58–9
propositions and, 37, 84, 188 n. 94
restricted PSR (R-PSR), 71, 89–90
realism, 274 n. 56
self-evidence and, 26–8, 95
relation of representation, 37
unrestricted PSR, 26
ultrarealism, 559–60
Van Inwagen’s modal fatalism and
possibility
probabilistic argument, 50–8
actualism, 38
violations of, 28, 32
alethic, 38, 43
probabilistic cumulative case arguments,
Aristotelian maxim, 38
617–20, 630–7
broadly logical, 28, 105
problem of evil, x, xii, 255, 334, 352, 375,
causal, 43
449–54, 457 n. 7, 458–9, 462, 465, 468,
conceivability xiii , 293, 304, 310, 320–1, 338,
470 n. 12, 477 n. 18, 484, 491, 492–3,
556, 558, 560, 561, 562, 563, 572
see also argument from evil
Lewis’s indexical criterion, 38
problem of interaction, 382–3, see also, dualism,
mere, 43
materialism, naturalism
metaphysical, 42, 43, 45, 105–6
propositional attitudes, 37, 369–71
necessarily vs. contingently exemplifi ed
propositions, see also Principle of Suffi cient
essences, 42
Reason
Platonic approach, 38
basic, 80
principle of variety, 39
contingent and necessary, 26, 29, 45, 50, 51,
strict logical, 105–6
56, 57, 58, 59, 71, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 96,
pre-big bang infl ation (PBBI), 160–6, 168, 179,
594
181, see also, Hawking-Penrose Theorems,
contingent existential, 78
Quantum Gravity
existential, 78, 80, 90, 570
prephilosophical intuitions, 15, 319, 322, 324–8;
false, 50 n. 10
see also epistemology
Platonic, 37
Principle of Confi rmation theory, see
theoretical abstract entities, 37
Likelihood Principle
Pruss, Alexander, x, 44 n. 8, 49, 51, 55 n. 11,
Principle of Suffi cient Reason, see also,
64 n. 15, 65 n. 16, 71, 73, 77, 80, 81, 93,
Leibnizian cosmological argument
113 n. 13, 123 n. 21; see also Leibnizian
ad hominem, 52–3
cosmological argument
alethic modality, 33, 34, 42, 43
psychokinesis, 15
ampliative principle, 32
Pullinger, Jackie, 519, 523, 524
Big Conjunctive Contingent Fact (BCCF),
purpose of life, see happiness
50–1, 57, 71–2, 77–8, 79–81, 86, 89, 92,
123
quantum physics, 182–3
Brouwer Axiom, 44, 45, 66, 72–4
quantum gravity cosmologies, see also
causal principal (CP) and, 25, 26, 70, 71, 72,
Hawkings-Penrose Theorems
87–8
General Relativity (GR), 115, 125, 127, 129,
contrastive explanation and, 58–60
131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 148 n. 47, 149,
explanation and description of, 26, 77–8, 79
158, 159, 165, 169, 176, 178, 180, 185, 190
evolution and, 28–30
ekpyrotic/cyclic models, 166–9
Hume-Edwards-Campbell principle, 80–3
loop quantum gravity (LQG), 149, 169–74,
inference to the best explanation, 30–2
180–1
justifi cation and, 45–7
pre-big bang infl ation (PBBI), 160–6, 168,
Koons’ epistemological argument, 28
179, 181
material conditional, 44
quantum mechanics (QM), 136, 158, 177,
modal imagination argument, 47–50
178, 179, 183
necessary truths, 26, 34, 40, 41, 44, 71, 80
semiclassical creation ex nihilo models, 175–9
philosophical argumentation and, 45
string theory models, 159–69
principle of indifference, xi, 31, 32, 252
Quine, W. V., 368, 369
Railton, Peter, 408 n. 2
Rowley, H. H., 518, 542
Rashdall, Hastings, 415 n. 9
Rucker, Rudy, 113, 114
Rawcliffe, D. H., 625 n. 24, 27
Rundle, Bede, 6, 8, 14–16, 18
Rea, Michael, 362
Ruse, Michael, 393, 396, 398
reductionism, see also materialism; naturalism
Russell, Bertrand, 120–1, 397, 406–7, 413, 437,
failure of, 363
438, 445, 520, 531, 561
“greedy”, 399
intertheoretic, 383
Salmon, Wesley, 50, 56, 57, 227
Kim and, 436–8
Santayana, George, 406–7, 414
materialism and, 346
Santiago, Jose, 218 n. 14
mental states and, 10, 302, 310, 345, 365, 368,
Saurin, Jacques, 644
383, 437–8
Scaltsas, Theodore, 427
moral properties and, 398–400, 436–8
Schoen, E. L., 521
Nagel-type, 310
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 187
nonreduction and, 37, 360, 371
Scott, Dana, 574, 591 n. 42
platonism and, 37
Scotus, Duns, 1, 101, 331, 332
Swinburne and, 385–6
Searle, John; see also argument from
Rees, Martin, 214, 217, 220, 275
consciousness; argument from reason;
Regan, Tom, 426
consciousness; naturalism; physicalism
Reid, Thomas
biological naturalism, 285, 286, 299, 300–2,
Hume’s epistemological moral skepticism,
309–11
415–17
conceivability, 293, 304, 310, 320, 338
Plantinga and, 416
contingent correlations, 299–300
self-evident principles of morality, 416–17
dualism and, 300–1
Treatise of Human Nature and, 435
emergent properties, 323
religious experience (RE), 18, 21, 498, 537–8; see
epiphenomenalist and, 288–9, 290, 300, 329,
also argument from religious experience
335, 340, 376, 379, 436
Reppert, Victor, xi–xii, 354, 355, 356, 358, 362,
intentions, 12, 296, 298, 313, 319, 327
375; see also argument from consciousness;
introspection and, 306–7
argument from reason
McGinn on causal necessitation and,
Rescher, Nicholas, 79, 503, 528
305–8
resurrection of Jesus, see Jesus of Nazareth
mind-body problem, 321, 353, 382, 451
revealed theology, 1, 18; see also natural
naturalizing content, 368
theology
Nagel on causal necessitation and, 302–5,
Rice, Hugh, 339
307
Rist, John, 603
reductionism, 10, 302, 310, 345, 365, 368,
Rose, H. J., 603
383, 437–8
Rosenberg, Alex, 283, 394, 400, 404
secularism, ix, 20, 435, 468, 502, 514, 515
Ross, Glenn, 477 n. 18, 493
semiclassical creation ex nihilo models, 175–9,
Ross, James, 50–6, 86, 365–6
see also Quantum Gravity
Ross, W. D., 479, 487 n. 27
beginning of the universe, 181
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 101 n. 1
chaotic infl ation, 175
Routley, Richard, 428–9
Euclidean metric, 177–8
Rowe, William L.; see also argument from evil;
Hartle-Hawking’s “no-boundary proposal”,
moral argument
177
animal suffering, 493–4
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, 178
Anselm’s ontological argument begs the
metastable, 178
question, 561–2
quantum gravity, 176
intrinsic vs. extrinsic value of free will,
String Landscape, 175
457 n. 6
Seymour, Charles, 473 n. 16, 482 n. 22
modal fatalism argument, 50–6
Shafer-Landau, Russ, 410, 440
suffering and the good, 469, 483 n. 24
Sherlock, Thomas, 638, 651–2
theodicy, 482–3
Sherwin-White, A.N., 601
I N D E X 681
Sinclair, James, xi, 171, 173, 268 n. 52; see also
causal correlation between mental and
kalam cosmological argument; teleological
physical entities, 303–4
argument
causal relation and, 320
Singer, Marcus, 426 n. 15
emergent, 288, 321, 335
Singer, Peter, 421 n. 11
intentionality, 371–4
Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, 112
Kim’s exclusion argument, 436, 440
Skinner, B. F., 311
Label or appeal to, 286, 303, 378
Slote, Michael, 427, 531
nonreductionism, 371
Smart, J. J. C., 58, 272, 274, 426, 546
objections to the supervenience relation,
Smith, Quentin, ix, 83, 102, 185 n. 88, 186, 331
373
Sobel, Jordan Howard, 107, 110–11, 119–20,
Mackie’s moral properties, 311
576–8, 591 n. 42, 641–2
metaphysically necessary truth, 377
Sober, Elliot, 205 n. 2, 233 n. 22, 254 n. 36,
moral, 45, 311, 405, 409
277 n. 58, 395–6
Nagel on, 10
Sommers, Tamler, 400, 404
Searle on, 304
Sorabji, Richard, 113–14, 122, 185 n. 92
Sturgeon’s Thesis, 405, 409–11, 413
Sorley, W. R., 406–7
weak vs. strong, 371–2, 377
Spinoza, 1, 18, 101, 344
Swinburne, Richard; see also consciousness;
Sproul, R. C., 640
epistemology; experience
standard hot big bang model, 126–8, 129–30,
argument from consciousness, 295–6
see also, general relativity, kalam
argument from religious experience, 502–3,
cosmological argument
507–9, 512, 548–9
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 101 n. 1,
C-inductive argument, 595, 596
107, 350, 431
causal explanation types, 192–3
Starkie, Thomas, 598–9
diachronic argument for Christianity, 647–9
Steinhardt, Paul J., 160, 166–9, 219
divine simplicity, 274
Stenger, Victor, 217–18, 219, 222–3, 224–5, 252,
dualism, 301
276
emergence of the mental, 311
Strauss, D., 605, 627, 629, 630
epistemic seeming vs. comparative seeming,
Strawson, Galen, 314, 387
508
Street, Sharon, 396, 402, 407, 408, 409, 414
evidence and revelation claims, 639
string theory models, 159–69, see also quantum
inductive probability, 226, 229, 254
gravity cosmologies, asymptotically static
ordinary vs. personal explanation, 208–9
space-time
origin of the cosmos, 17
asymptotic past triviality (APT), 161, 162, 165
Principle of Credulity (PC), 502
“brane” cosmology, 159, 166
Principle of Simplicity, 508
Ekpyrotic model, 166–9
Principle of Testimony, 508
Einstein static state (ESS), 148–9, 162, 165,
reductionism, 385–6
166, 179, 180
theoretical fi tness, 304
Hawking-Hartle, 163
pre-big bang infl ation (PBBI), 160–6, 168,
Talbott, Thomas, 463
179, 181
Taliaferro, Charles, x, xi, 2, 10, 11, 433, 434,
string perturbative vacuum (SPV), 161–6
435, 436, 437, 438, 443, 452; see also
Stump, Eleonore, 454–5
natural theology
Stump, James, 372–3
Tegmark, Max, 258, 277
Sturgeon, Nicholas, 404–6, 407, 408, 409, 411,
teleological argument from the fi ne-tuning of
412, 413, 414, 417
the universe; see also Likelihood Principle,
Sullivan, Thomas, 63
fi ne-tuning of the universe
Summa Theologiae, 25, 93, 115
anthropomorphism, 5–6, 248, 274
supernatural, 3, 5, 6, 13, 32, 147, 268, 277, 283,
axiarchic hypothesis, 275, 278
359, 384, 386, 437–8, 498, 612, 626, 640
background information, 203, 204, 205, 207,
supervenience; see also materialism, naturalism;
210, 230, 231, 232, 233, 237, 240, 241–7,
physicalism
253, 254, 257, 260, 261, 267, 276–7
teleological argument from the fi ne-tuning of
summary of project, terms, and premises,
the universe ( cont’d)
202–5, 252–6, 277–8
constant(s) of physics, 202, 203, 204, 213–20,
Theistic hypothesis (T), 204, 205, 207, 208,
222, 225, 234, 235, 239–41, 242, 243, 246,
209, 210, 232–3, 241, 243, 245, 246, 247,
247–9, 252, 256, 257, 263, 264, 265, 272,
254, 257,258, 272–3, 274, 276, 277, 278
274, 275, 276
weak anthropic principle objection, 257, 258,
constant C has a life-permitting value (Lpc),
276–7
204, 234, 243, 245, 246, 247, 251, 252, 254,
“who designed God?” objection, 203, 272–4
255, 256, 261
temporally infi nite, 62, 114, 472
core fi ne-tuning argument, 202, 203, 205,
theism; see also natural theology
207
academic philosophy and, ix–x
cosmological constant, 126, 139, 140,
agency and, 14–15, 320–1
146,150, 151, 156, 165, 174, 214, 215–20,
anthropomorphism and, 5–6
222, 224, 249, 253, 271, 276
argument from miracles, 593–5
embodied moral agents, xi, 202, 203, 204,
argument from reason, 375
211, 212, 214, 254, 255, 256, 276
agnosticism and atheism, 20–1, 346, 627, 640
epistemically illuminated (EI) region, 205,
Aristotelian-essentialism requires, 33, 39
244–9, 251, 252, 253, 254, 276
“bare” vs. elaborated theism, 209, 210, 211
epistemic probability and, 203, 204, 205–6,
Christianity, xiii, 344, 345, 473, 594–5, 645,
207, 208, 221–2, 226–39, 240–1, 245, 246,
646–8
247, 250–1, 255, 257, 259, 260, 275, 276
classical, 2, 13, 274, 278, 338, 347
fi ne-tuning of the universe, 204, 211–26,
consciousness and, 8–10, 282–3, 303, 304,
275
307–8, 309, 316, 337
Hume and, 7–8, 272
creatio ex nihilo, 190
initial conditions of the universe, 168, 202,
cumulative case argument for, 283
204, 211, 220–2, 225, 234 n. 23, 239, 242,
Darwinian counterfactuals and ethical
243, 252, 275
nonnaturalism, 413–4
laws of nature, 28, 31–2, 52, 58, 78, 82, 202,
dualism, 319, 320, 383, 387
204, 211–13, 219, 233, 252, 256, 261 n. 47,
evidential case for, 3
264, 265, 272, 275, 276
evil and, 334, 375, 477 n. 18
life-permitting laws, 246, 275–6
existence of a life-permitting universe (LPU),
life-permitting universe (LPU), 203, 205, 207,
203–4
209, 210, 225, 230, 232–3, 241, 243, 254,
explanatory power, 4–5
256, 257, 259, 261, 273, 276, 277–8
hypothesis of or mere theism and (T), xi,
Likelihood Principle, 202, 205–11, 226, 227,
204, 594, 646
232, 239, 241, 244, 246, 255, 256, 257,
incoherent, 10–11, 523
267–8, 273, 278
material objects, 95
method of probabilistic tension, 202–3, 207
monistic mysticism, 540–3
n. 4, 209–10, 243, 246, 255 n. 40, 276
moral properties, faculty, and argument for,
more fundamental law objection, 225–6,
xii, 394, 414, 417
274–5
natural theology and, 1–2, 3, 20, 347, 348, 645
multiverse hypothesis, 203, 204, 205, 234,
naturalism and, xi, xii, 2–7, 12–13, 18, 20, 21,
254, 256–72, 277
294, 303, 307–9, 310, 311, 316, 319, 339,
naturalistic single-universe hypothesis
361, 540
(NSU), 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 230,
no logical space for, 3–4, 8, 11
232, 233, 234, 241, 243, 244 n. 27, 245,
open, 254 n. 37
246, 252, 253, 255, 256, 276, 277, 278
panpsychism and, 298
other forms of life objection, 276
pantheism, 19–20, 347, 374
other life-permitting laws objection, 275–6
Principle of Suffi cient Reason (PSR), 46
problem of evil, 255–6
relation to religious experience, 537–8,
problem of infi nite ranges, 249–52
539–47
Stenger’s (Victor) criticisms, 217–18, 219,
resurrection of Jesus, 594–5, 647–8, 649, 650,
222–6, 252, 276
659
I N D E X 683
scientifi c thesis, 4–5, 11–12
180, 183–4; see also Hawking-Penrose
single universe, xi, 11, 209
Theorums
Spinoza and, 1
virtue ethics (VE), 427–32; see also moral
teleology, 443, 461
argument
theory or everything, 3, 147, 225; see also,
Vogel, J., 531–2
naturalism
Von Leyden, W., 530–1
Theravada Buddhism, 433
thinking matter, 308, 315
Wald, Robert, 129–30, 131, 142, 248 n. 31
Thomson, Judith, 398, 410
Wall, G., 500–1, 502, 505, 528, 542–3
Thorne, Kip, 134–25
Walls, Jerry, 455–6, 457, 463, 470
Tipler, Frank, 123, 130, 145, 147 n. 45, 214, 223,
Ward, Keith, 273
266
warrant, ix, 18, 190, 230, 231–2, 233, 397, 398,
Toland, John, 653
404, 415, 416, 510, 576, 615
Turok, Neil, 160, 166, 168
Warren, Mary Anne, 417–19
Tsai, Christiana, 499, 523, 524
Wawrytko, Sandra, 430–1
Weatherford, Roy, 235
utilitarianism, 421–7, see also moral argument
Whitrow, G. J., 10, 102
act, 425 n. 13
Wielenberg, Erik, 374
classical, 421
Wieseltier, Leon, 435
divine command moralism and, 15, 425
Williams, Bernard, 426, 463–4, 465, 471
moral community and, 421, 425
Wilson, Edward O., 393, 396, 398, 399
moral standing, 418–27
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 16, 108 n. 7, 353, 369
pleasure and, 421
Wolterstorff, Nicholas, 416
rule, 423, 424, 425
Worldview; see also epistemology; natural
“social utility”, 422–6, 430, 432
theology
atheism, 347, 375
van Fraassen, Bas, 59, 230, 240, 387
assessment and personal dignity, 433–9, 444
van Inwagen, Peter
coherence, 527, 542, 545
Big Conjunctive Contingent Fact (BCCF),
construction, 406
50, 71, 80, 123
doxastic system, 527
causing the causing, 74–5
feedback sifting, 526
evidential vs. logical problem of evil, 454
materialism, 344–6, 371, 375, 378, 379
modal fatalism argument, 50–6, 60, 92
mentalistic, 345, 350
probabilistic version of fatalism argument,
naturalism, xi, 3, 283, 288, 293, 304, 337, 346,
57–8
358, 371, 392, 394–5, 537
problem of evil and defense types, 453–4
scientifi c, 114, 300, 382
purpose of particular evils, 477 n. 18
Wright, Crispin, 282–3
Vedanta, Advaita, 433, 543, 546 n. 21
Wykstra, Stephen, xii, 453 n. 4, 457
Veneziano, Gabriele, 160–1, 163–5; see also
pre-big bang infl ation (PBBI)
Yandell, David, 112
Venn, John, 596 n. 1, 631
Yandell, Keith, 443, 501, 502, 516, 546, 548
verifi cationism, ix, 502
Vestrup, E., 247 n. 29, 249, 250, 251
Zee, A., 248 n. 30
Vilenkin, Alexander, 133, 136, 141–3, 149, 151,
Zeno’s paradoxes, 108 n. 8,113, 119,144; see also
157, 163–4, 168, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179,
mathematics