1. Involvement: Is It Our Concern?
Notes 1 Involvement: Is It Our Concern?
1. Evangelism and Social Responsibility: An Evangelical Commitment, The Grand Rapids
Report, in John Stott (ed.), Making Christ Known, "Historic mission documents from the Lausanne movement 1974-1989" (Paternoster, 1996; Eerdmans, 1997), p. 179.
2. The adjective "evangelical" is used in different ways by different people, but in this book it denotes those Christians who, as heirs of the Reformation, emphasize Scripture as having supreme authority in the Church and the cross of Christ as being the only ground of salvation.
3. G. M. Trevelyan endorsed the opinion of the French historian Elie Halevy that evangelical religion in England "was the chief influence that prevented our country from starting along the path of revolutionary violence," English Social History (Longmans,
Green, 1942), p. 477. See also W. E. H. Lecky, A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, vol. VI (Longmans, Green, 1919), p. 376.
4. J. Wesley Bready, England: Before and After Wesley (Hodder & Stoughton, 1939), pp. 11, 14.
5. ibid. p. 126.
6. ibid. p. 405.
7. ibid.
8. ibid. p. 327.
9. ibid. p. 316.
10. Ernest Marshall Howse, Saints in Politics, "The "Clapham Sect" and the growth of freedom" (George Allen & Unwin, 1953), p. 26. See also Kenneth Hylson-Smith,
Evangelicals in the Church of England 1734-1984 (T. & T. Clark, 1989), Chapter 5.
11. Howse, Saints in Politics, p. 27.
12. Georgina Battiscombe, Shaftesbury, "A biography of the 7th Earl 1801-1885"
(Constable, 1974), p. 334.
13. Quoted by David O. Moberg in The Great Reversal, "Evangelism versus social concern" (1972; Scripture Union, 1973), p. 184. For an account of evangelical social work in Britain in the nineteenth century, see also Kathleen Heasman, Evangelicals in Action (Geoffrey Bles, 1962).
14. Donald W. Dayton, Discovering an Evangelical Heritage (Harper & Row, 1976), pp. 15-24. See also Timothy L. Smith, Revivalism and Social Reform, "American Protestantism on the eve of the Civil War" (1957; John Hopkins University Press, 1980).
Notes Dr. Smith begins his preface by saying that Thomas Paine, if he had visited New
York in 1865, would have been amazed to discover that "the emancipating glory of the great awakenings had made Christian liberty, Christian equality and Christian fraternity the passion of the land" (p. 7).
15. Dayton, Discovering an Evangelical Heritage, p. 25.
16. From an article by Donald W. Dayton in The Post-American (March 1975).
17. From the Introduction by R. Pierce Beaver in Samuel Escobar and John Driver, Christian Mission and Social Justice (Herald, 1978), pp. 7-9.
18. See also George Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture (Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 85-93.
19. Michael Cassidy, The Passing Summer, "A South African pilgrimage in the politics of love" (Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), pp. 253-54.
20. Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis (Macmillan, London,
1907).
21. ibid. pp. 391-400.
22. ibid. p. 357.
23. ibid. p. 65.
24. ibid. p. xiii.
25. ibid. p. 149.
26. ibid. p. 420.
27. ibid. p. 210.
28. ibid. p. 380.
29. Walter Rauschenbusch, A Theology for the Social Gospel (1917; Macmillan, New York, 1918).
30. ibid. p. 1.
Sluibid.p: 131.
32. ibid. p. 142.
33. ibid. p. 145.
34. George Marsden, "An Overview," in Michael Cromartie (ed.), No Longer Exiles (Ethics and Public Policy Center, Washington DC, 1993), p. 14.
35. Moberg, The Great Reversal, pp. 53-57.
36. The National Evangelical Anglican Congress (ed. Philip Crowe), Keele 67 (Falcon, 1967), para. 20.
37. Stott (ed.), Making Christ Known, p. 185.
38. ibid. p. 196.
39. ibid. pp. 197-98.
40. Dr. Edward Norman, Christianity and the World Order (Oxford University Press, 1979).
41. Stott (ed.), Making Christ Known, p. 202.
42. Tom Sine, The Mustard Seed Conspiracy (Word, 1981), pp. 69-71.
43. I think it was Dr. Carl F. H. Henry who coined this phrase. See his autobiography, Confessions of a Theologian (Word, 1986), p. 257.
44, John Gladwin, God's People in God's World, "Biblical motives for social involvement" (InterVarsity Press, 1979), p. 125.
45. H. J. Blackham, Humanism (Penguin, 1968). He writes: "Humanism is the ~ human case and the human cause, an age-old conviction about the human case...
Notes which will induce men and women ..
. to espouse the human cause with head and heart and with two hands" (p. 9).
46. Sir Julian Huxley (ed.), The Humanist Frame (George Allen & Unwin, 1961), . 47.
Z 47. Summarized from Sir Frederick Treves, The Elephant Man and other Reminiscences (Cassell, 1923). For a thoroughly researched account of the whole affair, see
Michael Howell and Peter Ford, The True History of the Elephant Man (Penguin, 1980).
48. Quoted by Charles Smyth in Cyril Forster Garbett (Hodder & Stoughton, 1959), p. 106.
49. A.R. Vidler, Essays in Liberality (SCM, 1957), pp. 95-112. Dr. Vidler contrasted it with "unholy worldliness," which is "to conform uncritically and complacently to the standards and fashions that prevail" (p. 96).
50. A. N. Triton, Whose World? (InterVarsity Press, 1970), pp. 35-36.
51. CARE, Jubilee Trust, Tearfund, and the Institute for Contemporary Christianity (among others) all sponsor groups which seek to blend Christian thought on specific issues with action. See M. A. Eden and E. C. Lucas, Being Transformed
(Marshall, 1988), especially Appendix 3; and Roy McCloughry, The Eye of the Needle (InterVarsity Press, 1990).
2 Complexity: Can We Think Straight?
1. William Temple, Citizen and Churchman (Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1941), p. 82.
2. ibid. p. 83.
. ibid. p. 84.
. William Temple, Christianity and the Social Order (Penguin, 1942), p. 29. ibid. p. 31.
Harry Blamires, The Christian Mind (SPCK, 1963), p. 70.
. ibid. p. 43.
NID OF B® 8. ibid. p. 3.
9s ibid. p: 50, 10. David W. Gill, The Opening of the Christian Mind, "Taking every thought captive to Christ" (InterVarsity Press, U.S., 1989), pp. 65-75 and 91. See also Arthur
Holmes, Contours of a World View (Eerdmans, 1983) and Oliver R. Barclay, Developing a Christian Mind (InterVarsity Press, 1984).
11. Theodore Roszak, Where the Wasteland Ends, "Politics and transcendence in post-industrial society" (1972; Anchor, 1973), pp. xxi and 67.
12. J.S. Whale, Christian Doctrine (1941; Fontana, 1957), ps 33.
13. Reinhold Niebuhr, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (Nisbet,
1945), p. vi.
14. Sine, The Mustard Seed Conspiracy, p. 70.
15. Temple, Christianity and the Social Order, p. 54.
16. The Lausanne Covenant, para. 15. See Stott (ed.), Making Christ Known, p49.
17. C. E. M. Joad, The Recovery of Belief (Faber & Faber, 1952), p. 82.
18. From The Essence of Security, quoted by Gavin Reid in The Elaborate Funeral (Hodder & Stoughton, 1972), p. 48.
19. Whale, Christian Doctrine, p. 41.
20. Os Guinness, Fit Bodies, Fat Minds (Hodder & Stoughton, 1994), p. 105.
Notes 3 Pluralism: Should We Impose Our Views?
1. Peter Brierley and Heather Wright (eds.), UK Christian Handbook 1996/1997, p. 240.
2. ibid. p. 23.
3. ibid. pp. 281-84.
4. ibid.
5. ibid. p. 283.
6. The standard work on the Inquisition is still H. C. Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, 3 vols. (1887; Macmillan, 1906). Bernard Hamilton gives a briefer account in The Medieval Inquisition (Edward Arnold, 1981).
7. John Kobler, Ardent Spirits, "The rise and fall of prohibition" (Michael Joseph,
1974), pp. 216-17.
8. Richard Gutteridge, Open Thy Mouth for the Dumb, "The German Evangelical Church and the Jews 1870-1950" (Basil Blackwell, 1976).
9. ibid. p. 48.
10. ibid. p. 128.
11. ibid. p. 181.
12. ibid. p. 268.
13. ibid. p. 298.
14. ibid. p. 299.
15. ibid. p. 304.
16. Abraham Lincoln concluded his famous Gettysburg Address (1863) with the resolve "that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." He seems to have borrowed this definition of democracy from the Rev.
Theodore Parker, who used it in a speech in Boston in 1850.
~ 17.O.R. Johnston, Who Needs the Family?, "A survey anda Christian assessment"
(Hodder & Stoughton, 1979), pp. 43-46.
18. J. D. Unwin, Sex and Culture (Oxford University Press, 1934), pp. 411-12 and 431-32.
19. See, for example, Hugh Arthur, Sex and Society (Presbyterian Church of England, 1969): "There is no doubt, physiologically and psychologically speaking, that whereas for men intercourse is a pleasure and an end in itself, it is a pleasure and a beginning for a woman...
. the basic feminine sexual need really is security."
20. Temple, Christianity and the Social Order, p. 59.
21. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society (Scribner's, 1932; revised ed., 1960), pp. xi and xx.
22. John R. Lucas, Democracy and Participation (1975; Pelican, 1976), p. 10. Also recommended is Reinhold Niebuhr, The Children of the Light and the Children of the Darkness (Nisbet, 1945). He wrote it eighteen months before the end of World War
IL, in which he saw "bourgeois civilization" collapsing before the onslaught of Nazi barbarism. He subtitles his book "A vindication of democracy and a critique of its traditional defenders." His faith in democracy was not the blind optimism of liberals who, having no conception of original sin, held a "fatuous and superficial view of man" (p. 15). It was rather that democracy is the best way to resolve the tension
Notes between the individual and the community, self-interest and the common good, freedom and order.
23. John V. Taylor, Enough is Enough (SCM, 1975), pp. 64 and 114.
4 Alienation: Have We Any Influence?
1. From his Inaugural Address to students on 28 April 1972, when installed as rector of Glasgow University.
2. K. S. Latourette, History of the Expansion of Christianity (Eyre & Spottiswoode,
1945), vol. 7, pp. 503-4.
3. Charles W. Colson, Kingdoms in Conflict, "An insider's challenging view of politics, power and the pulpit" (William Morrow/ Zondervan, 1987), e.g., pp. 238,
253-64, 371. Fran Beckett, in her book Called to Action (Fount,1989), emphasizes the responsibility of each church to get to know its local community and to mobilize teams to serve the needs it has discovered.
4. Nikolai Berdyaev, The Destiny of Man (Geoffrey Bles, 1937), p. 281.
5. Temple, Christianity and the Social Order, p. 27.
6. Sine, The Mustard Seed Conspiracy, p. 113.
7. Matthew 5-7. I try to develop this exposition in The Message of the Sermon on the Mount, "Christian counter-culture" (InterVarsity Press, 1978).
8. Evangelism and Social Responsibility, in Stott (ed.), Making Christ Known, p. 200.
9. Colson, Kingdoms in Conflict, p. 327.
10. Quoted in Ronald J. Sider, Exploring the Limits of Non-Violence (Spire, 1988), p. 70. See also Dr. Isabelo Magalit, "The Church and the Barricades," in Transformation, April-June 1986.
11. Colson, Kingdoms in Conflict, p. 333.
12. Evangelism and Social Responsibility, in Stott (ed.), Making Christ Known, p. 182.
13. ibid. p. 183.
14. Brian Griffiths, Morality and the Market Place, "Christian alternatives to capitalism and socialism" (Hodder & Stoughton, 1982), p. 69.
15. North-South, "A programme for survival," the report of the Independent Commission on International Development Issues under the chairmanship of Willy
Brandt (Pan Books, 1980), p. 25.
16. Griffiths, Morality and the Market Place, pp. 148-49.
17. ibid. pp. 154-55.
18. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, One Word of Truth (Bodley Head, 1972), pp. 22-27.
19. Speech by Sir Keith Joseph in Birmingham, October 1974.
20. John Howard Yoder, The Politics of Jesus (Eerdmans, 1972), pp. 111 and 157.
21. Evangelism and Social Responsibility, in Stott (ed.), Making Christ Known, p189.
22. Dom Helder Camara, Spiral of Violence (1970; Sheed & Ward, 1971), p69.
23. Dom Helder Camara, The Desert is Fertile Sheed & Ward, 1974), pos:
24. Camara, Spiral of Violence, p. 43.
25. Dom Helder Camara, Race Against Time (Sheed & Ward, 1971), pp. Vii-viii.
26. ibid. p. 17.
27. Sine, The Mustard Seed Conspiracy, pp. 11-12.
28. Harper & Row, 1985.
Notes 5 Wars and Rumours of Wars 1. Albert Einstein, in a telegram asking prominent persons for funds for the Atomic Scientists' Emergency Committee, cited in the New York Times, 25 May 1946.
2. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
(Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 21.
3. ibid. p. 126.
4. ibid. p. 29.
5. Robert D. Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth, "A journey at the dawn of the 21st century" (Random House, 1996; Papermac, 1997), p. 5.
6. ibid. p. 134.
7. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, pp. 312-16.
8. ibid. p. 321.
9. Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth, pp. 8, 9.
10. ibid. p. 436.
11. SIPRI Yearbook 1997 (Stockholm International Research Institute, 1997), pp398-99, 12. From Earl Mountbatten's "The Final Abyss?" speech, May 1979, published in Apocalypse Now? (Spokesman Books, 1980), p. 11.
13. See also The Long-Term Consequences of Nuclear War (1983), the report of an international conference sponsored by thirty-one groups. Two imaginative scenarios, written by military men, were published in 1978. World War 3, "A military projection founded on today's facts," edited by Brigadier Shelford Bidwell (Hamlyn,
1978) predicted that in 1983 the Third World War would start "as a result of some intolerable provocation' (p. xiii), e.g., the invasion of West Germany by Soviet tanks to prevent her from becoming a nuclear power. The last chapter is entitled "Doomsday" and describes the final, total devastation. The Third World War by General Sir
John Hackett, assisted by top-ranking American and German generals (Sidgwick & Jackson, 1978), calls itself "A future history." It also describes an invasion of West
Germany by Soviet tanks, though in 1985, which steadily escalates until first Birmingham and then in retaliation Minsk are obliterated by nuclear missiles. This time, however, the final holocaust is averted by the uprising against the Soviet Union of her satellites.
The ghastly consequences of a nuclear explosion are factually described by Donald B. Kraybill in Facing Nuclear War (Herald Press, 1982) and in Common Security
(the Palme Commission Report, 1982), pp. 49-70.
14. International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 1996/1997
(Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 306-11.
15. From an address entitled "The Chance for Peace," delivered on 16 April 1953.
See Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight Eisenhower, 1953 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), p. 182.
16. The Military Balance 1996/1997, p. 273.
17. ibid. p. 289.
18. ibid. p. 273.
19. For a debate among eight Christian thinkers, who assess the arguments for and against these three positions, see Oliver R. Barclay (ed.), Pacifism and War, "When
Christians Disagree" series (InterVarsity Press, 1984). Similar ground is covered in
Notes Robert G. Clouse (ed.), War: Four Christian Views (InterVarsity Press, U.S., 1981). See also J. Andrew Kirk (ed.), Handling Problems of Peace and War (Marshall Pickering,
1988).
20. For recent statements of the pacifist position, see Jean Lasserre, War and the Gospel (E.T. James Clarke, 1962), Ronald J. Sider, Christ and Violence (Herald Press,
Canada, 1979), and Ronald J. Sider and Richard K. Taylor, Nuclear Holocaust and Christian Hope (InterVarsity Press, U.S., 1982).
21. The theory of the "just war" is carefully argued in two books by Paul Ramsey: War and the Christian Conscience (Duke University Press, 1961) and The Just War
(Scribner's, 1968). For more recent statements of the "just war" position, see Arthur
F. Holmes in Clouse (ed.), War: Four Christian Virtues, pp. 120-21; The Church and the Bomb (Hodder & Stoughton, 1982), pp. 81-98; and The Challenge of Peace: God's
Promise and Our Response, the U.S. Bishops' Pastoral Letter (CTS/SPCK, 1983), pp.
24-32. For a similar position based on the justice of God, see Jerraig B Barrs, Peace and Justice in the Nuclear Age (Garamond Press, 1983).
22. Dale Aukerman, Darkening Valley, "A biblical perspective on nuclear war"
(Seabury, 1981), Chapter 15, p. 95.
23. ibid. pp. 92-94.
24. It needs to be added that in some emergency situations when no policeman is present, it may be right for a citizen to intervene in a fight, protect an innocent person against assault, or arrest a burglar. But in such cases the citizen is temporarily constituting himself an arm of the law; he is not acting as a private individual, nor is he justified in feeling personal animosity or taking personal revenge.
25. Oliver O'Donovan, In Pursuit of a Christian View of War, Grove Booklet on Ethics No. 15 (Grove Books, 1977), pp. 13-14. This booklet is a valuable inquiry into the legitimacy of the analogy between domestic justice and warfare.
26. Dana Mills-Powell (ed.), Decide for Peace, "Evangelicals against the bomb," is a symposium of sixteen contributions by both nuclear and total pacifists (Marshall
Pickering, 1986).
27. Pastoral Constitution, para. 80.
28. The Church and the Atom, the report of a Church of England Commission (1948), p. 43. For a factual account of the bombing of German and Japanese cities, see
Brigadier Peter Young (ed.), The Almanac of World War II (Hamlyn, 1981). Bishop Bell's speech in the House of Lords is recorded in Hansard (9 February 1944), vol.
130, pp. 738-46. It is also referred to in Ronald C. D. Jasper, George Bell, Bishop of Chichester (Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 276-77.
29. International Institute for Strategic Studies, Strategic Survey 1996/1997 (Oxford
University Press, 1997), p. 38.
30. Gaudium et Spes ("The Church in the Modern World"), 1965, para. 80, in W. M.
Abbott and J. Gallagher, The Documents of Vatican II (Geoffrey Chapman, 1966).
31. British Council of Churches resolution.
32. The Church and the Bomb, "Nuclear weapons and Christian conscience," an unofficial report of a Church of England working party (Hodder & Stoughton, 1982), ped.
33. ibid. pp. 143-44.
34, ibid. p. 162.
Notes 35. "The New Abolitionist Covenant" is printed in Jim Wallis (ed.), Waging Peace,
"A handbook for the struggle to abolish nuclear weapons" (Harper & Row, 1982), pp. 17-21. See also Jim Wallis (ed.), Peace-makers, "Christian voices from the New
Abolitionist Movement" (Harper & Row, 1983).
36. Quoted by William Epstein in "The ABCs of Disarmament," an article on the home page for the NGO Committee for Disarmament, at <www.igc.apc.org/disarm/>.
37. Michael Quinlan, "The Meaning of Deterrence," in Francis Bridger (ed.), The Cross and the Bomb (Mowbray, 1983), p. 143.
38. U.S. Bishops' Pastoral Letter, The Challenge of Peace, see endnote 12, pp. 43-46.
39. Paul Abrecht and Ninan Koshy (eds.), Before It's Too Late, "The challenge of nuclear disarmament" (WCC, 1983), p. 10.
40. Hugh Beach, "Where Does the Nuclear-Free Path Lead?," in Bridger (ed.), The Cross and the Bomb, p. 126.
41. Roger Ruston, OP, Nuclear Deterrence—Right or Wrong?, a study prepared for the Roman Catholic Commission for International Justice and Peace (Catholic Information Services, 1981), pp. 35-36, 58.
42. Common Security (Palme Commission Report, 1982), p. 105.
43. ibid. pp. 141, 149.
44. See, e.g., Walter Stein (ed.), Nuclear Weapons and Christian Conscience (Merlin
Press, 1961 and 1980), and Geoffrey Goodwin (ed.), Ethics and Nuclear Deterrence
(Croom Helm, 1982). See also Richard Harries, "The Strange Mercy of Deterrence," in John Gladwin (ed.), Dropping the Bomb (Hodder & Stoughton, 1985), pp. 64-73, and Richard Harries, Christianity and War in a Nuclear Age (Mowbray, 1986), especially pp. 134-44.
45. Ernest Lefever and Stephen Hunt (eds.), The Apocalyptic Premise: Nuclear Arms
Debated (Ethics and Public Policy Center, Washington, DC, 1982), pp. 351-59. See also Anthony Kenny, The Logic of Deterrence (Firethorn Press, 1985).
46. Quoted in U.S. Bishops' Pastoral Letter, The Challenge of Peace. The bishops elaborated on the pope's statement, declaring that they had "arrived at a strictly conditional, moral acceptance of deterrence."
47. Bridger (ed.), The Cross and the Bomb, pp. 50, 60, 64-65.
48. Robert W. Gardiner, The Cool Arm of Destruction (Westminster, 1974), quoted by Robert G. Clouse in War: Four Christian Views, pp. 193-94.
49. From Dr. David Owen's introduction to Common Security (Palme Commission Report), p. xxi.
50. Evangelism and Social Responsibility, in Stott (ed.), Making Christ Known, p. 200.
51. See, e.g., Defence without the Bomb, the Report of the Alternative Defence Commission (Taylor and Francis, 1983).
6 Our Human Environment 1. Jonathon Porritt and David Winner, The Coming of the Greens (Fontana /Collins,
1988), pp. 267, 7.
2. Many "green" consumer guides are available in most bookshops.
3. Ghillean Prance, The Earth Under Threat (Wild Goose Publications, 1996), p. 31.
Notes 4. Roy McCloughry, Population Growth and Christian Ethics, Grove Ethical Studies No. 98 (Grove Books Ltd., 1995).
5, E. F. Schumacher, Small is Beautiful (1973; Abacus, 1974), pp. 11-16. The vision of unlimited growth has been pertinently criticized by Bishop Lesslie Newbigin in Foolishness to the Greeks (SPCK, 1986). "Growth... for the sake of growth," he writes, which "is not determined by an overarching social purpose," is "an exact account of the phenomenon which, when it occurs in the human body, is called cancer"
(p. 114).
6. Prance, The Earth Under Threat, p. 45.
7. ibid.
8. ibid. p. 47. For other figures see also Jessica Tuchman Matthews, "Grasping the Concept of Environmental Insecurity," in Gwyn Prins (ed.), Threats without Enemies (Earthscan Publications, 1993), p. 27; and Stephen H. Schneider, Laboratory Earth
(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996), p. 112.
9. Schneider, Laboratory Earth, p. 107.
10. Prance, The Earth Under Threat, p. 41.
11. See Sir John Houghton (chairman of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution), Global Warming, "The complete briefing" (Lion, 1994).
12. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 8, 43.
13. Gerhard von Rad, Genesis (1956; SCM, 1963), p. 58.
14. Tom Dale and Vernon Gill Carter, Topsoil and Civilisation (1955), quoted in Schumacher, Small is Beautiful, p. 84.
15. Martin Hengel, Property and Riches in the Early Church (1973; Fortress and SCM, 1974), p. 12.
16. Laborem Exercens, Pope John Paul II's Encyclical Letter on "Human Work"
(Catholic Truth Society, 1981), pp. 50-51.
17. Jessica Tuchman Matthews, "Nations and Nature: A New View of Security," in Prins, Threats without Enemies, p. 36.
18. Prance, The Earth Under Threat, p. 47.
19. ibid. pp. 48-49.
20. Man in his Living Environment, "An ethical assessment," a report from the Board for Social Responsibility (Church Information Office, 1970), p. 61. See also
Our Responsibility for the Living Environment, a report from the Board for Social
Responsibility's Environmental Issues Reference Panel (Church House Publishing, 1986).
21. Gavin Maxwell's article appeared in The Observer, 13 October 1963.
22. C. F. D. Moule, Man and Nature in the New Testament, "Some reflections on biblical ecology" (Athlone, 1964; Fortress, 1967), p. 1. See also Andrew Linzey, Christianity and the Rights of Animals (SPCK, 1988).
23. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (1990; 2nd ed., Pimlico Books, 1995). See also his more recent work, Rethinking Life and Death, "The collapse of our traditional ethics" (Oxford University Press, 1995), in which he attempts to narrow the difference between humans and animals.
24. ibid. p. 6.
25. ibid. p. 185.
Notes 26. For a good discussion of animal rights, see Green Cross, Winter 1996, vol. 2, no. 1. This issueis devoted to the discussion of Christian responsibility for animals.
See also Richard Griffiths, The Human Use of Animals (Grove Booklets, 1982), and Tony Sargent, Animal Rights and Wrongs, a Biblical Perspective (Hodder & Stoughton,
1996).
27. From an address to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which was published as "The Historical Roots of our Ecological Crisis," in Science 155 (1967), pp. 1203-7, and was reprinted as Chapter 5 of his Machina ex Deo:
Essays in the Dynamism of Western Culture (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1968).
28. Ian L. McHarg, Design with Nature (Doubleday, 1969), p. 26.
29. ibid. p. 197.
30. These extracts from lan McHarg's Dunning Trust Lectures were quoted in the Ontario Naturalist, March 1973.
31. Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World (1983; Penguin, 1984). See also Edward Echlin, The Christian Green Heritage, "World as creation" (Grove Ethical
Studies, no. 74, 1989), and Colin A. Russell, The Earth, Humanity and God (UCL Press, 1994), especially pp. 86-93.
32. Thomas, Man and the Natural World, p. 17.
33. ibid. p. 18.
34. ibid. p. 22.
35. ibid. p. 24; cf. p. 151.
36. ibid. p. 278.
37. Barbara Ward and Rene Dubos, Only One Earth, "The care and maintenance of a small planet" (Penguin, 1972), p. 83.
38. ibid. p. 45.
, 39. ibid. p. 85.
40. Ronald Higgins, The Seventh Enemy (Hodder & Stoughton, 1978).
41. Klaus Bockmuhl, Conservation and Lifestyle (1975, translated by Bruce N. Kaye;
Grove Books, 1977), pp. 23-24. For a more recent Christian evaluation of environmental issues, see Ron Elsdon, Greenhouse Theology (Monarch, 1992); Stan LeQuire (ed.),
The Best Preaching on Earth, a collection of sermons on care for creation (Judson Press,
1996); and Colin A. Russell, The Earth, Humanity and God (UCL Press, 1994). See also the quarterly magazine Green Cross, a publication of the Christian Society of the Green Cross, a ministry of Evangelicals for Social Action—Green Cross, 10 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096-3495, USA.
42. These organizations can be reached at the following addresses. The Evangelical Environmental Network c/o The Institute for Contemporary Christianity,
St Peter's Church, Vere St, London W1M 9HP, or 10 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood PA 19096-3495, USA. The Au Sable Institute at Messiah College, Grantham
PA 17027, USA. The A Rocha Trust, 3 Hooper St, Cambridge CB1 2NZ, UK.
-7 North-South Economic Inequality 1. World Development Report, 1991.
Notes 2. North-South, "A programme for survival," the Report of the Independent Commission on International Development Issues, pp. 7, 8.
3. Michael P. Todaro (ed.), Economic Development (Longman, 1997), p. 189.
4. ibid. pp. 43-44.
5. Brandt Commission, Common Crisis, "North-South: co-operation for world recovery" (Pan Books, 1983), pp. 9-10.
6. Human Development Report, 1997 (Oxford University Press, 1997), and Economic Development, p. 32.
7. North-South, p. 23.
8. The Villars Statement is included in Marvin Olasky (ed.), Freedom, Justice and Hope, "Towards a strategy for the poor and the oppressed" (Crossway Books, 1988), pp. 141-46.
9. Vishal Mangalwadi, Truth and Social Reform (Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), e.g., pp. 5-6, 23,32, 115.
10. North-South, pp. 276-80.
11. ibid. p. 64.
12. ibid.
13. ibid. p. 30.
14. Griffiths, Morality and the Market Place, p. 127.
15. North-South, p. 63.
16. ibid. p. 25.
17. Griffiths, Morality and the Market Place, p. 143.
18. ibid. pp. 148-49.
19. "Imperatives for Economic Development," in Olasky (ed.), Freedom, Justice and Hope, p. 112.
20. ibid. pp. 116-17.
21. ibid. p. 145.
22. John Stott (ed.), The Year 2000 AD (Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1983), pp. 72-102.
Donald Hay elaborated and recast his lecture in Chapter 7, "Rich Nation, Poor Nation," of his book Economics Today, "A Christian critique" (Apollos, InterVarsity
Press, 1989).
23. Hay, ibid. pp. 92-93.
24. ibid. p. 94.
25. ibid. p. 95.
26. Brandt Commission, Common Crisis. Three years later, Willy Brandt wrote another book, angry in tone and popular in appeal, entitled World Armament and World Hunger, "A call for action" (Pantheon, 1986). In it he drew attention to global military spending, which was estimated at $1 trillion annually, and argued that defense and development expenditure could no longer be segregated. Indeed, the former should be subordinated to the latter.
27. Common Crisis, p. 1.
28. See Bob Geldof with'Paul Vallely, Is That It? (Penguin, 1986).
29. Todaro, Economic Development, p. 41.
30. Human Development Report 1996 (Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 73.
31. ibid.
32. Jubilee 2000's international petition calls for lending nations to "cancel the backlog of unpayable debts of the most impoverished nations . .
. by the year 2000
Notes ... [and] to take effective steps to prevent such high levels of debt building up again."
The petition willbe presented to the G7 nations when they meet in 1998 and 1999.
Jubilee 2000 can be reached at PO Box 100, London SE1 7RT, UK, or on the internet at <www.oneworld.org/jubilee2000>. Other development agencies share the "oneworld" site and it can be a useful site to visit for more information.
33. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, pp. 8, 43.
34. Quoted in Todaro, Economic Development, p. 69.
35. ibid. pp. 7-19.
36. Visit <www.undp.org> for the most up-to-date information on this report as it is published each year.
37. For example, "Poverty has become feminized to a significant degree," Christian Faith and the World Economy Today, a 1992 study document from the World Council of Churches, p. 26.
38. See Ruth Pearson, "Gender Matters in Development," in Tim Allen and Alan Thomas (eds.), Poverty and Development in the 1990s (Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 291-312; "Women in Poverty," in Todaro, Economic Development, pp. 156-59; and the quarterly update from June 1997 entitled BRIDGE (Briefings on Development and Gender), produced by the Institution of Development Studies in Sussex, on <www.ids.ac.uk/ids/research/bridge/dgb.html>.
39. Quotations extracted from press releases related to the publication of the Human Development Report 1997.
40. I have read that there are at least "five major and often competing development theories." See Todaro, Economic Development, pp. 69-95.
41. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, p27.
42. Ward and Dubos, Only One Earth, an unofficial report commissioned by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, prepared with the assistance of a 152-member Committee of Corresponding Consultants in 58 countries.
43.. ibid. p. 298.
44. Duncan Munro, Trade, Justice and the Wealth of Nations (Grove Books, 1976), pp. 11, 24.
45. Barbara Ward, Progress for a Small Planet (Penguin, 1979), p. 277.
46. ibid. p. 257.
47. Roger D. Hansen and others, US Foreign Policy and the Third World: Agenda 1982 (Praeger, 1982), p. 234, and the Human Development Report 1996, p. 199.
48. For the same Spirit, see, e.g., Romans 8:9; 1 Corinthians 12:13. For different spiritual gifts, see, e.g., Romans 12:3-8 and 1 Corinthians 12:4-31.
49. Gospel and Culture, the Willowbank Report, in Stott (ed.), Making Christ Known, pp. 77-113.
50. From a 1967 speech on the Arusha Declaration, published in Freedom and Socialism, uhuru na ujamaa, "A selection from the writings and speeches of Julius
Nyerere 1965-1967" (Oxford University Press, Dar-es-Salaam, 1968), p. 326.
51. Todaro, Economic Development, p. 382.
52. North-South, p. 30.
Notes 8 Human Rights 1. Statistics of human rights violations are readily available from a variety of sources. I have culled mine mostly from Amnesty International's annual reports and Human Rights Watch world reports. The United Nations and U.S. government are also good sources of information.
2. Amnesty International Annual Report 1995, p. 249.
3. Gary Haugen, "Rwanda's Carnage," in Christianity Today, 6 February 1993; pp. 52-54.
4. "Statistics Concerning the Needs of Children Worldwide," Action International,
January 1997.
5. Human Rights Watch World Report 1997, p. 333.
6. ibid. p. 334.
7. ibid. p. 339.
8. From the editorial by Emilio Castro in International Review of Mission, vol. LXVI, no. 263, devoted to "Human Rights" (July 1977), p. 218.
9, The most handy collection of these texts is Ian Brownie (ed.), Basic Documents on Human Rights (Clarendon, 2nd ed., 1981).
10. From Dr. Malik's introduction to O. Frederick Nolde, Free and Equal, "Human rights in ecumenical perspective" (WCC, 1968), p. 7.
11. Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man (1791), 8th ed., pp. 47-48.
12. From personal communication to the author.
13. Temple, Citizen and Churchman, pp. 74-75.
14. Paul Oestreicher, Thirty Years of Human Rights (the British Churches' Advisory Forum on Human Rights, 1980).
15. The prophetic protest against these three kings is found in 2 Samuel 11-12 (Nathan and David), 1 Kings 21 (Elijah and Ahab), and Jeremiah 22:13-19 (Jeremiah and Jehoiakim).
16. From an interview published in Time magazine, 24 July 1989.
17. Christopher J. H. Wright, Human Rights: A Study in Biblical Themes, Grove Booklet on Ethics no. 31 (Grove Books, 1979), p. 16.
18. For this renunciation of rights, see Mark 10:42-5 ("not so with you"); 1 Corinthians 13:5 (love); 1 Corinthians 6:1-8 (litigation); and 1 Peter 2:18-25 (slaves).
19. Nobel Prize speech, 1970.
20. For information about human rights violations in general, and about imprisonment and torture in general, write to Amnesty International, 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 8DJ.
21. "A Christian Witness for Justice, a Needs Assessment and Operational Outline" (November 1996, p. 1), conducted by the International Justice Mission, PO Box
58147, Washington DC, 20037-8147, USA; or on the internet at <www.ijm.org>.
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