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Home › Books › History of the Christian Church › Chapter Vii. The Crusades.

Chapter 768 of 2317

Chapter Vii. The Crusades.

Contents

Volume 1 – APOSTLIC CHRISTIANITY
Preface To The Revised Edition
From The Preface To The First Edition
Preface To Third Revision
Literature
§ 1. Nature of Church History.
§ 2. Branches of Church History.
§ 3. Sources of Church History.
§ 4. Periods of Church History.
§ 5. Uses of Church History.
§ 6. Duty of the Historian.
§ 7. Literature of Church History.
ADDENDA
Literature.
§ 8. Central Position of Christ in the History of the World.
§ 9. Judaism.
§ 10. The Law, and the Prophecy.
§ 11. Heathenism.
§ 12. Grecian Literature, and the Roman Empire.
§ 13. Judaism and Heathenism in Contact.
§ 14. Sources and Literature.
§ 15. The Founder of Christianity.
§ 16. Chronology of the Life of Christ.
§ 17. The Land and the People.
§ 18. Apocryphal Traditions.
§ 19. The Resurrection of Christ.
§ 20. Sources and Literature of the Apostolic Age.
§ 21. General Character of the Apostolic Age.
§ 22. The Critical Reconstruction of the History of the Apostolic Age.
§ 23. Chronology of the Apostolic Age.
§ 24. The Miracle of Pentecost and the Birthday of the Christian Church. a.d. 30.
§ 25. The Church of Jerusalem and the Labors of Peter.
§ 26. The Peter of History and the Peter of Fiction.
§ 27. James the Brother of the Lord.
§ 28. Preparation for the Mission to the Gentiles.
Section 36
§ 29. Sources and Literature on St. Paul and his Work.
§ 30. Paul before his Conversion.
§ 31. The Conversion of Paul.
§ 32. The Work of Paul.
§ 33. Paul’s Missionary Labors.
§ 34. The Synod of Jerusalem, and the Compromise between Jewish and Gentile Christianity.
§ 35. The Conservative Reaction, and the Liberal Victory—
§ 36. Christianity in Rome.
§ 37. The Roman Conflagration and the Neronian Persecution.
§ 38. The Jewish War and the Destruction of Jerusalem. a.d. 70.
§ 39. Effects of the Destruction of Jerusalem on the Christian Church.
§ 40. The Johannean Literature.
§ 41. Life and Character of John
§ 42. Apostolic Labors of John.
§ 43. Traditions Respecting John.600
Literature.
§ 44. The Power of Christianity.
§ 45. The Spiritual Gifts.
§ 46. Christianity in Individuals.
§ 47. Christianity and the Family.
§ 48. Christianity and Slavery.
§ 49. Christianity and Society.
§ 50. Spiritual Condition of the Congregations.—The Seven Churches in Asia.
Literature.
§ 51. The Synagogue.
§ 52. Christian Worship.
§ 53. The Several Parts of Worship.
§ 54. Baptism.
§ 55. The Lord’s Supper.
§ 56. Sacred Places.
§ 57. Sacred Times—The Lord’s Day.
§ 58. Literature.
§ 59. The Christian Ministry, and its Relation to the Christian Community.
§ 60. Apostles, Prophets, Evangelists.
§ 61. Presbyters or Bishops. The Angels of the Seven Churches. James of Jerusalem.
§ 62. Deacons and Deaconesses.
§ 63. Church Discipline.
§ 64. The Council at Jerusalem.
§ 65. The Church and the Kingdom of Christ.
§ 66. Literature.
§ 67. Unity of Apostolic Teaching.
§ 68. Different Types of Apostolic Teaching.
§ 69. The Jewish Christian Theology—I. James and the Gospel of Law.
§ 70. II. Peter and the Gospel of Hope.
§ 71. The Gentile Christian Theology. Paul and the Gospel of Faith.
§ 72. John and the Gospel of Love.
§ 73. Heretical Perversions of the Apostolic Teaching.
Chapter Xii. The New Testament.
§ 74. Literature.
§ 75. Rise of the Apostolic Literature.
§ 76. Character of the New Testament.
§ 77. Literature on the Gospels.
§ 78. The Four Gospels.
§ 79. The Synoptists.
§ 80. Matthew.
§ 81. Mark.
§ 82. Luke.
§ 83. John.
§ 84. Critical Review of the Johannean Problem.
§ 85. The Acts of the Apostles.
§ 86. The Epistles.
§ 87. The Catholic Epistles.
§ 88. The Epistles of Paul
§ 89. The Epistles to the Thessalonians.
§ 90. The Epistles to the Corinthians.
§ 91. The Epistles to the Galatians.
§ 92. The Epistle to the Romans.
§ 93. The Epistles of the Captivity.
§ 94. The Epistle to the Colossians.
§ 95. The Epistle to the Ephesians.
§ 96. Colossians and Ephesians Compared and Vindicated.
§ 97. The Epistle to the Philippians.
§ 98. The Epistle to Philemon.
§ 99. The Pastoral Epistles.
§ 100. The Epistle To The Hebrews.
§ 101. The Apocalypse.
§ 102. Concluding Reflections. Faith and Criticism.
Volume 2 – ANTE-NICENE CHRISTIANITY
Preface To The Third Edition Revised
Fifth Edition
Preface To The Second Edition
§ 1. Literature on the Ante-Nicene Age
§ 2. General Character of Ante-Nicene Christianity.
§ 3. Literature.
§ 4. Hindrances and Helps.
§ 5. Causes of the Success of Christianity.
§ 6. Means of Propagation.
§ 7. Extent of Christianity in the Roman Empire.
§ 8. Christianity in Asia.
§ 9. Christianity in Egypt.
§ 10. Christianity in North Africa.
§ 11. Christianity in Europe.
Chapter Ii. Persecution Of Christianity And Christian Martyrdom.
§ 12. Literature.
§ 13. General Survey.
§ 14. Jewish Persecution.
§ 15. Causes of Roman Persecution.
§ 16. Condition of the Church before the Reign of Trajan.
§ 17. Trajan. a.d. 98–117—Christianity Forbidden—Martyrdom of Symeon of Jerusalem, and Ignatius of Antioch.
§ 18. Hadrian. a.d. 117–138.
§ 19 Antoninus Pius. a.d. 137–161. The Martyrdom of Polycarp.
§ 20. Persecutions under Marcus Aurelius. a.d. 161–180.
§ 21. Condition of the Church from Septimius Severus to Philip the Arabian. a.d. 193–249.
§ 22. Persecutions under Decius, and Valerian. a.d. 249–260. Martyrdom of Cyprian.
§ 23. Temporary Repose. a.d. 260–303.
§ 24. The Diocletian Persecution, a.d. 303–311.
§ 25. The Edicts of Toleration. a.d. 311–313.
§ 26. Christian Martyrdom.
§ 27. Rise of the Worship of Martyrs and Relics.
§ 28. Literature.
§ 29. Literary Opposition to Christianity.
§ 30. Jewish Opposition. Josephus and the Talmud.
§ 31. Pagan Opposition. Tacitus and Pliny.
§ 32. Direct Assaults. Celsus.
§ 33. Lucian.
§ 34. Neo-Platonism.
§ 35. Porphyry and Hierocles
§ 36. Summary of the Objections to Christianity.
§ 37. The Apologetic Literature of Christianity.
§ 38. The Argument against Judaism.
§ 39. The Defense against Heathenism.
§ 40. The Positive Apology.
Chapter Iv. Organization And Discipline Of The Church.
§ 41. Progress in Consolidation.
§ 42. Clergy and Laity.
§ 43. New Church Officers.
§ 44. Origin of the Episcopate.
§ 45. Development of the Episcopate. Ignatius.
§ 46. Episcopacy at the time of Irenaeus and Tertullian.
§ 47. Cyprianic Episcopacy.
§ 48. The Pseudo-Clementine Episcopacy.
§ 49. Beginnings of the Metropolitan and Patriarchal Systems
§ 50. Germs of the Papacy.
§ 51. Chronology of the Popes.
§ 52. List of the Roman Bishops and Roman Emperors during the First Three Centuries.
§ 53. The Catholic Unity.
§ 54. Councils.
§ 55. The Councils of Elvira, Arles, and Ancyra.
§ 56. Collections of Ecclesiastical Law. The Apostolical Constitutions and Canons.
§ 57. Church Discipline.
§ 58. Church Schisms.
Chapter V. Christian Worship.
Section 179
§ 59. Places of Common Worship.
§ 60. The Lord’s Day.
§ 61. The Christian Passover. (Easter).
§ 62. The Paschal Controversies.
§ 63. Pentecost.
§ 64. The Epiphany
§ 65. The Order of Public Worship.
§ 66. Parts of Worship.
§ 67. Division of Divine Service. The Disciplina Arcani.
§ 68. Celebration of the Eucharist.
§ 69. The Doctrine of the Eucharist.
§ 70. The Celebration of Baptism.
§ 71. The Doctrine of Baptism.
§ 72. Catechetical Instruction and Confirmation.
§ 73. Infant Baptism.
§ 74. Heretical Baptism.
§ 75. Literature.
§ 76. Origin of Christian Art.
§ 77. The Cross and the Crucifix.
§ 78. Other Christian Symbols.
§ 79 Historical and Allegorical Pictures
§ 80. Allegorical Representations of Christ.
§ 81. Pictures of the Virgin Mary.
§ 82. Literature.
§ 83. Origin and History of the Catacomb.
§ 84. Description of the Catacombs.
§ 85. Pictures and Sculptures.
§ 86. Epitaphs.
§ 87. Lessons of the Catacombs.
Chapter Viii. Christian Life In Contrast With Pagan Corruption.
§ 88. Literature.
§ 89. Moral Corruption of the Roman Empire.
§ 90. Stoic Morality
§ 91. Epictetus.
§ 92. Marcus Aurelius.
§ 93. Plutarch.
§ 94. Christian Morality.
§ 95. The Church and Public Amusements.
§ 96. Secular Callings and Civil Duties.
§ 97. The Church and Slavery.
§ 98. The Heathen Family.
§ 99. The Christian Family.
§ 100. Brotherly Love, and Love for Enemies.
§ 101. Prayer and Fasting.
§ 102. Treatment of the Dead
§ 103. Summary of Moral Reforms.
§ 104. Ascetic Virtue and Piety.
§ 105. Heretical and Catholic Asceticism.
§ 106. Voluntary Poverty.
§ 107. Voluntary Celibacy.
§ 108. Celibacy of the Clergy.
§ 109. Literature.
§ 110. External History of Montanism.
§ 111. Character and Tenets of Montanism.
Chapter Xi. The Heresies Of The Ante-Nicene Age.
§ 112. Judaism and Heathenism within the Church.
§ 113. Nazarenes and Ebionites (Elkesaites, Mandoeans).
§ 114. The Pseudo-Clementine Ebionism.
§ 115. Gnosticism. The Literature.
§ 116. Meaning, Origin and Character of Gnosticism.
§ 117. The System of Gnosticism. Its Theology.
§ 118. Ethics of Gnosticism.
§ 119. Cultus and Organization.
§ 120. Schools of Gnosticism.
§ 121. Simon Magus and the Simonians.
§ 122. The Nicolaitans.
§ 123. Cerinthus.
§ 124. Basilides.
§ 125. Valentinus.
§ 126. The School of Valentinus. Heracleon, Ptolemy, Marcos, Bardesanes, Harmonius.
§ 127. Marcion and his School.
§ 128. The Ophites. The Sethites. The Peratae. The Cainites
§ 129. Saturninus (Satornilos).
§ 130. Carpocrates.
§ 131. Tatian and the Encratites.
§ 132. Justin the Gnostic.
§ 133. Hermogenes.
§ 134. Other Gnostic Sects.
§ 135. Mani and the Manichaeans.
§ 136. The Manichaean System.
Chapter Xii. The Development Of Catholic Theology In Conflict With Heresy.
§ 137. Catholic Orthodoxy.
§ 138. The Holy Scriptures and the Canon.
§ 139. Catholic Tradition.
§ 140. The Rule of Faith and the Apostles’ Creed.
§ 141. Variations of the Apostles’ Creed.
§ 142. God and the Creation.
§ 143. Man and the Fall.
§ 144. Christ and the Incarnation.
§ 145. The Divinity of Christ.
§ 146. The Humanity of Christ.
§ 147. The Relation of the Divine and the Human in Christ.
§ 148. The Holy Spirit.
§ 149. The Holy Trinity.
§ 150. Antitrinitarians. First Class: The Alogi, Theodotus, Artemon, Paul of Samosata.
§ 151. Second Class of Antitrinitarians: Praxeas, Noëtus, Callistus, Berryllus.
§ 152. Sabellianism.
§ 153. Redemption.
§ 154. Other Doctrines.
§ 155. Eschatology. Immortality and Resurrection.
§ 156. Between Death and Resurrection.
§ 157. After Judgment. Future Punishment.
§ 158. Chiliasm.
Chapter Xiii. Ecclesiastical Literature Of The Ante-Nicene Age, And Biographical Sketches Of The Church-Fathers.
§ 159. Literature.
§ 160. A General Estimate of the Fathers.
§ 161. The Apostolic Fathers.
§ 162. Clement of Rome.
§ 163. The Pseudo-Clementine Works.
§ 164. Ignatius of Antioch.
§ 165. The Ignatian Controversy.
§ 166. Polycarp of Smyrna.
§ 167. Barnabas.
§ 168. Hermas.
§ 169. Papias.
§ 170. The Epistle to Diognetus.
§ 171. Sixtus of Rome.
§ 172. The Apologists. Quadratus and Aristides.
§ 173. Justin the Philosopher and Martyr.
§ 174. The Other Greek Apologists. Tatian.
§ 175. Athenagoras.
§ 176. Theophilus of Antioch.
§ 177. Melito of Sardis.
§ 178. Apolinarius of Hierapolis. Miltiades.
§ 179. Hermias.
§ 180. Hegesippus.
§ 181. Dionysius of Corinth.
§ 182. Irenaeus
§ 183. Hippolytus.
§ 184. Caius of Rome.
§ 185. The Alexandrian School of Theology.
§ 186. Clement of Alexandria.
§ 187. Origen.
§ 188. The Works of Origen.
§ 189. Gregory Thaumaturgus.
§ 190. Dionysius the Great.
§ 191. Julius Africanus.
§ 192. Minor Divines of the Greek Church.
§ 193. Opponents of Origen. Methodius
§ 194. Lucian of Antioch.
§ 195. The Antiochian School.
§ 196. Tertullian and the African School.
§ 197. The Writings of Tertullian.
§ 198.s Minucius Felix.
§ 199. Cyprian.
§ 200. Novatian.
§ 201. Commodian.
§ 202. Arnobius.
§ 203. Victorinus of Petau.
§ 204. Eusebius, Lactantius, Hosius.
Volume 3 – The Church In Union With The Roman Empire
Preface To The Third Revision
PREFACE
Sources.
§ 1. Introduction and General View.
General Literature.
§ 2. Constantine The Great. a.d. 306–337.
§ 3. The Sons of Constantine. a.d. 337–361.
§ 4. Julian the Apostate, and the Reaction of Paganism. a.d. 361–363.
§ 5. From Jovian to Theodosius. a.d. 363–392.
§ 6. Theodosius the Great and his Successors. a.d. 392–550.
§ 7. The Downfall of Heathenism.
§ 8. Heathen Polemics. New Objections.
§ 9. Julian’s Attack upon Christianity.
§ 10. The Heathen Apologetic Literature.
§ 11. Christian Apologists and Polemics.
§ 12. Augustine’s City of God. Salvianus.
Chapter Iii. Alliance Of Church And State And Its Influence On Public Morals And Religion.
Sources.
§ 13. The New Position of the Church in the Empire.
§ 14. Rights and Privileges of the Church. Secular Advantages.
§ 15. Support of the Clergy.
§ 16. Episcopal Jurisdiction and Intercession.
§ 17. Legal Sanction of Sunday.
§ 18. Influence of Christianity on Civil Legislation. The Justinian Code.
§ 19. Elevation of Woman and the Family.
§ 20. Social Reforms. The Institution of Slavery.
§ 21. Abolition of Gladiatorial Shows.
§ 22. Evils of the Union of Church and State. Secularization of the Church.
§ 23. Worldliness and Extravagance.
§ 24. Byzantine Court Christianity.
§ 25. Intrusion of Politics into Religion.
§ 26. The Emperor-Papacy and the Hierarchy.
§ 27. Restriction of Religious Freedom, and Beginnings of Persecution of Heretics.
Chapter Iv. The Rise And Progress Of Monasticism.
Sources.
§ 28. Origin of Christian Monasticism. Comparison with other forms of Asceticism.
§ 29. Development of Monasticism.
§ 30. Nature and Aim of Monasticism.
§ 31. Monasticism and the Bible.
§ 32. Lights and Shades of Monastic Life.
§ 33. Position of Monks in the Church.
§ 34. Influence and Effect of Monasticism.
§ 35. Paul of Thebes and St. Anthony.
§ 36. Spread of Anchoretism. Hilarion.
§ 37. St. Symeon and the Pillar Saints.
§ 38. Pachomius and the Cloister life.
§ 39. Fanatical and Heretical Monastic Societies in The East.
§ 40. Monasticism in the West. Athanasius, Ambrose, Augustine, Martin of Tours.
§ 41. St. Jerome as a Monk.
§ 42. St. Paula.
§ 43. Benedict of Nursia.
§ 44. The Rule of St. Benedict.
§ 45. The Benedictines. Cassiodorus.
§ 46. Opposition to Monasticism. Jovinian.
§ 47. Helvidius, Vigilantius, and Aerius.
Chapter V. The Hierarchy And Polity Of The Church.
§ 48. Schools of the Clergy.
§ 49. Clergy and Laity. Elections.
§ 50. Marriage and Celibacy of the Clergy.
§ 51. Moral Character of the Clergy in general.
§ 52. The Lower Clergy.
§ 53. The Bishops.
§ 54. Organization of the Hierarchy: Country Bishop, City Bishops, and Metropolitans.
§ 55. The Patriarchs.
§ 56. Synodical Legislation on the Patriarchal Power and Jurisdiction.
§ 57. The Rival Patriarchs of Old and New Rome.
§ 58. The Latin Patriarch.
§ 59. Conflicts and Conquests of the Latin Patriarchate.
§ 60. The Papacy.
§ 61. Opinions of the Fathers.
§ 62. The Decrees of Councils on the Papal Authority.
§ 63. Leo the Great. a.d. 440–461.
§ 64. The Papacy from Leo I to Gregory I. a.d. 461–590.
§ 65. The Synodical System. The Ecumenical Councils.
§ 66. List of the Ecumenical Councils of the Ancient Church,
§ 67. Books of Ecclesiastical Law.
§ 68. Decline of Discipline.
§ 69. The Donatist Schism. External History.
§ 70. Augustine and the Donatists. Their Persecution and Extinction.
§ 71. Internal History of the Donatist Schism. Dogma of the Church.
§ 72. The Roman Schism of Damasus and Ursinus.
§ 73. The Meletian Schism at Antioch.
Chapter Vii. Public Worship And Religious Customs And Ceremonies.
§ 74. The Revolution in Cultus.
§ 75. The Civil and Religious Sunday.
§ 76. The Church Year.
§ 77. The Christmas Cycle.
§ 78. The Easter Cycle.
§ 79. The Time of the Easter Festival.
§ 80. The Cycle of Pentecost.
§ 81. The Exaltation of the Virgin Mariology.
§ 82. Mariolatry.
§ 83. The Festivals of Mary.
§ 84. The Worship of Martyrs and Saints.
§ 85. Festivals of the Saints.
§ 86. The Christian Calendar. The Legends of the Saints. The Acta Sanctorum.
§ 87. Worship of Relics. Dogma of the Resurrection. Miracles of Relics.
§ 88. Observations on the Miracles of the Nicene Age.
§ 89. Processions and Pilgrimages.
§ 90. Public Worship of the Lord’s Day. Scripture-Reading and Preaching.
§ 91. The Sacraments in General.
§ 92. Baptism.
§ 93. Confirmation.
§ 94. Ordination.
§ 95. The Sacrament of the Eucharist.
§ 96. The Sacrifice of the Eucharist.
§ 97. The Celebration o f the Eucharist.
§ 98. The Liturgies. Their Origin and Contents.
§ 99. The Oriental Liturgies.
§ 100. The Occidental Liturgies.
§ 101. Liturgical Vestments.
§ 102. Religion and Art.
§ 103. Church Architecture.
§ 104. The Consecration of Churches.
§ 105. Interior Arrangement of Churches.
§ 106. Architectural Style. The Basilicas.
§ 107. The Byzantine Style.
§ 108. Baptisteries, Grave-Chapels, and Crypts.
§ 109. Crosses and Crucifixes.
§ 110. Images of Christ.
§ 111. Images of Madonna and Saints.
§ 112. Consecrated Gifts.
§ 113. Church Poetry and Music.
§ 114. The Poetry of the Oriental Church.
§ 115. The Latin Hymn.
§ 116. The Latin Poets and Hymns.
Chapter Ix. Theological Controversies, And Development Of The Ecumenical Orthodoxy.
§ 117. General Observations. Doctrinal Importance of the Period. Influence of the Ancient Philosophy.
§ 118. Sources of Theology. Scripture and Tradition.
I. – Trinitarian Controversies.
§ 119. The Arian Controversy down to the Council of Nicaea, 318–325.
§ 120. The Council of Nicaea, 325.
§ 121. The Arian and Semi-Arian Reaction, a.d. 325–361.
§ 122. The Final Victory of Orthodoxy, and the Council of Constantinople, 381.
§ 123. The Theological Principles involved: Import of the Controversy.
§ 124. Arianism.
§ 125. Semi-Arianism.
§ 126. Revived Sabellianism. Marcellus and Photinus.
§ 127. The Nicene Doctrine of the Consubstantiality of the Son with the Father.
§ 128. The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit.
§ 129. The Nicene and Constantinopolitan Creed.
§ 130. The Nicene, Doctrine of the Trinity. The Trinitarian Terminology.
§ 131. The Post-Nicene Trinitarian Doctrine of Augustine.
§ 132. The Athanasian Creed.
II. The Origenistic Controversies.
§ 133. The Orgenistic Controversy in Palestine. Epiphanius, Rufinus, and Jerome, a.d. 394–399.
§ 134. The Origenistic Controversy in Egypt and Constantinople. Theophilus and Chrysostom a.d. 399–407.
§ 135. General View. Alexandrian and Antiochian Schools.
§ 136. The Apollinarian Heresy, a.d. 362–381.
§ 137. The Nestorian Controversy, a.d. 428–431.
§ 138. The Ecumenical Council of Ephesus, a.d. 431. The Compromise.
§ 139. The Nestorians.
§ 140. The Eutychian Controversy. The Council of Robbers, a.d. 449.
§ 141. The Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, A.D. 451.
§ 142. The Orthodox Christology—Analysis and Criticism.
§ 143. The Monophysite Controversies.
§ 144. The Three, Chapters, and the Fifth Ecumenical Council, A.D. 553.
§ 145. The Monophysite Sects: Jacobites, Copts, Abyssinians, Armenians, Maronites.
IV. The Anthropological Controversies.
§ 146. Character of the Pelagian Controversy.
§ 147. External History of the Pelagian Controversy, A.D. 411–431.
§ 148. The Pelagian Controversy in Palestine.
§ 149. Position of the Roman Church. Condemnation of Pelagianism.
§ 150. The Pelagian System: Primitive State and Freedom of Man; the Fall.
§ 151. The Pelagian System Continued: Doctrine, of Human Ability and Divine Grace.
§ 152. The Augustinian System: The Primitive State of Man, and Free Will.
§ 153. The Augustinian System: The Fall and its Consequences.
§ 154. The Augustinian System: Original Sin, and the Origin of the Human Soul.
§ 155. Arguments for the Doctrine of Original Sin and Hereditary Guilt.
§ 156. Answers to Pelagian Objections.
§ 157. Augustine’s Doctrine of Redeeming Grace.
§ 158. The Doctrine of Predestination.
§ 159. Semi-Pelagianism.
§ 160. Victory of Semi-Augustinianism. Council of Orange, A.D. 529.
Chapter X. Church Fathers, And Theological Literature.
§ 161. Eusebius of C sarea.
§ 162. The Church Historians after Eusebius.
§ 163. Athanasius the Great.
§ 164. Basil the Great.
§ 165. Gregory of Nyssa.
§ 166. Gregory Nazianzen.
§ 167. Didymus of Alexandria.
§ 168. Cyril of Jerusalem.
§ 169. Epiphanius.
§ 170. John Chrysostom.
§ 171. Cyril of Alexandria.
§ 172. Ephraem the Syrian.
§ 173. Lactantius.
§ 174. Hilary of Poitiers.
§ 175. Ambrose.
§ 176. Jerome as a Divine and Scholar.
§ 177. The Works of Jerome.
§ 178. Augustine.
§ 179. The Works of Augustine.
§ 180. The Influence of Augustine upon Posterity and his Relation to Catholicism and Protestantism.
List Of Popes And Emperors
Appendix To The Revised Edition, 1884.
Volume 4 – MEDIAEVAL CHRISTIANITY
§ 1. Sources and Literature.
§ 2. The Middle Age. Limits and General Character.
§ 3. The Nations of Mediaeval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the Slav.
§ 4. Genius of Mediaeval Christianity.
§ 5. Periods of the Middle Age.
Chapter Ii. Conversion Of The Northern And Western Barbarians
§ 6. Character of Mediaeval Missions.
§ 7. Literature.
§ 8. The Britons.
§ 9. The Anglo-Saxons.
§ 10. The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent, a.d. 595–604.
§ 11. Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy.
§ 12. Conversion of the Other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy.
§ 13. Conformity to Row Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede.
§ 14. The Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick and St. Bridget.
§ 15. The Irish Church after St. Patrick.
§ 16. Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule.
§ 17. The Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern.
§ 18. St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona.
§ 19. The Culdees.
§ 20. Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David I.
Ii. The Conversion Of France, Germany, And Adjacent Countries.
§ 21. Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes.
§ 22. Conversion of Clovis and the Franks.
§ 23. Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent.
§ 24. German Missionaries before Boniface.
§ 25. Boniface, the Apostle of Germany.
§ 26. The Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of Fulda.
§ 27. The Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand, and the Gospel-Harmony.
Iii. The Conversion 0F Scandinavia.
§ 28. Scandinavian Heathenism.
§ 29. The Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar.
§ 30. The Christianization of Sweden.
§ 31. The Christianization of Norway and Iceland.
§ 32. General Survey.
§ 33. Christian Missions among the Wends.
§ 34. Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia and Poland.
§ 35. The Conversion of the Bulgarians.
§ 36. The Conversion of the Magyars.
§ 37. The Christianization of Russia.
§ 38. Literature.
§ 39. Statistics and Chronological Table.
§ 40. Position of Mohammedanism in Church History.
§ 41. The Home, and the Antecedents of Islâm.
§ 42. Life and Character of Mohammed.
§ 43. The Conquests of Islâm.
§ 44. The Koran, and the Bible.
§ 45. The Mohammedan Religion.
§ 46. Mohammedan Worship.
§ 47. Christian Polemics against Mohammedanism. Note on Mormonism.
Chapter Iv. The Papal Hierarchy And The Holy Roman Empire.
§ 48. General Literature on the Papacy.
§ 49. Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors from Gregory I. to Leo XIII.
§ 50. Gregory the Great. a.d. 590–604.
§ 51. Gregory and the Universal Episcopate.
§ 52. The Writings of Gregory.
§ 53. The Papacy from Gregory I to Gregory II a.d. 604–715.
§ 54. From Gregory II to Zacharias. a.d. 715–741.
§ 55. Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and the Patrimony of St. Peter. a.d. 741–755.
§ 56. Charles the Great. a.d. 768–814.
§ 57. Founding of the Holy Roman Empire, a.d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo III
§ 58. Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire.
§ 59. The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas I a.d. 814–858). Note on the Myth of the Papess
§ 60. The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals.
§ 61. Nicolas I., April, 858-Nov. 13, 867.
§ 62. Hadrian II. and John VIII a.d. 867 to 882.
§ 63. The Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century.
§ 64. The Interference of Otho the Great.
§ 65. The Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I to Henry III. a.d. 973–1046.
§ 66. Henry III and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of three rival Popes. a.d. 1046.
§ 67. Sources and Literature.
§ 68. The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches.
§ 69. The Causes of Separation.
§ 70. The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas.
§ 71. Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius.
§ 72. Fruitless Attempts at Reunion.
§ 73. Literature.
§ 74. General Character of Mediaeval Morals.
§ 75. Clerical Morals.
§ 76. Domestic Life.
§ 77. Slavery.
§ 78. Feuds and Private Wars. The Truce of God.
§ 79. The Ordeal.
§ 80. The Torture.
§ 81. Christian Charity.
§ 82. Use of Convents in the Middle Ages.
§ 83. St. Benedict. St. Nilus. St. Romuald.
§ 84. The Convent of Cluny.
§ 85. The Penitential Books.
§ 86. Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, Interdict.
§ 87. Penance and Indulgence.
§ 88. Legislation.
§ 89. The Roman Law.
§ 90. The Capitularies of Charlemagne.
§ 91. English Legislation.
Chapter X. Worship And Ceremonies.
§ 92. The Mass.
§ 93. The Sermon.
§ 94. Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists.
§ 95. Latin Hymnody. Literature.
§ 96. Latin Hymns and Hymnists.
§ 97. The Seven Sacraments.
§ 98. The Organ and the Bell.
§ 99. The Worship of Saints.
§ 100. The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories.
§ 101. The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754.
§ 102. The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council, 787.
§ 103. Iconoclastic Reaction, and Final Triumph of Image-Worship, a.d. 842.
§ 104. The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church on Image-Worship.
§ 105. Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin.
Chapter Xi. Doctrinal Controversies.
§ 106. General Survey.
§ 107. The Controversy on the Procession of the Holy Spirit.
§ 108. The Arguments for and against the Filioque.
§ 109. The Monotheletic Controversy.
§ 110. The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ.
§ 111. History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism.
§ 112. The Sixth Oecumenical Council. a.d. 680.
§ 113. The Heresy of Honorius.
§ 114. Concilium Quinisextum. a.d. 692.
§ 115. Reaction of Monotheletism. The Maronites.
§ 116. The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature.
§ 117. History of Adoptionism.
§ 118. Doctrine of Adoptionism.
§ 119. The Predestinarian Controversy.
§ 120. Gottschalk and Babanus Maurus.
§ 121. Gottschalk and Hincmar.
§ 122. The Contending Theories on Predestination, and the Victory of Semi-Augustinianism.
§ 123. The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena.
§ 124. The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature.
§ 125. The Two Theories of the Lord’s Supper.
§ 126. The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus.
§ 127. The Theory of Ratramnus.
§ 128. The Berengar Controversy.
§ 129. Berengar’s Theory of the Lord’s Supper.
§ 130. Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation.
§ 131. The Paulicians.
§ 132. The Euchites and other Sects in the East.
§ 133. The New Manichaeans in the West.
§ 134. Literature.
§ 135. Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages.
§ 136. Learning in the Eastern Church.
§ 137. Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings.
§ 138. Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church.
§ 139. Educational Efforts of the Church.
§ 140. Patronage of Letters by Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald.
§ 141. Alfred the Great, and Education in England.
Chapter Xiv. Biographical Sketches Of Ecclesiastical Writers.
§ 142. Chronological List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century.
§ 143. St. Maximus Confessor.
§ 144. John of Damascus.
§ 145. Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople.
§ 146. Simeon Metaphrastes.
§ 147. Oecumenius.
§ 148. Theophylact.
§ 149. Michael Psellus.
§ 150. Euthymius Zigabenus.
§ 151. Eustathius of Thessalonica.
§ 152. Nicetas Acominatos.
§ 153. Cassiodorus.
§ 154. St. Gregory of Tours.
§ 155. St. Isidore of Seville.
§ 156. The Venerable Bede (Baeda).
§ 157. Paul the Deacon.
§ 158. St. Paulinus of Aquileia.
§ 159. Alcuin.
§ 160. St. Liudger.
§ 161. Theodulph of Orleans.
§ 162. St. Eigil.
§ 163. Amalarius.
§ 164. Einhard.
§ 165. Smaragdus.
§ 166. Jonas of Orleans.
§ 167. Rabanus Maurus.
§ 168. Haymo.
§ 169. Walahfrid Strabo.
§ 170. Florus Magister, of Lyons.
§ 171. Servatus Lupus.
§ 172. Druthmar.
§ 173. St. Paschasius Radbertus.
§ 174. Patramnus.
§ 175. Hincmar of Rheims.
§ 176. Johannes Scotus Erigena.
§ 177. Anastasius.
§ 178. Ratherius of Verona.
§ 179. Gerbert (Sylvester II.).
§ 180. Fulbert of Chartres.
§ 181. Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen.
§ 182. St. Peter Damiani.
Volume 5 – From Gregory Vii To Boniface Viii A. D. 1049–1294.
PREFACE
§ 1. General Literature.
§ 2. Introductory Survey.
§ 3. Sources and Literature on Chapters I. and II.
§ 4. Hildebrand and his Training.
§ 5. Hildebrand and Leo IX. 1049–1054.
§ 6. Victor II. and Stephen IX. (X.). 1055–1058.
§ 7. Nicolas II. and the Cardinals. 1059–1061.
§ 8. The War against Clerical Marriage.
§ 9. Alexander II. and the Schism of Cadalus. 1061–1073.
§ 10. Hildebrand elected Pope. His Views on the Situation.
§ 11. The Gregorian Theocracy.
§ 12. Gregory VII. as a Moral Reformer. Simony and Clerical Marriage.
§ 13. The Enforcement of Sacerdotal Celibacy.
§ 14. The War over Investiture.
§ 15. Gregory VII. and Henry IV.
§ 16. Canossa. 1077.
§ 17. Renewal of the Conflict. Two Kings and Two Popes.
§ 18. Death of Gregory VII.
§ 19. Victor III. and Urban II. 1086–1099.
§ 20. Pascal II. and Henry V. 1099–1118.
§ 21. The Concordat of Worms. 1122.
§ 22. The Conflict of the Hierarchy in England. William the Conqueror and Lanfranc.
§ 23. William Rufus and Anselm.
§ 24. Anselm and Henry I.
Chapter Iv. The Papacy From The Concordat Of Worms To Innocent Iii. A.D. 1122–1198.
§ 25. Innocent II., 1130–1143, and Eugene III., 1145–1153.
§ 26. Arnold of Brescia.
§ 27. The Popes and the Hohenstaufen.
§ 28. Adrian IV. and Frederick Barbarossa.
§ 29. Alexander III. in Conflict with Barbarossa.
§ 30. The Peace of Venice. 1177.
§ 31. Thomas Becket and Henry II of England.
§ 32. The Archbishop and the King.
§ 33. The Martyrdom of Thomas Becket. Dec. 29, 1170.
§ 34. The Effects of Becket’s Murder.
§ 35. Literature.
§ 36. Innocent’s Training and Election.
§ 37. Innocent’s Theory of the Papacy.
§ 38. Innocent and the German Empire.
§ 39. Innocent and King John of England.
§ 40. Innocent and Magna Charta.
§ 41. The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215.
Section 762
§ 42. The Papal Conflict with Frederick II Begun.
§ 43. Gregory IX. and Frederick II. 1227–1241.
§ 44. The First Council of Lyons and the Close of Frederick’s Career. 1241–1250.
§ 45. The Last of the Hohenstaufen.
§ 46. The Empire and Papacy at Peace. 1271–1294.
Chapter Vii. The Crusades.
§ 47. Literature on the Crusades as a Whole.
§ 48. Character and Causes of the Crusades.
§ 49. The Call to the Crusades.
§ 50. The First Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem.
§ 51. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1099–1187.
§ 52. The Fall of Edessa and the Second Crusade.
§ 53. The Third Crusade. 1189–1192.
§ 54. The Children’s Crusades.
§ 55. The Fourth Crusade and the Capture of Constantinople. 1200–1204.
§ 56. Frederick II. and the Fifth Crusade. 1229.
§ 57. St. Louis and the Last Crusades. 1248, 1270.
§ 58. The Last Stronghold of the Crusaders in Palestine.
§ 59. Effects of the Crusades.
§ 60. The Military Orders.
§ 61. The Revival of Monasticism.
§ 62. Monasticism and the Papacy.
§ 63. The Monks of Cluny.
§ 64. The Cistercians.
§ 65. St. Bernard of Clairvaux.
§ 66. The Augustinians, Carthusians, Carmelites, and other Orders.
§ 67. Monastic Prophets.
§ 68. The Mendicant Orders.
§ 69. Franciscan Literature.
§ 70. St. Francis d’Assisi.
§ 71. The Franciscans.
§ 72. St. Dominic and the Dominicans.
§ 73. Literature and General Survey.
§ 74. Missions in Northeastern Germany.
§ 75. Missions among the Mohammedans.
§ 76. Missions among the Mongols.
§ 77. The Jews.
§ 78. Literature for the Entire Chapter.
§ 79. The Mediaeval Dissenters.
§ 80. The Cathari.
§ 81. Peter de Bruys and Other Independent Leaders.
§ 82. The Amaurians and Other Isolated Sects.
§ 83. The Beguines and Beghards.
§ 84. The Waldenses.
§ 85. The Crusades against the Albigenses.
§ 86. The Inquisition. Its Origin and Purpose.
§ 87. The Inquisition. Its Mode of Procedure and Penalties.
§ 88. Schools.
§ 89. Books and Libraries.
§ 90. The Universities.
§ 91. The University of Bologna.
§ 92. The University of Paris.
§ 93. Oxford and Cambridge.
§ 94. The Cathedrals.
§ 95. Literature and General Introduction.
§ 96. Sources and Development of Scholasticism.
§ 97. Realism and Nominalism.
§ 98. Anselm of Canterbury.
§ 99. Peter Abaelard.
§ 100. Abaelard’s Teachings and Theology.
§ 101. Younger Contemporaries of Abaelard.
§ 102. Peter the Lombard and the Summists.
§ 103. Mysticism.
§ 104. St. Bernard as a Mystic.
§ 105. Hugo and Richard of St. Victor.
§ 106. Alexander of Hales.
§ 107. Albertus Magnus.
§ 108 Thomas Aquinas.
§ 109. Bonaventura.
§ 110. Duns Scotus.
§ 111. Roger Bacon.
§ 112. Literature on the Sacraments.
§ 113. The Seven Sacraments.
§ 114. Baptism and Confirmation.
§ 115. The Eucharist.
§ 116. Eucharistic Practice and Superstition.
§ 117. Penance and Indulgences.
§ 118. Penance and Indulgences.
§ 119. Extreme Unction, Ordination, and Marriage.
§ 120. Sin and Grace.
§ 121. The Future State.
§ 122. The canon Law.
§ 123. The Papal Supremacy in Church and State.
§ 124. The Pope and the Curia.
§ 125. Bishops.
§ 126. The Lower Clergy.
§ 127. The Councils.
§ 128. Church and Clergy in England.
§ 129. Two English Bishops.
§ 130. The Worship of Mary.
§ 131. The Worship of Relics.
§ 132. The Sermon.
§ 133. Hymns and Sacred Poetry.
§ 134. The Religious Drama.
§ 135. The Flagellants.
§ 136. Demonology and the Dark Arts.
§ 137. The Age passing Judgment upon Itself.
Volume 6 – From Boniface Viii To Martin Luther A.D. 1294–1517.
PREFACE
§ 1. Introductory Survey.
Chapter I. The Decline Of The Papacy And The Avignon Exile. A.D. 1294–1377.
§ 2. Sources and Literature.
§ 3. Pope Boniface VIII. 1294–1303.
§ 4. Boniface VIII. and Philip the Fair of France.
§ 5. Literary Attacks against the Papacy.
§ 6. The Transfer of the Papacy to Avignon.
§ 7. The Pontificate of John XXII 1316–1334.
§ 8. The Papal Office Assailed.
§ 9. The Financial Policy of the Avignon Popes.
§ 10. The Later Avignon Popes.
§ 11. The Re-establishment of the Papacy in Rome. 1377.
§ 12. Sources and Literature.
§ 13. The Schism Begun. 1378.
§ 14. Further Progress of the Schism. 1378–1409.
§ 15. The Council of Pisa.
§ 16. The Council of Constance. 1414–1418.
§ 17. The council of Basel. 1431–1449.
§ 18. The Council of Ferrara-Florence. 1438–1445.
§ 19. Literature.
§ 20. Ockam and the Decay of Scholasticism.
§ 21. Catherine of Siena, the Saint.
§ 22. Peter d’Ailly, Ecclesiastical Statesman.
§ 23. John Gerson, Theologian and Church Leader.
§ 24. Nicolas of Clamanges, the Moralist.
§ 25. Nicolas of Cusa, Scholar and Churchman.
§ 26. Popular Preachers.
§ 27. Sources and Literature.
§ 28. The New Mysticism.
§ 29. Meister Eckart.
§ 30. John Tauler of Strassburg.
§ 31. Henry Suso.
§ 32. The Friends of God.
§ 33. John of Ruysbroeck.
§ 34. Gerrit de Groote and the Brothers of the Common Life.
§ 35. The Imitation of Christ. Thomas à Kempis.
§ 36. The German Theology.
§ 37. English Mystics.
§ 38. Sources and Literature.
§ 39. The Church in England in the Fourteenth Century.
§ 40. John Wyclif.
§ 41. Wyclif’s Teachings.
§ 42. Wyclif and the Scriptures.
§ 43. The Lollards.
§ 44. John Huss of Bohemia.
§ 45. Huss at Constance.
§ 46. Jerome of Prag.
§ 47. The Hussites.
§ 48. Literature and General Survey.
§ 49. Nicolas V. 1447–1455.
§ 50. Aeneas Sylvius de’ Piccolomini, Pius II.
§ 51. Paul II. 1464–1471.
§ 52. Sixtus IV. 1471–1484.
§ 53. Innocent VIII. 1484–1492.
§ 54. Pope Alexander VI—Borgia. 1492–1503.
§ 55. Julius II., the Warrior-Pope. 1503–1513.
§ 56. Leo X. 1513–1521.
§ 57. Literature.
§ 58. Heretical and Unchurchly Movements.
§ 59. Witchcraft and its Punishment.
§ 60. The Spanish Inquisition.
§ 61. Literature of the Renaissance.
§ 62. The Intellectual Awakening.
§ 63. Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio.
§ 64. Progress and Patrons of Classical Studies in the 15th Century.
§ 65. Greek Teachers and Italian Humanists.
§ 66. The Artists.
§ 67. The Revival of Paganism.
§ 68. Humanism in Germany.
§ 69. Reuchlin and Erasmus.
§ 70. Humanism in France.
§ 71. Humanism in England.
§ 72. Literature.
§ 73. The Clergy.
§ 74. Preaching.
§ 75. Doctrinal Reformers.
§ 76. Girolamo Savonarola.
§ 77. The Study and Circulation of the Bible.
§ 78. Popular Piety.
§ 79. Works of Charity.
§ 80. The Sale of Indulgences.
Chapter X. The Close Of The Middle Ages.
Volume 7 – HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION
PREFACE.
Chapter I. Orientation.
§ 1. The Turning Point of Modern History.
§ 2. Protestantism and Romanism.
§ 3. Necessity of a Reformation.
§ 4. The Preparations for the Reformation.
§ 5. The Genius and Aim of the Reformation.
§ 6. The Authority of the Scriptures.
§ 7. Justification by Faith.
§ 8. The Priesthood of the Laity.
§ 9. The Reformation and Rationalism.
§ 10. Protestantism and Denominationalism.38
§ 11. Protestantism and Religious Liberty.
§ 12. Religious Intolerance and Liberty in England and America.
§ 13. Chronological Limits.
§ 14. General Literature on the Reformation.
Chapter Ii. Luther’S Training For The Reformation, A.D. L483–1517.
§ 15. Literature of the German Reformation.
§ 16. Germany and the Reformation.
§ 17. The Luther Literature.
§ 18. Luther’s Youth and Training.
§ 19. Luther in the University of Erfurt.
§ 20. Luther’s Conversion.
§ 21. Luther as a Monk.
§ 22. Luther and Staupitz.
§ 23. The Victory of Justifying Faith.
§ 24. Luther Ordained to the Priesthood.
§ 25. Luther in Rome.140
§ 26. The University of Wittenberg.
§ 27. Luther as Professor till 1517.
§ 28. Luther and Mysticism. The Theologia Germanica.
§ 29. The Penitential Psalms. The Eve of the Reformation.
Chapter Iii. The German Reformation From The Publication Of Luther’S Theses To The Diet Of Worms, A.D. 1517–1521.
§ 30. The Sale of Indulgences.
§ 31. Luther and Tetzel.
§ 32. The Ninety-five Theses. Oct. 31, 1517.
§ 33. The Theses-Controversy. 1518.
§ 34. Rome’s Interposition. Luther and Prierias. 1518.
§ 35. Luther and Cajetan. October, 1518.
§ 36. Luther and Miltitz. January, 1519.
§ 37. The Leipzig Disputation. June 27-July 15, 1519.
§ 38. Philip Melanchthon. Literature (Portrait).
§ 40. Melanchthon’s Early Labors.
§ 41. Luther and Melanchthon.
§ 42. Ulrich von Hutten and Luther.
§ 43. Luther’s Crusade against Popery. 1520.
§ 44. Address to the German Nobility.
§ 45. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church. October, 1520.
§ 46. Christian Freedom.—Luther’s Last Letter to the Pope. October, 1520.
§ 47. The bull of Excommunication. June 15, 1520.
§ 48. Luther burns the Pope’s bull, and forever breaks with Rome. Dec. 10, 1520.
§ 49. The Reformation and the Papacy.
§ 50. Charles V.
§ 51. The Ecclesiastical Policy of Charles V.
§ 52. The Abdication of Charles, and his Cloister Life.
§ 53. The Diet of Worms. 1521.
§ 54. Luther’s Journey to Worms.
§ 55. Luther’s Testimony before the Diet.
§ 56. Reflections on Luther’s Testimony at Worms.
§ 57. Private Conferences with Luther. The Emperors Conduct.
§ 58. The Ban of the Empire. May 8 (26), 1521.
§ 59. State of Public Opinion. Popular Literature.
Chapter Iv. The German Reformation From The Diet Of Worms To The Peasants’ War, A.D. 1521–1525.
§ 60. A New Phase in the History of the Reformation.
§ 61. Luther at the Wartburg. 1521–1522.
§ 62. Luther’s Translation of the Bible.
§ 63. A Critical Estimate of Luther’s Version.
§ 64. Melanchthon’s Theology.
§ 65. Protestant Radicalism. Disturbances at Erfurt.
§ 66. The Revolution at Wittenberg. Carlstadt and the New Prophets.
§ 67. Luther returns to Wittenberg.
§ 68. Luther restores Order in Wittenberg.—The End of Carlstadt.
§ 69. The Diets of Nürnberg, a.d. 1522–1524. Adrian VI.
§ 70. Luther and Henry VIII
§ 71. Erasmus.
§ 72. Erasmus and the Reformation.
§ 73. The Free-will Controversy. 1524–1527.
§ 74. Wilibald Pirkheimer.
§ 75. The Peasants’ War. 1523–1525.
Chapter V. The Inner Development Of The Reformation From The Peasants’ War To The Diet Of Augsburg, A.D. 1525–1530.
§ 76. The Three Electors.
§ 77. Luther’s Marriage. 1525.
§ 78. Luther’s Home Life.
§ 79. Reflections on Clerical Family Life.
§ 80. Reformation of Public Worship.
§ 81. Prominent Features of Evangelical Worship.
§ 82. Beginnings of Evangelical Hymnody.
§ 83. Common Schools.
§ 84. Reconstruction of Church Government and Discipline.
§ 85. Enlarged Conception of the Church. Augustin, Wiclif, Hus, Luther.
§ 86. Changes in the Views on the Ministry. Departure from the Episcopal Succession. Luther ordains a Deacon, and consec
§ 87. Relation of Church and State.
§ 88. Church Visitation in Saxony.
§ 89. Luther’s Catechisms. 1529.
§ 90. The Typical Catechisms of Protestantism.
Chapter Vi. Propagation And Persecution Of Protestantism In Germany Till 1530.
§ 91. Causes and Means of Progress.
§ 92. The Printing-Press and the Reformation.
§ 93. Protestantism in Saxony.
§ 94. The Reformation in Nürnberg.
§ 95. The Reformation in Strassburg. Martin Bucer.
§ 96. The Reformation in North Germany.
§ 97. Protestantism in Augsburg and South Germany.
§ 98. The Reformation in Hesse, and the Synod of Homberg. Philip of Hesse, and Lambert of Avignon.
§ 99. The Reformation in Prussia. Duke Albrecht and Bishop Georg Von Polenz.
§ 100. Protestant Martyrs.
Chapter Vii. The Sacramentarian Controversies.
§ 101. Sacerdotalism and Sacramentalism.
§ 102. The Anabaptist Controversy. Luther and Huebmaier.
§ 103. The Eucharistic Controversy.
§ 104. Luther’s Theory before the Controversy.
§ 105. Luther and Carlstadt.
§ 106. Luther and Zwingli.
§ 107. The Marburg Conference, a.d. 1529. (With Facsimile of Signatures.)
§ 108. The Marburg Conference continued. Discussion and Result.
§ 109. Luther’s Last Attack on the Sacramentarians. His Relation to Calvin.
§ 110. Reflections on the Ethics of the Eucharistic Controversy.
§ 111. The Eucharistic Theories compared. Luther, Zwingli, Calvin.
§ 112. The First Diet of Speier, and the Beginning of the Territorial System. 1526.
§ 113. The Emperor and the Pope. The Sacking of Rome, 1527.
§ 114. A War Panic, 1528.
§ 115. The Second Diet of Speier, and the Protest of 1529.
§ 116. The Reconciliation of the Emperor and the Pope. The Crowning of the Emperor. 1529.
§ 117. The Diet of Augsburg.
§ 118. The Negotiations, the Recess, the Peace of Nürnberg.
§ 119. The Augsburg Confession.
§ 120. The Roman Confutation and the Protestant Apology.
§ 121. The Tetrapolitan Confession.
§ 122. Zwingli’s Confession to the Emperor Charles.
§ 123. Luther at the Coburg.
§ 124. Luther’s Public Character, and Position in History.
§ 125. Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott.
Volume 8 – The Swiss Reformation, The Reformation In French Switzerland
PREFACE.
§ 1. Switzerland before the Reformation.
§ 2. The Swiss Reformation.
§ 3. The Genius of the Swiss Reformation compared with the German.
§ 4. Literature on the Swiss Reformation.
§ 5. The Zwingli Literature.
§ 6. Zwingli’s Birth and Education.
§ 7. Zwingli in Glarus.
§ 8. Zwingli in Einsiedeln.
§ 9. Zwingli and Luther.
Chapter Iii. The Reformation In Zurich. 1519–1526.
§ 10. Zwingli called to Zurich.
§ 11. Zwingli’s Public Labors and Private Studies.
§ 12. Zwingli and the Sale of Indulgences.
§ 13. Zwingli during the Pestilence.
§ 14. The Open Breach. Controversy about Fasts. 1522.
§ 15. Petition for the Abolition of Clerical Celibacy. Zwingli’s Marriage.
§ 16. Zwingli and Lambert of Avignon.
§ 17. The Sixty-seven Conclusions.
§ 18. The Public Disputations. 1523.
§ 19. The Abolition of the Roman Worship. 1524.
§ 20. The Reformed Celebration of the Lord’s Supper.
§ 21. Other Changes. A Theological School. The Carolinum. A System of Theology.
§ 22. The Translation of the Bible. Leo Judae.
§ 23. Church and State.
§ 24. Zwingli’s Conflict with Radicalism.
§ 25. The Baptismal Controversy.
§ 26. Persecution of the Anabaptists.
§ 27. The Eucharistic Controversy. Zwingli and Luther.
§ 28. The Works of Zwingli.
§ 29. The Theology of Zwingli.
Chapter Iv. Spread Of The Reformation In Switzerland.
§ 30. The Swiss Diet and the Conference at Baden, 1526.
§ 31. The Reformation in Berne.
§ 32. The Reformation in Basel. Oecolampadius.
§ 33. The Reformation in Glarus. Tschudi. Glarean.
§ 34. The Reformation in St. Gall, Toggenburg, and Appenzell. Watt and Kessler.
§ 35. Reformation in Schaffhausen. Hofmeister.
§ 36. The Grisons (Graubünden).
§ 37. The Reformation in the Grisons. Comander. Gallicius. Campell.
§ 38. The Reformation in the Italian Valleys of the Grisons. Vergerio.
§ 39. Protestantism in Chiavenna and the Valtellina, and its Suppression. The Valtellina Massacre. George Jenatsch.
§ 40. The Congregation of Locarno.
§ 41. Zwinglianism in Germany.
Chapter V. The Civil War Between The Roman Catholic And Reformed Cantons.
§ 42. The First War of Cappel. 1529.
§ 43. The First Peace of Cappel. June, 1529.
§ 44. Between the Wars. Political Plains of Zwingli.
§ 45. Zwingli’s Last Theological Labors. His Confessions of Faith.
§ 46. The Second War of Cappel. 1531.
§ 47. The Death of Zwingli.
§ 48. Reflections on the Disaster at Cappel.
§ 49. The Second Peace of Cappel. November, 1531.
§ 50. The Roman Catholic Reaction.
§ 51. The Relative Strength of the Confessions in Switzerland.
§ 52. Zwingli. Redivivus.
§ 53. Literature.
§ 54. Heinrich Bullinger. 1504–1575.
§ 55. Antistes Breitinger (1575–1645).
§ 56. Oswald Myconius, Antistes of Basel.
§ 57. The Helvetic Confessions of Faith.
§ 58. Literature on Calvin and the Reformation in French Switzerland.
§ 59. The Condition of French Switzerland before the Reformation.
§ 60. William Farel (1489–1565).
§ 61. Farel at Geneva. First Act of the Reformation (1535).
§ 62. The Last Labors of Farel.
§ 63. Peter Viret and the Reformation in Lausanne.
§ 64. Antoine Froment.
§ 65. John Calvin compared with the Older Reformers.
§ 66. Calvin’s Place in History.
§ 67. Calvin’s Literary Labors.
§ 68. Tributes to the Memory of Calvin.
Chapter Ix. From France To Switzerland.
§ 69. Calvin’s Youth and Training.
§ 70. Calvin as a Student in the French Universities. a.d. 1528–1533.
§ 71. Calvin as a Humanist. Commentary on Seneca.
§ 72. Calvin’s Conversion. 1532.
§ 73. Calvin’s Call.
§ 74. The Open Rupture. An Academic Oration. 1533.
§ 75. Persecution of the Protestants in Paris. 1534.
§ 76. Calvin as a Wandering Evangelist. 1533–1536.
§ 77. The Sleep of the Soul. 1534.
§ 78. Calvin at Basel. 1535 to 1536.
§ 79. Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion.
§ 80. From Basel to Ferrara. The Duchess Renée.
Section 1163
§ 81. Calvin’s Arrival and Settlement at Geneva.
§ 82. First Labors and Trials.
§ 83. The Reformers introduce Order and Discipline.
§ 84. Expulsion of the Reformers. 1538.
§ 85. Calvin in Strassburg.
§ 86. The Church of the Strangers in Strassburg.
§ 87. The Liturgy of Calvin.
§ 88. Calvin as Theological Teacher and Author.
§ 89. Calvin at the Colloquies of Frankfurt, Worms, and Regensburg.
§ 90. Calvin and Melanchthon.
§ 91. Calvin and Sadolet. The Vindication of the Reformation.
§ 92. Calvin’s Marriage and Home Life.
§ 93. The State of Geneva after the expulsion of the Reformers.
§ 94. Calvin’s Recall to Geneva.
§ 95. Calvin’s Return to Geneva. 1541.
§ 96. The First Years after the Return.
§ 97. Survey of Calvin’s Activity.
Chapter Xiii. Constitution And Discipline Of The Church Of Geneva.
§ 98. Literature.
§ 99. Calvin’s Idea of the Holy Catholic Church.
§ 100. The Visible and Invisible Church.
§ 101. The Civil Government.
§ 102. Distinctive Principles of Calvin’s Church Polity.
§ 103. Church and State.
§ 104. The Ecclesiastical Ordinances.
§ 105. The Venerable Company and the Consistory.
§ 106. Calvin’s Theory of Discipline.
§ 107. The Exercise of Discipline in Geneva.
§ 108. Calvin’s Struggle with the Patriots and Libertines.
§ 109. The Leaders of the Libertines and their punishment: — Gruet, Perrin, Ameaux, Vandel, Berthelier.
§ 110. Geneva Regenerated. Testimonies Old and New.
§ 111. Calvin’s Commentaries.
§ 112. The Calvinistic System.
§ 113. Predestination.
§ 114. Calvinism examined.
§ 115. Calvin’s Theory of the Sacraments.
§ 116. Baptism.
§ 117. The Lord’s Supper. The Consensus of Zuerich.
Chapter Xv. Theological Controversies.
§ 118. Calvin as a Controversialist.
§ 119. Calvin and Pighius.
§ 120. The Anti-Papal Writings. Criticism of the Council of Trent. 1547.
§ 121. Against the German Interim. 1549.
§ 122. Against the Worship of Relics. 1543.
§ 123. The Articles of the Sorbonne with an Antidote. 1544.
§ 124. Calvin and the Nicodemites. 1544.
§ 125. Calvin and Bolsec.
§ 126. Calvin and Castellio.
§ 127. Calvinism and Unitarianism. The Italian Refugees.
§ 128. Calvin and Laelius Socinus.
§ 129. Bernardino Ochino. 1487–1565.
§ 130. Caelius Secundus Curio. 1503–1569.
§ 131. The Italian Antitrinitarians in Geneva. Gribaldo, Biandrata, Alciati, Gentile.
§ 132. The Eucharistic Controversies. Calvin and Westphal.
§ 133. Calvin and the Augsburg Confession. Melanchthon’s Position in the Second Eucharistic Controversy.
§ 134. Calvin and Heshusius.
§ 135. Calvin and the Astrologers.
Chapter Xvi. Servetus: His Life. Opinions, Trial, And Execution.
§ 136 The Servetus Literature.
§ 137. Calvin and Servetus.
§ 138. Catholic Intolerance.
§ 139. Protestant Intolerance. Judgments of the Reformers on Servetus.
§ 140. The Early Life of Servetus.
§ 141. The Book against the Holy Trinity.
§ 142. Servetus as a Geographer.
§ 143. Servetus as a Physician, Scientist, and Astrologer.
§ 144. Servetus at Vienne. His Annotations to the Bible.
§ 145. Correspondence of Servetus with Calvin and Poupin.
§ 146. "The Restitution of Christianity."
§ 147. The Theological System of Servetus.
§ 148. The Trial and Condemnation of Servetus at Vienne.
§ 149. Servetus flees to Geneva and is arrested.
§ 150. State of Political Parties at Geneva in 1553.
§ 151. The First Act of the Trial at Geneva.
§ 152. The Second Act of the Trial at Geneva.
§ 153. Consultation of the Swiss Churches. The Defiant Attitude of Servetus.
§ 154. Condemnation of Servetus.
§ 155. Execution of Servetus. Oct. 27, 1553.
§ 156. The Character of Servetus.
§ 157. Calvin’s Defence of the Death Penalty for Heretics.
§ 158. A Plea for Religious Liberty. Castellio and Beza.
§ 159. Calvin’s Catholicity of Spirit.
§ 160. Geneva an Asylum for Protestants from all Countries.
§ 161. The Academy of Geneva. The High School of Reformed Theology.
§ 162. Calvin’s Influence upon the Reformed Churches of the Continent.
§ 163. Calvin’s Influence upon Great Britain.
§ 164. Calvin’s Last Days and Death.
§ 165. Calvin’s Last Will, and Farewells.
§ 166. Calvin’s Personal Character and Habits.
Section 1253
§ 167. Life of Beza to his Conversion.
§ 168. Beza at Lausanne and as a Delegate to the German Princes.
§ 169. Beza at Geneva.
§ 170. Beza at the Colloquy of Poissy.1287
§ 171. Beza as the Counsellor of the Huguenot Leaders,
§ 172. Beza as the Successor of Calvin, down to 1586.
§ 173. Beza’s Conferences with Lutherans.
§ 174. Beza and Henry IV.
§ 175. Beza’s Last Days.
§ 176. Beza’s Writings.
APPENDIX.
Holy Bible
The First Book of Moses, called Genesis
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
Chapter 41
Chapter 42
Chapter 43
Chapter 44
Chapter 45
Chapter 46
Chapter 47
Chapter 48
Chapter 49
Chapter 50
The Second Book of Moses, Called Exodus
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
The Fourth Book of Moses, called Numbers
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
The Second Book of the Chronicles
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
The Book of Job
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
Chapter 41
Chapter 42
BOOK I
BOOK II
BOOK III
BOOK IV
BOOK V
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
The Book of the Prophet Isaiah
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
Chapter 41
Chapter 42
Chapter 43
Chapter 44
Chapter 45
Chapter 46
Chapter 47
Chapter 48
Chapter 49
Chapter 50
Chapter 51
Chapter 52
Chapter 53
Chapter 54
Chapter 55
Chapter 56
Chapter 57
Chapter 58
Chapter 59
Chapter 60
Chapter 61
Chapter 62
Chapter 63
Chapter 64
Chapter 65
Chapter 66
The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
Chapter 41
Chapter 42
Chapter 43
Chapter 44
Chapter 45
Chapter 46
Chapter 47
Chapter 48
Chapter 49
Chapter 50
Chapter 51
Chapter 52
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 37
Chapter 38
Chapter 39
Chapter 40
Chapter 41
Chapter 42
Chapter 43
Chapter 44
Chapter 45
Chapter 46
Chapter 47
Chapter 48
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22

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Chapter Vii. The Crusades.

CHAPTER VII.

THE CRUSADES.

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