Who were the real Hebrews?

33Jewish History

Who were the real Hebrews?

So far, we have seen the Biblical coverage of the age of patriarches, but it was written much later than the actual events and history of the people. Even the Bible readers are not sure of the origin of the word “Hebrew”. As a matter of fact, there are many theories on this subject. The first one is that, this term did not appear until the Hebrews dwelt in Egypt because it is derived from the Egyptian word, “Apiru” or foreigner”. Another theory is that Abraheem came form the other side (eber) of Euphrates River and was called Hebrew. The third statement is that the Hebrews believe themselves to be the descendants of “eber”, who was one of the ancestors mentioned in the complex biblical genealogy. This epic continued to the next period of Jewish History, from the story of Abraham Isaac and Jacob. Here, we have to study about the migration of Hebrews to Egypt, then how they remained in this nation for about 430 years as slaves. Their liberation through Moses how they celebrated the holiday of Passover. These are all the technical points to study in Jewish History. The story of Joseph is another wonderful one, that we can took into, Genesis the First book of pentateuch (literally five boos in Greek), then the study of Hebrews is continued in the book of exodus also.

Joseph was sold to Ishmaelite traders by his brothers, and they again sold him to a noble man by name potiphar in Egypt. He used Joseph as his personal assistant. He was quite young and handsome, who was attracted by potiphar’s wife. When she could not succeed in her infatuation, she complained against him that he tried to seduce her. Potiphar immediately put him in the prison. Whatever may be the opinion of others Joseph was pious and God fearing man and God was with him. In the mean time Joseph’s brothers, killed one goat and dipped his gown in the blood. They sent it to their father Jacob and informed him that Joseph was killed by a wild animal. He remained in the prison for a short time, but earned a good name as the good interpreter of dreams. One day he happened to clear the dream of pharaoh and became a great man next to pharaoh in Egypt. He was made in charge of issues connected

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to famine. This famine after some time forced his brothers and other family members to come and settle in Goshen a fertile place in Egypt. They were about seventy in number. Then Jacob / Israel died in Egypt and his body was taken to Mechepilah in Hebron for the burial with his ancestors, like Abraham, and Issac. Joseph was 110 years when he died. Before his death he predicted and told his brothers, that God would take them out of the land of Egypt into the promised land. So, he asked them to take away his bones with them to that land canaan in a coffin.

In Jewish History Miriam was considered a prophotes. She predicted the birth of her younger brother Moses and added he would become a liberator of Israelites from the bondage in Egypt. She was a strong woman with faith and belief that her people the Israelites would have better future. When the time had come for the people to leave Egypt, she was the first person. Who made all necessary preparations to go to an unknown Place called canaan.

Moses was raised as a prince of Egypt because of pharooh’s daughter. For forty years he remained as a prince in the royal palace. Then he was forced to do some crime and leave Egypt. He went to Median, married the daughter of a Medianite priest Jethro and remained there as a Shephad for another forty years. One day Moses was tending the sheep and saw a bush. It was burning but not consuming. He was surprised and went near it, out of curiosity. But God talked with Moses through the bush. He asked Moses to liberate his chosen people from the bondage in Egypt. He was reluctant in the beginning but accepted the great responsibility.

“Moses” according to history was an Egyptian name we must believe some how that Moses was an Egyptian prince, who adopted the Hebrews as his people and led them out of bondage. There was another theory, where it was found that there were two men, an Egyptian and a Hebrew and even a Hebrew and Medianite. Both of them were called Moses’, whatever might be the historical accuracy of the portrait of Moses, it appeared fairly clean that the wonderful story of this man had cultured the course of history by uniting

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people and providing them common law. They had no doubt different way of life in the society. We see in the Bible, how God advised Moses to take the help of his brother Aaron and ask pharaoh to allow his people the Hebrews to go out of his land. On one hand God demanded freedom of His people and on the other hand He made the king pharaoh hard hearted. Then as lost resort Moses had to introduce ten plagues.

They are.

1.Charging of water into blood6.Boils over the bodies

3.Lice every where8.Locusts everywhere

4.Wild beasts9.Complete darkness

5.Pestitence10.Slaying of the first born males.

Pharaoh’s heart became soft only after the death of his own son as a result of the tenth plague. The first born son of Israelites were saved with the application of blood of lamb to the lentils of their doors, since then that day was treated as an important festival day, called Passover among the Seven festivals introduced by God for His redemption plan, at the foot of Mount Sinai, the Passover feast was treated as the first festival.

According to Jewish oral tradition, lamb was one of the Egyptian deities. By selecting a lamb for slaughter, Israelites rejected the pagan beliefs and demonstrated their faith and devotion to God. In that particular night, the Hebrews ate the roasted a lamb and unleavened bread. God also used to perform some miracles on that occasion. An angel of death, sweft through the streets of Egypt and killed all the first born of Egyptians but passed over the houses of Israelites, which were smeared with blood to their doors as an indication. It was the blood of sacrificial lamb. The Jewish treated that day as the day of liberation from Egypt and celebrated and considered its as a holiday known as “pesach” in Hebrew means “Passover”. It is believed that under the leadership of Moses, about two million Jacob/ Israel descendents came out of Egypt on 14th day of the Hebrews first month Nisan.

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Again Pharaoh changed his mind and pursued to catch Israelites on the twentieth day of Nisan at the sea of reeds (also know as the red sea) Many biblical scholars believed that Ramses 11 (1300-1234 Bc.E) who was notorious for the deployment of slaves for the construction of the monuments was pharaoh who enslaved, Israelites. It is also believed that it was Ramses’ son Memetiah was the pharaoh at the time of plagues and the Exodus of Israelites from Egypt. During the time of this Passover festival the Jews eat “Mat Zah” or Mat Zot” baked product. What must be the reason, for the Jews to eat Matzah at the time of Passover when the Jewish People left Egypt all of a sudden, they did not have time to prepare leavened bread for their journey. So they carried the flour on their heads. At that time, it was so hot, and due to the heat of the sun, the flour mixed with their sweet and was baked by the desrt sun to form Mat yat. When the Israelites finished all their food, in the wandering, God provided them Manna”. It was like due that fell down from heaven during night times. Then they were instructed to collect it before the sun rise, or else it would be melted due to the sun’s heat.

Rashe a biblical commentator said that the word “Manna” is a Hebrew word which means what is it. The dates of Israelites departure from Egypt was differed from one commentator to another. Some said it was 1446, BCE and spring season. Some other said it was 1250 BCE on 14th in the Hebrew month of Nisan. According to Hebrew calendar Nisan is the first month. God taught 13 commandments to Moses on the Mount Sinai, but gave him to his hand only 10 on blue stone in his forty days stay. Those ten commandments were also called, ten words, “Ten statements” Ten utterances”, and the Decalogue. They are only the Elaborate system of laws which can be conveniently divided into three groups.

1.Laws concern to the relationship between God and human beings.

2.Laws which deal with relation among people.

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These Ten Commandments can be found in the Torah twice in Exodus,

20.2-14; and in Deutironomy 5.2-18. The Ten Commandments are

1)I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, the

house of bondage. You shall have no other gods besides Me.

2)You shall not make for yourself a sculptured image or any likeness of what

is in heavens above or on the earth below or in the waters under the earth;

you shall not bow down to them or serve them for the Lord your God, am

an impassioned God; visiting the guilt of the fathers, upon the children

upon the third and upon the fourth generations of those who reject me,

but showing kindness to the thousandeth generation of those who love me

and keep my commandments.

3)You shall not swear falsely by the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord

will not clear one who swears falsely, by His name.

do all your work, but on the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord. Your

God. You shall not do any work you, your son or daughter. Your male or

female slave or your cattle or the stranger who is within your settlements.

For in six days Lord made earth and heaven and sea and all that is in them

and He rested on the seventh day. Therefore, the Lord blessed the Sabbath

day and hallowed it.

5)Honour your Father and Mother that you long endure on the land which

the lord your God is giving you.

6)You shall not murder.

7)You shall not commit adultory.

8)You shall not steal.

9)You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.

10)You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your

neighbors wife his male of female slave or his ox or his ass anything that is

your neighbors.

Jewish History

So, Moses finally received Torah including the 613 (Mit Zvot) statements. The main purpose of those commandments was that God wanted his chosen people to live perfect and disciplined life. The word Torah’ has different shades of meanings. In Hebrew tongue it means “law” generally Jewish people use this term only to Hebrew bible. There is another important word used for the first five books of the Bible, which were given to Moses on the mount Sinai was “Pentateuch”.

After the Bible the Jewish people had another book which is as good as the Bible and it is “Talmud”. In that book, it is said that Moses would not have received Torah in the present form at the Mount Sinai because the events mentioned in the Torah did not happen at that time. The sages clearly explained that Moses must have received the (MitZvot) the 613 statements in nut shell orally and then compiled Torah laws.

How they maintained the sanctity of Shabbath:

Shabbat or Sabbath Queen as it was called has been observed by Jewish people with reverence since they encamped at the foot of Mount Sinai. They were on their way to the promised land from Egypt. It was about 3,400 years ago they received Mitzvot, the statements from God and became a nation. Therefore it is appropriate to examine the importance of this day. For Jewish people Shabbat is the most precious day of the week. Their tradition consider this as more sacred than any other holiday – even yom kipper (the day of Atonement). This is the only holiday God addressed in the ten statements that the Jews must remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy? This appears to be a covenant between God and the Jewish people, Which is blended with blessing and responsibility.

Shabbat is a unique time and it is compared to the Messianic age. It is said that when God wanted to give ‘Torah’ to Israelites, he said that he had something extra-ordinary to give them if they would accept the commandment and the Torah. Then the Jews asked God what it would be, He replied that it

39Jewish History

was world-to-come”. The Israelites asked God what it was like, they wanted to know God answered casually, that it was like Shabbat because the world to come into long Sabbath. The word Shabbat came from the Hebrew tongue shin but take” which means “to rest” or cessation of labour”.

It is also called Shabbat Queen the Queen of the week or the Bride because Jewish mystics believed that on Shabbat eve God’s presence or Shakinah (often considered to be Gods feminine component) descend to earth. On the seventh day of the week called Shabbat, Jews would take complete rest and turn their minds to pray. Some strong families of believers remain at home to welcome the Shabbat till evening because it is very important in the history of Jewish people. Let us see how traditionally they observe this day. According to their tradition this day does not begin at the middle of the night, or at the sun rise but on Friday evening at sun set. So Shabbat begins exactly eighteen minutes before the sunset on Friday and ends on Saturday night after the appearance of three stars in the sky (that is to say just forty minutes after sunset).

God commanded the Jews to remember and observe Shabbat (Exodus

20.8; and Deuteronomy 5.12) a two fold injunction. “Halakhoh” (Jewish law) and all the Metzvot have to do with Shabbat have designed to fulfill this purpose. One more prominent thing is that Jewish people in different times at different places have observed Shabbat in different ways. In the present days, those who are practicing one of the four branches of Judaism (orthodox, conservative, reform and reconstructionist) followed their own protocol when they celebrate their Shabbat. Jews from other parts of the world also share specific customs and traditions, which may appear foreign to other Jews. Whatever may be differences in their observances they celebrate the Shabbat with high esteem by all branches of Judaism.

Since the work on the Shabbat day was probhibited, preparing for the day include, cleaning of the house, preparing different items for Shabbat dimmer all these things are on the shoulders of the house wife. She is supposed

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to do these things perfectly well on Friday after noons for thousands of years all over its world, Jews would become busy in preparation to great Sabbath Queen. When the celebration begins the mother will light two candles, traditionally which represent the Mitvzot (statement) to remember and observe. The major role of a woman in the house is to welcome the guests to Shabbath celebration to light two candles and bless the guests. The women feel their responsibility and conduct everything perfectly. In this manner the Jewish traditions have been continued for thousands of years. When women are not available, then it was done by men as well.

At the time of taking wine or communion they have to observe certain principles. They need wine cups, candles and spice box. The wine cup must be filled to the brim, because the cup represents hope till the coming week will be filled with divine blessings. At that time some candles must be lighted. The significance of these lights is the indication of proper guidance through life. The importance of the spice box is that the spices in the box would remind the believers to make efforts to bring some of the sweetness of Shabbat into the coming week.

It is also a regular custom to invite a stranger, a poor person as a guest to dinner. Another custom is to set aside some money as a charitable amount before the Shabbat candles and welcome Shabbat. The Shabbat prayers undoubtedly increase the relationship between God and Jewish people. At the prayer time they would recite the following lines from the bibile.

The Israelite people shall keep the Shabbat observing the Shabbat through out the ages, as a covenant for all time, it shall be a sign for all time between Me and the people of Israel for six days the Lord made heaven and earth and on the seventh day. He ceased from the work and was refreshed” (Exodus 31.16 – 17).

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Yom Kipper

According to Biblical history, Jewish people have been observing this Yom Kipper for thousands of years. At certain occasions they had to face some problems to fulfill the obligations of this day (the Day of Atonement), the customs of obliserving Yom Kipper had changed over centuries. When Solomon temple was intact the high priest used to do the sacrifices in order to seek Gods forgiveness for all Jews. One of the customs was to keep the sins of all Israelites on the heads of two goats. Then one of them was to be sacrificed and the other sent to its death in the wilderness (This is said as the origin of the word scape goat).

The first Yom Kipper was celebrated actually at the feet of the Mount Sinai in their (forty years) wilderness. Its so happened that when Moses came down from God with ten statements (commandments) saw Israelites were fully engaged themselves in worshipping the golden calf. In hot temper Moses broke the tablets and scolded them. Then he went again to God to get back the statements. In the mean time, they realized and remained in fasting from morning till evening and prayed to God for forgiveness. Moses returned to them on the tenth day of the month of “Tishri” (according to Hebrew calendar it is the 7th month). He declared before all people that God had forgiven them.

So, it is written in Leviticus 29-30 that every year on 10th day of the month of Tishri you much fast and do no work ….. This is because on this day, you shall have your sins atoned……………………… . It is a Sabbath of Sabbath to you …………………… This is a law for all time. Yom Kipper was the only time, the high priest would be allowed to enter the inner Temple, call the Holy of Holiesh Then in a sacred place which would be occupied by the spirit of God, the high priest had to utter a prayer on behalf of the people of Israel.

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In the present days, forgiveness from God, is received through prayers of penitence and by fasting. In addition to that some people are persuing other activities like introspection and then lead a pious and perfect life. Today even the non Jews know that on the day of Yom Kipper Jews are forbidden to eat and drink.

The Jewish families, traditionally light candles, that would be throughout Yom Kipper. As per the custom, candles have to be lit before holiday meal. But on the day of Yom Kipper the Jews eat first and light the candles. This act symbolizes the beginning of Yom Kipper. Then what most be the reason for the Jews to go on fasting during the day of Yom Kipper? As said in Torah God commanded Jews to keep fasting on the day of Yom Kipper Another reason for fasting is that they would be able to know the conditions of the sad and hungry in the society.

As a matter of fact, Yom Kipper is a personal day of repentance, but its customs and practices are observed as a community. During the celebrations all the sins are confessed in prural by using “We’ or “us” because Judaism looks at the individual in terms of a big group, with a belief that each person holds the responsibility for the whole community. Yom Kipper, services would begin in the evening with a special service known as “ColNidre” (means all vows). Before the commencement of the prayer there will be chanting which might shake even the mind of the staunchest stoic.

This colnidre prayer is a legacy prepared and written in Aramaic language. This prayer does not apply to the promises made to people. At the same time, it is considered to be a declaration, that they will not be responsible for the oaths made either in angry mood or in duress. After this Colnidre prayer confessional services will be conducted in synagogues, three times a day among many readers and prayers. The Yom Kipper services are included with a passing from the book of prophet (Isaiah 57.14; 58.14) why this passage particularly suggested to be read on the occasion because, this passage is best

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suited to that Yom Kipper. It hates the people who go in fasting without knowing and understanding of that day. It also reminds the Jews the real meaning of Yom Kipper does not lie in fasting, but in repentance. At that time, there is also a chance for a special memorial prayer called “yezror” for diseased relatives primarly parents.

The proceedings of Yom Kippeer has another attraction “Some people wear white garments as a symbol of purity. Some people, like devotes wear “Kiotel” white robs, upto ankle-length, over their regular dress. The rabbi will be in white robe, and the scroll are covered in white cloth. The table on which Torah is placed and read is also covered with white cloth. The services are concluded with a ceremony that symbolizes the closing of the gates of heaven, and the families go to their houses to break the fast meal. This is how they used to celebrate the important festival of Yom Kipper God introduced Seven festivals at the fort of mount Sinai in their wandering for the purpose of redemption and among them, this Yom Kippeer is one.

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Message of Nebuchadnezzar

From the book of Prophet Daniel, the second chapter is the most fascinating and prophetic message in the entire Bible. This chapter is also amazingly interesting because it deals with the information that concerns to the first dream of King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. It gives the reader an unmistakable skeleton of history that began six hundred years before the birth of Jesus Christ, and will continue its way until the second coming of Jesus and the start of His Millennial Kingdom. Prophet Daniel had the God given gift of understanding visions that came to him, and he served God faithfully. The prophetic view of Daniel is not the view of all nations, wars, or people and events of history. It is purely concerned to Israelites and Jesus Christ (who would come from the seed of Abraham) on one side and the nations that rule over(and the Anti-christwho comes from those nations)on the other.

There had been a constant conflict going on, which started in the Garden of Eden and continued since the call of Abraham to this day. The conflict between Israel and the other nations is nothing but the conflict between God and Satan, between Christ and Anti-christ. We can also say that the conflict is between the people who belong to God, the creator of the universe, and the people who belong to Satan, the usurper of that creation. Coming to the main topic, Nebuchadnezzar was the king of Babylon about twenty-six hundred years ago. He was one of the most powerful rulers of the ancient world. Here, the impact of the main topic (Nebuchadnezzar’s message), which was sent by him, was addressed to “all people, nations, and languages for good measures, all that dwell in all the earth, peace be multiplied unto you” (Daniel 4:1). He did not say particularly that his message was for those who live in future generations, but it was considered for the present generations also like us. If we meditate upon the message seriously, it seemed God Himself spoke through the prophecy of Daniel clubbed with Nebuchadnezzar’s message.

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The most surprising thing in this event is how the king could circulate his message throughout his kingdom and beyond. There was no transportation system, airplanes, or email in those days. But he had one efficient mail service. It was with the help of the ship of the desert, calledcamel. These animals must have carried the message to all cities and other important places in his kingdom. The message was also sent through mouth-to-mouth. Anyway, it was spread throughout the land. The city of Babylon is very prominent and impressive even today for its achievements and possessions. The people were not at all modern, as we imagine what modernism meant. But one thing is certain: they were not at all primitive. As a matter of fact, Babylon had many things to its credit and to boast of her achievements. Among such creditable things are:

1.)There are fifty great temples to accommodate the pagan gods.

2.)The spectacular “Ishtar Gate”, whose beauty became world famous.

3.)The massive wall built around the city of Babylon. It was so wide that

on its top it is said that two chariots could move freely side by side.

4.)The great canal, a tributary of the Euphrates River which was engineered

to flow under the great wall running through the city to provide water

whenever the city happened to be seized by the enemies.

noteworthy. The king built and maintained these gardens literally for

his homesick wife, who came from a mountainiousregion. These hanging

gardens finally became world famous and they were called one of the

seven wonders of the ancient world.

We must study and know more about the history of King Nebuchadnezzar because he played an important role among heathen kings in the Bible. God also gave him extraordinary powers to check the stiff-necked Israelites. He was a brilliant general. a dextorious administrator and an avid builder. But those things made him feel proud of himself when he looked at the beautiful city of Babylon. And sometimes to serve his purpose, he used to be very

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adamant and cruel while dealing with certain issues. He ruled his kingdom with unchanged power under all conditions. “And for the majesty that he (God) give him all people, nations, and languages, trembled and feared before him, whom he would he slew and whom he would he kept, alive, and whom he would he set up, and whom he would he put down” (Daniel 5:19).

As mentioned in the second chapter, he was also “head of gold” of the terrible dream of the image of Prophet Daniel. The readers of his personal history will be no doubt surprised to know how he started his message being a heathen king. He said, “Peace be multiplied unto you” (it is with a greeting). No reader would expect such a warm and congenial expression from such a king who was most powerful in his time. Moreover, among all gods he worshipped his favorite chief god, who was called “Marduck,” the god of wars. A king with such bent of mind speaking of “peace” in this context was really amazing. Then, he seemed to have written his message in ‘Syriac,’ an Aramaic dialect which was a commercial language at that time. Even though the Old Testament was written in Hebrew tongue, some lines of the Book of Daniel from second chapter fourth verse to seventh chapter were written in Aramaic language. The main reason must be probably those chapters are dealt with the four heathen empires of Babylonia, Persia, Greece, and Rome and their impact on Israel nation.

The importance of the message of the king was centered in the fact that it was purely theological in nature. It was all about himself, God, and his subjects. He was not speaking of the gods of his subjects, even though they were religious people. But in this context according to his message, the god was different. He is the God of heaven. Nebuchadnezzar found interest and said something about Him. It was the God of Israelites, and Daniel was the chief of staff and primary advisor. In this position, the king wrote, “I thought it good to shew the signs and wonders that the High God hath wrought toward me” (Daniel 4:2). The deliberate choice of the king in calling Him the High God is extremely significant in Daniel Chapter 2 through Chapter 4,

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the terms “the God of heaven,” “the High God,” and “the most High God” appeared a total of twelve times. The word High in each case is paralleled to the Hebrew word ELYON, which literally means “Highest.” When this word ELYON is linked in Hebrew to God, then it is EL ELYON, which means “the most High God,” the possessor of heaven and Earth. This name appeared in the Bible for the first time in Genesis as the most High God.

This meaning is referred to in the Bible in connection with Melchizedec. It is said, “And Melchizedec, king of Salem, brought forth the bread and wine, and he was the priest of most High God. And he blessed him and said, ‘Blessed be Abram of the most High God, possessor of heaven and Earth’” (Genesis 14:18-19). Nebuchadnezzar was an idolatrous gentile king of Babylon. But he was attributing all such amazing qualities to the God of Israelites. The king must have thought it to be good for him to share his subjects, the signs, and wonders, all such things the High God had wrought toward him. This was a brief reference to all he experienced, and he would like to share it in his great message. What all he wanted was that his subjects must understand about the High God as the possessor of heaven and Earth, possessor of eternal kingdom. Above all, He is also eternal and everlasting. His dominion will continue from generation to generation.

The main idea is that there is no change of heavenly king upon the death of the earthly king, military defeat, new elections, or successful internal revolt.There is only one qualified king who can sit on the throne of God.He is from the tribe of Judah and the lineage of David, and his name is Jesus Christ. Nebuchadnezzar tells us here that he was taking rest and progressing peacefully in his royal palace.The probable time between theking’s first dream of the great image, as mentioned in Daniel Chapter 2, and the second dream of the great tree in Daniel Chapter 4 seemed to be about thirty to thirty-five years.When he said he was taking rest at his palace, means that he was referring to his comforts and stability at home. When he talked about stability, means that it must be about political stability.All these things must have prompted

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him to say that “there is peace at last”.Then, instead of peace and tranquility, his mind was disturbed.How he became restless as he was mentally disturbed he explained that in the following way. “I saw a dream which made me afraid, and the thoughts upon my bed and the visions of my head troubled me”(Daniel 4:5). Nebuchadnezzar was declared as the most powerful king of his time.He never accepted defeat or weakness in his life. But now he confessed that he was afraid and troubled.

Such an unrivaled and most powerful king was forced to speak that he was afraid and troubled about the dream that we can take for granted, the dream he dreamed was not an ordinary one but more than a nightmare.The intensity of the dream was terrible and thoughtful,and also with some visions.In order to get the correct information, the king summoned all the advisors, like magicians, astrologers, chaldeans, and sooth sayers. They all marched towards the palace of the king.The king gave them all the details of his dream.They meditated upon it, but nobody could interpret correctly to the king. He even thought of punishing all of them, but Daniel went to their rescue. Finally, the chief advisor of the king Daniel came on to the scene to interpret. The dream was - Nebuchadnezzar saw a large tree in the midst of the earth.As the king was watching, the tree had grown abnormally and its height almost reached unto heaven. The tree provided food to fouls that moved in the sky, to the animals that moved on the earth and took shelter under the branches and all other flesh. The king went on explaining the dream – “I saw in the vision of my head upon my bed and behold a watcher(an angel) and aholy man (a second angel) came down from heaven”(Daniel 4:13). And then the first angel gave a command – “He cried aloud and said thus Hew down the tree and cut off his branches, shake off his branches, shake off his leaves and scatter his fruit. Let the beasts get away from under it and the fruits from his branches. Nevertheless, leave the stump of his roots in the earth even with a band of iron and brass in the tender grass of the field, and let it be wet with the dew of heaven and let his portion be with the beasts in the grass of the earth.Let

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