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Many pictures of the last judgment and the position of hell were exhibited in some churches as warnings and reminders of life in hell. Christianity inherited satan from Judaism but this satan did not play any role in Jewish faith as he did in Christianity. The Christians believed not only in God the Father but also God the son. Who saved mankind from evil Satan is not equal to God but only one of the seven arch-angels. He rebelled against God and became arch enemy of man. He was the embodiment of evil and wrong. Christians used to keep the sign of the cross on themselves on their children houses, cattle, and crop to ward off any diseases.
Holy water blessed by the priest would be taken home, from the church, and sprinkled on beds so as to avoid the presence of devils or evil spirits. Generally Christians lived in districts called parishes and each parish would have its own church, and priest. Services were always regular, children were baptized, youngsters married in the churches and when the members of congregation died, they buried ceremoniously. The most important service in the church was the “Lord’s supper” or Mass. It was conducted in “Latin” mostly by Catholic churches, which could not be correctly understood by the congregation, sometimes even by the priests, and the congregation was conducted in Latin language.
The church authorities used to keep pictures of Jesus, Virgin Mary, and of some saints and some times carried in procession at the time of festivals to the districts to bjess congregation. Devotees would go on pilgrimage to the holy places, to the shrines of St.James at compostida in Spain or Thomas Becket at Canterbury, or to Rome to see the scenes of Jesus life and death or to the holy land Jerusalem, so that they would be touched by holiness and supernatural power.
As a matter of fact, Christianity in the medieval period had to its credit more civilized force. It nourished Arts and learning, along with good education. It comforted the suffering and the miserable in this harsh society. This
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Christianity struggled for spiritual security in this life and save hope of life after death. In fact the church was part of the established order of society, but this order had broken and the church splintered. The old feudalism was crumbled and capitalism on the march. The wealth of church and its financial condition was vehemently criticized. The hierarchy was accused of corruption and nepotism. The monasteries, of luxury, immorality of the clergy and spiritual inadequacy were seriously looked into. With the above said things we can understand that they gave scope for the growth of, scepticism about the authority and teaching of the Bible in the church. It was already pointed out by John Wycliff of England and JohnHuss of Bohemia or the modern Czechoslovakia that anybody would be able to understand the Bible by reading one’s ownself and they need not go to church for the guidance of some one, but one can understand anything with the help of the Holy Spirit. John wycliffe died peacefully, but JohnHuss was tried by church council at Constantine in Switzerland and burnt alive for his heretic and his followers were excommunicated.
Just at that time the invension of printing press in the fourteenth century brought the Bible in the vernacular languages and many Christians took more interest to read the Bible by themselves. And at that time the army of Ottoman in the East, and the Turks were on the march. In 1455 they surrounded Constantinople with their enormous army under the leadership of Sultan Muhammad II, and in spite of strong resistance, the historic city Constantnople was taken away by the enemy. The last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI “Paliologus”died while fighting. The great church of the Holy wisdom “SantoSophia’Vas changed into a mosque. In such a situation the leadership of the Eastern Church went into the hands of Russia.
In Europe Martin Luther inaugurated a rebellion against Rome and nailed ninety five thesis to the door of the castle church at Wettenberg in Saxony in 1517 and at that time Luther was in his thirties. He was a Monk and teacher in the University of Wettenburg. He went through severe spiritual
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crisis like Augustine, before him. He was tormented with a sense of his own worthlessness. He was convinced of the ingrained sinfulness of human nature and the littleness of man before God. Like Augustine Luther also became hopeless of any remedy of human guilt in human effort. But he found solace in the merciful God acting in Jesus Christ.
Luther’s belief was different from Augustine. According to his faith God’s grace does not come directly to the believer. If we stick on to the saying of Luther that church was not the final authority for the doctrine of salvation, but it would be granted through the church. Luther was condemned for his statement but he was saved by “Elector of Saxony”.
Luther distributed traets with the matter that he denounced papacy and the attitude of the priesthood in the Catholic churches. The outcome of his attack was that Germany became two sets of religions, Protestants and Catholics. And finally the Northern states became protestants and Southern states remained as Catholics. The Protestants considered themselves, reformers but not innovators. They took over Catholic Churches and followed most of the rituals, but the services were conducted in German language only. The priests were also replaced with ministries. They were appointed and paid by the state itself. The monasteries were miserably closed and the priests allowed to marry.
People some how liked this set of faith and in a very short time this Lutheran movement spread into many Countries like wild fire. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Ireland and then as a result, Protestantism became an official religion in those countries especially after Henry VIII.
Like Luther, Augustine and John Calvin also believed that man must be saved by the mercy of God. Among people, there are sheep and goats. Those who are chosen by Almighty God proclaimed to be saved and the remaining to be damned eternally. So, there is nothing wrong in the saying of John Calvin. He said all human beings are corrupted by original sin so they
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deserve God’s wrath and eternal damnation. But God will choose some in order to save through his son. Calvinism has always considered prosperity which can be gained through self discipline and hard work. They are the marks of honest profit and a true evidence of one’s righteveness.
John Calvin was more a thinker than Martin Luther. Like Protestantism Calvinism also spread into some countries like Geneva, France, Germany, Poland, Holland, Scotland, England and so on. It was also made official religion like Protestantism. Again there appeared groupism in Protestants. They bluntly rejected the authority of Roman church, but accepted the authority of the scripture. They had high respect for the Old Testament God and its prophecies. They did not accept the monastic way of life and celibacy. They strongly believed in the Devil, hell and the last judgement. They rejected the purgatory and the worship of Virgin Mary and the saints.
In general the Calvinists were more serious in observing the principles than Lutherans and of the Church of England. Then the Roman Catholic reaction to the protestant threat was a mixture of internal reform and vigorous counter attack and the Protestants called it Counter Reformation in the church. In this connection a council met at “Trent” and corrected many abuses. The council also declared that only the church had the right to say anything about the scripture. Many new orders came out to reform themselves and to battle against heresy. At that time another set of believers came into existence. “Ignatius Loyola”, a Spanish knight became the founder of the society of Jesus”. He was in military service, but it was cut short as he received serious injuries to his leg in the battle. He was hospitalized for that and at that time his mind was turned to spiritual matters. He got a vision of Virgin Mary and Christ. Then he went to live in a cave in “Catalonia” and there he prayed to God and fasted. With his past experiences he planned a course of meditations which were later published as “Spiritual Exercises” which were read in the University of Paris. He gathered a small group of spiritual minded people along with another Spanish Frances Xavier. They took Oath to lead the life of poverty, chastity and
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missionary work. Pope Paul III also accepted this new order in 1450. It was well organized and Loyola was made first General who was answerable only to Pope. The number in this “Society ,of Jesus” has increased abnormally and within hundred years it has gone to 13000 in the ranks.
In Europe the Northern countries embraced Protestant faith where as the Southern countries accepted Catholicism Some countries like Germany, France, the Netherlands and Iceland happened to split in their faith. And from seventeenth century England became very strong in protestant faith .The next serious problem for them was to run the church with democratic principles, whether it should be on Episcopalian system by bishops as in ‘ England, or presbetarian system or the system of coucil of ministers and elders in Calvinism or Congregationalist system where only congregation would maintain. All these systems were put before the new world. Then in 1607 the first Anglican church was established in James town in Virginia in North America by the first English settlements. Again in 1789 the American Anglican settlers declared the independence of their Church of England. It was called the Protestant Episcopal Church and they followed congregational system.
Apart from this another popular set of religion came into lime light. It was called “Society of Friends” otherwise known as “Quakers” because they used to tremble and shake with the power of God’s spirit. The powerful men who loved this system was “George Fox”. He went into the Midland countries of England and called every person to repent. Fox strongly believed that each human being can find truth with in himself through the inner light which is the part of God’s light. He hated church service, ministries and creeds. There was no fixed program for the gathering of Quakers. They gave equal importance to women in the organizations. There is also a colony of Quakers in pennsylrania which was founded in 1682 by William Perm. The friends, insisted more on honesty and simplicity of behavior.
Inspite of different sets of faith came into force, we find some ups and downs in their progress at different centuries. Let us think for a while the
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position of Christianity in the modern world. The seriousness of religious conflicts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries could not prove that a particular religions faith was stronger than the others. This has generated a reaction of fanatism and a policy of ‘live and let live.’ In such circumstances new ideas from great men like Copernicus, Galileo and IsaacNewton created a new picture in the minds of people, who caused the progress of any religion.
According to their Writings, the Almighty God became impersonal, remote and powerless in our daily practical life. Basing on their information people began to think whether there is the existence of God at all. The out come of their thinking led to scepticism. The progress of science in agriculture and medicine gave scope to new methods preferably to prayer as a means of securing a good crop for curing a disease etc. The public demanded freedom in both churches and priesthood and equality. Simultaneously there was an opposition which sought refuge from nationalism and scepticism in a religion that was emotionally convincing. This unexpected movement in Germany and Scandinavian Luthernism gave chance to disputes among Christians about the doctrine and focused on an ardent devotion to Christ with a sense of personal closeness to the saviour.
This movement influenced John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. He was an Anglican clergyman. He was a student of Oxford University. His close friends were called with a nick name “Methodists” because they studied the Bible in a methodical way and attended the church regularly When he was in his thirties, he happened to listen to the reading about Martin Luther. He felt something strange in his mind. He said with trust in Christ that he had received salvation by taking away his sins.
Wesley in his fifty three years of life, travelled more than 2, 00,000miles, and preached more than 40,000sermons, about fifteen a week, mostly in the open air. Some times stones and rotten eggs were thrown at him, yet he was a good speaker. He made the audience spell bound at certain occasions. He
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tried to create the impression assuring salvation and liberation from sin. He stressed more that their sinfulness and wickedness would lead them to their doom. He assured them if they repent and turn to Christ, the savior, He would certainly redeem them with His loving kindness.
Some people who heard his sermons shed tears and cried out and others fell to the ground and felt happy. As a result there were more converts and more pastors were appointed and it was progressing with all the activities. But the bishops of the Church of England found this emotional and excitement of Methodism as repulsive and more dangerous. Finally Wesley and his friends were not allowed to preach in the Church of England .Then he organized his own ministers and his younger brother Charles composed about a thousand Hymns for the Methodist church service and some new churches were built. This revival movement had entered the United States also and Methodism came to this Country in 1760 which attracted more people.
During 1830’s there was a high level church revival. The Oxford academics challenged nationalism and scepticism by proclaiming the spiritual authority of church, descended from tjie apostles as against the individual judgment. They tried their best to being back the Church of England into normal Catholic heritage and captured the congregation as far as possible. This movement was activated by brilliant members among the Catholics like John Henry Newman who became Catholic cardinal. The main purpose of this continuous effort was to create a strong Anglo Catholic Party in the church of England. The out come of this was that the worship of Virgin Mary, using of insense in the church including candles, and appointment of Priests in the place of ministers were continued .This non-stop effort of the work became part of the political and cultural imperialism at that time. And finally the missionaries succeeded in bringing technology,education and humanitarianism to heathens. They found this easier than bringing the converts into their fold. In course of time a massive flow of immigrants from Europe came to the U.S.A who were about five million between 1830 and 1860; then about twenty
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million between 1860-1914. All these people were of different denominations. Among them there were more Irish and Italian Catholics, “then German Scandevanean Lutherans. If we put on denominations (called Protestants) together excluding Catholics, they were the largest member but individually Catholics were the largest number in the U.S.A, as single biggest organization. The strength had been increasing in all churches gradually in spite of scientific discoveries which deny the existence of God.
The single book of Charles Darwin “Origin of species” shook the very foundation of faith in God. People accepted that book for the “Theory of Evolution”. This knowledge of science gave birth to a new school of Biblical scholarship called “Higher criticism “. It was organized in Germany and tliey clearly pointed out that the Bible was compiled many centuries ago and has nothing to do with later developments in science. They also suggested, St .Paul was the real founder of Christianity but not Jesus christ.As a matter of fact, real belief, in God, belief in, the Bible and belief in Christ were totally disturbed by the “Theory of Evolution”.
Most of the Protestants denounced and fiercely attacked those who showed interest in the Theory of Evolution. The Catholic Church also reacted to that. Any way in Russia and afterwards in Eastern Europe Christianity was allowed to exist only with suffering. But after the communism came into existence the Eastern Orthodox Church was severly damaged.
The changed conditions in the minds of people forced them even the service system in the Mass. Among many changes in Catholic service system, the first was change of Latin language in Mass, and then introduced the service system of Protestants in their churches. Then Christians of nineteenth century learnt a lesson of tolerance towards one another and towards every religion. Some practical Christians came out to serve the poor and helpless. Questions regarding religious doctrine became less important in their life. It was also thought to be dangerous to unite all denominations into one church.
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The modern ecumenical movement began among protestant missionaries, but they were disappointed by the rivalry among different denominations. Then the” International Missionary Council” was formed by various protestant bodies soon after the First World War. And after the Second World War The world council of churches formally constituted in Amsterdam with a program to bring the man out of communism and Capitalism. .The Roman Catholic Church became more Ecumenical in its approach; primarily under Pope John xxIII. The main problem to unite the Christendom became more complicated, because the differences between the major denominations are not founded by petty minded people. All the denominations have been formed on deep rooted divisions, attitudes, temperaments and traditions.
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Prophetic Views Of Resurrection
These are the words which I spoke unto you while I was yet with you that all things must be fulfilled which were written in the law of Moses and in the prophets and in the psalms concerning me “(Luke 24:44)
It is a fact that majority of the believers are quite familiar with the Old Testament prophesies concurring the subsequent death of Messiah; But they are not quite familiar and in touch with accompanying prophesies of Jesus Christ’s resurrection. So in this context let us try to examine the testimony of some of the prophetic scriptures actually. Some of these are verbal announcement proclaimed by the spirit of the lord hundreds of years ago before this event took place .Some other people expressed in vague at first glance yet upon careful examination they are proved unmistakable to the true believers. For our careful study some of them are mentioned here for our careful meditation. And these examples can also provide a forceful witness to the believers whose hearts the Almighty God may open.
“JEHOVA JIREY(means)GOD WILL PROVIDE “.SACRIFICE (Genesis 22:1-14).This incident took place in about 2000 B.C. This is mentioned in the book of Hebrews also.(11:17-19)Abram after walking in faith for twenty five years for a child to be born to Sarah, according to the covenant God made with Abram that only his seed would make a great nation. Any way Isaac was born at last. And while he was still a boy God commanded Abraham to take the innocent boy of his old age and sacrifice him on the Mount Moriah. This incident was nothing but God’s testing of Abraham’s faith. Abraham was given the gift of a child in his old age and again God ordered Abraham to give back that child. As a matter fact , child sacrifice was common in those days among canaanites only and it was never in God’s plan also. Still God commanded Abraham to do so just for.....
Abraham whole heartedly trusted in God .Though God asked him to sacrifice his only son, he believed that God would raise Isaac again from the
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dead. ‘’By faith Abraham when he was tried offered up Isaac, and he that had received the primes offered up his only begotten son of whom it was said that in Isaac shall thy seed be called. According to that God was able to raise him up even from the dead from where also he received him in a figure (Hebrews11:17-19).I would like to draw the attention of the readers to the fact that Genesis 22:2,particularly mentions the name Moriah as the Mountain hill where the sacrifice has to take place and Genesis22:4,tells us that it was three day journey and the distance was about 50 miles.
King Solomon happened to build the house of God about 1000 years later on the Mountain ranges of Moriah. And God sent Abraham to this mountain to sacrifice Isaac. Where the future temple of God would be built . To that place Abraham and his innocent son walked together for three days. Abraham must have looked at his son’s cheering young voice. To Abraham’s troubled mind, Isaac was already dead. The whole seen of sacrifices course free figures the lord Jesus Christ because He was sacrificed for our sins by His heavenly father and then raised Him on the third day from the grave. It was really a remarkable and heart touching prophecy in the bible.
But the God did not allow Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac and Jehovah Jireh (Jehovah provides); and God sent an angel to stop the hand of Abraham and provided a ram caught in the thicket for the sacrifice. In the case of Messiah the father gave his son and the son Jesus submitted Himself to the will of His father; whereas Isaac surrenderd himself to his father Abraham. Here we must understand the emotions of the father (God) giving His son to die for the sake of our sins. After three day march to mount Moriah, Isaac seemed destined to die but surprisingly we see the happy return of both Abraham and Isaac.
This was just the same as Jesus our lord came out of the grave in triumphal resurrection to live and reign forever. In the company of His father and of those who love Him. And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovah Jireh as it is said to this day. In the mount of the lord it shall be seen (Genesis22:14).Jehovah Jireh is a Hebrew word which means the lord shall provide.
David’s Prophecy Of Messiah’s Resurrection
ST. Peter in his bold and inspiring preachings on the day of Pentecost quotes from psalm 16 which is psalm of David the prophecies of Christ’s resurrection.
For David speaketh concerning him, I fore saw the Lord always before my face for he is on my right hand that I should not be moved. Therefore did my heart rejoice.....and my tongue was glad. Thus Jesus hath God raised up where of we all are witnesses.(Acts 2:25-32).In the bible psalm 22 is other- wise known as the crucifixion psalm; and remarkably prophesies of the Messiah’s suffering and dying for our sins. Jesus was referred to this when he said -”These are the words which I spoke unto you while I was yet with you that all things must be fulfilled ............... And that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name among all nations beginning at Jerusalem”.(Luke 24:44-47)
After we finish he said reading of the first twenty one verses ,our sor- rowful tears would be changed into happy relief as the crucifixion psalm changed his method beginning in verses 22.Before that it portrays in vivid and remark- able details , the future suffering of the Messiah and our Lord quotes His words as He suffers upon the cross. When He cries out “My God, My God why hast thou forsaken me”(Psalm 22:1).Then all of a sudden in verses 22 psalm changes its tone and begins a victory hymn of triumph ............... the Christ will rise from the dead. With his resurrection the meek shall eat and be satisfied .Then they shall praise the lord that seek him that your heart shall forever. In addition to that at the end of the world will remember and turn unto the lord and all the kindred of the nations shall worship Him.
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The verses (psalm 22:22-31)clearly prophecies the resurrection of the Messiah is confirmed. If at all such conformation is required from the risen lord’s words to his disciples when he declared that...............
“All things must be fulfilled which were written in the law of Moses and in the prophets, and in the psalms concerning me. Then upon their un- derstanding that they might understand the Scriptures, and said unto them. Thus it is written and thus thy beloved Christ to suffer and to rise from the dead the third day. And that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in His name among all nations beginning at Jerusalem.(Luke 24:44-
47).
Prophecy of prophet Isaiah -(52.13:53.12) 700B.C
The first two thirds of the prophecy in Isaiah chapter 53 is like that of psalm 22.Which gives the full picture of God’s suffering servant. “He is despised and rejected of men. And although he hath borne our grief and carried our sorrows ,We esteem him stricken, smitten of God and afflicted “(Isaiah 53:4).This passage clearly portrays the vicarious atonement .He suffered not for His own sins but for ours. He was wounded for our transgressions. He was brushed for our inequities. Our peace was upon Him and we are healed with His strips(Isaiah 53:5).But this does not refer to king David because he died about 300 years earlier . And he was not sinless and much of his earthly suffering due to his own sins(2 Samuel 12:10-14). This passage must have been written with the inspiration of the holy spirit and the prophecies of the Messiah to come....... Jesus and The cross.
The lord was pleased to wound Jesus and caused Him more suffering. He made his perfect soul an offering for the sins of an entire humanity and spared His soul unto death. So, it was God’s plan that the Messiah’s death is the final offering for sin.”He shall prolong His days ‘’(Isaiah 53:10).How is it possible to prolong the days of suffering of anybody?.The prophecy made it clear that the Messiah dies here and then how can His suffering be prolonged?
.........for he was cut off out of the land of the living for the transgression of my people was he stricken. And he made his grave with the wicked and with the rich in his death; because he had done no violence neither was any deceit in his mouth? (Isaiah 53:8-9)
So, when he had died how is it possible that he can see the suffering of his soul? and then he shall be satisfied? Let us steady these lines carefully. The answer is crystalclear. These verses of Isaiah 53:10-12 are just like the final third of psalm22 which prophetically announce the resurrection of the Messiah. Jesus told us clearly in(Luke 24:44-46).When Jesus explained the writing in the law of Moses, and in the prophets and in the psalms”. Told both about the coming of His death and about His rising from the dead. This point is emphasised clearly-”in the law of Moses”(Genesis 22 chapter)in the prophets(Isaiah 52:13,53:12)in the psalms psalm 16 and psalm 22 .
For our understanding these examples are only some of the Messianic fulfillment. We can find many more in the Bible. For example in(Matthew 12:39-40),our lord declares to the hardhearted scribes and pharisees . He vehemently attacked them and said the following words.
“An Evil and Adulterous generation seeketh after a sign and there shall no sign be given to it, But the sign of the prophet Jonah’s. For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly. So that the son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth?. “Jesus said the above words to the hardhearted and shift necked fault finders like scribes and Pharisees .
As a matter of fact these scribes and pharises heard so many times the golden words of Jesus Christ and saw, with their own eyes some miraculous happenings on certain occasions. They also saw some wonderful healings of diseases of different people yet they were hard nuts to crack and so they used to ask Him time and again some signs. So, to all these nonsensical doubts He mentioned the story of Jonah, how he came to life after remaining in the belly of a whale three days and three nights one sign. In the same way Jesus said that
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His death and resurrection are also a sign. His rising from the dead and appearing again to His disciples and to the public on the third day like(Jonah) was the final proof that he was undoubtedly the Messiah sent by God for the sake of suffering believers. From the New Testament. (Luke2:41-51)
The main purpose of this article is only to give a suggestion regarding the death and resurrection of our Lord. Luke openly said , He never heard from anyone speaking about the death of Jesus and His resurrection ,nor read from anybook. He suggested this item for all the Bible readers to meditate upon for consideration, because it is more concerned about our Lord’s blessed resurrection.
The Account of Mary
This information came directly from the mouth of Mary mother of Jesus to Luke when both happened to meet and spend some time in Ephesus. The Chiristian historians Eusebius of Caesarea 263-339 A.D Irenaues of second century and other writers tell us that Apostle John along with Mary remained in Ephesus to spread the Gospel and to live freely far away from the raising troubles between the revolting Zealots and the ruling Romans in Israel. The book of Revelation chapter 19 confirms John’s exile to the Island called patmas which is about 50 miles away off the coast since John was entrusted the responsibility of Mary by Jesus Himself from the cross. It is even strongly presumed that she was with ST. John and also the early writers like Eusebius conformed it through the writings.
If Mary really went with apostle John to live in Ephesus then it is best evidence we can find and understand how Luke who followed Paul to Ephesus could have met her there for more information about Jesus as he was writting the Gospel with full details of the Law. He could have some how managed to meet and speak with her and gather as much information as possible. Then Luke confidently declaired in his Gospel (1.1-4) that he obtained full details and the testimony of Ist witness from the beginning for his Gospel. As a Gospel writer Luke could give the entire data of Jesus Christ through His Mother Marry. Actually he gave us more information than any other Gospel writer about the family of Jesus Christ. In Addition to that he gave Mary’s genealogy as well as some other details that would know originally.
The Gospel of John was written some years later than all other Gospel’s. His book supplements the symbolic Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke the greatness of John’s Gospel was that we don’t find any repetition from three early Gospel’s. Now we can come to an understanding that Luke has recorded the very inner thoughts of Mary. In Luck(1.29) and when she saw him she was troubled at his saying and cast in her mind what is the meaning of salutation should be(Luck:219). But Mary patiently kept all those things in her bosom like the shepherds come to her at the manger telling of the angelic announcement which they heard and pondered them in her heart. And Jesus kept those incidents that occurred during the Passover time in Jerusalem. When He was 12 years old . We can conclude by saying that Luke heard everything about Jesus only from His mother.
Joseph and Mary used to visit Jerusalem every year on the eve of the Passover feast. So, as usual when Jesus was just 12 years old His parents went to Jerusalem to take part in the feast. After the function Joseph and Mary were returning home and they left Jesus behind them unknowingly. They thought that Jesus must be among other people that were following them and with that confidence they continued one day journey. And finally when they searched for Him, He was not found anywhere. Then in utter confusion they returned to Jerusalem in search of Jesus and after three day search they at last found Him in the Temple sitting in the midst of doctors. On one hand He was sharing with them whatever they said, on the other hand, He was questioning them that made the whole gathering Spell bound.
All the people that heard Him questioning and answering became astonished at His abnormal knowledge. In the mean time His mother came