283Notes
Notes
Chapter 1 Growing Up Today
. Marina Mendonça and Anne Marie Fontaine, “The Role Maturity of Parents of Emerging Adult Children: Validity of a Parental Maturity Measure,” Journal of Adult Development 21, no. 2 (2014): 116–28.
. Remember that this is not mere spiritual optimism. The Scriptures perpetually talk about God’s faithfulness to forgive us (1 John 1:9), God’s desire to transform us (Phil. 1:1–6; 2 Cor. 5:17–21), and our collective hope that Christ dwells in us in order that we might know the fullness of God’s love in our lives that often surprises us (Eph. 3:14–21).
. All names have been changed in stories and quotes. Also, periodically we have smoothed out a few phrases or words in interview quotes to make them more readable and changed minor details in stories we share in order to maintain the anonymity of our interviewees.
. Susan Y. Euling et al., “Role of Environmental Factors in the Timing of Puberty,” Pediatrics 21 (February 1, 2008): S167–71.
. American Psychological Association, “American Psychological Association Survey Shows Teen Stress Rivals That of Adults,” February 11, 2014, http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/02/teen-stress.aspx.
. American Psychological Association, “2010 Stress in America Report,” http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/key-findings.aspx.
. Chap Clark, Hurt 2.0: Inside the World of Today’s Teenagers (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2011), 31.
. Amanda Lenhart, “Teens, Social Media and Technology Overview 2015,” Pew Research Center, April 9, 2015, http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/.
. Common Sense Media, “Fact Sheet: Teens and Smartphones,” https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/pdfs/census_factsheet_teensandsmartphones.pdf.
. Common Sense Media, “Fact Sheet: Teens and Smartphones.”
. Lenhart, “Teens, Social Media and Technology.”
. Madeleine J. George and Candice L. Odgers, “Seven Fears and the Science of How Mobile Technologies May Be Influencing Adolescents in the Digital Age,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 10, no. 6 (November 2015): 832–51, doi:10.1177/1745691615596788.
. Andrew K. Przybylski et al., “Motivational, Emotional, and Behavioral Correlates of Fear of Missing Out,” Computers in Human Behavior 29, no. 4 (2013): 1841–48.
. D’Vera Cohn et al., “Barely Half of U.S. Adults Are Married—A Record Low,” Pew Research Center, December 14, 2011, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2011/12/14/barely-half-of-u-s-adults-are-married-a-record-low/.
. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett and Elizabeth Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up? Loving and Understanding Your Emerging Adult (New York: Workman, 2013), 154.
. Arnett and Fishel, 160.
. T. J. Matthews and Brady E. Hamilton, “Delayed Childbearing: More Women Are Having Their First Child Later in Life,” NCHS Data Brief, no. 21, August 2009, 1, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db21.pdf.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 2.
. N. A. Fouad and J. Bynner, “Work Transitions,” American Psychologist 63, no. 4 (2008): 241–51.
. “America’s Young Adults at 27: Labor Market Activity, Education, and Household Composition: Results from a Longitudinal Survey,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 26, 2014, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm.
. Robert Schoeni and Karen Ross, “Material Assistance from Families During the Transition to Adulthood,” in On the Frontiers of Adulthood, ed. Richard Settersten, Frank Furstenburg, and Ruben Rumbaut (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 396–416.
. Robin Marantz Henig, “What Is It About 20-Somethings?,” New York Times, August 18, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/magazine/22Adulthood-t.html.
. David P. Setran and Chris A. Kiesling, Spiritual Formation in Emerging Adulthood: A Practical Theology for College and Young Adult Ministry (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2013), 2. It’s also worth noting, however, that pre–World War II American ideals of adulthood and the time lines for marriage, childbearing, and other markers have varied quite a bit over the centuries. The standard expectations that had emerged by the 1960s were arguably creations of white, middle-class postwar America, particularly expectations of college education and home ownership. See Steven Mintz, The Prime of Life: A History of Modern Adulthood (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Harvard Press, 2015). Relatedly, Jeffrey Arnett acknowledges that the phenomenon of emerging adulthood is currently more prevalent in Western contexts, along with Asian industrialized and post-industrial contexts. Arnett anticipates that “it seems possible that by the end of the 21st century emerging adulthood will be a normative period for young people worldwide, although it is likely to vary in length and content both within and between countries.” Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens through the Twenties, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 24.
. Arnett, Emerging Adulthood, 15.
. Varda Konstam, Parenting Your Emerging Adult (Far Hills, NJ: New Horizon Press, 2013), 26.
. Mary C. Waters et al., Coming of Age in America: The Transition to Adulthood in the Twenty-First Century (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2011), 192.
. Gabrielle Bosché, 5 Millennial Myths (BeReady Media, 2016), 22.
. Bosché, 16–17.
. Bosché, 32–33.
. Meg Jay, The Defining Decade (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2012), xiv.
. Jay, xxvii.
. These are not three imposed categories. Rather, these domains—relationships, faith/belief, and vocation—are what young people themselves identify as the most important priorities to pursue if they hope to make it in this world. See Arnett, Emerging Adulthood, 83–243.
. We are grateful to Sharon Daloz Parks for first helping us understand faithing as a verb. Her definition is broader than ours—namely, “putting one’s heart on that which one trusts as true.” Sharon Daloz Parks, Big Questions, Worthy Dreams: Mentoring Young Adults in Their Search for Meaning, Purpose, and Faith, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2011), 34.
. Christian Smith and Patricia Snell, Souls in Transition: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of Emerging Adults (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 150.
. Arnett, Emerging Adulthood, 176.
. R. Flory and M. Denton, Disconnected Souls: Religion and Spirituality in the Lives of Emerging Adults (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018). This forthcoming resource reports on the third wave of the National Study of Youth and Religion regarding the religious and spiritual lives of emerging adults, especially those that we define as focusers (ages 23–29).
. The exact origin of this phrase is unknown, and while Albert Einstein is allegedly the source of this phrase, no citation has ever been located.
Chapter 2 Pursuing the Growing With Posture
. Author and biblical scholar Eugene Peterson reminds us that young people are God’s gifts to middle-aged parents. Peterson explains that adolescence (and now emerging adulthood) is a process designed by God to bring young people to adulthood. Simultaneously, this period is designed by the Creator to provide something essential to parents in their own critical time in life. Eugene H. Peterson, Like Dew Your Youth: Growing Up with Your Teenager (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994), 97–98.
. Carol Dweck defines “growth mindset” as a person’s belief that their most basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work (versus believing that abilities are “fixed” and can’t be significantly improved). Carol S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (New York: Random House, 2006), 174–93.
. For our more academic readers, we acknowledge that we are oversimplifying the complexity of development. We also acknowledge that development is rarely stage-like, meaning young people do not grow in a linear fashion. Further, we acknowledge that young people are often more developed in certain domains of life than in others. Finally, we recognize that research on race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status is essential in understanding the unique perspective of every young person. Our goal is merely to offer a helpful guide for generally understanding stages young people likely encounter and to give language to their experiences.
. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood, 6th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2012), 85–87.
. Arnett, 43–52.
. D. J. Siegel, Brainstorm: The Power and Purpose of the Teenage Brain (New York: Penguin, 2015), 41.
. Siegel, 35.
. J. W. Fowler, Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1981), 31; Kara E. Powell and Chap Clark, Sticky Faith: Everyday Ideas to Build Lasting Faith in Your Kids (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2011), 143–45.
. Parks, Big Questions, 107–9.
. Paul Taylor, Is College Worth It? College Presidents, Public Assess Value, Quality and Mission of Higher Education (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2011), 65–67.
. Arnett, Emerging Adulthood, 9–11.
. Arnett, 49–82.
. Laura M. Padilla-Walker, Madison K. Memmott-Elison, and Larry J. Nelson, “Positive Relationships as an Indicator of Flourishing During Emerging Adulthood,” in Flourishing in Emerging Adulthood: Positive Development during the Third Decade of Life, ed. Laura M. Padilla-Walker and Larry J. Nelson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 212–36.
. Steven C. Argue, “Undergraduate Spiritual Struggle and the Quest to Remain Faithful,” Journal of Youth Ministry 16, no. 1 (2017): 8–29.
. Georgia T. Chao and Philip D. Gardner, “Healthy Transitions to Work,” in Padilla-Walker and Nelson, Flourishing, 104–28.
. “Millennial Careers: 2020 Vision,” (Milwaukee: ManpowerGroup, 2016), 6.
. Wyndol Furman and Jessica K. Winkles, “Transformations in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships across the Transition into Adulthood: ‘Meet Me at the Bleachers . . . I Mean the Bar,’” in Relationship Pathways: From Adolescence to Young Adulthood, ed. W. Andrew Collins and Brett Paul Laursen (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2012), 191–213; Smith and Snell, Souls in Transition, 61–62.
. Richard D. Putnam and David E. Campbell, American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 167–74.
. Christian Smith et al., Lost in Transition: The Dark Side of Emerging Adulthood (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 110–47.
. Padilla-Walker, Memmott-Elison, and Nelson, “Positive Relationships,” 212–36. Padilla-Walker and associates acknowledge that, from a life course perspective, “the trajectories of family members are interdependent and there is a consistent interplay between the individual development of the emerging adult child and his or her family members” (213).
. Maryellen Weimer, Learner-Centered Teaching: Five Key Changes to Practice, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2013), 15–16.
. Weimer, 72–83.
. Padilla-Walker, Memmott-Elison, and Nelson, “Positive Relationships,” 212–36.
. Arnett, Emerging Adulthood, 80–82.
. Parks, Big Questions, 127–34.
. These two commitments align with the research of Carol Dweck, a leading researcher in motivation and human behavior, who advocates for a “growth mindset paradigm.” Dweck, Mindset.
. Jill C. Bradley-Geist and Julie B. Olson-Buchanan, “Helicopter Parents: An Examination of the Correlates of Over-Parenting of College Students,” Education and Training 56, no. 4 (2014): 314–28.
Chapter 3 Getting Warmer
. Vern L. Bengtson, Norella M. Putney, and Susan C. Harris, Families and Faith: How Religion Is Passed Down across Generations (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 79.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, 98.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, 74.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, 76–79.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, 74–76.
. Brené Brown, Daring Greatly (New York: Penguin, 2012), 81.
. Erika M. Manczak, Anita DeLongis, and Edith Chen, “Does Empathy Have a Cost? Diverging Psychological and Physiological Effects within Families,” Health Psychology 35, no. 3 (March 2016): 211–18.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 47.
. Konstam, Parenting Your Emerging Adult, 131.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 51.
. Arnett, Emerging Adulthood, 56.
. Smith and Snell, Souls in Transition, 43–44.
. Padilla-Walker, Memmott-Elison, and Nelson, “Positive Relationships,” 220.
. Padilla-Walker, Memmott-Elison, and Nelson, 220.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, Families and Faith, 100–101.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, 100.
. Padilla-Walker, Memmott-Elison, and Nelson, “Positive Relationships,” 222.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, Families and Faith, 104–12.
. This story is adapted from Kara Powell, The Sticky Faith Guide for Your Family (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2014), 79–80.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 44.
. These birthday and milestone ideas are adapted from Steven Argue and Kara Powell, Eighteen Plus (Atlanta: Orange Books, 2018).
. Steven C. Argue, “Supporting Undergraduate Spirituality: College-Related Factors Evangelical Christian Students Perceive as Affecting Their Working through Spiritual Struggle While Attending a Public University” (PhD diss., Michigan State University, 2015), 130.
Chapter 4 Walls of Support
. Lisa Damour, Untangled: Guiding Teenage Girls Through the Seven Transitions of Adulthood (New York: Ballantine Books, 2017), 23.
. Steven Covey, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 53.
. American Psychological Association, “Stress in America: Are Teens Adopting Adults’ Stress Habits?,” February 11, 2014, 4, https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2013/stress-report.pdf.
. APA, “Stress in America,” 4.
. APA, “Stress in America,” 4.
. APA, “Stress in America,” 4.
. APA, “Stress in America,” 6.
. Sociologist Tim Clydesdale coined the term “daily life management” to describe the daily pressures faced by college students. Tim Clydesdale, The First Year Out (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 2.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 33–36.
. American Psychological Association, “Stress in America: Key Findings,” 2010, http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/key-findings.aspx.
. Interview with Ellen Galinski, “The Teenage Brain,” Frontline, January 31, 2002, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/teenbrain/interviews/galinsky.html.
. Jeffrey Jensen Arnett and Joseph Schwab, “The Clark University Poll of Parents of Emerging Adults,” September 2013, http://www2.clarku.edu/clark-poll-emerging-adults/pdfs/clark-university-poll-parents-emerging-adults.pdf.
. Padilla-Walker, Memmott-Elison, and Nelson, “Positive Relationships,” 218.
. Scott Cormode, Sticky Faith Cohort, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA, February 25–26, 2016.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 43.
. Jeffrey Sparshott, “Congratulations, Class of 2015. You’re the Most Indebted Ever (For Now),” Wall Street Journal, May 8, 2015, https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2015/05/08/congratulations-class-of-2015-youre-the-most-indebted-ever-for-now/.
. Maggie McGrath, “Desperate and in Debt: 30% of Millennials Would Sell an Organ to Get Rid of Student Loans,” Forbes, September 9, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2015/09/09/desperate-and-in-debt-30-of-millennials-would-sell-an-organ-to-get-rid-of-student-loans/.
. Adapted from Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 43.
. Shaunti Feldhahn, “Everything We Think We Know about Marriage and Divorce Is Wrong,” Catalyst, May 6, 2014, http://catalystconference.com/read/everything-we-think-we-know-about-marriage-and-divorce-is-wrong/.
. The remainder of this section is adapted from Kara Powell, Jake Mulder, and Brad Griffin, Growing Young: Six Essential Strategies to Help Young People Discover and Love Your Church (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2016), 206–7.
. Elizabeth Marquardt, Between Two Worlds: The Inner Lives of Children of Divorce (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2005), 48, 59, 85.
. Arnett, Emerging Adulthood, 60–61.
. Marquardt, Between Two Worlds, 155.
. Arnett, Emerging Adulthood, 50.
. Arnett, 54.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 110.
. Greg McKeown, Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less (New York: Crown Business, 2014), 103.
. Peterson, Like Dew Your Youth, 45.
. Reggie Joiner and Carey Nieuwhof, Parenting Beyond Your Capacity (Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 2010), 101, emphasis added.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 46.
. Brown, Daring Greatly, 71.
. Adapted from Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 116.
Chapter 5 Personal Faithing
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, Families and Faith, 184–206.
. Parks, Big Questions, 24–26.
. James W. Fowler, Stages of Faith: The Psychology of Human Development and the Quest for Meaning (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1995), 16–39.
. K. L. Bailey et al., “Spirituality at a Crossroads: A Grounded Theory of Christian Emerging Adults,” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 8, no. 2 (2016): 99–109.
. Parks, Big Questions, 53–103.
. Argue, “Supporting Undergraduate Spirituality,” dissertation research field notes, January 2014.
. Powell, Mulder, and Griffin, Growing Young, 126–62.
. Don Everts, Jesus with Dirty Feet: A Down-to-Earth Look at Christianity for the Curious and Skeptical (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1999), 21–28.
. M. Chan, K. M. Tsai, and A. J. Fuligni, “Changes in Religiosity across the Transition to Young Adulthood,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44, no. 8 (2015): 1555–66.
. T. W. Hall, D. C. Wang, and E. Edwards, “The Spiritual Development of Emerging Adults over the College Years: A 4-Year Longitudinal Investigation,” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 8, no. 3 (2016): 206–17.
. Smith and Snell, Souls in Transition, 103–42.
. Paul Taylor, The Next America: Boomers, Millennials, and the Looming Generational Showdown (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014), 163. Generational cohorts are grouped by when populations were born and when they come of age: the Silent generation (born 1928–1945), the Baby Boomer generation (born 1946–1964), Generation X (born 1965–1980), and the Millennial generation (born 1980–2000). These descriptors carry some ambiguity reflected in changing terminology. Those born after 2000 have been called iGen or Generation Z.
. Thomas E. Bergler, “Mapping the Missional Landscape of Emerging Adulthood,” The Journal of Youth Ministry 15, no. 2 (Spring 2017): 64–96.
. Christian Smith and Melinda Lundquist Denton, Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 30–71.
. Smith and Snell, Souls in Transition, 134.
. Taylor, The Next America, 161–65.
. Bailey et al., “Spirituality at a Crossroads,” 99–109.
. Argue, “Undergraduate Spiritual Struggle,” 18.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, Families and Faith, 54–67.
. Argue, “Undergraduate Spiritual Struggle,” 11.
. Powell, Sticky Faith Guide for Your Family, 131–33.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, Families and Faith, 65.
. A. Astin, H. Astin, and J. Lindholm, Cultivating the Spirit: How College Can Enhance Students’ Inner Lives (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010), 105.
. Smith and Denton, Soul Searching, 131–33.
. Kenda Creasy Dean, Almost Christian: What the Faith of Our Teenagers Is Telling the American Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 115–17.
. Larry J. Nelson and Laura M. Padilla-Walker, “Flourishing and Floundering in Emerging Adult College Students,” Emerging Adulthood 1, no. 1 (2013): 67–78.
. Kenda Creasy Dean, “How Do We Help Students Practice Their Faith?,” The Collaborative, Mars Hill Bible Church, 2014.
. Hall, Wang, and Edwards, “The Spiritual Development of Emerging Adults,” 206–17.
. Read John 10:10, but also recognize that this is the whole redemptive story of God throughout the Christian Scriptures. God is pursuing us and desires to bless us so that we might live as one with God and with each other. With God there is always hope.
Chapter 6 Faithing Together
. A quick internet search of articles surfaces titles similar to these examples we have compiled for illustrative purposes.
. Adults ages 18–29 comprise 16.7 percent of the adult population according to a report from 2015 statistics released by the United States Census Bureau. “Annual estimates of the resident population by single year of age and sex for the United States: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015” [Data file], retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2015/PEPSYASEX.
Often cited as one of the most up-to-date repositories of data on US churches, the recent National Congregations Study highlights how quickly congregations are aging. Between 1998 and 2007, the number of regular attenders over age 60 in the 2,740 congregations surveyed jumped from 25 percent to 30 percent. During that same short time period, regular attenders younger than 35 dropped from 25 percent to 20 percent. Mark Chaves, Shawna Anderson, and Jason Byassee, “American Congregations at the Beginning of the 21st Century: A National Congregations Study,” http://www.soc.duke.edu/natcong/Docs/NCSII_report_final.pdf.
. Nancy Tatom Ammerman, Sacred Stories, Spiritual Tribes: Finding Religion in Everyday Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 6.
. Powell and Clark, Sticky Faith, 23–24.
. Powell, Mulder, and Griffin, Growing Young, 196–233.
. Taylor, The Next America, 165–69.
. Taylor, 164.
. Taylor, 170.
. Bengtson, Putney, and Harris, Families and Faith, 65–67.
. Powell and Clark, Sticky Faith, 83–95.
. Jean M. Twenge, iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy—and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood (and What This Means for the Rest of Us) (New York: Atria Books, 2017), 130–32.
. For starters, see a great resource by our friend and scholar Andrew Root, Exploding Stars, Dead Dinosaurs, and Zombies: Youth Ministry in the Age of Science (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2018).
. Powell and Clark, Sticky Faith, 19–20.
. Argue, “Supporting Undergraduate Spirituality,” 130.
. Smith and Snell, Souls in Transition, 112–13.
. Believing popular but misleading narratives (often perpetuated by movies and novels) exaggerates the animosity between (predominantly evangelical) religious and university contexts and discourages students from finding helpful ways to integrate their faith, learning, and experiences.
. Jenny Lee, “Religious and College Attendance: Change among Students,” Review of Higher Education 25 (2002): 369–84.
. Jeremy E. Uecker, Mark Regnerus, and Margaret L. Vaaler, “Losing My Religion: The Social Sources of Religious Decline in Early Adulthood,” Social Forces 85, no. 4 (2007): 1667–92.
. Timothy T. Clydesdale, The First Year Out: Understanding American Teens after High School (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007), 39–41.
. Smith and Snell, Souls in Transition, 75–79.
. Smith and Snell, 75.
. Smith and Snell, 76–77.
. Smith and Snell, 78.
. Smith and Denton, Soul Searching, 89.
. Powell and Clark, Sticky Faith, 167.
. Chan, Tsai, and Fuligni, “Changes in Religiosity,” 1555.
. Powell and Clark, Sticky Faith, 166.
. Steven Argue, “It’s Time to Define the Relationship with Our Emerging Adults,” Youth Specialties, September 23, 2014, http://youthspecialties.com/blog/its-time-to-define-the-relationship-with-our-emerging-adults.
. Parks, Big Questions, 165–73.
. Parks, 191.
. Sherry Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 1–3.
. Tim Hutchings, Creating Church Online: Ritual, Community, and New Media (New York: Routledge, 2017), 220–40.
. Email conversation with Dave Adamson, October 30, 2017. Used with his permission.
. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Life Together and Prayer Book of the Bible (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996), 29.
. Nancy J. Duff, “Praising God Online,” Theology Today 70, no. 1 (2013): 22–29.
. Emma Green, “It’s Hard to Go to Church,” The Atlantic, August 23, 2016, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/religious-participation-survey/496940/.
. Turkle, Alone Together, 1–20.
. These ideas are inspired by suggestions in Powell, Sticky Faith Guide for Your Family, 99–100.
. We are grateful for this wise insight inspired from Eugene Peterson’s Like Dew Your Youth.
Chapter 7 Relational Adulting
. A. McCabe and K. T. Dinh, “Agency and Communion, Ineffectiveness and Alienation: Themes in the Life Stories of Latino and Southeast Asian Adolescents,” Imagination, Cognition and Personality 36, no. 2 (2016): 150–71.
. W. W. Hartup, “The Social Worlds of Childhood,” American Psychologist 34 (1979): 944–50.
. Clea McNeely and Jayne Blanchard, The Teen Years Explained: A Guide to Healthy Adolescent Development (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2009), 31–39.
. Arnett, Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood, 215–17.
. Arnett, 210–22.
. Arnett, 217–18.
. Clark, Hurt 2.0, 61.
. Amanda Lenhart et al., Teens, Technology and Romantic Relationships: From Flirting to Breaking Up, Social Media and Mobile Phones are Woven into Teens Romantic Lives (Pew Research Center, 2015), 2. Note: 1 percent of young people chose not to report their dating status.
. Amanda Lenhart et al., Teens, Technology and Friendships: Video Games, Social Media and Mobile Phones Play an Integral Role in How Teens Meet and Interact with Friends (Pew Research Center, 2015), 56–68.
. Eric W. Owens et al., “The Impact of Internet Pornography on Adolescents: A Review of the Research,” Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 19, nos. 1–2 (2012): 99–122.
. Monica Anderson, Parents, Teens and Digital Monitoring (Pew Research Center, 2016), 1–33.
. Lawrence B. Finer and Jesse M. Philbin, Sexual Initiation, Contraceptive Use, and Pregnancy among Young Adolescents (New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2013), 1–6.
. Laura Widman et al., “Parent-Adolescent Sexual Communication and Adolescent Safer Sex Behavior: A Meta-Analysis,” JAMA Pediatrics 170, no. 1 (2016): 52–61.
. Carolyn McNamara Barry, Stephanie D. Madsen, and Alyssa DeGrace, “Growing Up with a Little Help from Their Friends in Emerging Adulthood,” in The Oxford Handbook of Emerging Adulthood, ed. Jeffrey J. Arnett (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 215–29.
. Jay, Defining Decade, 84–88.
. Arnett, Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood, 269–70.
. Smith et al., Lost in Transition, 148–49.
. Smith et al., 148–94.
. Erin Kramer Holmes et al., “Healthy Transitions to Family Formation,” in Padilla-Walker and Nelson, Flourishing in Emerging Adulthood, 70–97.
. Smith et al., Lost in Transition, 180–83.
. Stephen T. Russell, Ryan J. Watson, and Joel A. Muraco, “The Development of Same-Sex Intimate Relationships During Adolescence,” in Relationship Pathways: From Adolescence to Young Adulthood, ed. W. Andrew Collins and Brett Paul Laursen (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2012), 215–33.
. Anna Brown, “5 Key Findings About LGBT Americans,” Pew Research Center, June 13, 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/13/5-key-findings-about-lgbt-americans/.
. Paul Taylor, A Survey of LGBT Americans: Attitudes, Experiences and Values in Changing Times (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2013), 21–29; Russell, Watson, and Muraco, “The Development of Same-Sex Intimate Relationships,” 215–33. We thank Dr. Mark Baker, a Fuller alumnus and therapist in Los Angeles, for his aid in conceptualizing this section.
. Jessica Hamar Martínez, “Where the Public Stands on Religious Liberty vs. Nondiscrimination,” Pew Research Center, September 28, 2016, http://www.pewforum.org/2016/09/28/where-the-public-stands-on-religious-liberty-vs-nondiscrimination/.
. Christina R. Peter et al., “Positive Development During Emerging Adulthood for Queer Populations,” in Padilla-Walker and Nelson, Flourishing in Emerging Adulthood, 586–612.
. Justin Lee, Torn: Rescuing the Gospel from the Gays-vs.-Christians Debate (New York: Jericho Books, 2013), 33.
. T. W. Harrison, “Adolescent Homosexuality and Concerns Regarding Disclosure,” The Journal of School Health 73, no. 3 (2003): 107–12; S. Saltzburg, “Narrative Therapy Pathways for Re-Authoring with Parents of Adolescents Coming-Out as Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual,” Contemporary Family Therapy 29, nos. 1–2 (2007): 57–69.
. Sofi Sinozich and Lynn Langton, Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization among College-Age Females, 1995–2013 (US Department of Justice, December 2014), 1–19.
. “Sexual Violence Statistics,” Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN), accessed November 11, 2017, https://www.rainn.org/statistics/victims-sexual-violence.
. Arnett, Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood, 119–21.
. Holmes et. al., “Healthy Transitions to Family Formation,” 70–97.
. Galena K. Rhoades and Scott M. Stanley, Before “I Do”: What Do Premarital Experiences Have to Do with Marital Quality among Today’s Young Adults? (The University of Virginia: The National Marriage Project, 2014), 1–39, http://nationalmarriageproject.org/blog/resources/before-i-do-2/.
. Anne Johnson, Tobin Van Ostern, and Abraham White, The Student Debt Crisis (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2012), 1–28.
. Katie Lobosco, “Students Are Graduating with $30,000 in Loans,” CNN Money, October 18, 2016, http://money.cnn.com/2016/10/18/pf/college/average-student-loan-debt/index.html.
. See Richard Allan Beck, Unclean: Meditations on Purity, Hospitality, and Mortality (Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press, 2012). Beck argues that in Jesus’s interaction with the Pharisees in Matthew 9:9–13, his reference to Hosea 6:6 emphasizes that God desires mercy not sacrifice. While both are important, Jesus’s priority is mercy. Even though sacrifice draws distinction between religious insiders and outsiders, it submits to mercy and its call to bridge differences for the sake of the relationship. We see this priority in Jesus’s own earthly encounters with people.
Chapter 8 Vocational Adulting
. Frederick Buechner, Wishful Thinking (New York: Harper One, 1993), 118–19.
. Diana Garland, Inside Out Families (Waco: Baylor University Press, 2010), 69.
. Other research supports these two suggestions, including Patricia S. Herzog, “Multidimensional Perspectives on the Faith and Giving of Youth and Emerging Adults,” Religions 8, no. 7 (2017): 128.
. “Youth Helping America: The Role of Social Institutions in Teen Volunteering,” Corporation for National and Community Service, November 2005, https://www.nationalservice.gov/pdf/05_1130_LSA_YHA_SI_factsheet.pdf, 1.
. Kurt Ver Beek, “The Impact of Short-Term Missions: A Case Study of House Construction in Honduras After Hurricane Mitch,” Missiology 34, no. 4 (October 2006): 485.
. Robert J. Priest et al., “Researching the Short-Term Mission Movement,” Missiology 34, no. 4 (October 2006): 431–50.
. “Volunteering in the United States News Release,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 25, 2016, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/volun.htm.
. Smith and Snell, Souls in Transition, 71.
. Arnett, Emerging Adulthood, 12.
. Smith et al., Lost in Transition, 70–86, 93–107.
. Smith et al., 219–21.
. “Millennials: Breaking the Myths,” Nielsen Company, January 27, 2014, http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports/2014/millennials-breaking-the-myths.html.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 192.
. Arnett, Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood, 328–29.
. Katherine Turpin, “Adolescence: Vocation in Performance, Passion, and Possibility,” in Kathleen A. Cahalan and Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, eds., Calling All Years Good: Christian Vocation throughout Life’s Seasons (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2017), 69.
. Georgia T. Chao and Philip D. Gardner, “Healthy Transitions to Work,” in Padilla-Walker and Nelson, Flourishing in Emerging Adulthood, 112.
. Chao and Gardner, “Healthy Transitions to Work,” 106.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 214.
. “Americans at Age 31: Labor Market Activity, Education and Partner Status Summary,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 17, 2018, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/nlsyth.nr0.htm.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 197.
. Konstam, Parenting Your Emerging Adult, 51–52.
. Angela Duckworth, Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance (New York: Scribner, 2016), 8.
. Jay, Defining Decade, xvii–xxxi.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 191.
. Chao and Gardner, “Healthy Transitions to Work,” 109.
. Konstam, Parenting Your Emerging Adult, 130.
. Konstam, 44.
. Konstam, 44.
. Jay, Defining Decade, 171.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 28–29, 188.
. A major thanks to David Livermore, leader of the Cultural Intelligence Center, and Terry Linhart of Bethel College (Indiana) for collaborating with us in developing this model. See Kara Powell and Brad M. Griffin, Sticky Faith Service Guide (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2016), 19.
. Search Institute, Insights and Evidence in Brief: Finding the Student Spark 5, no. 1 (November 2010), 1.
. Arnett and Fishel, When Will My Grown-Up Kid Grow Up?, 195–96, 199–202.