Index
Index
abductive arguments, ,
abolition of man (argument for moral realism),
Abolition of Man, The (Lewis), , , ,
accountability, moral, , ,
action guides,
Adams, Marilyn McCord, , , ,
Adams, Robert,
divine command theory, , , , , ,
on forgiveness, ,
on the Good, , , , , , ,
on human value,
aesthetic judgments,
affection for advantage, , , ,
affection for justice, , , ,
afterlife, , ,
agency, , . See also conscience, moral
akrasia,
alethic (nonnihilist) thesis, , , , ,
Almeida, Mike,
Alston, William, ,
altruism, ,
Ameriks, Karl,
analytic claims,
ancient earth thesis, ,
ancient Greek philosophers, . See also Aristotle; Plato; Socrates
Anscombe, Elizabeth, , , , , ,
Anselm, , ,
affections for justice and advantage, ,
dualism of practical reason and,
nature of God, , , ,
anthropology,
Apollo,
apologetics, Christian,
apologetics, cultural, ,
apologetics, moral. See moral apologetics
Apology (Plato),
Aquinas, Thomas, ,
Aristotle’s influence on, ,
divine command theory and, , , ,
divine ideas tradition,
Fourth Way,
naturalistic ethics of, , ,
theory of the good, , ,
arbitrariness concerns, , , , , , ,
argument from evolutionary naturalism,
argument from grace, , , ,
argument from personal dignity,
argument from providence, , ,
argument from queerness,
central concerns of, , , , ,
theistic possibility and, , , ,
variants of, , ,
argument from rationality, . See also coincidence thesis; dualism of practical reason
arguments from relativity, ,
Aristotle,
causes identified by,
emotivism and,
goodness of a kind, , ,
on human attraction to God, ,
on human value,
influence of, , ,
naturalistic ethics of, ,
on persuasion,
Plato and, , , ,
teleological sense of, , ,
Arnhart, Larry,
“Arriving at Perfection” (Franklin),
atheistic moral Platonism, . See also godless normative realism
attributive goodness,
Augustine, ,
divine ideas tradition,
God as greatest good, , , ,
ordered loves, ,
Platonic dualism rejected by,
Plato’s influence on, , , ,
on transformation, , ,
view of evil, ,
view of truth, ,
authority. See moral authority
axiological questions, ,
axiological voluntarism, ,
Ayer, A. J., , , ,
Baggett, David, , ,
Baillie, John,
Balfour, Arthur, , ,
basic beliefs, ,
beauty, , , , ,
Beckwith, Frank,
belief in God
coincidence thesis and, ,
confirmation bias and,
Euthyphro Dilemma and, ,
as moral motivation, ,
objective morality and, ,
reformed epistemological view of,
shame and,
beliefs
basic, ,
moral (see moral beliefs)
naturalism and,
vs. seemings,
benevolence
of God, ,
and ideal observer,
rational, ,
and self-love, , , ,
See also goodness, moral
Berkeley, George, , , ,
Birth of Tragedy, The (Nietzsche),
Blackwell Companion to Natural Theology, The (Linville),
Bloom, Allan, ,
Boethius,
Bogardus, Tomás,
Bosanquet, Bernard,
Boyd, Richard,
Bradley, F. H.,
Brink, David,
Brownlow, William,
brute facts, , , , ,
Butler, Joseph, , ,
Cairns, Huntington,
Calvin, John, ,
Candide (Voltaire),
Carson, Tom,
categorical imperatives,
categoricity,
causes, types of,
Chesterton, G. K., , , ,
Christianity, , ,
Christian theology, , , , , ,
C-inductive arguments, , ,
classical naturalism,
classical (Anselmian) theism, , ,
Closing of the American Mind, The (Bloom),
cognitivist moral theories, . See also constructivism; moral and ethical relativism; moral realism
cognitivist (semantic) thesis, ,
coincidence, cosmic, , ,
coincidence thesis
dualism of practical reason and, , ,
form of happiness in,
historical views of: medieval, ; early modern, , , , , ; late modern,
theism and, , , ,
common ancestry thesis, ,
common grace,
conditional thesis,
Confessions (Augustine),
conscience, moral
authority of,
evidence for divine reality in,
law of God and,
moral duties and,
moral motivation and,
phenomenology of, ,
secular worldview and,
consequentialist normative theory, , , ,
constructivism, ,
constitutivist view of,
contractarian,
divine command theory and, , ,
ethical relativism and, ,
in evolutionary debunking arguments, ,
Humean,
ideal observer theory, ,
Kantian,
moral realism and, , ,
rational subjectivism and,
recurring problems in, ,
theistic ethics and, ,
constructivist dilemma,
contemporary philosophers, . See also moral argument, historical contributors and variants: contemporary
contingency problem in evolutionary debunking arguments, ,
contractarian constructivism,
Control of Language, The (King, Ketley),
Copan, Paul, , , ,
Cornell realism,
cosmic coincidence, , ,
Craig, William Lane,
creation, ,
Critique of Practical Reason (Kant),
Cudworth, Ralph,
cultural apologetics, ,
cumulative case
for existence of God, ,
for moral realism, (see also moral realism, cumulative case for)
Cuneo, Terence, , , ,
Dante,
Darwall, Stephen, , ,
Darwinian counterfactuals, problem of,
Darwinian Dilemma, ,
Darwinism, , , , ,
Davies, Richard,
DCT. See divine command theory
debunking objections. See evolutionary debunking arguments
de Burgh, W. G., ,
“Dedicatory Letter to the Sorbonne” (Descartes),
defeater-defeaters, ,
defeater-deflectors, ,
defeaters, ,
“De Futilitate” (Lewis),
dehumanization, ,
deliberative indispensability argument, ,
deliberative projects, ,
Dennett, Daniel,
deontic questions,
deontic voluntarism, . See also divine command theory
derivationism,
Derrida, Jacques,
Descartes, René, , ,
descent with modification thesis, ,
desire
goodness and, , , ,
moral motivation and,
objective moral facts and,
de Waal, Frans,
Dewey, John,
dignity. See human dignity
dignity, argument from,
dilemma ethics,
Dionysus,
discretionary hypothesis, ,
divine commands
constraints on,
contingency of, , ,
moral duties and, (see also divine command theory; Euthyphro Dilemma)
obedience to, , , , , ,
voluntarist view of,
divine command theory (DCT)
accountability in,
Adams’s articulation of,
advantages of,
constructivism and, , ,
discretionary hypothesis and,
forgiveness and,
vs. godless normative realism,
medieval views of, , , ,
modal status aspect of,
moral authority and, ,
vs. natural law,
objections to, , , ,
radical voluntarist, ,
as theory of moral duty, ,
divine conservation,
divine hiddenness,
divine ideas tradition,
Divine Love Theory (Johnson),
Divine Motivation Theory (Zagzebski),
Donagan, Alan,
Dore, Clement,
Dostoevsky, Fyodor,
Dougherty, Trent,
Douglass, Frederick,
dualism of practical reason
coincidence thesis and, , ,
defined,
historical predecessors,
philosophical context for,
problem presented by, , ,
theistic solution to, , , , , , ,
“Dulce et Decorum Est” (Owen),
Dworkin, Ronald,
EAAN (evolutionary argument against naturalism), , ,
early modern philosophers, . See also moral argument, historical contributors and variants: early modern
efficient causes,
Egidio da Viterbo,
egoism, , ,
emotions, , . See also emotivism
emotivism
cultural influence of,
decline of, ,
defined, ,
influences,
positivist framework for, ,
prescriptivism and,
empiricism
in cumulative case for moral realism, ,
limitations of, , , ,
logical,
moral argument and, , , , ,
English Hegelianism,
Enoch, David, , , , ,
epistemic parity argument,
epistemic standards,
epistemology
apologetics and,
expansive scope of, , , ,
explanatory gap and, , ,
moral, , ,
reformed, ,
virtue,
Erlanger, Jeffrey,
error theory. See moral error theory
error theory of aesthetics,
eschatology,
Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent, An (Newman),
“Ethical Absolutism and the Ideal Observer” (Firth),
ethical judgments, , ,
ethical naturalism. See naturalistic ethics
Ethical Project, The (Kitcher),
Ethical Theism,
ethics
action and,
eudaimonistic conception of,
evolutionary, ,
evolution of (see evolutionary debunking arguments)
first principles of, , , , , ,
metaphysics and,
moral argument and,
moral goodness and,
naturalistic (see naturalistic ethics)
Ockhamism,
secular, , , , , ,
theistic (see theism and theistic ethics)
Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (Mackie),
ethos,
eudamonia, , , , . See also happiness
Euthyphro (Plato), , ,
Euthyphro Dilemma, , ,
conception of God and, , ,
as false dilemma,
Reformation theology and,
religious themes in, , ,
theistic alternative to,
evaluative judgments, ,
Evans, C. Stephen,
on Aquinas, , , , ,
on Darwall’s theistic ethics, , , ,
divine command theory of, , , , ,
on ethical relativism,
on happiness,
on human dignity and value, ,
on moral obligations, ,
on moral properties,
natural signs, ,
reformed epistemology approach,
on virtue,
evidence. See moral evidence
evil, problem of
goodness and, , ,
moral apologetics and,
moral argument and, , , , , ,
evolution
Darwinism, , , , ,
meaning of,
naturalism and, , , , , ,
theistic, , ,
unguided, , , , ,
evolutionary argument against naturalism (EAAN), , ,
evolutionary debunking arguments,
contemporary work on, , ,
formulations and premises of, ,
moral realism and, , , , ,
theism and, , , ,
variants of,
evolutionary ethics, ,
evolutionary naturalism, , , , , , ,
evolutionary process,
Ewing, A. C., , ,
exclusive humanism,
Experiment in Criticism, An (Lewis),
explanans- and explanandum-driven analyses, ,
explanation, need for, , ,
explanation vs. proof,
explanatory depth,
explanatory gap, , ,
explanatory indispensability, ,
explanatory priority,
explanatory projects,
explanatory ultimates, , , ,
expressivism, , ,
cultural influence of,
dehumanizing nature of,
emotivism, ,
error theory and,
moral realism and, , ,
prescriptivism, ,
theistic ethics and,
war and, , ,
fact-value dichotomy,
Faith of a Moralist (Taylor), , ,
Farrer, Austin, , ,
fascinans,
Feser, Ed,
final causes,
Finite and Infinite Goods (Adams), , ,
Finnis, John,
First Critique (Kant),
first-order claims. See normative claims
first principles, moral and ethical, , , , , ,
Firth, Roderick, ,
fitness problem, ,
fitness-tracking,
Flew, Antony,
Foot, Philippa, , ,
Foreman, Mark,
forgiveness, , , , ,
formal causes,
Form of the Good, , , . See also Good, the
foundationalism,
Franklin, Benjamin,
Fraser, Campbell,
“Free Man’s Worship, A” (Russell),
free riders, , ,
free will, ,
Freppert, Lucan, ,
From Morality to Metaphysics (Ritchie),
“gap.” See explanatory gap; moral gap
Gaunilo of Marmoutiers,
Geach, Peter, ,
Geisler, Norman, ,
general revelation, , , , ,
Gentry, T. J.,
glorification, , ,
God
Anselmian conception of, , , ,
authority of,
belief in (see belief in God)
character of, , , , , ,
commands of (see divine commands; Euthyphro Dilemma)
existence of, , (see also moral argument)
grace of (see grace, divine)
as ground of all reality,
hiddenness of,
as highest good, , , , , , , , , ,
love of, , , ,
moral life and,
personhood of,
term usage,
trinitarian nature of,
will of, , , , , ,
God, goodness of
vs. arbitrariness objections,
biblical conceptions of, ,
coincidence thesis and,
expressivist view of,
as highest good, , , , , , , ,
historical views of: medieval, , , , , , –94; late modern, ,
moral psychology and,
moral virtue and,
problem of evil and, ,
theistic Platonist view of, , , ,
worship and, , ,
God and Moral Law (Murphy),
God and Personality (Webb),
godless normative realism,
common ground with theism,
moral values and, ,
as non-moral conservation,
robust moral Platonism and,
vs. theism, –82; explanatory depth, –72; human dignity, –81; Kantian moral faith, ; moral authority, –79; moral knowledge, –74; personalist dimensions,
God’s Command (Hare), ,
Goldstein, Rebecca Newberger, ,
Good, the (ultimate good),
fellowship with God and, , ,
God as, , , , , , , , , ,
historical views of: ancient Greek, , , , , , ; medieval, , , , , , ; late modern, , ,
human desire for, , , , ,
human value, dignity, and rights,
moral apologetics,
moral naturalist view of,
objective moral values,
theistic Platonic account of, , , ,
Thomist view of,
utilitarian view of,
virtue-happiness coincidence and, ,
“Good Country People” (O’Connor),
Good God (Walls, Baggett), ,
goodness, moral
attributive vs. predicative,
contemporary secular views of,
desire and, , , , ,
divine commands and, ,
domesticating,
experiential nature of, ,
God’s nature as reference for, , , , ,
human value and, ,
intrinsic, ,
moral naturalist view of,
natural law and, , , ,
Platonic view of, , , , , , ,
problem of evil and, ,
purpose and, ,
vs. rightness, , , ,
universal morality and, ,
virtue and, , ,
See also Good, the; goods
goodness of a kind, , ,
goods
basic, ,
everyday,
hierarchy of, , , , ,
intrinsic,
temporal and eternal,
gospel of Christ, , , ,
grace, argument from, , , ,
grace, common,
grace, divine
guilt and,
moral gap and, ,
transformation enabled by, , , ,
grace, prevenient,
Great Divorce, The (Lewis),
Green Book, The (= The Control of Language [King and Ketley]),
Greene, Graham,
Gregory of Nyssa, ,
guided will theory,
guilt, , , , , , . See also shame
Habermas, Jürgen,
Hackett, Stuart,
haecceity,
Hamilton, Edith,
Hanink, James,
happiness
dualism of practical reason and, , ,
eudaimonia vs. contemporary construals,
holiness and,
love for God and, ,
moral motivation and, ,
universal,
virtue and (see coincidence thesis)
Hare, John
argument from grace, ,
Kantian constructivism and,
on Kant’s argument from providence,
on moral gap, , ,
on moral properties,
on Ockham,
prescriptive realism approach, , , ,
on prior obligation objection,
on religious community,
on School of Athens painting,
Hare, R. M., , , , ,
Harman, Gilbert,
Harris, Sam,
Hart, David Bentley, ,
heaven,
hedonism, rational,
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich,
Hegelianism, English,
hell, ,
Hesiod,
Hobbes, Thomas, , ,
Hoff Sommers, Christina, ,
holiness,
Holmes, Arthur,
Homer, ,
Honderich, Ted,
hope, Christian, ,
Horace,
Horner, David, , , , , ,
“How to Be an Anti-Realist” (Plantinga),
Huckleberry Finn (Twain), ,
Huemer, Michael
on Anselmian ontological arguments, ,
on incomplete alternatives argument,
metaethics taxonomy,
mind-dependence distinctions downplayed by, ,
on moral knowledge,
on theistic ethics,
human dignity
argument from personal dignity,
error theory view of,
human rights, value and, , ,
moral apologetics and,
moral argument and, , , , , ,
as moral natural sign,
Platonic explanations for, ,
secular ethics and, , , ,
theistic account of, , , , ,
human identity,
humanism, ,
human nature, , , ,
human rights
error theory view of,
human value, dignity and, , , , ,
Jewish-Christian worldview and,
as recalcitrant moral fact,
theistic explanation for, ,
human value
constructivism and, ,
in cumulative moral case for God’s existence,
error theory view of,
evidential significance of,
godless normative realism and,
human dignity, rights and, , ,
vs. human goodness,
intrinsic, , , , ,
love for neighbor and,
moral apologetics and,
natural law and,
as recalcitrant moral fact,
human well-being. See well-being, human
human will, . See also volition
human worth, , , , . See also human value
Hume, David
argument from queerness and,
conceptual categories,
critiques of, , ,
on human projection,
influence of,
logical positivism and,
moral motivation and,
problem of evil and, , ,
on vice and virtue,
Humean constructivism, ,
Hume’s Dictum,
Hutcheson, Francis, ,
hypothetical imperatives,
idealism, , ,
ideal observer, , ,
ideal observer theory, , ,
Idea of God in the Light of Recent Philosophy, The (Pringle-Pattison), ,
imago Dei,
imprecative definitions,
inclinationism,
inclusive fitness problem, ,
incomplete alternatives argument,
indispensabilism,
individualist approach, ,
individuality (unity),
individuals, uniqueness of, . See also human dignity; human value
inductive arguments, , ,
In Search of Moral Knowledge (Smith),
intellectualist approach,
intrinsic goods,
intrinsic value, human, , , , ,
intuition, moral, , , ,
irreducible normativity, , ,
James, William,
on desiccating moral ontologies, , ,
interdisciplinary approach of,
on moral and religious experiences,
on moral skepticism,
personality and,
on rules of thinking, ,
on volition,
Johnson, Adam,
Jones, Clay,
Jordan, Matthew,
Joyce, Richard, , , , ,
justice
affection for, , , ,
divine command theory and,
error theory view of,
Euthyphro Dilemma and, , , , ,
moral motivation and,
justification, moral, ,
justification, theological, , ,
Kaczynski, Theodore,
Kagan, Shelly,
Kant, Immanuel,
argument from grace, ,
argument from providence, ,
categorical vs. hypothetical imperatives,
coincidence thesis and, , , , ,
dualism of practical reason and,
on existence and goodness of God, , ,
on human dignity and value, , ,
impersonal understanding of morality,
moral argument and, , , , , ,
on moral duties, , ,
on moral evil and goodness, , , ,
moral gap, ,
on moral motivations, ,
Kantian constructivism,
Kantian moral faith, , , , , , ,
Keats, John,
Ketley, Martin,
Kierkegaard, Søren,
Kim, Jaegwon,
King, Alec,
King, Martin Luther, Jr., ,
Kitcher, Philip,
knowability, . See also moral knowledge
knowledge, moral. See moral knowledge
knowledge, nonpropositional,
Korsgaard, Christine,
Kripke, Saul,
Kurtz, Paul,
Language, Truth, and Logic (Ayer), , , ,
language of morality. See moral language
Language of Morals, The (Hare),
late modern philosophers, See also moral argument, historical contributors and variants: late modern
laws and lawgivers,
Layman, C. Stephen,
Leibniz, Gottfried, ,
Lessing, Gotthold,
Leviathan (Hobbes),
Lewis, C. S., ,
allowing works to speak,
Balfour and,
basic beliefs and,
on Christianity,
emotivism and, , ,
facial formation recognized by,
on hell,
on human uniqueness,
moral argument and, , , ,
morality as experiential for,
on moral law, ,
on naturalism and evolution, ,
on principles of universal morality,
on trinitarian nature of God,
libertarian agency,
Linville, Mark, , , , ,
Lipscomb, Benjamin, , , ,
literature, , ,
Locke, John, ,
coincidence thesis and,
divine authority and,
dualism of practical reason and, ,
influence of,
on moral motivation, ,
Newman’s critique of,
logical positivism, , , ,
logos,
Lombard, Peter,
Lotze, Hermann,
Lotze’s dictum, ,
love
for God, , , , ,
of God, , , ,
of gods, , ,
for neighbor, ,
self-love, , ,
in and with the Trinity,
loves, ordering of, , ,
Luther, Martin,
MacIntyre, Alasdair,
Mackie, J. L.
on appeal of moral objectivity,
on appeals to nonnaturalism, , ,
relativity argument,
on theistic possibility, , , , ,
See also argument from queerness; moral error theory
Mar, Gary,
Martineau, James,
material causes,
Matthews, Walter Robert, ,
Mavrodes, George, , , , , ,
McGinn, Colin,
McPherson, Tristram,
Mead, George Herbert,
Meaning of Meaning, The (Ogden, Richards),
medieval philosophers, . See also moral argument, historical contributors and variants: medieval
“Meditation in a Toolshed” (Lewis),
Meditations (Descartes),
Menuge, Angus,
Mere Christianity (Lewis), , , , , ,
metaethical claims, , , ,
metaethics, ,
“folk,”
nonnaturalism in,
secular,
theism connections,
See also specific models
Metaethics (Moreland, Horner),
metaphysical morality. See nonnaturalist morality
metaphysical teleology,
metaphysical (ontic) thesis, , ,
metaphysics, moral, ,
Methods of Ethics (Sidgwick),
Midgley, Mary, ,
Mill, John Stuart, , ,
Miller, Christian, , ,
Milo, Ronald,
mind-dependence,
in constructivist proposals, , , ,
divine, , , , , ,
mind-independence (stance-independence), , ,
Miracle of Theism, The (Mackie),
Miracles (Lewis),
Mitchell, Basil,
modal ontological argument, ,
modal status thesis,
modus ponens, ,
modus tollens, ,
Montgomery, John Warwick,
Moon, Andrew,
Moore, G. E.
influence of, , ,
intuitionism of, ,
on moral naturalism, , , , ,
nonnaturalism of, , , ,
Moore, Paddy,
Moorean argument for moral realism, ,
Moorean shift,
moral actions, . See also moral motivation
moral and ethical relativism, , , , , . See also constructivism; expressivism; moral error theory
moral apologetics,
Christian apologetics and,
as cognitive and experiential,
divine hiddenness and,
embodied,
goodness of God and,
natural law and,
radical idealism and,
See also moral argument
moral argument for existence of God
as C-inductive,
defined,
evidence in,
generous empiricism in, , , , ,
implications for character of God, , , ,
moral realism as basis for, , ,
naturalism and,
persuasiveness of,
problem of evil and, ,
structure of,
See also moral argument, fivefold; moral argument, historical contributors and variants
moral argument, fivefold,
Christian apologetic supported by,
couching, , ,
as cumulative case,
See also argument from grace; argument from rationality; Good, the; moral knowledge; Right, the
moral argument, historical contributors and variants,
ancient Greek, (see also Aristotle; Plato; Socrates)
medieval, –39; Anselm, , ; Aquinas, , ; Augustine, , ; Ockham, –39; Scotus, ,
early modern, –50; Berkeley, , ; Butler, , , ; Calvin, , ; Descartes, , ; Kant, –50; Locke, , ; Luther, –41; Pascal, , ; Reid, , , ; Wesley, , ,
late modern, –69; Balfour, , , ; de Burgh, , ; James (see James, William); Lewis (see Lewis, C. S.); Matthews, , ; Newman, , , , , , ; Pringle-Pattison, , , ; Rashdall, , , , ; Sidgwick (see Sidgwick, Henry); Sorley, W., , , , ; Taylor, , , , , , ; Webb, , ,
contemporary, –81; Adams, M. M., , , , ; Adams, R. (see Adams, Robert); Dore, ; Ewing, , , ; Farrer, , , ; Mavrodes, , , , , , ; Mitchell, ; Owen, , ; Trueblood, ; Zagzebski, , ,
Moral Argument for Christian Theism, The (Owen),
moral authority
categorical imperatives and,
conscience as,
constructivism and, , , , ,
error theory and, , , , , ,
expressivism and, , ,
moral realist view of,
Platonic view of,
prior obligations objection and,
supernaturalism and,
theistic view of, , , , , ,
moral beliefs
basic beliefs and,
evolutionary influences and, , , , ,
fluctuation of,
justification of, , , ,
moral motivation and,
naturalism and,
theistic view of,
as volitional, , ,
See also belief in God
moral claims
error theory view of, , , , , ,
expressivist view of, ,
See also normative claims
moral community, , ,
moral disagreement, , , , ,
moral discourse, ,
moral duties
authority of, , , , , , , (see also divine command theory)
vs. belief in moral duties,
as categorical imperatives,
constructivist view of, , ,
deontic questions about,
features of, ,
vs. feelings of obligation,
historical views of: ancient Greek, , , ; late modern, , , , ; contemporary,
as moral natural sign,
moral relativism and,
moral worth and,
nontheistic moral Platonist view of,
objectivity of, , , (see also argument from queerness; moral error theory)
phenomenology of, , ,
salient features of,
significance to moral argument,
social dimension of,
theistic explanation of, , , , (see also divine command theory)
theories of, ,
virtue and,
moral epistemology, , , . See also moral knowledge
moral error theory, , , ,
appeal of objective morality and, ,
argument from queerness (see argument from queerness)
moral realist responses to, ,
relativity argument,
theistic possibility and, , , , , ,
moral evidence
in cumulative case for moral realism (see under moral realism, cumulative case for)
epistemic, , (see also moral knowledge)
moral argument and, , , ,
ontological, , , (see also Good, the; Right, the)
problem of evil and,
rational, (see also argument from rationality)
transformational, (see also argument from grace)
moral exemplarism, , ,
moral facts (moral truths)
actions based on (see moral duties)
constructivist view of, , , , , ,
in deliberative project,
error theory view of, , , , ,
expressivist view of, ,
historical views of: ancient Greek, , ; medieval, , , , , ,
knowledge of (see moral knowledge)
mind-dependence and, , , , ,
in modal ontological argument, ,
moral realist view of, , ,
natural sciences and,
objectivity and prescriptivity of, , , , (see also moral error theory)
problem of evil and,
recalcitrant,
as self-evident or intuitive, , , ,
term usage,
moral gap, , , , , ,
Moral Gap, The (Hare),
moral goodness. See goodness, moral
moral ideal,
moral intuition, , , , ,
morality
evolution of (see evolutionary debunking arguments)
experiential nature of, , , , ,
historical views of: medieval, , ; early modern, , , ; late modern, , , , , , , , (see also Euthyphro Dilemma)
models of,
nature of reality and,
objective (see morality, objective)
personal nature of, ,
rationality of, (see also dualism of practical reason)
role of accountability in,
science and, , , , , , ,
semiotic function of,
social nature of, ,
subjective, , , , , ,
universal (Tao), , , ,
volitional decisions about, , ,
morality, objective
appeal of, ,
models of, (see also divine command theory; godless normative realism; moral realism; Platonism; theism and theistic ethics)
moral law and,
objections to, , , (see also argument from queerness; evolutionary debunking arguments; moral error theory)
prescriptivity of, , , ,
Morality, Religious and Secular (Mitchell),
moral judgments
vs. assertions,
constructivist view of, ,
error theory view of, , , , , ,
expressivist view of, , , ,
moral motivation and,
moral naturalist view of, ,
moral realist view of, , , ,
as self-evidently true,
moral justification, ,
moral knowledge,
argument from queerness and, , ,
certainty and,
emotivist denial of,
evolution and, , , (see also evolutionary debunking arguments)
intuitive nature of, , , , ,
justification of, ,
moral motivation and, ,
moral realist view of,
naturalism and, ,
Platonic explanations for, ,
theism and, , ,
moral language, , , , , ,
moral law
authoritative nature of, , , , ,
behavioral gap and, ,
as categorical imperative,
happiness, well-being and, ,
Kantian moral faith and, ,
moral virtues and,
natural law and, ,
obedience ensured by,
objectivity of, ,
reality of,
as recalcitrant moral fact,
transcendent source of, , , , , , , ,
universality of, , , ,
See also moral duties
moral motivation
belief as, , ,
conscience as,
constructivism and,
error theory view of, ,
happiness and, ,
love for God as,
moral judgments as,
motivation internalism and,
respect for moral law as,
reward and punishment as, ,
self-interest as, ,
virtue and, ,
moral naturalism, , . See also naturalist ethics
moral normativity,
moral objectivism, , , , . See also morality, objective
moral obligations. See moral duties
moral ontology/ontologies
desiccation of, , ,
error theory and,
evolutionary debunking arguments and,
modal ontological argument,
vs. moral epistemology,
See also Good, the; Right, the
moral order, , , ,
moral phenomenology, ,
moral progress, ,
moral properties
error theory view of, ,
irreducible normativity of,
naturalistic fallacy and, , ,
nonmoral properties and,
phenomenology of,
supervenient, , , , ,
See also goodness, moral; rightness, moral; wrongness, moral
moral psychology, , ,
moral realism, ,
constructivism and, , ,
debunking arguments and (see evolutionary debunking arguments)
error theory and (see argument from queerness; moral error theory)
evidential significance of,
expressivism and, , ,
human rights and, ,
lived experience of morality in,
moral argument based on, , ,
naturalist accounts of, , , ,
nonnaturalist accounts of, , , , ,
persuasion in, ,
rivals to (see constructivism; expressivism; godless normative realism; moral error theory; nontheistic moral Platonism)
secular, , ,
talking about vs. taking seriously,
moral realism, cumulative case for,
contemporary support for,
evidential considerations in, –69; Abolition of Man argument, –67; deliberative indispensability argument, –64; epistemic parity argument, –57; incomplete alternatives argument, –56; modal ontological argument, –59; Moorean argument, ,
expansive rationality and empiricism in, ,
importance of,
late modern support for,
supernaturalism and,
target factors shaping,
theistic ethics and, , , , (see also moral argument, fivefold)
moral relativism. See moral and ethical relativism
moral semantics,
moral sense, ,
moral sentences, ,
moral skepticism, , , , ,
moral teleology
evolutionary debunking arguments and,
historical views of: ancient Greek, , , –73; medieval,
moral realism and,
moral truths. See moral facts
moral value, intrinsic, , ,
moral values, objective
constructivist views of, ,
error theory view of, ,
the Good and,
moral argument and,
term usage,
theistic vs. Platonic explanations for, , , , ,
See also human dignity; human value
Moral Values and the Idea of God (Sorley), , ,
Moreland, J. P., , , ,
Morris, Thomas, ,
Morriston, Wesley,
Moser, Paul,
motivation. See moral motivation
motivation internalism,
Muggeridge, Malcolm,
Muirhead, J. H.,
Murdoch, Iris,
Murphy, Mark, ,
My Bondage and My Freedom (Douglass),
mysterium,
Nagel, Thomas,
naturalism,
classical,
evolutionary, , , , , , , (see also evolutionary debunking arguments)
evolutionary argument against, , ,
historical views of: ancient Greek, , , ; medieval, ; late modern, , , , , , ; contemporary, , , ,
vs. idealism,
moral,
moral arguments against, , , ,
moral goodness and,
moral knowledge and, ,
recalcitrant moral facts on,
naturalistic ethics
in broader metaethics landscape,
critiques of,
moral argument for God and, ,
naturalistic moral realism, , , ,
reductionist and nonreductionist,
telos and, ,
term usage,
view of goodness,
naturalistic fallacy, , , ,
naturalistic origins thesis, , , , ,
naturalist morality, , , . See also naturalistic ethics
natural law,
arguments against,
ethics (see naturalistic ethics)
goods in, , ,
human nature and,
human value and,
Lewis’s argument for,
moral apologetics and,
Platonic and Aristotelian roots of,
theism and, , ,
natural properties
in argument from queerness,
moral error theory view of, , ,
naturalistic fallacy and, , ,
vs. nonnatural properties,
natural rights, . See also human rights
natural signs, ,
natural theology,
Newman, John Henry, , , , , ,
Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), ,
Nietzsche, Friedrich, , ,
nihilism,
non-moral conservation,
nonnaturalism
in broader metaethics landscape,
contemporary resurgence of,
error theory view of, , , ,
as metaethics–theism connection,
vs. naturalist morality,
secular movement toward,
See also godless normative realism; moral realism; Platonism; theism and theistic ethics
nonnihilist (alethic) thesis, , , , ,
nonpropositional knowledge,
nonskeptical thesis, , ,
nontheistic moral Platonism, , . See also godless normative realism
normative claims, , , . See also moral claims
normative ethics,
normative theory of speech,
normative truths, , ,
Normative Web, The (Cuneo),
normativity, , , , ,
Nozick, Robert, ,
Nussbaum, Martha,
obedience to God’s commands, , , , , , . See also divine command theory
objectivist theories,
objectivity. See morality, objective
Ockham (William of Ockham), ,
Ockhamism, , ,
O’Connor, Flannery,
Ogden, C. K.,
Olson, Jonas, , , , , , ,
On Certainty (Wittgenstein),
On the Trinity (Augustine),
ontic (metaphysical) thesis, ,
ontology. See moral ontology/ontologies
open question argument, , ,
ordo amoris (ordering of loves), , , ,
original sin, doctrine of, ,
Otto, Rudolf,
overriding reason thesis,
Owen, H. P., ,
Owen, Wilfred,
Palmquist, Stephen,
parsimony, principle of,
“partners in crime” / “partners in guilt” approach, ,
Pascal, Blaise, , , , ,
pathos,
Patrik, Linda, ,
Paul,
Pensées (Pascal), ,
perfection, moral, ,
personality, , ,
persuasion, , , ,
phenomenal conservatism, ,
philosophical ethics, history of,
philosophical theology,
philosophy, literature and, , ,
piety,
P-inductive arguments, , ,
Plantinga, Alvin
basic belief criteria and,
“defeater-deflector,”
on divine mind-dependence, ,
on evolution, ,
evolutionary argument against naturalism, , ,
on moral argument, , ,
on moral naturalism, ,
reformed epistemology of, ,
Wielenberg’s critique of,
Plato, , ,
Aristotle and, , , ,
Augustine and, , , ,
dramatist insights of,
emotivism and,
the Forms, , ,
on goodness, , , , , , , ,
integrative mind of,
on mind-dependence,
moral argument and, , ,
Nietzsche and,
theory of value,
Webb and,
See also Euthyphro Dilemma
Plato at the Googleplex (Goldstein),
Platonic dialogues,
“Platonic Man,” ,
Platonism
abstract vs. concrete categories in,
emotivism and,
the Good and, , , , , , , ,
impersonal nature of,
mathematical,
moral argument and, ,
moral authority and,
nontheistic moral, , , (see also godless normative realism; theism and nontheistic moral Platonism)
problem of evil and,
spirit-body dualism in,
theism and, , (see also theism and nontheistic moral Platonism)
theistic, , , , , ,
Plunkett, David,
pollution, religious and moral, , ,
positivism, , , , ,
Power and the Glory, The (Greene),
practical reason, , , , . See also dualism of practical reason
practical truths,
prescriptive realism, , ,
prescriptivism, ,
prevenient grace,
Price, Richard,
Principia Ethica (Moore), ,
Pringle-Pattison, Andrew Seth, , ,
prior obligations objection, , ,
progress thesis, ,
projectivist theories,
proof vs. explanation,
properties
moral (see moral properties)
natural (see natural properties)
nonmoral,
secondary,
Proslogion (Anselm),
pro tanto moral principles,
providence, argument from, , ,
Pseudo-Dionysius,
Pufendorf, Samuel von, ,
punishment, , . See also justice
pure will account,
purpose, , ,
Putnam, Hilary, , ,
queerness, , . See also argument from queerness
Quinn, Philip, ,
radical idealism,
radical voluntarism, , , , ,
Railton, Peter,
Raphael, , ,
Rashdall, Hastings, , , ,
rational hedonism,
rationality
error theory and,
of morality, , , (see also dualism of practical reason)
self-interest and, , , ,
rational subjectivism,
real assent,
real identity thesis,
realism,
constructivism and,
expressivism and,
naturalist, ,
nonnaturalist, , , (see also godless normative realism; moral realism; Platonism; theism and theistic ethics)
prescriptive, , ,
reason
Anselm’s appeal to,
limitations of,
moral realist view of,
practical, , , , (see also dualism of practical reason)
theoretical, , ,
Reasonableness of Christianity, The (Locke),
reasoning, , ,
rebutting defeaters, ,
Recalcitrant Imago Dei, The (Moreland),
redundancy claims,
Reflective Faith (Farrar),
Reformation,
reformed epistemology, ,
regret, moral,
Reid, Thomas,
basic belief criteria and, ,
coincidence thesis and, , , , , , ,
dualism of practical reason and,
moral intuition and,
on theistic possibility, ,
relativism, , , , , . See also constructivism; expressivism; moral error theory
relativity argument,
religion, moral authority and,
Reppert, Victor,
Republic (Plato), , , ,
reward and punishment, ,
Rezkalla, Paul,
Rhetoric (Aristotle), ,
Richards, I. A.,
Right, the,
categorical imperatives,
divine command theory and, ,
moral epistemology and,
See also divine command theory; moral duties
rightness, moral
ancient Greek views of,
God’s will and,
vs. moral goodness, , , ,
moral relativist view of,
rights, human. See human rights
Rist, John,
Ritchie, Angus, , , ,
Robinson, Marilynne,
Robust Ethics (Wielenberg), , ,
Rogers, Fred, , ,
Rorty, Richard,
rules of thinking, ,
Ruse, Michael, ,
Russell, Bertrand, , , , , ,
Ryle, Gilbert,
salvation, , ,
Sampson, Eric,
sanctification, , , , ,
Santayana, George,
Sceptical Essays (Russell),
Schlick, Moritz, ,
School of Athens, The (Raphael), ,
scientism, , , , , , ,
Scotus, John Duns, ,
affections for justice and advantage, , , , ,
divine command ethic of, , , ,
dualism of practical reason and,
on free will,
on moral authority,
on moral motivation,
on prior obligation objection,
uniqueness of individuals, ,
Scripture, , , , ,
secondary properties,
Second Critique (Kant),
second-order claims. See metaethical claims
secular age,
secular ethics, , , , , ,
secularism, , ,
secular metaethics,
secular moral realists, ,
seemings,
self-evidence vs. self-explanation, ,
self-explanation, ,
self-interest
as moral motivation,
rationality of morality and, , , ,
virtue and, , (see also coincidence thesis)
self-love, , , ,
self-sacrifice,
semantic (cognitivist) thesis, ,
sentiment and sentimentalism, ,
Shafer-Landau, Russ, , , , ,
shame, , , , , . See also guilt
Sidgwick, Henry,
dualism of practical reason, , , , ,
Rashdall’s critique of, ,
Sorley and,
on theistic solution to dualism, , , ,
utilitarianism of,
sin, , , , , ,
skepticism, moral, , , , ,
Smith, Adam,
Smith, Michael, ,
Smith, R. Scott,
Sober, Elliott,
social justice,
social order, ideal, ,
Socrates, , , ,
Sorley, Charles Hamilton, ,
Sorley, William, , , ,
soteriology, , . See also salvation
special revelation, , , , ,
speech, normative theory of,
Speech and Morality (Cuneo),
Spener, Philipp Jakob,
Spener’s problem,
stance-independence (mind-independence), , ,
states of affairs,
Stevenson, Charles, , ,
Stout, G. F.,
Street, Sharon, , , , ,
Streumer, Bart, ,
Stump, Eleonore, ,
Sturgeon, Nicholas,
subjectivism, , , , , , . See also expressivism
Summa Theologica (Aquinas),
summum bonum, , , , , . See also Good, the
superdupervenience,
supernaturalism, , , , . See also theism and theistic ethics
supervenience
defined,
moral error theory and, ,
robust moral realism and, , ,
Swinburne, Richard, , , ,
Symposium (Plato), ,
synthetic claims,
Taking Darwin Seriously (Ruse),
Tao (universal morality), , , ,
Taylor, A. E., , , , , ,
Taylor, Charles,
teleology. See metaphysical teleology; moral teleology
telos, ,
Theism (Dore),
Theism and Humanism (Balfour), ,
theism and nontheistic moral Platonism
areas of agreement: absolute goodness, , ; authoritative moral duties, ; in broader metaethics landscape, ; mind-dependence, , ; moral apologetics and natural law, ; nonnaturalism and robust moral realism, , , , , , –81; oddness of moral facts, ,
divergence of, ,
theism’s explanatory strength, –82; explanatory depth, –72; human dignity, –81; Kantian moral faith, ; moral authority, –79; moral knowledge, –74; personalist dimensions,
Wielenberg’s view of consistency between, , ,
theism and theistic ethics
as alternative to Euthyphro Dilemma,
Christian (see Christianity; Christian theology)
classical (Anselmian), , ,
conceptions of God in,
constructivism and, ,
divine command theory (see divine command theory)
dualism of practical reason and, , , , , , ,
error theory and, , , , ,
Euthyphro Dilemma and, , ,
evil and,
evolutionary debunking arguments and, , ,
expressivism and,
vs. godless normative realism (see theism and nontheistic moral Platonism)
historical views of: medieval, ; early modern, , ; late modern, , ,
human dignity and rights in, , , , ,
metaethics connections,
in moral argument structure,
moral duties and, , , , (see also divine command theory)
moral exemplarism and,
moral knowledge and, , ,
moral realism and, , , , ,
natural law and, , ,
personalist nature of, , ,
persuasiveness of, ,
purposes served by,
radical voluntarist depiction of,
as realist vs. constructivist,
reconciling Platonism with, ,
term usage, ,
theistic Platonism, , , , , ,
Thomism, , , , ,
utilitarianism and,
virtue in, ,
theistic hypothesis, , , , . See also theism and theistic ethics
theistic personalism, ,
theistic Platonism, , , , , ,
theological justification, , ,
theology
Christian, , , , , ,
natural,
philosophical,
theoretical reason, , ,
Theory of Morality (Donagan),
“The Poison of Subjectivism” (Lewis),
thesis of descent with modification,
They Found the Secret (Edman),
Thiselton, Anthony,
“thisness,”
Thomas Aquinas. See Aquinas, Thomas
Thomism, , , , ,
Till We Have Faces (Lewis),
Timaeus (Platonic dialogue),
tracking hypothesis, ,
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Wittgenstein), ,
transformation, moral
in argument from grace, ,
cultural,
God’s grace required for, , , , ,
as human need, , , ,
individual,
as purpose of human life, ,
rational hope of,
tremendum,
Trinity, , ,
Trueblood, David Elton,
Trueman, Carl,
truth. See moral facts
truth-tracking, ,
Twain, Mark,
Two Dozen (Or So) Arguments for God (ed. Dougherty, Walls), ,
unconditional election, ,
undercutting defeaters, ,
unity (individuality),
Unity and the Holy Spirit (Hare),
utilitarianism, , , ,
value, , , , . See also human value
Value and Reality (Ewing),
value judgments, ,
values, moral. See moral values, objective
van Inwagen, Peter,
via negativa, ,
Vienna Circle, , , ,
virtue
capacity to feel shame as,
goodness of God and,
historical views of: ancient Greek, , , ; early modern, , , , , ,
intrinsic goodness of, ,
moderation and,
moral duties and,
moral motivation and, , , ,
obedience to divine commands as,
self-interest and, ,
of self-sacrifice,
in theistic ethics, ,
well-being and, (see also coincidence thesis)
virtue epistemology,
virtue ethics, ,
virtue theory, ,
volition, , , ,
Voltaire,
voluntarism
axiological, ,
defined,
deontic, (see also divine command theory)
early modern expressions of, , , ,
gradations of,
radical, , , , ,
weak,
Walls, Jerry, , , ,
Wandering in Darkness (Stump),
war, , , , , ,
Ward, Michael, ,
warrant. See moral justification
Warrant and Proper Function (Plantinga),
Webb, Clement, , ,
well-being, human, , . See also coincidence thesis
Wesley, John, , , ,
Where the Conflict Really Lies (Plantinga),
Whitehead, Alfred North,
Wielenberg, Erik
error theory resisted by,
on evolutionary debunking objections, ,
on human value,
robust moral Platonism of, , ,
on suffering,
on theist-Platonist similarity, ,
work of,
See also godless normative realism
will
of God, , , , , ,
human, (see also volition)
Willard, Dallas,
William of Ockham, ,
Wilson, E. O.,
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, , , ,
Wolterstorff, Nicholas, ,
worldview, ,
World War I,
World War II, , , , , ,
worship, , , ,
wrongness, moral, , , ,
Yandell, Keith,
Zagzebski, Linda, , ,