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. ‘Revertuntur . . . graeca et latina lingua seu renascuntur verius’ (Vives, De Causis Corruptarum Artium, I). ‘(Poesis) tametsi rediviva novam sub Petrarcha pueritism inchoasse’ (Scaliger, Poet., VI. i). ‘In veterum lucubrationibus restituendis laborant et ceu a mortuis revocant’ (Huldrichus Coccius, Ep. Ded. to Opera Vivis. Basel, 1555).
. The doctrine is set out more fully in Kepler, Harmonices, IV. vii.
. Some evidence suggests that the belief in a ‘genial universe’ was strong enough to produce actual hallucination. Machiavelli (De Republica, I. lvi) cannot deny that men see warriors fighting in the clouds. Chapman (Hero and Leander, vi. 157) says that people ‘sometimes’ think they see a face in the sun.
. Not far from thence sate in his royal Throne Bethanian, rich in gold and fame, his blood Deriv’d from kings illustrious.
. Flaming with gold, with pictur’d columns bright, A vasty Hall.
. John Poynet in his Short Treatise of Politic Power (1556) had spoken of ‘Catharistes and newe Puristes’.
. I am speaking, of course, about initial doubts of election. Despair after apostasy (see A Notable and marvellous Epistle of Dr. Mathewe Gribaldi, translated by E. A. (glionby), 1550) is another matter and was no Protestant novelty. When Judas hanged himself he had not been reading Calvin.
. ‘You haue purposely repealed . . . all former laws of the Realme for burning heretiques, which smelleth of something I need not here expresse’ (True Sincere and Modest Defence, cap. 3).
. Or, to give it its true title, Certain Sermons or Homilies.
. Some critics think otherwise.
. Lukit, looked. lattin, let. lewch, laughed.
. Mensueit, courteous. Quhyt, white.
. Death.
. Son of Archibald Bell-the-Cat. b. about 1475. Matriculated St. Andrews, 1489. M.A., 1494. About 1501 became Provost of St. Giles’s, Edinburgh. After 1513 a close counsellor of the Queen Dowager, a member of the Anglophil faction, and supporter of the queen’s marriage to his nephew, Archibald, the new Earl of Angus (1514). ‘All the court was rewlit by the Erle of Angus, Mr. Gavin Douglass, and the Drummonds, but nocht weill’ (quoted by Small from a contemporary diarist). Becomes Chancellor, 1514. Correspondence with Adam Williamson. Appointed Bishop of Dunkeld, 1515. In the same year Albany returns from France and assumes the Regency. Intrigues which had led to his bishopric, and treasonable correspondence, brought to light. Douglas imprisoned. Liberated, 1516, and consecrated Bishop of Dunkeld. On embassy to France, 1517. Present at the preliminaries of the ‘Clean-the-Causeway’ fight between the Angus and Hamilton faction, 1520. (The Archbishop Beaton having sworn on his conscience and struck his breast, the mail hidden under his vestments rang. Douglas replied ‘My Lord, methinks your conscience clatters’.) Second visit of Albany to Scotland, 1521; Douglas sent by Angus to London to negotiate with Wolsey for English support. Deprived of his bishopric. Ob. 1522 in London.
. Wiskit on, swept or washed again. boldning, swelling.
. Hillir haill, nautical cry. On burd, aboard.
. Lauchand ene, laughing eyes.
. Deid, death. catchit, chased.
. Auchtin, ought. eldris, ancestors. steyr, incite.
. ‘Ane Exclamatioun’ (appended to Bk. XIII).
. On char, ajar.
. Made wave the red weed on the ditch.
. Persand, piercing. barmkyn, rampart.
. Dwinis, dwines, dwindles. dawing, dawning.
. Born c. 1460. B.A., St. Andrews, 1477; M.A., 1479. In France, 1491. Payments to him in Treasurer’s Accounts, 1500–13. Probably on embassy to London, 1501 (on this see London thou art the Flowre, C. F. Bühler, R.E.S., vol. xiii, Jan. 1937). Date of death unknown (-1522). The rest of Dunbar’s biography must be based on inferences of varying probability from his poems.
. Weiris, wears. furrit goun, furred gown. roun, whisper.
. Erd, earth.
. Please.
. Tais, toes. starnis, stars.
. Het, heat.
. The flesh that once was muscle is fallen away.
. Born c. 1486. Acted in a play before James IV, 1511. Became usher to the child James V, 1513. Married one Janet Douglas, 1522. Received grant of the lands of the Mount 1524. Temporarily dismissed the king’s service, 1524 (?)–1528, during the ascendancy of the Angus faction. A herald by 1530. On embassy to the emperor, 1531; to France, 1532, 1534; to England, 1535; to France, 1535, 1536, 1537. Composed a masque (now lost) to welcome Marie of Lorraine as the king’s bride at St. Andrews, 1538. First version of his Satyre produced at Linlithgow, 1540. Was a knight and Lyon King of Arms by 1542. Embassy to England, 1543. May (or may not) be the David Lyndsay recorded as M.P. for Cupar, 1541–6. Embassy to Denmark, 1548. Death of Wm. Meldrum, 1550. Second version of his Satyre produced at Cupar, 1552. Dead by 1555.
. Yairnis, yearn for.
. Wait, knows. laill, loyal. alhaill, entirely.
. But time has improved this. As readers of Pitscottie know, quyet meant very little more than ‘secret’ or ‘stealthy’. Cf. mod. ‘on the quiet’.
. Quhill, while.
. The woods clothe (themselves with green)? Cf. Chaucer Rom. Rose, 55.
. Peip, squeal. and, if.
. Dallis, dawns.
. Artaillyie, artillery. deid, death.
. Sprete, spirit.
. Droughten, the Lord.
. Dredfully, timidly. darynge, cowering. propryte, property.
. It seems to be certain, at any rate, that these poets regarded the line as two half-lines. A verse tract of Robert Crowley’s (1550) so prints them. Even after the decasyllabic has been mastered, Barnaby Googe prints it as two lines, and Church yard nearly always puts after the fourth syllable a comma which, since it ignores syntax, is to be regarded as a metrical point.
. Damask.
. b. 1460?–1464? Laureated at Oxford before 1490; at Cambridge, 1493; Holy Orders, 1498; already at court and tutor to P. Henry in 1499 when he met Erasmus; Rector of Diss by 1502; after 1511 not traceable at Diss with certainty (i.e. unless chorus de Diss in his Latin poem on Flodden be taken to prove residence); begins to describe himself as orator regius in 1512; possibly accompanied the king to France in 1513 (see evidence produced by W. Nelson, John Skelton, Humanist, pp. 128 et seq.); lampooned Wolsey, 1521–2; driven to seek sanctuary from his anger in Westminster, but the evidence that he died in sanctuary is not strong; in 1523 and 1528 made, or tried to make, his peace with the cardinal by flattering dedications; about 1523 apparently patronized by Countess of Surrey; ob. 1529. Some believe that fragments of true biography can be found in the Merry Tales of Skelton (1567).
. Rations, allowance of food.
. Tottel’s text of this poem (No. 199 in Rollins’s edition) corrupts it into normal metre and omits some lines.
. b. c. 1469. Perhaps at Balliol College. Succeeded his grandfather as Lord Berners, 1474. Knighted, 1477. Involved in plot to place Richmond on the throne: flies to Brittany. In service of Henry VII, 1492. Serves in suppression of Cornish rebellion, 1497. In the king’s train to Calais, 1513. Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1516. On diplomatic mission to Spain, 1518. Present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Becomes Deputy of Calais, 1520. Ob. 1533.
. b. 1459 at Beverley, Yorkshire. Educated at Cathedral School Rochester, and Michaelhouse, Cambridge. B.A., 1487. Fellow. M.A., 1490. Senior Proctor, 1494. Master, 1497. Patronized by Margaret, the Queen Mother; becomes her confessor. Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge, 1501. Professor of Divinity, 1503. Chancellor of Cambridge, 1504: repeatedly re-elected to this office and finally given it for life: Bishop of Rochester. Offers to resign Chancellorship in favour of Wolsey, 1513. Criticizes Wolsey. Instrumental in bringing Erasmus to Cambridge. Begins to learn Greek. Accuses the House of Commons of ‘lack of faith’. Appears in Legate’s Court and speaks strongly against the Divorce, 1529. An attempt is made to poison him, 1530. Opposes the Royal Supremacy and secures some modification of the form in which it is presented to Convocation, 1531. Supports the Nun of Kent. Refuses Oath of Supremacy: beheaded, 1535.
. b. 1478. Educated at St. Anthony’s School, London. Page to Cardinal Morton, 1490–2. Canterbury College, Oxford, 1492–4. New Inn (London), 1494. Lincoln’s Inn, 1496. Meets Erasmus, 1499. Contributes epigrams to John Holt’s Lac Puerorum (before 1500). About this time ‘gave himself to devotion and prayer in the Charterhouse of London . . . without vow’. Studies Greek under Grocyn, 1501. His father disapproves of this. Enters Parliament and leads successful opposition to financial demand by Henry VII, 1504. Writes Latin epigrams and English poems about this time. Translates the Life of Pico della Mirandola, c. 1505. Marries eldest daughter of John Colt, though he prefers the younger, because ‘it would be both great grief and some shame also to the eldest to see her younger sister in marriage preferred’, c. 1505. Refuses John Colt’s advice that he should beat her. Translates some of Lucian in collaboration with Erasmus. Visits Paris and Louvain, 1508. Visited by Erasmus who writes the Moriae Encomium in his house, 1509. Appointed an Under Sheriff of the City, 1510, His first wife dies, 1511. Marries Alice Middleton, 1511. Writes Historia Ricardi III, 1513–14; Utopia, Book II, 1514–15, Book I, 1516. On embassy to Flanders, 1515. Erasmus’s last visit to England, 1517. More’s distinguished conduct during the riots of ‘Evil May Day’, 1517. Enters the service of Henry VIII, 1517. Member of the King’s Council by 1518. Present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520. His daughter Margaret m. to William Roper, 1521. More knighted; appointed Under Treasurer, 1521. Advises Henry on composition of the Assertio VII Sacramentorum. Becomes Speaker of the House of Commons, 1523. Resists Wolsey’s attempt to interrogate the House, 1523. Becomes Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, 1525. Meets Holbein, 1527. Consulted by Henry about the ‘Divorce’, 1527. Accompanies Wolsey on embassy to France, 1527. Licenced by Bishop of London to have and read heretical books, 1528. Again on embassy to France, 1529. Becomes Lord Chancellor, 1529. Attacks Wolsey. Reports to both Houses the learned opinions obtained by the king on his marriage but refuses to give his own, 1531. Henry allowed the title of Supreme Head, 1531. Act against payment of Annates to Rome. Commons’ supplication against the Clergy. Submission of the Clergy. More’s resignation, 1532. Accused of misprision of treason for having had a conversation with the ‘Holy Maid of Kent’, the charge withdrawn, 1534. Refuses oath on the supremacy and succession: executed for treason, 1535.
. More’s authorship of the Life of Richard III has been questioned on the grounds of external and internal evidence. The external evidence is Sir John Harington’s statement that it was ‘written as I have heard by Morton but as most suppose by Sir Thomas More’ (Metamorphosis of Ajax, 1596). The internal evidence, as estimated by C. Whibley (C.H.E.L. iii. 334), is its ‘asperity of tone’ and ‘eager partisanship’ which ‘belong more obviously to Morton than to the humane author of Utopia’. To the first it may be answered that Rastell’s attribution is of more weight than Harington’s much later, and confessedly hearsay, statement. To the second, those who have read More’s controversial writings will, I expect, reply that we find no degree of asperity in the Life which is not equaled, and surpassed, in his undisputed works. For full discussion see E. V. Hitchcock and R. W. Chambers, Harpsfield’s Life of More, E.E.T.S., London, 1932, pp. 336 et seq.
. b. before 1495 in Gloucestershire. Admitted Magdalen Hall, c. 1506. Goes to Cambridge, c. 1518. Tutor to children of Sir John Walsh at Little Sodbury, c 1522. Appears before Chancellor of Diocese of Worcester on charge of heresy. Goes to London: attempts unsuccessfully to secure patronage of Bishop of London, 1523. Leaves for Hamburg, 1524. Apparently visits, and may have matriculated at, Wittenberg, 1524. At Cologne with William Roye begins publication of English New Testament: interrupted by Cochlaeus and flies to Worms, 1525. In house of Margaret Von Emersen, Hamburg, 1529. (Residence at Marburg doubtful since Marburg Colophons are false.) Offers to return to England if Henry will allow anyone whatever to publish a translation of the Bible, 1531. Trepanned by a government spy Henry Phillips: imprisoned by the emperor’s Procuror General at Vilvorde, 1535. Strangled and burnt 1536.
. b. 1485?–1490? at Thurcaston, Leicestershire. Cambridge, 1506. Fellow of Clare Hall, 1510. Priest’s Orders, 1524. Proceeds B.D. and pronounces oration against Melanchthon. Converted to Protestantism by Bolney and goes prison-visiting with him. Sermon before the Bishop of Ely arouses suspicion of heresy, 1525: Latimer summoned before Wolsey. Two sermons ‘On the Card’ at Cambridge, 1529. Is one of the divines mustered by Gardiner in favour of the king’s divorce, 1530. Appointed to preach before the king at Windsor. One of the Commission to report on heretical books. Vicar of West Kingston, Wilts., 1532, cited before Convocation and finally confesses to error of doctrine. Attempts to persuade Bainham (then waiting in Newgate to be burnt) to submit; without success. Sermon at Bristol leads to fresh accusation, 1533. Apparently protected by favour of Anne Boleyn. Appointed to preach before the king every Wednesday in Lent, 1534. Becomes Bishop of Worcester, 1535. Collaborates with Cranmer and Shaxton in examining heretics. Protests against use of recently dissolved monasteries being used as royal stables. Sermon before Convocation, 1536. Argues against Purgatory in correspondence with the king, 1537. Examines John Forest, complains to Cromwell that his imprisonment is insufficiently rigorous, and preaches at his execution, 1538. Absents himself from Parliament during final debate on the Six Articles: resigns bishopric: attempts flight: caught and placed under arrest, 1539. Liberated, forbidden to preach and to visit London, Oxford, or Cambridge, 1540. Imprisoned in Tower as a supporter of Crome, 1546: released on accession of Edward VI. Sermon on ‘Restitution’ in king’s garden, 1548. Seven Lenten sermons before the king, 1549. Serious illness, 1550: sermon at Stamford. Member of commission for correcting Anabaptists, 1551. After accession of Mary summoned to London, 1553: given chance of flight but refuses to take it; imprisoned in the Tower. Sent to dispute at Oxford and refuses to abjure, 1554. Burnt at Oxford, 1555.
. b. 1489. Taught by ‘a marvellous severe and cruel schoolmaster’. Fellow of Jesus, Cambridge, 1511. Marries, forfeits fellowship, loses his wife and recovers fellowship. Ordained, 1523. His views on the divorce, expressed to Gardiner at a chance meeting, recommend him to the king. Ordered to write on this question. Archdeacon of Taunton, 1529. Sent to Rome on the same matter, 1530. Ambassador to the emperor, 1531. Remarries, 1532. Archbishop of Canterbury, 1533. Member of the Council of Regency, 1547. Signs Edward VI’s act devising crown to Lady Jane Grey, 1553. On accession of Mary sent to the Tower. Removed to Oxford, 1554. Degraded and handed over to the civil power as a heretic; recants, recants his recantation, and is burnt, 1556.
. i.e. the ‘first Book of Homilies’.
. b. at Gifford, East Lothian, 1505; at University of Glasgow, 1522; priests orders, 1530; tutor to sons of Hugh Douglas, 15;44; adherent of George Wishart, 1545; at surrender of St. Andrews castle treacherously handed over to the French as a galley slave, 1547; released, 1549, and appointed preacher at Berwick; defends his doctrine before the Bishop of Durham, 1550: appointed Chaplain to Edward VI, 1551; refuses bishopric of Rochester, 1552; on accession of Mary flies to Dieppe, Jan. 1554; accepts call from English congregation at Frankfort, Sept. 1554; at Geneva, and revisits Scotland, 1555: m. Marjorie Bowes and returns to Geneva, 1556; returns to Scotland, minister at Edinburgh, diplomatic mission to Berwick, 1559; loses his wife, 1560; remarries, 1564; paralytic stroke, 1570; ob. 1572.
. bukkill other by the byrse, grapple one another by the bristle.
. b. at Allington Kent, 1503. As a boy fights a pet lion, 1515 or 1516. Enters St. John’s, Cambridge; M.A., and married Elizabeth Brooke, 1520. Clerk of the King’s Jewels, 1529: Christmas, 1525, one of the challengers in a tournament. Accompanies Sir Thomas Cheyne on embassy to France, 1526. On embassy to Italy, 1527. Translates Plutarch’s Quyete of Mynde, 1528. Marshal at Calais 1528–30; present at coronation of Anne Boleyn, 1533. Imprisoned in the Fleet for a brawl, 1534. Imprisoned in Tower, released, rusticated to Kent, knighted, made Sheriff of Kent, 1536; on embassy in Spain, 1537. Corresponds with Cromwell, quarrel with his fellow envoy Thomas Bonner; returns, 1538. On embassy, Paris and Flanders, 1539. Returns, 1540. Imprisoned in Tower on charges made by Bonner, 1541. Trial; his Oration; acquitted. Ob. 1542.
. A couplet consisting of an Alexandrine followed by a Fourteener.
. Sometimes called ‘In Spayne’.
. ‘Say alas alas, but let the good prevail.’
. ‘Let him love tomorrow who never loved, and let him who loved love tomorrow.’
. b. 1517. Said to have made good translations from Italian and Spanish as a boy. Intimate with Henry, Duke of Richmond (bastard son of Henry VIII). Married to Frances Vere, d. of Earl of Oxford, 1532. At French court with Richmond, 1532. Begins to live with his wife and to borrow money, 1535. Present at Anne Boleyn’s trial; serves under his father against the Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536. Suspected of sympathy with the rebels, strikes one who repeats this story and is imprisoned at Windsor, 1537. In charge of anti-invasion defences in Norfolk, 1539. Distinguishes himself in a tournament, 1540. Knight of the Garter, 1541. Attends execution of Catherine Howard; imprisoned in Fleet, 1542. Again imprisoned in Fleet for breaking Lent and breaking windows, 1543. Serves at siege of Landrecy, 1543. Employs Thomas Churchyard as page, serves at Montreuil, is wounded; reprimanded for exposing himself to unnecessary danger, 1544. His dispatches begin to displease government. He loses a battle at St. Etienne and is relieved of his command. Later arrested on several charges of treason and beheaded, 1547. It is hardly necessary to add that the picture of him given in Nashe’s Unfortunate Traveler (1594) is of no biographical value.
. In these references the number is that which the piece bears in H. E. Rollins’s Harvard edition (1928–9); the page, that on which it occurs in Arber’s reprint (1897).
. b. c. 1490. Clerk of Assize on Western Circuit, 1511. In Commission of the Peace for Oxfordshire, 1522. Sheriff of Oxon. and Berks., 1527. Friend of Cromwell’s by 1528. Knighted, 1530. Ambassador to the Imperial Court, 1531 and 1535. Tells Cromwell ‘the amity between me and Sir Thomas More was usque ad aras’, 1536. M.P. for Cambridgeshire, 1542. Ob. 1546.
. b. 1515. Serves in house of Sir Anthony Wingfield. Enters St. John’s, Cambridge, 1530. Gets to know Sir John Cheke. B.A., and Fellowship, 1534. Reader in Greek, c. 1538. Serious illness, 1539–40. Sides with Cheke in support of an Anglicized pronunciation of Greek. Pension from Henry VIII, 1545. Public Orator, 1546. Writes against the Mass, c. 1547. Tutor to Princess Elizabeth, 1548–9. Visits Lady Jane Grey, 1550. Becomes Secretary to Sir Richard Moryson, Ambassador to the Emperor, 1550; visits Louvain, Maine, Worms, Venice, &c. Latin Secretary to Queen Mary, 1553. Marries Margaret Howe, 1554. Prebendary of Wetwang, 1559. Ob. 1568.
. b. 1553 or 1554. A Kentish man. Commoner, Magdalen, Oxford, perhaps with the assistance of Burleigh, 1569 (?). B.A., 1573. Unsuccessful attempt through Burleigh to get royal nomination to a fellowship, 1574. M.A., 1575. In London at the Savoy, 1578. Patronized by Earl of Oxford, 1580. Loses Oxford’s favour, 1582. Post in the Revels: also Vice Master (?) of St. Paul’s, 1585. M.P., 1588–9. Possibly a reader of books for licensing to the Bishop of London. Involved in Marprelate Controversy on the bishops’ side, 1589. Petition to the queen, 1595. Second petition, 1598. Ob., 1606.
. The bee on the title-page of Thomas Cutwood’s Caitha Poetarum (1599) has only four legs; some horses in the plates to Harington’s Ariosto have human eyebrows.
. b. Nov. 1554. Entered at Shrewsbury (with Greville), 1564. Entered at Christ Church, Oxford, 1568. Proposed match with Anne Cecil, 1569. Leaves England, with L. Bryskett, in train of Earl of Leicester; at Paris is made Gent. of Bedchamber to Charles IV; meets Ramus at Frankfort, 1572. At Padua; painted by Veronese; meets Edw. Wotton; studies horsemanship under Pugliano; meets Sturmius and Languet, 1573–4. With his father (now Lord Deputy) in Ireland; proposed match with Essex’s daughter Penelope Devereux, 1575. Writes elegy on Essex, Shepherd of Shepherds? 1576. Arcadia begun? Sent ambassador to Emperor Rudolph; meets Don John at Louvain, P. John Casimir, the emperor and Edm. Campion at Prague, William of Orange at Geertruidenberg; proposed match with Orange’s sister, 1577. Produces Lady of May, 1578. Quarrels with Oxford; discusses classical metres with Dyer and Spenser, 1579. Writes Memorial on Queen’s Marriage and, perhaps, Defence, 1580. Finishes cancelled version of Arcadia; Pen. Devereux m. Lord Rich; Sidney becomes M.P. is offered the Forfeitures (v. Letter LII), 1581. Knighted; m. Frances Walsingham; meets Bruno, 1583. Works under Warwick in Ordnance, 1584. Becomes Joint Master of Ordnance; narrowly prevented from joining Drake’s West Indian expedition; is made Governor of Flushing, 1585. On service in Netherlands; dies of wounds at Zutphen, 1586.
. This passage may owe something to Boiardo, Orl. Innam. II. xxiii. 22, 23.
. b. 1552. Ed. at Merchant Taylors’ School. Sizar at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge; appears in Theatre of Voluptuous Worldlings, 1569. Proceeds M.A., 1576. Secretary to Bishop Young of Rochester, 1578. At Leicester House; ‘in some use of familiarity’ with Sidney and Dyer, 1579. Calendar, 1579–80. At work on Dreames, Pelican, Stemmata, Epithal., Thamesis, Mother Hubbard; Dedication to Gnat; becomes secretary to Lord Grey of Wilton; arrives in Dublin (Aug.), 1580; Clerk of Faculties in Irish Court of Chancery; lease of manor and abbey of Enniscorthy; house in Dublin, 1581. Lord Grey recalled; Bryskett’s Discourse; gets New Abbey, Kildare, 1583. Commissioner for Musters, Co. Kildare, 1583. Sonnet to Harvey; gets Kilcolman, 1586. Deputy Clerk to Council of Munster vice Bryskett, 1584–8. Visited by Raleigh; litigation with Lord Roche; revisits England, 1589. Faerie Queene, Fragment A; Muiopotmos, 1590. Daphnaida, 1591. Harvey publishes Foure Letters, 1592. Sued by Lord Roche, 1593. m. Elizabeth Boyle; sued by Lord Roche, 1594. Amoretti, &c.; re-visits England, 1595. Prothalamium; Faerie Queene, Fragment B; Hymnes; King James’s protest against character of Duessa, 1596. Returns to Ireland, 1597. Recommended as High Sheriff of Cork; his house sacked by Tyrone’s men; returns to England, 1598. Ob. 1599.
. It must always be remembered that all his ‘Chaucer’ was corrupt and much of it spurious.
. Except, perhaps, by Hopkins and Charles Williams.
. A friend points out that, after all, nothing but ‘words’ is said to have passed between Arthur and Gloriana. This makes the ice a little less thin: but nothing like thick enough for safe skating.
. b. Norwich c. 1560. Sizar St. John’s, Cambridge, 1575. B.A., 1579. Transfers to Clare Hall. Studies medicine, M.A., 1583. By his own account visits Italy and Spain. Marries 1585 or 1586. Deserts his wife. Lives in London. Described by Nashe as careless of ‘his credit’ but not guilty of ‘any notorious crime’. Dies in great poverty, 1592.
. b. 1567 at Lowestoft. Sizar at St. John’s, Cambridge, 1582. B.A., 1586. Probably in London, 1588. Probably never in Italy. Patronized by Sir George Carey. Stays with Carey at Carisbrooke Castle, 1592–3. Subjected to (undefined) ‘persecution’ by the City authorities, whom Christ’s Tears had offended, 1594. Lodges at the Dolphin in Cambridge, 1595. About this time appears to have lived with John Danter the printer. His lodgings searched by the Privy Council on suspicions aroused by his share in the Isle of Dogs, 1597. Visits Yarmouth. Mentioned as dead in 1601. (Very little is known about Nashe’s life.)
. For earlier references v. supra, , .
. The date 1582, sometimes given for this work, springs from a false title-page.
. b. 1532, at Rossall. Entered at Oriel, 1547. B.A. and fellow, 1550. Principal of St. Mary’s Hall, Oxford, and Proctor, 1556. Retires to Louvain, 1561. Once more in England, 1562–5. Becomes priest. Journey to Rome, 1567. Founds the English College at Douai, 1568. D.D., 1571. Second journey to Rome, 1575. The College, expelled from Douai, takes refuge at Rheims, 1578. Third journey to Rome, 1579. Douai placed under control of the Jesuits. In bad health, leaves the College for Spa, 1585. Cardinal, 1587. Succeeded by Richard Barret as Resident Superior of College, 1588. Ob. 1594, at Rome.
. b. Heavitree, Exeter, 1554? Ed. Exeter Grammar School. Patronized by Jewel and later by Edwin Sandys. Scholar, Corpus Christi, Oxford, 1573. BA. 1574. M.A., 1577. Deputy prof. of Hebrew, 1579. Holy Orders, 1581. Sermon at Paul’s Cross, 1581. Living of Drayton Beauchamp, 1584. Master of Temple, 1585. Controversy with Walter Travers, then afternoon lecturer in Temple. m. Joan Churchman, 1588. Loses a son, 1589. Vacates Mastership, becomes Rector of Boscombe and Prebendary of Netheravon, 1591. Vicar of Bishopsbourne, 1595. Loses a son, 1597. Ob. 1600.
. b. at Canterbury, 1564. Of humble origin. Entered at Corpus Christi, Cambridge, 1581. B.A., 1583. M.A., 1587. Accused by the informer Richard Baines in 1593 of holding ‘that Moyses was but a Iugler and that one Heriots being Sir W. Raleigh’s man, can do more than he’, that the Jews were right in crucifying Christ, that ‘all thei that loue not Tobacco were fooles’, that he had as good a right to coin as the Queen, and various other damnable opinions. Fatally stabbed in a tavern, 1593.
. b. about 1559 near Hitchin. Thought by some to have seen active service in the Netherlands. Already an established dramatist by 1598. Imprisoned for satirizing the Scots, 1605: same year in prison with Ben Jonson, perhaps for the same offence. Suspected of, and perhaps thrashed for, libelous intentions in Andromeda Liberata, 1613. Ob. 1634.
. ‘Thoroughly perceptible as though you had seen the things yourself.’ Lit. ‘as those who held (or should hold) the matter before their eye.’
. b. 1563?, near Taunton. Commoner, Magdalen Hall, Oxford, 1581. Trans. Paulus Jovius’s Imprese, 1585. Visits Italy. May have accompanied Lord Stafford’s embassy to France, 1586. After 1590 takes up residence at Wilton as tutor to W. Herbert, son of the Earl of Pembroke. His tragedy Cleopatra, 1593. At Skipton, Yorkshire, as tutor to the Countess of Cumberland’s 11-year-old daughter Anne, 1597, or 8? (As a tutor seems to have got on well with his employers but to have disliked the work.) Under the new reign is frequently at court. Receives office of ‘allowing’ all entertainments played by the Children of the Revels to the Queen, 1603. His Masque Twelve Goddesses played at court, 1604. His tragedy Philotas, 1604: supposed to have a seditious tendency: D. defends himself successfully: his Queen’s Arcadia (after Guarini). His Tethys Festival played at Whitehall, 1610. His Hymen’s Triumph played before the queen, 1615. His (prose) Collection of History of England, 1617: becomes a groom of the Queen’s Privy Chamber. In later life rented a farm near Devizes. Ob. 1619.
. Daniel exhibits interesting metrical peculiarities which cannot be dealt within the space at my disposal.
. b. 1563 at Hartshill, Warwickshire. Page in service of Henry Goodere, 1573. In service of Thomas Goodere, 1580. Returns to the service of Henry Goodere, 1585. A friend of Stow and Camden. Connected with Children of the King’s Revels and the Whitefriars Playhouse, 1607. Said to have had a meeting with Jonson and Shakespeare in 1616 at which the latter is said to have drunk himself into a fever of which he is said to have died. Mentioned by Edmund Bolton along with Chapman, Jonson, Selden, and others as a founder of the proposed Royal Academy, c. 1617. Ob. 1631.
. b. 1571 or 1572. Lost his father, an ironmonger, in childhood. Descended through his mother from More’s brother-in-law, John Rastell. Brought up as a recusant. Admitted to Hart Hall, Oxford, 1584 (the Oath of Supremacy was not imposed on freshmen under the age of sixteen). Friendship with Sir Henry Wotton. Took no degree. Prob. travelled. At Thavies Inn, 1591. Enters Lincoln’s Inn, 1592. His brother arrested for harbouring a seminary priest and dies in prison, 1593. Sails with Essex on the Cadiz voyage, 1596. Becomes secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, 1597–8. Clandestine marriage with Anne More, 1601.
. This word properly means ‘recitative’. Readers will understand that I am using it to mean mere speech with orchestral accompaniment, such as we hear from some Alberichs. The abuse of an old word, if explained, may give less trouble than the invention of a new.
. Milton may well have remembered that the same rhythmical phrase opens the Faithful Shepherdess. He would not have disdained that poetical association any more than he disdained the association with Ariosto in line 16.
. b. 1567. Gentleman pensioner at Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1581. Admitted Gray’s Inn, 1586. Perhaps served in Essex’s expedition to aid Henri IV, 1591. His five ‘Cantos’ included in Newman’s edition of Astrophel, 1591. Poemata, 1595. A Book of Airs (1601), the second part being by Philip Rosseter. Observations, 1602. By 1606 had become a Doctor of Physic. Masque for Lord Hayes, 1607. Songs of Mourning (elegies for P. Henry), Lords’ Masque, Masque at Gaversham, and Masque for Lord Somerset’s Marriage, 1614. In the same year delivers a sum of money from Sir Jervis Elwes to Sir Thomas Monson, thus (we may assume, unconsciously) assisting in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury. Two Books of Airs, n.d. but probably about this time. Third and Fourth Book of Airs, 1617. Airs at Brougham Castle, 1618. New Way of Making Four Parts, n.d. Epigrammatum, &c. (enlarged edition of his Latin poems), 1619. Ob. 1620.