Bibliography
CONTENTS
I. General Bibliographies and Works of Reference.
II. Works of Anonymous or Composite Authorship, and Collections.
III. General Literary History and Criticism (common; of prose; of verse).
IV. Special Studies and Forms (language; popular literature; prose fiction; historical studies; classical and foreign relations; translations; contemporary criticism; script, print, and bookselling).
V. The Background of Literature (political theory and practice; religion; philosophy; travel; daily life; education; the arts).
VI. Individual Authors.
ABBREVIATIONS
Bush
English Literature in the Earlier Seventeenth Century
CBEL
Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature
CHEL
Cambridge History of English Literature
CMH
Cambridge Modern History
DNB
Dictionary of National Biography
EETS
Early English Text Society
EL
Everyman’s Library
ELH
English Literary History
ESEA
Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association
HLB
Huntington Library Bulletin
HLQ
Huntington Library Quarterly
JEGP
Journal of English and Germanic Philology
MLN
Modern Language Notes
MLQ
Modern Language Quarterly
MLR
Modern Language Review
MP
Modern Philology
NQ
Notes and Queries
PMLA
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
PQ
Philological Quarterly
RES
Review of English Studies
Studies in Philology
STC
Short-Title Catalogue
STS
Scottish Text Society
TLS
Times Literary Supplement
WC
World’s Classics
Much material, not necessarily unimportant, has had to be omitted. Places of publication are not given for books published in Great Britain. I have aimed at preserving the spelling, but not always the capitalization, of the sixteenth century titles.
I. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND WORKS OF REFERENCE
Three works generally indispensable, and therefore not particularly cited elsewhere in this bibliography, are: DNB; CBEL, ed. F. W. Bateson (4 vols., 1940), covering material to 1935; the Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland 1475–1640 (1926; 1950), supplemented by (a) C. K. Edmonds, ‘Huntington Library Supplement’ (HLB, 1933), (b) W. W. Bishop, A Checklist of American Copies (2nd edn., Michigan, 1950). A new edn. of STC by F. S. Ferguson and W. A. Jackson is in hand. Also important is E. Arber’s Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London . . . 1554–1660 (5 vols., 1875–94).
The most useful catalogues of special and national collections are: British Museum General Catalogue of Printed Books (new edn. in hand, 1931 ff.); Catalog of Books represented by Library of Congress Printed Cards (Michigan, 167 vols., 1942–6; Supplement, 42 vols., 1948, still in progress); C. E. Sayle, Early English Printed Books in the University Library Cambridge (1475–1640) (4 vols., 1900–7); Catalogue of the McAlpin Collection of British History and Theology, ed. C. R. Gillett (5 vols., New York, 1927–30); The Britwell Handlist (2 vols., 1933); and the Carl H. Pforzheimer Library: English Literature 1475–1700, ed. W. A. Jackson (3 vols., New York, 1940).
Old, but still useful, are the descriptive compilations of Sir E. Brydges and J. P. Collier and the subject-index in R. Watt, Bibliotheca Britannica (4 vols., 1824); W. T. Lowndes, Bibliographer’s Manual of English Literature (rev. edn., H. G. Bohn, 6 vols., 1869); W. C. Hazlitt, Handbook to the Popular, Poetical, and Dramatic Literature of Great Britain (1867) and Collections and Notes (6 vols., 1876–1903), with the Index to both by G. J. Gray (1893). Recent helps are J. W. Spargo, Bibliographical Manual (2nd edn., Chicago, 1941); T. P. Cross, Bibliographical Guide to English Studies (9th edn., Chicago, 1947); and V. de Sola Pinto, The English Renaissance, 1510–1688 (rev. edn., 1951).
Indispensable annual helps are The Year’s Work in English Studies (English Association, since 1919–20); The Annual Bibliography of English Languages and Literature (Modern Humanities Research Association, since 1920); ‘Recent Literature of the English Renaissance’ in SP, since 1922; and the lists of American books and articles on English and other modern languages published in PMLA.
Some miscellaneous works of reference are: W. W. Greg, English Literary Autographs 1550–1650 (3 parts and suppl., 1925–32); Halkett and Laing, Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous English Literature (rev. edn., 7 vols., 1926–34); J. C. Ghosh and E. G. Withycombe, Annals of English Literature 1475–1925 (1935), a chronological table; Sir P. Harvey, Oxford Companion to English Literature (3rd edn., 1946), and the abridgement, Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Literature (1939).
The chief early authorities are: John Bale (see VI); J. Pits, Relationum historicarum de rebus anglicis (1619); T. Fuller, Worthies (1662), ed. J. Nichols (2 vols., 1811), ed. P. A. Nuttall (3 vols., 1840); J. Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. A. Clark (2 vols., 1898); A. Wood, Athenae Oxonienses (2 vols., 1691–2) (1721), ed., with Fasti, P. Bliss (4 vols., 1813–20); M. Davies, Athenae Britannicae (6 vols., 1715–16); and T. Tanner, Bibliotheca britannico-hibernica (1748).
II. WORKS OF ANONYMOUS OR COMPOSITE AUTHORSHIP, AND COLLECTIONS
This section is divided into: 1. Anonyma; 2. Composite; 3. Sixteenth-Century Verse Collections; 4. Modern Collections: (i) Verse, (ii) Prose.
1. Anonyma
The order is alphabetical. Cocke Lorelles bote (1510) reprinted for the Roxburghe Club (1817), by E. F. Rimbault for the Percy Society (1843) and by J. P. Edmond (1884). The Complaynt of Scotland survives without title-page in four early prints and was edited by J. Leyden (1801); its model, Alan Chartier’s Quadrilogue Invectif, by E. Droz (Paris, 1923). The Court of Love, first printed in W. W. Skeat’s Works of Chaucer (vii, Chaucerian and other Pieces, 1897) is in Hammond (see below, 4 (i)). The History of Sir Eger, Sir Gryme, and Sir Gray-Steel was reprinted in D. Laing’s Early Popular Poetry of Scotland and the . . . Border (1822; 1826; revised by W. C. Hazlitt, 2 vols., 1895), and edited by J. R. Caldwell (Harvard, 1903). A manifest detection of . . . Diceplay (1580?), sometimes attributed to Gilbert Walker, was edited by J. O. Halliwell (Percy Society, 1850). The Pylgrymse Tale, preserved in a fragmentary octavo in the Bodleian (Douce G.3; see Courte of Venus, below) was printed in F. J. Furnivall’s edition of Thynne’s Animadversions (1598) for the Chaucer Society (1878). Scottishe Feilde, preserved in Lyme MS. and Percy Folio, was twice edited for the Chetham Society (J. Robson, Misc. ii, 1856, and J. P. Oakden, vi, 1935). Temporis Filia Veritas (1588) is being reprinted by the Luttrell Society from the unique copy in the University Library, Cambridge.
Most of the jestbooks mentioned are in W. C. Hazlitt’s Shakespeare Jest-Books (3 vols., 1861). The C. Mery talys (1526) was reprinted with introduction and notes by H. Oesterley from the 1526 edition (1866). The life and pranks of long Meg of Westminster (ent. 1590) is in Miscellanea Antiqua Anglicana i (1816) and C. Hindley’s Old Book Collector’s Miscellany ii (1872). Skelton’s Merie tales (1567) are in Dyce’s edition of Skelton (i, 1843). Tarlton’s Jests was reprinted from an edition of 1611 by Halliwell (Shakespeare Society, 1844). See E. Schulz, Englische Schwankbücher bis herab zu ‘Dobson’s Drie Bobs’ (1607) (Berlin, 1912); and F. P. Wilson, HLQ, 1938–9.
2. Composite Authorship
THE BIBLE
The following early editions have received attention from modern scholars:
(i) Of the New Testament. The imperfect Brit. Mus. copy of Tyndale’s suppressed Cologne quarto (1525) was done in facsimile by E. Arber (1871) and A. W. Pollard (1926). Of his Worms octavo (1526) two copies are known: (a) in St. Paul’s Cathedral Library, (b) in the Baptist College, Bristol. The latter was done in facsimile by F. Fry (1862). On these and others see the same scholar’s Bibliographical Description of the Editions of the N. T., Tyndale’s Version (1878). The Rheims version (1582) is treated by J. G. Carleton, The Part of Rheims in the Making of the English Bible (1902).
(ii) Of separate Books. The prophete Jonas with an introducciö (Antwerp, 1531) was done in facsimile by F. Fry (1863).
(iii) Of complete Bibles. The Bible . . . out of Douche and Latyn (Zürich?, 1535) was reprinted by S. Bagster (1838; 1847). Biblia the Byble (1535) is treated in F. Fry, The Bible by Coverdale (1867); The Byble in Englyshe . . . truly translated (1539), in his A Description of the Great Bible (1865).
For detailed study of the New Testament The English Hexapla (1841; 1872) of S. Bagster, which prints below the Greek text Wycliffe, Tyndale, Cranmer, Geneva, Rheims, and A.V., is indispensable. For bibliographies see T. H. Darlow and H. F. Moule, Historical Catalogue of the Printed Editions of Holy Scripture in the Library of the British and Foreign Bible Society (2 vols. in 4 pts., 1903–11), vol. i (English); H. Cotton, A List of Editions of the Bible and Parts thereof in English . . . MDV to MDCCCXX (1821; 1852), and Rhemes and Doway (1855); J. I. Mombert, A Handbook of the English Versions of the Bible (New York, 1883; 4th edn., 1931); and A. W. Pollard, Records of the English Bible (1911), and the introduction to his exact reprint of the 1611 Bible (1911). Standard surveys are B. F. Westcott’s A General View of the History of the English Bible (1868; revised by W. A. Wright, 1905); W. F. Moulton’s The History of the English Bible (1878; rev. edn., 1911); H. Wheeler Robinson, The Bible in its Ancient and Modern English Versions (1940); and (perhaps) chapters added by Fr. S. Bullough to Fr. Pope’s English Versions of the Bible (1953).
For Cheke’s curious version of St. Matthew see Cheke.
THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER
The Booke of the Common Prayer &c. (1549) was edited by H. B. Walton and P. G. Medd (1869), and by J. Parker (1883; reprinted 1888). The Boke of Common Prayer &c. (1552) was edited by J. Parker (1883, reprinted 1888 as above) and by H. J. Wotherspoon (1905). Both were edited together by E. Cardwell (1838); by J. Ketley for the Parker Society (1844); and by E. C. S. Gibson, EL, 1910. The Boke of Common Praier &c. (1559) was reprinted by W. B. (1890). Works on the historical and liturgiological side are: E. Cardwell, A History of Conferences . . . connected with the rev. of the Book of Common Prayer 1558–1690 (1840, 1849); P. Hall, Reliquiae Liturgicae (5 vols., 1847) and Fragmenta Liturgica (7 vols., 1848); J. Parker, The First P.B. of Edward VI compared with the successive revisions (1877); F. Procter and W. H. Frere, A New History of the Book of Common Prayer (1901; rev. edn. 1905); F. E. Brightman, The English Rite (1915) and, with K. D. Mackenzie, ‘The History of the P. B. . . . to 1662’ in Liturgy and Worship, ed. W. K. L. Clarke (1932); S. Morison, English Prayer Books (3rd edition, 1949); E. Clapton in Our Prayer Book Psalter (1934) prints Coverdale’s 1535 and 1539–41 versions and adds important readings from Jerome and sixteenth-century continental translators. On the literary side see J. Dowden, The Workmanship of the P. B. (1899), and Further Studies in the P. B. (1908); A. C. Clark, Fontes Prosae Numerosae (1934) and Prose Rhythm in English (1913); J. Shelley, ‘Rhythm and the P.B.’, Church Quarterly Review lxxiv, 1912; and G. C. Richards, ‘Coverdale and the Cursus’, ibid. CX, 1930.
THE ‘BOOK OF HOMILIES’
Certayne sermons or homilies (1547), by Bonner, Cranmer, Harpsfield, and others, and The seconde tome of homelyes (1563) by Parker, Pilkington, Taverner, and others, were published together as Certayne sermons or Homilies (1623). This was edited by J. Griffiths (reprinted SPCK, 1908).
A MYRROURE FOR MAGISTRATES
The standard edition by L. B. Campbell (1938) gives the text of 1559 with the additions of 1563, 1578, and 1587; and her Parts added to the Mirror for Magistrates (1946) gives those by John Higgins in 1574, 1575, and 1587, and by Thomas Blennerhasset, 1578. J. Haslewood’s edition (3 vols., 1815), based on the 1587 edition and Blennerhasset’s of 1578, included the additions by Richard Niccols (1610). There are studies by W. F. Trench, A M. for M.: Its Origin and Influence (1898); by L. B. Campbell, Tudor Conceptions of History and Tragedy in ‘A Mirror &c.’ (Berkeley, 1936), and Shakespeare’s ‘Histories’: Mirrors of Elizabethan Policy (San Marino, 1947); and W. Farnham, ‘The Progeny of A M. for M.’, MP xxix, 1932, and The Medieval Heritage of Elizabethan Tragedy (Berkeley, 1936). See also under Sackville.
PRIMERS
The most accessible is that edited by H. Littlehales (EETS, 1895). Others I have seen are the Prymer of Salysbury . . . Paris (1531); the Prymer of Salysbury bothe in Englyshe and in Latin (1576?); the Prymer published by J. Byddell and W. Marshall (1535); and two without title-page (Bodl. Mason H.169 and Douce BB 102). See E. Birchenough, ‘A Prymer in English’, Library xviii. 2, 1937; H. C. White, The Tudor Books of Private Devotion (Madison, Wisconsin, 1951); C. C. Butterworth, The English Primers 1529–1545 (University of Pennsylvania, 1953).
‘ENGLISH SENECA’
Jasper Heywood’s Troas, (1559) Thyestes (1560), and Hercules Furens (1561) were edited by H. de Vocht in Bang’s Materialien xli, Louvain, 1913; A. Neville’s Oedipus (1563) and J. Studley’s Agamemnon and Medea (1566), by E. M. Spearing (Mrs. Simpson) in Bang xxxviii, 1913. Seneca His Tenne Tragedies (1581: for contents see pp. 255, 256) was edited for the Spenser Society by J. Leigh (1887) and for Tudor Translations (2 vols., 1927) with an introduction by T. S. Eliot which is reprinted in his Selected Essays (1932). See also Spearing, The Elizabethan Translations of Seneca’s Tragedies (1912).
3. Sixteenth-century Verse Collections
Scotch MSS.: Asloan was edited by W. A. Craigie (STS, 2 vols., 1923–5); Bannatyne, by W. T. Ritchie (STS, 4 vols., 1928–34); Maitland F, by Craigie (STS, 2 vols., 1919–27); Maitland Q. by Craigie (STS, 1920).
English Prints. The Courte of Venus, ent. in the Stationers’ Register, 1557–8, contains pieces by Wyatt, and survives in two editions, both fragmentary, in the Folger Library and the Bodleian (whose copy contains The Pylgrymse Tale). A third fragment, perhaps of a different edition, in the Library of the University of Texas, was reprinted by R. H. Griffith and R. A. Law, Studies in English x, University of Texas, 1930. For text of the lyrical part of Folger fragment and bibliographical discussion see E. K. Chambers, Sir Thomas Wyatt and some Collected Studies (1933).
Excellent editions of the following were done at Harvard, 1924–37, by H. E. Rollins: Songes and Sonettes (1557: also ed. E. Arber, 1870), i.e. ‘Tottel’s Miscellany’; The Paradyse of daynty devises (1576); A gorgious gallery of gallant Inventions (1578); A Handefull of pleasant delites (1584; also ed. for Spenser society, 1871, and by Arber, 1878); Britons Bowre of Delights (1591; 1597); The Phoenix Nest (1593; also ed. H. Macdonald, 1926); The Arbor of amorous Devises (1597); Englands Helicon (1600; also ed. A. H. Bullen, 1887, 1899, and Macdonald, Muses’ Library, 1950 for 1949); Davison’s Poetical Rapsody (1602; also ed. Bullen, 2 vols., 1890–1). Rollins gives corrections to his editions of the Handefull and Tottel in J. Q. Adams Memorial Studies (Washington, D.C., 1948).
Bel-vedere (1600) was reprinted for the Spenser Society, 1875; on it see C. Crawford, Englische Studien xliii, 1911. Englands Parnassus (1600) was edited by Crawford, 1913. There is a Bibliography of English Miscellanies 1521–1750 by A. E. Case (1935).
4. Modern Collections
(i) VERSE
Recourse must sometimes still be had to such earlier collections as Anderson’s Works of the British Poets (1793), Chalmers’s English Poets (21 vols., 1810), and T. W. Ward’s English Poets i (1880). T. Wright collected Songs and Ballads chiefly of the Reign of . . . Mary (Roxburghe Club, 1850), and Bullen, Some Longer Elizabethan Poems, for the English Garner (1903). The best modern collection is Tudor Poetry and Prose, ed. with full notes by J. W. Hebel, H. H. Hudson, F. R. Johnson, &c. (New York, 1953). E. P. Hammond’s English Verse between Chaucer and Surrey (N. Carolina, 1927) overlaps the earlier part of our period. W. Peacock’s English Verse i (WC, 1928) and G. Bullett’s Silver Poets of the Sixteenth Century (EL, 1947) are useful, cheap books. Among collectors of shorter, chiefly lyrical, poems are A. H. Bullen, Lyrics from the Song-books of the Elizabethan Age (1887), More Lyrics (1888), a selection from both these (1889), and Shorter Elizabethan Poems (English Garner, 1903); F. M. Padelford, Early Sixteenth Century Lyrics (1907); N. Ault, Elizabethan Lyrics (1925) and Treasury of Unfamiliar lyrics (1938); K. Muir, Elizabethan Lyrics (1953). Sir E. K. Chambers, Oxford Book of Sixteenth Century Verse (1932), is not confined to lyrics. His Early English Lyrics (1907; 1926), in collaboration with F. Sidgwick, sometimes touches our period. Collectors in specialized fields are E. Farr, Select Poetry, chiefly devotional of the reign of Q. Elizabeth (Parker Society, 2 vols., 1845); L. I. Guiney, Recusant Poets (1938); E. H. Fellowes, English Madrigal Verse 1588–1632 (2nd edn., 1931); T. P. Harrison and H. J. Leon, The Pastoral Elegy (Texas, 1939), especially useful for its continental authors; Sir S. Lee, Elizabethan Sonnets (English Garner, 2 vols., 1904); W. C. Hazlitt, Remains of the Early Popular Poetry of England (4 vols., 1864–6). Scotch poetry is collected by J. Cranstoun, Satirical Poems of the Time of the Reformation (STS, 3 vols., 1884–93); D. Laing, Early Popular Poetry of Scotland and the . . . Border (revised W. C. Hazlitt, 2 vols., 1895); G. G. Smith, Specimens of Middle Scots (1902), with prose as well as verse, and notes; G. Eyre-Todd, Medieval Scottish Poetry (1892) and Scottish Poetry of the Sixteenth Century (1892); and M. M. Gray, Scottish Poetry from Barbour to James VI (1935). See also H. G. Aldis, List of Books printed in Scotland before 1700 (Edinburgh Bibliog. Soc., 1904); W. Geddie, Bibliography of Middle Scots Poets (STS, 1912); and A. K. Anderson, Short Bibliography of Scottish History and Literature (1922). An edition of MS. Arundel 285 by J. A. W. Bennett under the title Religious Pieces in Verse and Prose (STS) is in hand.
(ii) PROSE
Of general collections based on aesthetic principles, Tudor Poetry and Prose (New York, 1953), ed. J. W. Hebel, H. H. Hudson, F. R. Johnson, &c. (see above, i), has good notes; H. Craik, English Prose i, ii (1893–4) and W. Peacock, English Prose i (WC, 5 vols., 1921–2) are useful. Collections made to preserve scholars’ materials, regardless of literary value, are: The Harleian Miscellany (8 vols., 1744–6; ed. T. Park, 10 vols., 1808–13); A Collection of Scarce and Valuable Tracts (16 vols., 1748–52; ed. Sir W. Scott, 13 vols., 1809–15), i.e. ‘the Somers Tracts’; W. C. Hazlitt, Prefaces, Dedications and Epistles from Early English Books, 1540–1701 (1874); E. W. Ashbee, Occasional Facsimile Reprints of Rare and Curious Tracts of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (30 pts., 1868–72). From more specialized fields are the collections of H. Henson, Selected . . . Sermons; 16th to 19th Century (WC, 1939); J. P. Collier, Shakespeare’s Library (2 vols., 1843; revised W. C. Hazlitt, 6 vols., 1875) and Illustrations of Early English Popular Literature (2 vols., 1863–4); and W. C. Hazlitt, Shakespeare’s Jest Books (3 vols., 1864), and A. F. Pollard’s Tudor Tracts 1532–1588 (English Garner, 1903). E. Viles and F. J. Furnivall, Rogues and Vagabonds of Shakespeare’s Youth (EETS, 1869; New Shakspere Soc., 1880) and A. V. Judges, The Elizabethan Underworld (1930), collect tracts about roguery. For prose fiction see under IV. 3; for Travel, v. 4.
III. GENERAL LITERARY HISTORY AND CRITICISM
This section is divided into: 1. Common; 2. History and Criticism of Prose; 3. History and Criticism of Verse.
1. Common
CHEL ii, iii (1908), iv (1909), reprinted 1932 in a cheaper edition without their bibliographies, are too continuously relevant to be particularly cited elsewhere. Other general histories are J. J. Jusserand, Histoire littéraire du peuple anglais (Paris, 1894–1904; trans., 3 vols., rev. edn., 1926); E. Legouis and L. Cazamian (Paris, 1924; trans., 1926–7); G. Sampson, Concise Cambridge History of English Literature (1941).
Some works which might come under other heads are mentioned here as useful introductions to the imaginative temper of this century: E. Cassirer, Individuum und Kosmos in der Philosophie der Renaissance (Leipzig, 1927); E. Holmes, Aspects of Elizabethan Imagery (1929); D. Bush, Mythology and the Renaissance Tradition in English Poetry (Minneapolis, 1932); J. Seznec, La Survivance des dieux antiques (1940); F. P. Wilson, Elizabethan and Jacobean (1945); R. Tuve’s most fruitful Elizabethan and Metaphysical Imagery (Chicago, 1947); and R. Freeman’s English Emblem Books (1948). Owen Barfield’s Poetic Diction (1928; revised 1953) is valuable here as elsewhere. Works of a more limited scope are: Joseph Q. Adams Memorial Studies (Washington, D.C., 1948); D. L. Clark, Rhetoric and Poetry in the English Renaissance (New York, 1922); H. Craig, The Enchanted Glass (New York, 1936; Oxford, 1950); E. Greenlaw, Outline of the Literature of the English Renaissance (Boston, 1916); T. Seccombe and J. W. Allen, The Age of Shakespeare 1579–1631 (2 vols., rev. edn., 1904). G. G. Smith, The Transition Period (1900) and D. Hannay, The Later Renaissance (1898), which take a European view; and J. Snell, The Age of Transition 1400–1580 (2 vols., 1905).
Useful works on Scotch literature are by: D. Irving, History of Scottish Poetry, ed. J. A. Carlyle (1861); H. Walker, Three Centuries of Scottish Literature (2 vols., 1893); T. F. Henderson, Scottish Vernacular Literature (1898; 1910); J. H. Millar, Literary History of Scotland (1903); G. G. Smith, Scottish Literature (1919); and A. M. Mackenzie, An Historical Survey of Scottish Literature to 1714 (1933).
2. History and Criticism of Prose
There are general studies of prose by G. Saintsbury (1912), A. C. Clark (1913), W. M. Patterson (Columbia, 1916), N. R. Tempest (1930), O. Elton (ESEA iv, 1913; A Sheaf of Papers, 1922), and M. W. Croll (SP xvi, 1919). On, or connected with, our period are: G. P. Krapp, Rise of English Prose (1915); I. Gollancz, The Middle Ages in the Lineage of English Prose (1920); R. W. Chambers, The Continuity of English Prose (1932); W. G. Crane, Wit and Rhetoric in the Renaissance (1937); C. S. Baldwin and D. L. Clark, Renaissance Literary Theory and Practice (New York, 1939); on the literary effects of Ramistry, P. Miller’s The New England Mind (New York, 1939); and Sister M. Joseph’s Shakespeare’s Use of the Arts of Language (New York, 1947) is valuable not only to Shakespearian students. A. C. Southern, Elizabethan Recusant Prose, 1559–1582 (1950), is full of information. For sixteenth-century writers on this subject see Index and Section VI, where some modern writers on Euphuism are cited under Lyly.
3. History and Criticism of Verse
Of some late medieval poets Thomas Warton’s History of English Poetry (4 vols., 1774–81, Index, 1806; revised W. C. Hazlitt, 1871) gives what is still the best account to begin on. Other general histories are W. J. Courthope’s (6 vols., 1895–1910); O. Elton, The English Muse (1933); and Sir H. Grierson and J. C. Smith, A Critical History of English Poetry (1944). There are studies of sixteenth-century poetry by J. M. Berdan, Early Tudor Poetry (New York, 1920); H. W. Wells, Poetic Imagery, Illustrated from Elizabethan Literature (Columbia, 1924); E. Hohnes, Aspects of Elizabethan Imagery (1929); L. B. Salomon, The Devil Take Her (Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1931) on ‘the Rebellious Lover’; L. E. Pearson, Elizabethan Love Conventions (Univ. of California, 1933); V. L. Rubel, Poetic Diction in the English Renaissance (New York, 1941); and H. Smith, Elizabethan Poetry: A Study in Conventions, &c. (Harvard, 1952).
Metre, apart from G. Saintsbury’s History of English Prosody (3 vols., 1906–10), has been treated by G. D. Willcock, ‘Passing Pitefull Hexameters’, MLR xxix, 1934; R. C. Wallerstein, on the couplet, PMLA l, 1935; F. Pyle, ‘The Barbarous Metre of Barclay’, MLR xxxiii, 1937; C. S. Lewis, ‘The Fifteenth Century Heroic Line’, ESEA xxiv, 1939; P. Simpson, ‘The Rhyming of Stressed with Unstressed Syllables’, MLR xxxviii, 1943; and A. M. Clark, ‘Milton and the Renaissance Revolt against Rhyme’, Studies in Literary Modes (1946).
Works specially devoted to lyric are: G. Bontoux, La Chanson en Angleterre an temps d’Élisabeth (1936); J. Erskine, Elizabethan Lyric (Columbia, 1903) and C. Ing, Elizabethan Lyrics: A Study of . . . Metres and their Relation to Poetic Effect (1951). Works on the sonnet are: J. G. Scott, Les Sonnets Élisabéthains (Paris, 1929) and ‘Minor Elizabethan Sonneteers’, RES ii, 1926; and L. C. John, The Elizabethan Sonnet Sequences (Columbia, 1938). Two authorities on hymnody are J. Holland, Psalmists of Britain (2 vols., 1843) and J. Julian, Dictionary of Hymnology (1925). On Pastoral there are works by Sir E. K. Chambers, English Pastorals (1895) and in Sir Thomas Wyatt &c. (1933); W. W. Greg, Pastoral Poetry and . . . Drama (1906); and H. Genouy, L’Élément pastoral dans la poésie narrative et le drame en Angleterre (Montpellier, 1928). On other genres see R. M. Alden, The Rise of Formal Satire in England (Philadelphia, 1899); T. K. Whipple, Martial and the English Epigram from Wyatt to Jonson (Berkeley, 1925); H. H. Hudson, The Epigram in the English Renaissance (Princeton, 1947); and L. F. Ball ‘Background of Minor English Renaissance Epics’, ELH i, 1934.
IV. SPECIAL STUDIES AND LITERARY FORMS
This section contains: 1. Language; 2. Popular Literature; 3. Prose Fiction; 4. Historical Studies; 5. Classical and Foreign Relations; 6. Translation; 7. Contemporary Criticism; 8. Script, Print, and Bookselling.
1. Language
Much that the student needs can be found only in The New English Dictionary (corrected, 13 vols., 1933), though its abridgement, The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2 vols., 1933) will solve some problems. W. W. Skeat and A. L. Mayhew, Glossary of Tudor and Stuart Words, Especially from the Dramatists (1914) and C. T. Onions, Shakespeare Glossary (1910; new edn., 1953) are also useful. H. C. Wyld’s Studies in English Rhymes from Surrey to Pope (1923) prevents false criticisms.
General histories are by Wyld, History of Modern Colloquial English (1920; 1936); O. Jespersen, Growth and Structure of the English Language (latest edn., 1948) and A. C. Baugh, History of the English Language (New York, 1935). Contemporary linguistic ideas are treated by J. L. Moore, Tudor-Stuart Views on the . . . English Language (Halle, 1910); R. E. Zachrisson, English Pronunciation at Shakespeare’s Time as Taught by William Bullokar (Upsala, 1927); and H. G. Fiedler, A Contemporary of Shakespeare on Phonetics (1936). See also H. Kökeritz, Shakespeare’s Pronunciation (Yale, 1953), and E. J. Dobson, English Pronunciation, 1500–1700 (now in hand). Ben Jonson’s English Grammar (1640, ed. S. Gibson, 1928; text and notes in Works viii and xi, ed. C. H. Herford, P. and E. Simpson, 1947, 1952) and Elyot’s Latin-English Dictionary (1538) may help. See also R. F. Jones, The Triumph of the English Language . . . Opinions concerning the vernacular from the Introduction of Printing to the Restoration (Stanford, 1953).
2. Popular Literature
For literature about roguery see above (II. 4. ii) and below (V. 5 and VI); for witchcraft see V. 3.
Some collections of balladry are by A. Clark, Shirburn Ballads 1585–1616 (1907); H. L. Collmann, Ballads and Broadsides chiefly of the Elizabethan Period (Roxburghe Club, 1912); H. E. Rollins, Old English Ballads 1553–1625 (1920), and A Pepysian Garland . . . 1595–1639 (1922); and J. Lindsay, Loving Mad Tom. Bedlamite Verses of the XV and XVI Centuries (1927). There is a Catalogue of Printed Broadsides in the Society of Antiquaries (1866) by R. Lemon, and an Analytical Index to the Ballad-Entries (1557–1709) in the Registers of the Company of Stationers (Chapel Hill, 1924) by Rollins. On this subject see Sir C. Firth’s chapter in Shakespeare’s England (1916) and Rollins, PMLA xxxiv, 1919.
For Jestbooks see above, II. i. Popular prophecy can be studied in The Owles Almanacke (ed. D. C. Allen, Johns Hopkins, 1943); F. P. Wilson, Library xix, 1938–9; and D. C. Allen, Star-Crossed Renaissance (Duke University, 1941).
M. P. Tilley’s Dictionary of Proverbs in English in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Michigan, 1950) and W. C. Smith’s Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs (rev. edn., 1948) perhaps belong here.
See also J. P. Collier, Illustrations of Early English Popular Literature (2 vols., 1863–4).
3. Prose Fiction
For bibliography see A. Esdaile, List of English Tales and Prose Romances . . . before 1740 (2 pts., Bibliographical Society, 1912). There are collections by W. J. Thoms, Early English Prose Romances (3 vols., 1827–8; revised 1858; revised with additions, H. Morley, 1907); J. P. Collier, Shakespeare’s Library (2 vols., 1843; revised, W. C. Hazlitt, 6 vols., 1875); W. C. Hazlitt, Fairy Tales, Legends, and Romances (1875); J. B. Trend, Spanish Short Stories of the Sixteenth Century in Contemporary Translation (WC, 1928); Saintsbury, Shorter Novels: Elizabethan and Jacobean (EL, 1929); E. J. O’Brien, Elizabethan Tales (1937); and R. Ashley and E. M. Moseley, Elizabethan Fiction (New York, 1953). Studies in this field are by J. J. Jusserand, Le Roman au temps de Shakespeare (Paris, 1887; trans. 1890); F. M. Warren, History of the Novel previous to the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1895); A. Chevalley, Le Roman des Métiers (Paris, 1926); S. L. Wolff, Greek Romances in Elizabethan Prose Fiction (New York, 1912); E. A. Baker, History of the English Novel (10 vols., 1924–39: i and ii are the most relevant); and R. Pruvost, Matteo Bandello and Elizabethan Fiction (Paris, 1937).
4. Historical Studies
The standard general account is J. W. Thompson’s History of Historical Writing (2 vols., New York, 1942). For bibliographies see W. D. Macray, Manual of British Historians to 1600 (1845) and C. Read, Bibliography of British History, Tudor Period, 1485–1603 (1933). Help will be found in C. L. Kingsford, English Historical Literature in the XVth Century (1913); E. N. Adams, Old English Scholarship in England 1566–1800 (Yale, 1917); L. B. Wright, Journal of Modern History iii, Chicago, 1931; L. B. Campbell, Shakespeare’s ‘Histories’ (see above, ii. 2); and D. Hay, Polydore Vergil (1952). Johannes Major’s Historia Majoris Britanniae, tr. A. Constable (STS, 1892), contains biography and life. See also Section vi under individual historians.
5. Classical and Foreign Relations
Works which will help the student to a preliminary, general view of the European background are: by J. A. Symonds, The Renaissance in Italy (7 vols., 1875–86); G. G. Smith, see above, iii. 1; J. Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (Leipzig, 1896), tr. S. G. C. Middlemore, 1902, &c.; T. G. Tucker, The Foreign Debt of English Literature (1907); K. Burdach, Reformation, Renaissance, Humanismus (Berlin, 1913); L. Zanta, La Renaissance du Stoïcisme (Paris, 1914); W. F. Schirmer, Antike, Renaissance und Puritanismus (revised, Munich, 1923); F. L. Schoell, ‘Les Mythologistes italiens de la Renaissance et la poésie élisabéthaine’, Reo. de litt. comparée iv, 1924, and Études sur l’humanisme continental en Angleterre (Paris, 1926); Cassirer, see above, III. i; L. Magnus, English literature in its Foreign Relations (1927); Bush and Seznec, see above, III. i. Relevant papers occur in the Journal of the Warburg Institute (1937 ff.), and Speculum (Cambridge, Mass., 1926 ff.) overlaps the early part of our period.
Of neo-Latin literature (which students of this period should study) some editions and translations follow in alphabetical order. Æneas Sylvius, De Miseria Curialium, is edited by W. P. Mustard (Studies in Renaissance Pastoral, 5, Baltimore, 1928), and appears in B. White’s edition of Barclay’s Eclogues (EETS, 1928). Boccaccio, De Genealogia Deorum xiv, xv are translated by C. G. Osgood as Boccaccio on Poetry (Princeton, 1930). Buchanan: Johannes Baptista is translated by A. G. Mitchell (1904) and Sacred Dramas by A. Brown, in verse (1906). The Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum are edited by F. G. Stokes (1925). Erasmus is well represented. The Apophthegmata in Nicolas Udall’s version (1542) were reprinted 1877. The Colloquia, translated by N. Bailey, were edited by E. Johnson (3 vols., 1900); a selection, translated by R. L’Estrange (1680), is reprinted (Abbey Classics, 1924); there is a French version of one, Le Banquet poétique, by V. L. Saulnier (Melun, 1948); see also H. de Vocht, The Earliest English Translations of Erasmus’ Colloquies 1536–1566 (Louvain, 1928). For the Diversoria see the same scholar’s Earliest English Translation of E’s Diversoria (in collab. with E. Hake, Louvain, 1928). The Epistles up to 1518 are translated by F. M. Nichols (3 vols., 1901–18) and the whole Opus Epistolarum is edited by P. S. and H. M. Allen and H. W. Garrod (11 vols., 1901–47). The Institutio Principis Christiani was translated by P. E. Corbett (Grotius Society, 1921) and L. K. Born (New York, 1936). The Moriae (or Morias) Encomium or Laus Stultitiae was edited (with the Colloquia) at Leipzig, 1829; by A. Schmid, with Holbein jun.’s cuts and a translation by H. H. Tanzer (2 pts., Basle, 1931); Thomas Challoner’s translation (1549) was edited by J. E. Ashbee (1901); John Wilson’s (1668) by P. S. Allen (1913); H. H. Hudson’s was published at Princeton, 1941. The Querela Pacis with other pieces was edited as Erasmus on Peace by D. Gibb (1936); T. Paynell’s (?) translation, The Complaint of Peace, was edited by A. Grieve (1917) and W. J. Hirten (New York, 1945). The Vitae of Colet and Vitrier were translated by J. H. Lupton (1888); see also Monumenta Humanistica Lovaniensia iv (Louvain, 1934). Of Fracastorius, the Naugerius is edited and translated by R. Kelso (Urbana, 1924) and the Syphilis translated by H. Wynne-Finch (1935). Lipsius’ De Constantia in J. Stradling’s translation (Two Bookes of Constancie, 1595) is edited by R. Kirk (Rutgers, 1939). Mantuan’s Eclogues are edited by Mustard (Baltimore, 1911); v and vi are also in White’s Barclay’s Eclogues. Petrarch’s Contra Medicum is edited by P. G. Ricci with an Italian translation by D. Silvestri (Rome, 1950); selected Epistolae, by A. F. Johnson (1923); and a fifteenth-century Italian translation of the Vita Solitaria, by A. Ceruti (Bologna, 1879). The Facetiae of Poggio and other medieval storytellers are translated by E. Storer (1928). Politian’s Orpheus, with Tasso’s Aminta, is translated by L. S. Lord (1931). Sannazarus’s poems are edited, with an Italian translation, by G. Castello (Milan, 1928). There are Select Translations from Scaliger’s Poetics by F. M. Padelford (New York, 1902). The Classicae Epistolae of Sturmius are edited with French translation by J. Rott (Paris, 1938). Laurentius Valla’s Donation of Constantine was edited and translated by C. B. Coleman (New Haven, 1922) and his De Libero Arbitrio edited by M. Anfossi (Florence, 1934). The poems of Vida were edited by T. Tristram and E. Owen (3 vols., 1722). Of Vives 60 letters were translated into French by R. A. Casanova (Brussels, 1943); the Linguae Latinae Exercitatio is translated in Tudor School-boy Life (1908) by F. Watson, who also translated the De Tradendis Disciplinis as Vives: on education (1931). See also W. H. D. Rouse, Scenes of School and College Life in Latin Dialogues (1931). For a general account see F. A. Wright, Edinburgh Review ccxlix, 1929, and, in collaboration with T. A. Sinclair, A History of Later Latin Literature (1931). On English neo-Latin see L. Bradner, Musae Anglicanae, &c. (New York, 1950).
Studies of the Classical influence are: Sir R. C. Jebb, ‘The Classical Renaissance’ in CMH i, 1902; Sir J. E. Sandys, ‘History of Classical Scholarship’ (ibid. ii, 1908); C. B. Cooper, Some Elizabethan Opinions of . . . Ovid (Chicago, 1914); D. C. Allen, ‘A Contribution to the Bibliography of Renaissance Latin Quotation Books’ (in his edn. of Meres’s Treatise of Poetrie, Illinois, 1933); A. G. Dickens, ‘Greek Studies in the early Sixteenth Century’, English Historical Review liii, 1938; and D. P. Harding, Milton and the Renaissance Ovid (Illinois, 1946). For full bibliographies see CBEL and H. Brown’s ‘Classical Tradition in English Literature’, Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature xviii, 1935.
On Italian sources something will be found below, v. 3. Among other studies are: L. Einstein, The Italian Renaissance in England (New York, 1912); O. Elton, ‘Giordano Bruno in England’ in Modern Studies (1917); M. Praz, Machiavelli and the Elizabethans (1928); A. Castelli, La Gerusalemme Liberata nella Inghilterra di Spenser (Milan, 1936); F. A. Yates, ‘Giordano Bruno’s Conflict with Oxford’, Journal of Warburg Inst. ii, 1939. On French: H. Brown, Rabelais in English Literature (Harvard, 1933); H. Ashton, Du Bartas en Angleterre (Paris, 1908); A. H. Upham, French Influence . . . from the accession of Elizabeth to the Restoration (New York, 1908); Sir S. Lee, The French Renaissance in England (1910); J. Smith, The French Background of Middle Scots Literature (1934). Other national connexions are treated by C. H. Herford, Studies in the Literary relations of England and Germany in the Sixteenth Century (1886) and by J. G. Underhill, Spanish Literature in the England of the Tudors (New York, 1899). See also below, VI, under Munday. J. W. Spargo, ‘Some Reference Books of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’ (Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America xxxi, 1937) and A. Taylor, Renaissance Guides to Books (Berkeley, 1945), are helpful.
6. Translation
For the Bible and Seneca see above, ii. 2.
Most of the better translations are mentioned below under their authors. Others are: Robert Whittington’s Remedyes agaynst all casuall chaunces (1547) from Seneca’s De Remediis Fortuitorum, edited with the original by R. G. Palmer (Chicago, 1953); T(homas) N(orton)’s of Calvin, The Institution of Christian Religion (1561); W. Adlington’s of Apuleius, The XI Bookes of the Golden Asse (1566), ed. C. Whibley (Tudor Translations, 1893), T. Seccombe (1913) and E. B. Osborn (1923); from Theocritus, the anonymous Sixe Idillia (1588), reprinted by E. Arber, English Garner viii, 1896, also in Bullen’s Some Longer Elizabethan Poems (1903); and W(illiam) B(urton)’s of Achilles Tatius, The most delectable . . . History of Clitophon and Leucippe (1597) ed. S. Gaselee and H. F. B. Brett-Smith (1923). The great standard collection is the Tudor Translations (1st ser., by W. E. Henley, 1892–1909; 2nd ser., by C. Whibley, 1924 ff.), but a fair number of translations have been reprinted in EL, Temple Classics, &c. There are lists by H. R. Palmer, List of English Editions and Translations of Greek and Latin Classics Printed before 1641 (1911); H. B. Lathrop, Translations from the Classics into English from Caxton to Chapman, 1477–1620 (University of Wisconsin, 1933); A. H. Upham (see above, IV. 5); M. A. Scott, Elizabethan Translations from the Italian (Boston, 1916); R. U. Pane, English Translations from the Spanish 1484–1943: A Bibliography (Rutgers, 1944); W. J. Harris, The First Printed Translations . . . of the Great Foreign Classics (1909). There are studies by F. O. Matthiessen, Translation: an Elizabethan Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1931), and A. F. Clements, Tudor Translations (1940).
7. Contemporary Criticism
Useful collections are by J. Haslewood, Ancient Critical Essays upon English Poets and Poesy (2 vols., 1811–15); G. Saintsbury, Loci Critici (1903); J. C. Collins, Critical Essays and Literary Fragments (English Garner, 1903); G. G. Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays (2 vols., 1904); L. Magnus, Documents Illustrating Elizabethan Poetry (1906); English Critical Essays (WC, 1922); R. P. Cowl’s Theory of Poetry in England (1914); C. Gebert, Anthology of Elizabethan Dedications and Prefaces (University of Pennsylvania, 1933).
General works which provide a background to our period are G. Saintsbury’s History of Criticism and Literary Taste in Europe (3 vols., 1900–4) and History of English Criticism (rev. edn., 1949); and A. H. Gilbert’s Literary Criticism: Plato to Dryden (New York, 1940). Studies specially devoted to our period are by J. E. Spingarn, A History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance (New York, 1899; 1908) which gives a bibliography; Saintsbury, The Earlier Renaissance (1901); G. A. Thompson, Elizabethan Criticism of Poetry (Menasba, 1914); E. J. Sweeting, Studies in Early Tudor Criticism (1940); V. Hall, Renaissance Literary Criticism (New York, 1945); M. T. Herrick, The Fusion of Horatian and Aristotelian . . . Criticism, 1531–55 (Illinois, 1946); J. W. H. Atkins, English Literary Criticism: the Renascence (1947).
For the work of Baldwin and Clark, Tuve, Freeman, and Crane see above, under III. i. 2.
8. Script, Print, and Bookselling
Guidance in technical ‘Bibliography’ is given by R. B. McKerrow, Introduction to Bibliography (1927, 1948), A. Esdaile, Student’s Manual of Bibliography (2nd edn., 1932), and F. T. Bowers, Principles of Bibliographical Description (Princeton, 1949). Many important studies on printing, copyright, the book-trade, &c., are found in The Transactions of the Bibliographical Society (1893 ff., incorporating from 1920 The Library, 4th and 5th series), and the publications of the Bibliographical Societies of America, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Oxford, and Virginia.
For script, &c., see P. Simpson, Shakespearian Punctuation (1911); W. W. Greg, &c., English Literary Autographs, 1550–1660 (facsimiles with notes, 1925–32); H. Jenkinson, Later Court Hands from the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Century (1927); S. A. Tannenbaum, Handwriting of the Renaissance (1930); C. B. Judge, Specimens of Sixteenth Century Handwriting (Cambridge, Mass., 1936).
On printing, J. Ames’s Typographical Antiquities (1749; revised W. Herbert, 3 vols., 1785–90; T. F. Dibdin, 4 vols., 1810–19; index by A. W. Pollard, 1899) is still sometimes useful. Modern helps are: by E. G. Duff and others, Hand-Lists of English Printers, 1501–1556 (1895–1913); F. Isaac, English and Scottish Printing Types, 1501–35, 1508–41, 1535–58, 1552–58 (2 vols., 1930–2) and English Printers’ Types of the Sixteenth Century (1936); F. S. Ferguson, cap. iv in Bibliographical Society’s Studies in Retrospect 1892–1942 (1945).
On printers, publishers, and booksellers, Arber’s Transcript has been mentioned above (see 1). Help will be found in Duff, A Century of the English Book Trade (1905); McKerrow, A Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers, 1557–1640 (1910), and in Shakespeare’s England (1916); C. B. Judge, Elizabethan Book-Pirates (Harvard, 1934); P. Simpson, Proof-reading in the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries (1935). S. Hodgson’s Worshipful Company of Stationers, &c. (1953) gives a lively sketch for beginners. See also H. B. Lathrop, ‘The First English Printers and their Patrons’, Library, 4th ser., iii, 1922; and H. S. Bennett, ‘Caxton and his Public’, RES xix, 1943, and English Books and Readers 1475–1557 (1952).
On publishing outside London see R. Bowes, Catalogue of Books Printed at or Relating to the University, Town, or County of Cambridge (1894); F. Madan, Oxford Books (3 vols., 1895–1931); S. C. Roberts, History of the Cambridge University Press, 1521–1921 (1921); and H. D. Aldis, ‘A List of Books printed in Scotland before 1700’ (Edinburgh Bibl. Soc. vii, 1904).
On the position of authors see D. Nichol Smith in Shakespeare’s England; P. Sheavyn, The Literary Profession in the Elizabethan Age (1909); and J. W. Saunders, ‘The Stigma of Print’ (Essays in Criticism i, 1951).
Much light on the subjects of this section is expected from W. W. Greg’s forthcoming The First Folio of Shakespeare.
V. THE BACKGROUND OF LITERATURE
This section is divided into: 1. Political Theory and Practice; 2. Religion; 3. Philosophy; 4. Travel; 5. Daily Life; 6. Education; 7. The Arts. For all matters in this section the relevant parts of the CMH should be consulted.
1. Political Theory and Practice
For the principal contemporary English theorists the reader is recommended to consult the text and also below under section VI. For the history of political thought in general see: P. Janet, Histoire de la science politique (2 vols., Paris, 1872); W. A. Dunning, History of Political Thought from Luther to Montesquieu (1902; 1936); A. J. and R. W. Carlyle, History of Political Thought in the West (6 vols., 1903–28, an indispensable work of reference); G. H. Sabine, History of Political Theory (New York, 1937); and A. P. d’Entrèves, Natural Law (1951). Among studies more specially devoted to our period are those of J. N. Figgis, The Divine Right of Kings (2nd edition, 1914) and From Gerson to Grotius (1923); L. Einstein, The Italian Renaissance in England (1902) and Tudor Ideals (1921); L. Dyer, Machiavelli and the Modern State (1904); H. M. Chew, Social and Political Ideas of . . . Thinkers in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (ed. F. J. Hearnshaw, 1926); d’Entrèves, The Medieval Contribution to Political Thought (1939); J. W. Allen, Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century (1941); R. Mohl, Studies in Spenser, Milton, and the Theory of Monarchy (New York, 1949); P. Mesnard, L’Essor de la philosophie politique au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1951); C. Morris, Political Thought in England: Tyndale to Hooker (1953).
For the actual political life of our period the primary sources are mentioned in the bibliographies to J. D. Mackie’s The Earlier Tudors (1952) and J. B. Black’s Reign of Elizabeth (1936), both very necessary books. The relevant chapters in CMH are of the greatest value.
Among political and institutional histories which go beyond, but touch, our period are those of F. W. Maitland, The Constitutional History of England (ed. H. A. L. Fisher, 1908); Sir W. S. Holdsworth, History of English Law (9 vols., 1922–6); A. F. Pollard, The Evolution of Parliament (2nd edn., 1926); and Sir David Keir, Constitutional History of Modern Britain 1485–1937 (3rd edn., 1947). Statutes and documents are collected by G. W. Prothero (4th edn., 1913) and J. R. Tanner (1922). Economics are treated by E. Lipson, Economic History of England i (3 vols., 1946); J. E. T. Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England (7 vols., 1866–1902); S. Dowell, A History of Taxation in England (i, 1884); R. Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger (2 vols., 1896; abridged translation by H. M. Lucas, Capital and Finance in . . . the Renaissance, 1928); R. H. Tawney, Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (1912); G. Unwin, Industrial Organization in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1904); A. H. Johnson, The Disappearance of the Small Landowner (1909); R. W. Prothero, English Farming Past and Present (1919). Local government is treated by C. A. Beard, The office of Justice of the Peace (1904); B. H. Putnam, Treatise on . . . Justices of the Peace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History, ed. P. Vinogradoff, 1924); S. and B. Webb, English Local Government, &c., pt. i, The Old Poor Law (1927).
On the pre-Elizabethan period see W. Busch, England under the Tudors i (tr. from the German, A. M. Todd and A. H. Johnson, 1895); Pollard, England under the Protector Somerset (1900), The Reign of Henry VII from Contemporary Sources (3 vols., 1913–14), and Henry VIII (1920); G. Temperley, Henry VII (1918); C. H. Williams, England under the Early Tudors, 1485–1529 (1925); K. Pickthorn, Early Tudor Government (2 vols., 1934); W. G. Zeeveld, Foundations of Tudor Policy (1944) and The Making of the Tudor Despotism (1928), and J. R. Elton, The Tudor Revolution in Government (1953). On the reign of Elizabeth I: Pollard, Political History of England, 1547–1603 (1910); E. P. Cheyney, History of England from the Defeat of the Armada to the Death of Elizabeth (2 vols., 1914, 1926); J. E. Neale, Queen Elizabeth (1934), The Elizabethan House of Commons (1949), and Elizabeth I and her Parliaments (1953); and A. L. Rowse, The England of Elizabeth (1950).
P. Hume Brown’s History of Scotland (3 vols., 2nd edn., 1911) still ranks as the standard work; the histories of A. Lang (4 vols., 1900–7, an unconventional and spirited work) and C. S. Terry (1920) are also useful. For an excellent short survey of the whole period see S. T. Bindoff, England under the Tudors (Pelican, 1950). Some books which might perhaps have come here are mentioned below under 2 and 3.
2. Religion
(Almost every book mentioned here inevitably has its Anglican, Atheist, Nonconformist, or Roman Catholic bias.)
For bibliography see R. Cattermole, Literature of the Church of England (1844); J. Gillow, Bibliographical Dictionary of the English Catholics (5 vols., 1885–1903); J. P. Whitney, Bibliography of Church History (Historical Association Leaflet lv, 1923). The most useful periodical is Church History.
Major English theologians of our period are treated in the text. Other pieces are collected in Elizabethan Nonconformist Texts, and in Puritan Manifestoes, ed. W. H. Frere and C. E. Douglas (1907). W. Pierce collected The Marprelate Tracts (1911); his Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts (1908) and E. Arber’s Introductory Sketch to the Marprelate Controversy (1879) should be consulted. Calvin’s Institutio was translated by H. Beveridge (rev. edn., 2 vols., 1863), and its first French version (1541) edited by A. Lefranc, &c. (Paris, 1911). H. Cole’s translation (1856) of Calvin’s Calvinism originally published at Geneva 1552 was reprinted 1927. For other contemporary material see the publications of the Catholic Record Society; H. Bettenson, Documents of the Christian Church (WC, 1943; Anglican and Nonconformist documents); H. Gee and W. J. Hardy, Documents Illustrative of English Church History (1896). The works of John Strype (1647–1737), which contain many documents, are available in the Oxford edition (21 vols., 1812–24). L. von Pastor’s History of the Papacy is translated by F. Antrobus (22 vols., 1891–1922).
For ecclesiastical history see F. Makower, Constitutional History . . . of the Church of England (tr. 1895); R. W. Dixon, History of the Church of England from the Abolition of the Roman Jurisdiction to 1570 (6 vols., 3rd edn., 1895–1902); W. H. Frere, The Marian Reaction in its Relations to the English Clergy (1896); H. Gee, The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion (1898); J. Gairdner, The English Church in the Sixteenth Century (1902); Frere, The English Church in the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I (1904); H. N. Birt, The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1907); C. G. Bayne, Anglo-Roman Relations, 1558–65 (1913); R. G. Usher, The Rise and Fall of the High Commission (1913); A. O. Meyer, England and the Catholic Church under Q. Elizabeth (tr. 16); A. Savine, English Monasteries on the Eve of the Dissolution (Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History i, 1919); J. H. Pollen, The English Catholics in the Reign of Q. Elizabeth (1920); Abbé Constant, La Réforme en Angleterre (2 vols., 1930–9; tr. 1934 and 1941); D. Mathew, Catholicism in England, 1535–1935 (1936); M. Smith, Pre-Reformation England (1938) and Henry VIII and the Reformation (1948); Sir M. Powicke, The Reforma-tion in England (1941); Fr. P. Hughes, The Reformation in England i–ii (1950–4).
Among works specially devoted to Puritanism are those of Usher, The Presbyterian Movement (Camden Society, 1905); A. W. W. Drysdale, The History of English Congregationalism (1907); J. Heron, Short History of Puritanism (1908); J. Brown, The English Puritans (1910); H. H. Henson, Puritanism in England (1912); M. M. Knappen, Tudor Puritanism (Chicago, 1939). D. Neal’s History of the Puritans (4 vols., 1732–8; 2 vols., 1754; revised by J. Toulmin, 5 vols., 1793–7, reprinted 1822), though an old, bad book, is sometimes useful.
On Scotland see A. R. MacEwen, A History of the Church in Scotland (2 vols., 1913–18); D. H. Flemming, The Reformation in Scotland (1910); J. G. MacGregor, The Scottish Presbyterian Polity in the Sixteenth Century (1926).
The effect of religion and religious changes on the lives of individuals (chiefly ecclesiastical) appears in such works as T. G. Law, Jesuits and Seculars (1889); R. Lechat, Les Refugiés anglais dans les Pays-Bas espagnols (1914); (perhaps) G. O. Coulton’s highly controversial Five Centuries of Religion (4 vols., 1923–50); G. Baskerville, English Monks and the Suppression of the Monasteries (1937); B. Magee, The English Recusants (1938); H. E. P. Grieve and J. M. Wilson, ‘The Deprived and Married Clergy in Essex, 1553–61’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society xxii, 1940.
For relevant and excellent biographies see VI under Cartwright, More, and Parker. Others are: R. Simpson, Edmund Campion (1896); F. O. White, Lives of the Elizabethan Bishops (1898); C. Burrage, The True Story of Robert Browne (1906); Stephen Gardiner and the Tudor Reaction (1926) by J. A. Muller, who also edited his Letters (1933): his De Vera Obedientia, with other pieces was edited with notes and translations by P. Janelle in Obedience in Church and State (1930); C. H. Smyth, Cranmer and the Reformation (1926); A. F. Pollard, Wolsey (1929).
The following deal with the subject on its more theological side: J. Hunt, Religious Thought in England i (1870); J. Dowden, Outlines of the History of the Theological Literature of the Church of England (1897); J. Mackinnon, Luther and the Reformation (4 vols., 1925–30); Q. Breen, John Calvin: a study in French Humanism (Grand Rapids, 1931); E. Troeltsch, The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches (tr., 2 vols., 1931); P. I. de la Tour, Origines de la Réforme. iv. Calvin et l’Institution (Paris, 1938); E. G. Rupp, Martin Bucer and the English Reformation (1947); R. H. Bainton’s life of Luther, Here I Stand (1952), and Reformation of the Sixteenth Century (1953).
Among works not easily classified are those of R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926; Pelican, 1938); M. Weber, Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus (1904; tr. T. Parsons, 1930); P. Polman, L’Elément historique dans la controverse religieuse du XVIe siècle (Gembloux, 1932); H. C. White, Social Criticism in Popular Religious Literature of the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1944); and Autour de Michel Servet et de . . . Castellion. Recueil, ed. B. Becker (Haarlem, 1953).
3. Philosophy
The word Philosophy is here used in its sixteenth-century sense, covering what have since been distinguished from philosophy and from one another as the ‘sciences’ and ‘pseudo-sciences’.
Useful general histories are by A. Höffding, History of Modern Philosophy (tr. B. E. Meyer, 2 vols., 1900); C. Singer, Studies in the History and Method of Science (1912), From Magic to Science (1928), and Short History of Science (1941); A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (1925—a profound book reprinted in Pelican); Sir W. C. Dampier-Whetham, History of Science and its Relations with Philosophy and Religion (1929: revised, 1942); A. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (Cambridge, Mass., 1936); F. Sherwood Taylor, Short History of Science (1939); W. T. Sedgwick and H. W. Tyler, same title (revised 1939); H. T. Pledge, Science since 1500 (1941); L. Thorndike, History of Magic and Experimental Science V, vi (1941); and H. Butterfield, Origins of Modern Science (1949). For a survey of recent work on Renaissance Science see F. R. Johnson and S. V. Larkey in MLQ ii, 1941.
Among primary texts available in modern editions or translations are: Abrabanel (or Leone Ebreo), Dialoghi d’Amore, translated as The Philosophy of Love by F. Friedeberg-Seeley and J. H. Barnes (1937)—an important specimen of Platonized Judaism. Giordano Bruno, Dialogue De La Causa, &c., translated as The Infinite in G. Bruno by S. Greenberg (New York, 1950), and Gli Eroici Furori, tr. L. Williams (1887). Copernicus, De Revolutionibus, in facsimile (Amsterdam, 1943); Cusanus (Nicholas or Nicolaus of Cusa), incomplete editions, text, and German translations, E. Hoffmann and R. Klibansky (Heidelberg, 1929–), text only (Leipzig, 1932–), Œures choisies, tr. M. de Gandilac (Aulier, 1942). Ficino, Opuscula inedita et dispersa, ed. P. O. Kristell (2 vols., Florence, 1937), Comment, in Symposium, tr. S. R. Jayne (Columbia, 1944). Galileo, Opere (Florence, 1929). Keppler, Opera Omnia, ed. C. Frisch (8 vols., Frankfurt, 1869). Paracelsus, Works, ed. K. Sudhoff and W. Mathiessen (Munich, 1922–) and Magische Unterweisungen, German translation by F. Spunda (Leipzig, 1923). Pico della Mirandola, De Hominis Dignitate, Heptaplus, De ente et uno, &c. (Florence, 1942), and Disputationes adv. Astrologiam (ibid., 1946), both ed. E. Garin; De Imaginatione, ed. and tr. H. Caplan (New Haven, 1930). Pomponatius, De Immortalitate Animae, in facsimile with translation by W. Hay (Haverford, 1938). Ptolemy, Μαθηματίκης Συντάξεωϛ, Greek text with French translation by M. Halma (Paris, 1813). Cassirer and others edited a collection of translated extracts from Petrarch, Valla, Ficino, Pico, Pomponatius, and Vives as The Renaissance Philosophy of Man (Chicago, 1948).
There are studies of this period by (among many others): R. F. Arnold, Die Kultur der Renaissance (Leipzig, 1904); H. O. Taylor, Thought and Expression in the Sixteenth Century (2 vols., New York, 1920); J. W. Thompson, &c., The Civilization of the Renaissance (Chicago, 1929); A. Wolf, History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1935); H. Craig, The Enchanted Glass (New York, 1936; Oxford, 1950); W. C. Curry, Shakespeare’s Philosophical Patterns (State University, Louisiana, 1937); E. M. W. Tillyard, Elizabethan World Picture (1943); P. H. Kocher, Science and Religion in Elizabethan England (San Marino, 1953).
On astronomy (best not distinguished from astrology), see J. L. E. Dreyer, History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Keppler (1906); E. F. Bosanquet, English Printed Almanacks and Prognostications (1917; amplified and corrected, Library viii, xviii, 1927–8 and 1937–8); F. R. Johnson, Astronomical Thought in Renaissance England (Baltimore, 1937); and D. C. Allen, see above, IV. 2.
On Magia very little has been written: help may perhaps be found in J. G. T. Grässe, Bibliotheca Magica et Pneumatica (Leipzig, 1843). Goetia is treated by many authors: e.g. W. Notestein, History of Witchcraft in England, 1558–1718 (Washington, 1911); G. L. Kittredge, Witchcraft in Old and New England (Cambridge, Mass., 1929); H. C. Lea and A. C. Howland, Materials Toward a History of Witchcraft (3 vols., University of Pennsylvania, 1939); Charles Williams, Witchcraft (1941); Fr. H. Thurston and E. Brouette in Satan (1951). See also M. W. Latham, Elizabethan Fairies (Columbia, 1930). On physics see K. Lassewitz, Geschichte der Atomistik vom Mittelalter bis Newton (2 vols., Hamburg, 1890); on medicine, C. Singer, Evolution of Anatomy (1925); W. Osler, The Evolution of Modern Medicine (1921); A. H. Buck, The Growth of Medicine (1917); J. F. South, Memorials of . . . Surgery in England (1886). On chemistry, J. N. Stillman, The Story of Early Chemistry (1924). On psychology, L. Babb, The Elizabethan Malady (1951), and in J. Q. Adams Memorial Studies (Washington, D.C., 1948), F. R. Johnson in English Studies Today (ed. C. L. Wrenn, &c., 1951), and J. B. Bamborough, The Little World of Man (1952).
Among studies of particular thinkers are: M. A. Prost, Corneille Agrippa, sa vie et ses œuvres (Paris, 1881); W. J. Waters, Jerome Cardan (1898); J. L. McIntyre, Giordano Bruno (1903); A. H. Douglas, The Philosophy and Psychology of Pietro Pomponazzi (1910); E. Vansteerberghe, Le Cardinal Nicolas de Cues (1920); F. Sherwood Taylor, Galileo and the Freedom of Thought (1938); C. F. Smith, John Dee (1909).
4. Travel
Important individual voyages are mentioned in the text. Bibliographies are given by E. G. Cox, Reference Guide to the Literature of Travel: i, The Old World; ii, The New World (University of Washington, 1935–8), and E. G. R. Taylor, Tudor Geography, 1485–1583 (1930) and Late Tudor and Early Stuart Geography, 1583–1650 (1934). For reprints of voyages see the 206 volumes of the Hakluyt Society, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd series. Useful collections of texts are in Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen, ed. E. J. Payne (2 vols., revised C. R. Beazley, 1907), and Voyages and Travels, ed. C. R. Beazley (English Garner, 2 vols., 1903). There are studies by J. A. Williamson, Maritime Enterprise, 1485–1588 (1913); J. N. L. Baker, History of Geographical Discovery and Exploration (1931); and the works by E. G. R. Taylor mentioned above are especially valuable. Western travel is treated by G. W. Cole, ‘Elizabethan Americana’ in Bibliographical Essays . . . to W. Eames (Harvard, 1924) and J. B. Brebner, The Explorers of North America, 1492–1806 (1933), and works are specially devoted to the western ocean by P. F. Alexander (1915), N. M. Crouse (New York, 1928), and L. J. Burpee (rev. edn., 2 vols., Toronto, 1935). Eastern travel is treated in S. C. Chew’s The Crescent and the Rose (New York, 1937). On travel in general see E. S. Bates, Touring in 1600 (Boston, 1911) and C. Howard, English Travelers of the Renaissance (1914); on life at sea, &c., W. Raleigh’s introduction to Hakluyt Society’s Hakluyt (1903–5), reprinted separately as The English Voyages of the Sixteenth Century (1906), and J. Masefield’s to the EL Hakluyt (1907). One aspect of the explorations is treated in L. B. Wright’s Religion and Empire . . . 1558–1625 (University of North Carolina, 1943); their literary effects, in two works by R. R. Cawley (see below under Hakluyt); and their historical significance in Williamson’s The Ocean in English History (1941). For the earlier part of our period see the same author’s Voyages of the Cabots and the English Discovery of North America under Henry VII and Henry VIII (1929). Some works on naval history are perhaps relevant here: Fighting Instructions, 1530–1816, ed. J. S. Corbett (Navy Records Society, xxix, 1905), and the same scholar’s Drake and the Tudor Navy (2 vols., 1898–9); M. Oppenheim, History of the Administration of the Royal Navy (1896); G. E. Mainwaring, A Bibliography of British Naval History (1930). Shakespeare’s England should, of course, also be consulted.
5. Daily Life
Much can, of course, be learned from the contemporary literary texts and also from such books as Harrison’s Description (see ); texts in Furnivall’s Early English Meals and Manners (EETS, 1868); The Regulations of the Household of . . . the fifth Earl of Northumberland (ed. Percy 1770; reprinted 1905); The Household Books of John Duke of Norfolk and Thomas Earl of Surrey (ed. J. P. Collier, Roxburghe Club, 1844); The Diary of Henry Machyn, ed. J. G. Nichols (Camden Society, 1848); Victoria Histories of the Counties of England (1900 ff.) and the general surveys of The Parish Registers (1910) and Churchwardens’ Accounts (1913) by J. C. Cox. For contemporary foreign impressions see A Relation . . . of the Island of England (an Italian’s report ed. and tr. C. A. Sneyd, Camden Soc., 1847); W. B. Rye, England as seen by Foreigners in the Days of Elizabeth and James the First (1865); W. D. Robson-Scott, German Travelers in England, 1400–1800 (1953) and Thomas Platter’s Travels in England, 1599, trans. C. Williams (1937). Other contemporary sources are in F. J. Furnivall’s Early English Treatises on Education, Precedence, and Manners (EETS, 1869); J. Dover Wilson’s Life in Shakespeare’s England (1911; Pelican, 1944); and G. B. Harrison’s Elizabethan Journals (1939).
Among general works which include our period are those of H. D. Traill and J. S. Mann, Social England (6 vols., rev. edn., 1901–4; M. and C. H. B. Quennell, History of Everyday Things in England (1918 ff.); and G. M. Trevelyan, English Social History (1944). On food see Furnivall, Manners and Meals in Olden Time (EETS, 1868) and J. C. Drummond and A. Wilbraham, The Englishman’s Food. A History of Five Centuries of English Diet (1939). On recreation: J. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (1801; rev. edn. by J. C. Cox, 1903); R. Withington, English Pageantry (2 vols., Harvard, 1918–20); and Englishmen at Rest and Play (ed. R. Lennard, 1931).
Of works specially devoted to our period, Shakespeare’s England (ed. Sir S. Lee and C. T. Onions, 2 vols., 1916) is indispensable. Other useful works are by P. S. Allen, The Age of Erasmus (1914); G. B. Harrison, England in Shakespeare’s Day (1928); R. Kelso, The Doctrine of the English Gentleman in the Sixteenth Century (Urbana, 1929); J. E. Mason, Gentlefolk in the Making . . . English Courtesy Literature, 1531–1774 (University of Pennsylvania, 1935). On economics and kindred subjects see: Fitzherbert’s Boke of Husbandry (1523: W. W. Skeat, 1882); Domesday of Enclosures (ed. I. S. Leadam, Royal Historical Society, 1897); E. F. Gay, ‘Inclosures in . . . the Sixteenth Century’, Quarterly Journal of Economics xvii, 1903; R. H. Tawney and E. Power, Tudor Economic Documents (3 vols., 1924) and Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926; Pelican, 1938); H. M. Robertson, Aspects of the Rise of Economic Individualism (1933, 1935); A. Savine, ‘Bondmen under the Tudors’, Trans. of Royal Historical Society, new series, xvii, 1903; Tawney, ‘The Rise of the Gentry, 1558–1640’, Econ. History Review xi, 1941; M. Campbell, The . . . Yeoman under Elizabeth and the Early Stuarts (Yale, 1942). On low life: F. W. Chandler, The Literature of Roguery (with bibliography, 2 vols., Boston, 1907); F. Aydelotte, Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds (1913); and A. V. Judges (mentioned above, II. 4. ii). On other special topics: C. Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain (2 vols., 1891); F. P. Wilson, The Plague in Shakespeare’s London (1927); C. L. Powell, English Domestic Relations 1487–1653 (Columbia, 1917); and M. St. C. Byrne, The Elizabethan Home (2nd edn., 1930) and Elizabethan Life in Town and Country (5th edn., 1947); F. W. Fairholt, Costume in England (4th edn., H. A. Dillon, 1896); D. C. Calthrop, English Costume iii (1906); H. Norris, Costume and Fashion iii (1903); M. C. Linthicum, Costume in the Drama of Shakespeare and his Contemporaries (1936); Madden, Diary of Master William Silence (1907). See also Rowse, above, v. i.
6. Education
The universities are treated by J. Heywood and T. Wright, Cambridge University Transactions during the Puritan Controversies (2 vols., 1854); J. B. Mullinger, The University of Cambridge (3 vols., 1873–1911); C. E. Mallet, History of the University of Oxford (3 vols., 1924–7); and S. E. Morison, Founding of Harvard College (Harvard, 1935), contains a useful account of English universities. On Ramistry see C. Desmaze, Petrus Ramus, &c. (Paris, 1864); P. Miller, The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century (New York, 1939); and R. Tuve, Elizabethan and Metaphysical Imagery (Chicago, 1947).
On school-teaching see (besides Ascham, Mulcaster, and passages in Erasmus’s Letters): Vives, works mentioned above (IV. 5); extracts in H. Barnard, English Pedagogy (2 vols., 2nd edn., Hartford, 1876); F. Watson, The English Grammar Schools to 1660 (1908) and The Beginnings of the Teaching of Modern Subjects in English (1909); A. R. M. Stowe, English Grammar Schools to the Reign of Elizabeth (1908); E. Rowland, A Pedagogue’s Commonplace Book (1925); William Horman’s Vulgaria (1519), ed. M. James for Roxburghe Club (1926); Vulgaria of J. Stanbridge and R. Whittinton (ed. B. White, EETS, 1933); J. H. Brown, Elizabethan Schooldays (1933); T. W. Baldwin, William Shakspere’s Petty School (University of Illinois, 1943) and William Shakspere’s Small Latine & Lesse Greeke (2 vols., University of Illinois, 1944).
On the history of education see A. F. Leach, English Schools at the Reformation, 1540–48 (1896); S. S. Laurie, Studies in the History of Educational Opinion from the Renaissance (1905); W. H. Woodward, Studies in Education during the Age of the Renaissance (1906); J. W. Adamson, The Reformation and English Education (1931); L. B. Wright, Middle Class Culture in Elizabethan England (1935). See also the special histories of various schools listed in Shakespeare’s England i, ch. viii. On some special subjects see: E. A. Savage, Old English Libraries (1911), B. H. Streeter, The Chained Library (1931); J. W. Adamson, ‘The Extent of Literacy in England in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries’, Library x, 1929; A. Walker, ‘The Reading of an Elizabethan’, RES viii, 1932; K. Lambley, The Teaching and Cultivation of the French Language . . . during Tudor and Stuart Times (1920).
7. The Arts
MUSIC
Scores are reprinted in Songs, Ballads, and Instrumental Pieces of Henry VIII (Roxburghe Club, 1912); E. H. Fellowes, The English Madrigal School (36 vols., 1913–24) and English School of Lutenist Song Writers (32 vols., 1920–32); P. C. Buck, Fellowes, &c., Tudor Church Music (10 vols., 1923–9); ‘Peter Warlock’ and P. Wilson, English Ayres, Elizabethan and Jacobean (6 vols., 1927–31); and M. Dolmetsch, Dances of England and France . . . 1450–1600 (1949). There are studies by W. Chappell, Popular Music of the Olden Time (revised as Old English Popular Music by H. E. Wooldridge, 2 vols., 1893); H. Davey, History of English Music (1895; revised 1921); Fellowes, English Madrigal Composers (1921) and English Madrigal (1925); E. Walker, History of Music in England (2nd edn., 1924); P. A. Scholes, The Puritans and Music in England and New England (1934); M. C. Boyd, Elizabethan Music and Musical Criticism (University of Pennsylvania, 1940); and E. Meyer, English Chamber Music (1946; in some ways controversial). The New Oxford History of Music, iii, now in hand, will cover our period. Of special interest to literary students are B. Pattison, Music and Poetry of the English Renaissance (1948), also his chapter in Pinto, English Renaissance, 1510–1688 (rev. edn., 1951). See also F. W. Galpin, Old English Instruments of Music (1911).
PICTURE
This cannot be properly studied except in galleries and great houses, but reproductions are given by C. R. L. Fletcher and E. Walker, Historical Portraits i (1909); A. B. Chamberlain, Hans Holbein the Younger (2 vols., 1913); K. T. Parker, Drawings of Hans Holbein . . . at Windsor (1945); J. de Bourgoing, English Miniatures (ed. O. C. Williamson, 1928); B. S. Long, British Miniatures (1929). Help will be found in G. C. Williamson, History of Portrait Miniatures (2 vols., 1904); Sir S. Colvin, Early Engraving . . . in England, 1545–1695 (1905); A. Valiance, Art in England during the Elizabethan and Stuart Periods (1908); C. H. Collins and W. G. Constable, English Painting of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Florence, Paris, and New York, 1930); W. A. Shaw, Three Inventories of Pictures in the Collections of Henry VIII, Edward VI (1937); J. Pope-Hennessy, ‘Nicholas Hilliard and Mannerist Art Theory’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes vi, 1943; R. Freeman, English Emblem Books (1948); A. M. Hind, Engraving in England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: A Descriptive Catalogue, Pt. I. The Tudor Period (1952); and E. K. Waterhouse, Painting in Britain, 1530–1790 (1953). See also R. Tuve, ‘Spenser and Some Pictorial Conventions’, SP xxxvii, 1940, and F. A. Yates, ‘Queen Elizabeth as Astraea’, Journal of Warburg and Courtauld Inst. x, 1947.
ARCHITECTURE
John Shute’s The First and Chief Groundes of Architecture &c. (1563) is an important contemporary work: there is a facsimile, ed. L. Weaver (1912). Among modern authorities are Sir R. Blomfield, History of Renaissance Architecture (2 vols., 1897); Vallance, op. cit.; J. A. Gotch, Early Renaissance Architecture in England (2nd edn., 1914); H. A. Tipping, English Homes (2nd edn., 1936); T. Garner and A. Stratton, Domestic Architecture of England during the Stuart Period (2 vols., 2nd edn., rev. 1929); A. H. Thompson, The English House (Historical Association Pamphlet 105, 1936); J. Lees-Milne, Tudor Renaissance (1951); M. D. Whinney, Renaissance Architecture in England (1952). See also Shakespeare’s England. There is a Short Bibliography of Architecture (1923) by A. Stratton.
OTHER ARTS
On furniture see P. Macquoid, History of English Furniture (4 vols., 1919). On dress, works cited above, v. 5. On gardening, Mrs. Rohde’s Old English Gardening Books (1924) provides a bibliography. Other works are by Sir R. Blomfield, The Formal Garden in England (1892); A. Amherst (Mrs. Evelyn Cecil), History of Gardening in England (rev. edn., 1910); Sir F. Crisp, Medieval Gardens (2 vols., 1924) which covers our period.
VI. INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS
William Allen, 1532–94
A Defense and Declaration . . . touching Purgatory (Antwerp, 1565) was edited by T. E. Bridgett (1886) as Souls Departed. A Briefe Historie of the . . . Martyrdom of XII . . . Priests (Rheims, 1582) was edited by J. H. Pollen (1908). A True Sincere and Modest Defence (Rouen, 1584) was reprinted in 1914. An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland (Antwerp, 1588) is included in W. M. Dunham and S. Pargellis’s Complaint and Reform in England (New York, 1938). Allen’s Letters and Memorials were printed in 1882 with an introduction by T. F. Knox. A. C. Southern gives a biography and a bibliography of the early editions in Elizabethan Recusant Prose 1559–1582 (1950). See also M. Haile’s An Elizabethan Cardinal (1914) and J. S. Phillimore’s ‘Blessed Thomas More and the Arrest of Humanism’, Dublin Review cliii, 1913.
Roger Ascham, 1515–68
Toxophilus (1545) was edited by E. Arber (1868; 1902); The Scholemaster (1570), by E. B. Mayor (1863), by E. Arber (1870; 1923), and by D. C. Whimster (1934). A Report and Discourse . . . of the affaires and state of Germany (1570?) together with Toxophilus and The Scholemaster, in the original spelling, was edited by W. A. Wright (Cambridge English Classics, 1904). Ascham’s Latin letters were edited by E. Grant (1576), more letters and his Greek and Latin verse being added in 1590; also by W. Elstob (1703). The English Works were edited by J. Benet (1761) and by J. G. Cochrane, with six unpublished letters, in 1815; the Whole Works, by J. A. Giles (3 vols., 1864–5). Critical studies are A. Katterfeld’s Roger Ascham: sein Leben u. seine Werke (Strassburg, 1879); R. H. Quick’s in Essays on Educational Reformers (1868); C. Benndorf’s in Die englische Padagogik im 16. Jahrhundert, &c. (Vienna, 1905); and L. R. Radford’s in Quarterly Review cclvi, 1931. See also G. B. Parks’s ‘The First Draft of Ascham’s Scholemaster’, MLQi, 1938. There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. and D. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1946).
John Awdelay or Awdeley, fl. 1559–77
Only the title-page of a 1565 edition of The Fraternitie of Vacabondes (ent. 1561) is known to survive. The work has been edited from the 1575 edition by E. Viles and F. J. Furnivall (EETS, 1869; 1937), reprinted for New Shakspere Society, and by A. V. Judges in The Elizabethan Underworld (1930). For a discussion see F. Aydelotte, Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds (1913).
Lady Ann Bacon (née Cooke), 1528–1610
Jewel’s Apologie . . . translated into Englishe (1564; see R. Hughey, ‘Lady Anne Bacon’s Translations’, RES x, 1934) was edited by R. W. Jelf (1859) and by J. Ayre in the Works of Jewel, q.v. Her letters were included in vols. viii-xiv of The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. J. Spedding (14 vols., 1857–74).
Francis Bacon, 1561–1626
Essayes, Religious Meditations, Places of perswasion and disswasion (1597) contained 10 Essays, Meditationes Sacrae, and ‘Of the Coulers of good and euill’. A facsimile of it was printed in The Bibliographer ii, 1903 and issued separately (New York, 1904); a reprint appeared in 1924. The second edition (1598) gave the Meditationes in English. E. Arber, Harmony of Bacon’s Essays (English Reprints, 1871, 1895) gives the texts of 1597–8, 1607–12, 1612, and 1625 in parallel columns. The relation of Bacon to Montaigne is discussed by P. Villey, Revue de la Renaissance xii, xiii, 1911–12, and J. Zeitlin, JEGP xxvii, 1928. There is a bibliography by R. W. Gibson (1950). On Bacon in general see Bush.
John Bale, 1495–1563
Bale’s dramatic works are dealt with in another volume. He contributed to English studies by his Illustrium Majoris Britanniae Scriptorum Summarium (Ipswich, 1548; Wesel, 1549), later enlarged and revised as Scriptorum Illustrium Majoris Brytannie . . . Catalogus (Basle, 1557–9). His autograph notebook, now in the Bodleian, was edited by R. L. Poole and M. Bateson as Index Britanniae Scriptorum (1902). The laboryouse Iourney & serche of Iohan Leylande . . . enlarged by Iohan Bale (1549), which contains ‘A Regystre of the names of Englysh Wryters whome the seconde part of my . . . De Scriptoribus Britannicis shall comprehe[n]d’, is in W. Huddesford’s Lives of Leland, &c., i (1772), and in an edition by W. Copinger (1895). Specimens of his controversial writing will be found in the Select Works, edited for the Parker Society by H. Christmas (1849). An answere to a papysticall exhortacyon (Zürich?, 1548?) is in H. Huth’s Fugitive Tracts i (1875); an extract from An Expostulation (c. 1552) in Camden Society cxxvii, 1859; A brefe Chronycle concernynge . . . lorde Cobham (Antwerp?, 1544; also in Parker Society edition) and The vocacyon of Iohan Bale to the bishoprick of Ossorie (1553) are in the Harleian Miscellany i, 1808. Accounts of Bale have been written by J. W. Harris, John Bale: a Study in the minor literature of the Reformation (Illinois, 1940), and H. McCusker, John Bale, Dramatist and Antiquary (Bryn Mawr, Pa., 1942), and ‘Books and Manuscripts . . . in the possession of John Bale’ in The Library xvi, 1935. W. T. Davies provides a formal bibliography in Oxford Bibl. Soc. Procs. and Paper, v, pt. 4, 1940.
Alexander Barclay, 1475?–1552
The Castell of Labour, first printed in Paris (1503?), of which edition only a fragment survives, was printed by Pynson (1505?) and by Wynkyn de Worde (1506); thence reproduced in facsimile by A. W. Pollard (Roxburghe Club, 1905). The Shyp of Folys of the Worlde, printed by Pynson (1509) and Cawood (1570), was edited by T. H. Jamieson, 2 vols. (1874). The Egloges, printed by W. de Worde (c. 1515), were edited by B. White (EETS, 1928); they were also included in Cawood’s edition of the Ship and thence reprinted by the Spenser Society (1885). The Fifte Egloge was edited for the Percy Society by F. W. Fairholt (1847). Extracts from The introductory to wryte and to pronounce Frenche (1521) are given in A. J. Ellis, On Early English Pronunciation, pt. iii (EETS and Philological Society, 1871). The myrrour of good maners was included in Cawood’s edition of the Ship and reprinted by the Spenser Society (1885). For a study of the Ship, A. Pompen’s The English Versions of the Ship of Fools (1928) is indispensable. Other studies on Barclay are J. M. Berdan’s ‘Alexander Barclay, Poet and Preacher’ in MLR viii, 1913; J. R. Schultz’s ‘Life of Alexander Barclay’ in JEGP xviii, 1919; F. Pyle’s ‘The Barbarous Metre of Barclay’ in MLR xxxii, 1937; and W. Nelson’s ‘New Light on Alexander Barclay’ in RES xix, 1943.
Barnabe Barnes, 1569?–1609
Parthenophil and Parthenophe (1593) was edited by E. Arber (English Garner v, 1882) and by Sir S. Lee, Elizabethan Sonnets i (English Garner, 1904). A Divine Centurie of Spirituall Sonnets (1595) is in T. Park’s Heliconia (1815). Both were edited, with some dedicatory poems and letters, by Grosart (1875). Barnes is treated by J. G. Scott, Les Sonnets élisabéthains (Paris, 1929); M. Eccles, in C. J. Sisson’s Thomas Lodge and other Elizabethans (Cambridge, Mass., 1933); and M. H. Dodds, ‘Barnabe Barnes’, &c. (Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th ser., xxiv, 1946).
Richard Barnfield, 1574–1627
The affectionate shepheard, &c. (1594) was edited by J. O. Halliwell (1845). The Encomion of Lady Pecunia (1598) was reprinted 1866. Both these, as well as Cynthia, with certaine sonnets (1595), which included Cassandra, and The complaint of poetrie (1598), were edited by A. H. Bullen in Some Longer Elizabethan poems (English Garner, 1903). Arber had previously edited Poems, 1594–1598 (English Scholar’s Library, 1882). The poems were collected by A. B. Grosart in 1876, and a text was published by the Fortune Press in 1936.
Lord Berners, Sir John Bourchier, 1467–1533
Berners’s translation of Froissart was printed by Pynson, The first volume of sir Johan Froyssart in 1523, and The thirde and fourthe boke in 1525. It was edited by W. P. Ker in 6 vols. (Tudor Translations, 1901–3), re-issued in 8 vols. (Shakespeare Head Press, 1927–8). A modernized abridgement by G. C. Macaulay appeared in the Globe edition (1895). The Boke of Duke Huon of Burdeux (1534) was edited by Sir S. Lee in 4 parts (EETS, 1883–7). The Golden Boke of Marcus Aurelius (1535) was edited by J. M. Gálvez in ‘Guevara in England’, Palaestra cix (Berlin, 1916). The hystorie of Arthur of Lytell Brytayne (1555?) was edited by E. V. Utterson (1814). The biographical part of W. P. Ker’s introduction to his 1901–3 edition of the Froissart was reprinted in his Essays on Medieval Literature (1905). See also J. H. McDill, ‘The Life of Lord Berners’, TLS, 17 April 1930.
George Beste, d. 1584?
A true Discourse of the late voyages . . . for the finding of a passage to Cathaya (1578), was included, but without the introductory sections to the first voyage, in the third volume of Hakluyt (1600); edited by R. Collinson for the Hakluyt Society (1867); and again, in an elaborate edition, by V. Stefansson (1938).
Henry Bradshaw, d. 1513
The . . . lyfe . . . of saynt werburge (1521) was edited by E. Hawkins (Chetham Society, 1848) and by C. Horstmann (EETS, 1887). The Lyfe of Saynt Radegunde (1521?), which has been attributed to him, was edited by F. Brittain (1926).
Nicholas Breton, 1551?–c. 1623
Brittons bowre of delights (1591, 1597) was edited by H. E. Rollins (Cambridge, Mass., 1933) and The arbor of amorous devises (1597) by Rollins and others (ibid., 1936). The Works in Verse and Prose (2 vols., Chertsey Worthies’ Library, 1879), ed. A. B. Grosart, is incomplete. Selections appear in A. H. Bullen’s Poems chiefly lyrical (1890) and Grosart’s A bower of delights . . . from . . . Breton (1893). J. Robertson’s Poems by . . . Breton (1952) is confined to pieces not reprinted in previous editions: she gives the fullest biography and list of works. For later works see Bush. There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1947).
John Bridges, d. 1618
Bridges published A Sermon . . . at Paules Crosse (1571); The supremacie of Christian princes (1573); A Defence of the Gouernment Established in the Churche of Englande (1587); and Sacro-Sanctum Novum Testamentum . . . in Hexametros versus . . . translatum (1604). None of them was ever reprinted.
Henry Brinkelow, d. 1546
The Lamentacion of a Christian against the Citie of London (1542) and The o--Plaint of Roderyck Mors . . . for the Redresse of Certeyn Wycked Lawes (c. 1548) were both edited by J. M. Cowper (EETS, 1874).
Arthur Broke or Brooke, d. 1563
The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet, written first in Italian by Bandell (1562) is in Hazlitt’s Shakespeare Library i (1875), and has been edited by P. A. Daniel (New Shakspere Society, 1875) and J. J. Munro (Shakespeare Classics, 1908). On Bandello see Pruvost (above, IV. 3).
Robert Browne, 1550?–1633
A Booke which sheweth . . . Also there goeth a Treatise before of reformation without tarying (Middlebrough, 1582) was edited by T. G. Crippen (1903) and ‘A New Years guift’, written 1588, by C. Burrage (1904), both for the Congregational Historical Society. A reproofe was first published by Burrage (1907), who also wrote The true story of Robert Browne (1906). See also F. J. Powicke, Robert Browne: pioneer of . . . Congregationalism (1910).
William Bullein, d. 1576
A Dialogue bothe pleasaunte and pietifull . . . against the feuer Pestilence (1564; 1573; 1578) was edited by M. W. and A. H. Bullen (EETS, 1888) from the 1578 edition with collations from 1564 and 1573. His other works have not been reprinted. For an account of him see A. H. Bullen’s Elizabethans (1924).
William Camden, 1551–1623
Britannia sive . . . Angliae, Scotiae, Hiberniae . . . ex intima antiquitate . . . descriptio (1586; 1587; 1590; 8th edn., 1616) was translated by Philemon Holland (1610); by E. Gibson (1695); and by R. Gough (3 vols., 1789; 2nd edn., 4 vols., 1806). The Remaines of a greater worke concerning Britaine (1605; often reprinted up to 1674) is reprinted in The Library of Old Authors (1870). Annales . . . ad annum . . . M.D.LXXXIX (1615), with its additions (1625), was edited by T. Hearne (3 vols., 1717) and translated by R. Norton (1630). A version appears in W. Kennett, Complete History of England ii (1706). See also Wright, Middle Class Culture (1935) and R. B. Gottfried, ELH x, 1943. For two recent estimates of the man and his work see Sir M. Powicke in ESEA, new series, i, 1948, and S. Piggott in Proceedings of the British Academy xxxvii, See also Bush.
Thomas Campion, 1567–1620
The five ‘cantos’ appeared among verses by ‘Sundry Other Noblemen and Gentlemen’ included in Newman’s edition of Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella (1591). A Booke of Ayres, by T. C. and Philip Rosseter (1601), with its undated successors, Two Bookes of Ayres (1613?), and The Third and Fourth Booke of Ayres (1617), were edited by A. H. Bullen in Shorter Elizabethan Poems (1903). Observations in the Art of English Poesie (1602) is in Haslewood, Ancient Critical Essays (1815); E. Rhys, Literary Pamphlets (1897); Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904); and was edited, with Daniel’s Defence of Rhyme, by G. B. Harrison (Bodley Head Quartos, 1925). The description of a maske . . . at White-Hall (for m. of Lord Hayes, 1607) is in J. Nichols, Progresses of James I ii (1828); and The description . . . of the Lords Maske (1613) in H. A. Evans, English Masques (1897). The Description of a Maske . . . at Whitehall (for m. of Lord Somerset, 1614) is in Nichols. The Works were edited by A. B. Grosart (Chertsey Worthies’ Library, 2 vols., 1879); Bullen (1889; 1903); and P. Vivian (1909) who had edited the Poetical Works (Muses’ Library, 1908). A new edition in the same series is promised by C. Ing. E. Rhys edited The lyric poems (1896) and there are selections by J. Gray (1896). Scores of Campion’s music appear in Fellowes, 1920 ff. (see above, v. 7). The standard study is M. M. Kastendieck, England’s Musical Poet: Thomas Campion (Columbia, 1938). See also J. A. S. McPeek, Catullus in . . . Distant Britain (1939); on metre, R. W. Short, PMLA lix, 1944; on the Campion canon, R. W. Berringer, ibid. lviii, 1943.
Thomas Cartwright, 1535–1603
A replye to an answere . . . of M. Doctor Whitegift (1573?), The second replie (Zurich, 1575), and The rest of the second replie (1577) have not been reprinted; copious quotations from them occur in the notes to Hooker. His translation of Walter Travers’s Ecclesiasticae Disciplinae . . . Explicatio (1574), entitled A full and plaine declaration (Zürich, 1574; Geneva, 1580), is reprinted in W. H. Frere and C. E. Douglas, Puritan Manifestoes (1907). He had a share in Disciplina Ecclesiae Sacra (Lambeth MS., 1588) which is printed in F. Paget’s Introduction to the Fifth Book of Hooker’s . . . Ecclesiastical Polity (1907); the translation of it entitled A Directory of Church-Gouernment (1644) was edited in facsimile by P. Lorimer (1872) and appears in D. Neal’s History of the Puritans (1822) and C. A. Briggs’s American Presbyterianism: its origin and early history (1885). Letters and other manuscript material are edited by A. Peel and L. H. Carlson in Cartwrightiana i, 1951. See also A. F. S. Pearson, Thomas Cartwright and Elizabethan Puritanism (1925); W. Hailer, The Rise of Puritanism (New York, 1938); and D. J. McGinn, The Admonition Controversy (Rutgers, 1949).
George Cavendish, 1500–61?
The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey was printed in a garbled version as The Negotiations of Thomas Woolsey (1641) which was often reprinted and appears in Harleian Miscellany v, 1810. The earliest reliable edition, based mainly on the holograph MS. Egerton 2402 in the British Museum, is that by C. Wordsworth in vol. i of Ecclesiastical Biography (1853). S. W. Singer’s 2-vol. edition (1825, 1827) includes Cavendish’s Metrical Visions. Other editions are by J. Holmes (1852), E. H. (1855), and F. S. Ellis (Kelmscott Press, 1893). Singer’s text was reproduced by H. Morley (1885), together with Churchyard’s Tragedy of Wolsey, which is included also in the Temple Classics edition (1930). See also A. F. Pollard, Wolsey (1929) and P. L. Wiley, ‘Renaissance Exploitation of Cavendish’s Life of Wolsey’, SP xliii, 1946.
George Chapman, 1559?–1634
For his later works see Bush. In our period come Σκὶα νυκτὸς . . . two poeticall hymnes (1594); Ouids banquet of sence (1595); Carmen Epicum in Lawrence Keymis’s Second Voyage to Guiana (1596); Hero and Leander: Begun by Christopher Marloe; and finished by George Chapman (1598). This is reprinted by E. Hutton (1909); C. F. Tucker Brooke in his Marlowe (1910); in Haslewood Reprints (1924); with notes in L. C. Martin’s Marlowe’s Poems (1931). Chapman’s poems were edited in 1875 with a fervid introduction by A. C. Swinburne issued separately in the same year. Very much better is the edition by P. B. Bartlett (New York, 1941). Among studies are those of J. Spens, ‘Chapman’s Ethical Thought’, ESEA xi, 1925; F. L. Schoell in his Études sur l’humanisme, &c. (1926; see above, IV. 5); E. Holmes (1929; see above, III. 1); and N. von Pogrell, Die philosophisch-poetische Entwicklung George Chapmans (Britannica xviii, 1939). To critics of the Homer listed by Bush we must now add H. C. Fay, RES, new ser., iv, 1952. For the theory of a ‘School of Night’ and of Chapman’s connexion with it see M. C. Bradbrook, The School of Night (1936) and Strathmann (below, under Raleigh). There is a Life, &c. (Paris, 1951) by J. Jacquot and a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1938).
Sir John Cheke, 1514–57
The hurt of sedicion (1549) was reprinted by Holinshed (q.v.). The other works published in his lifetime, such as the De Pronuntiatione Graecae potissimum linguae (Basle, 1555), have not been reprinted. His version of the Gospel of St. Matthew and part of St. Mark was edited, with seven letters, by J. Goodwin (1843). His letter to Hoby is prefixed to texts of the latter’s Courtyer (1561). There is a life by J. Strype (1705; 1821). See also W. L. Nathan, Sir John Cheke u. der englische Humanismus (Bonn, 1928) and H. Meritt, ‘The Vocabulary of . . . Cheke’s Partial Version of the Gospels’, JEGP xxxix, 1940.
Henry Chettle, 1560?–1607?
Of his non-dramatic works Kind Harts Dreame (1593) was edited by E. F. Rimbault (Percy Society, 1841) and reprinted by G. B. Harrison (1923). Piers Plainnes seauen yeres Prentiship (1595) was edited by H. Varnhagen (Erlangen, 1900). Englandes mourning garment (1603) is reprinted in Harleian Miscellany iii, 1809, and was edited, with Kind Harts Dreame, by C. M. Ingleby in Shakspere Allusion-Books, pt. i (New Shakspere Society, 1874). See also H. Jenkins, The Life and Work of Henry Chettle (1934).
Thomas Churchyard, 1520?–1604
The Firste parte of Churchyardes Chippes (prose and verse, 1575), The Miserie of Flaunders (1579), Churchyardes Charge (1580), and A Wished Reformacion (1598) were reprinted by J. P. Collier (1866–70); the latter, together with A Handeful of Gladsome Verses (1592), is also in A. Huth’s Fugitive Tracts i, 1875. The Worthines of Wales (1587) was printed by the Spenser Society (1876). T. Park (Heliconia ii, iii, 1815) reprinted his elegies on Sir Francis Knolles (1596) and Whitgift (1604); the latter, with The Mirrour of Man (1594) and A pleasant Discourse of Court and Wars (1596) is in A. Boswell’s Frondes Caducae (1816). His Legend of Shores Wife is in The Mirrour for Magistrates (1563) and, augmented, in Churchyards Challenge (1593): the later text was printed by J. P. Collier (Illustrations of Old English Literature ii, 1866). Selections are found in J. Nichols’s Progresses of Queen Elizabeth (3 vols., 1823), Harleian Miscellany, and G. Chalmers’s Churchyard’s Chips concerning Scotland (1817) which contains a Life; see also P. Bliss, Bibliographical Miscellanies (1813). There is no bibliography, but see H. W. Adnitt in Transactions of the Shropshire Arch. and Nat. Hist. Society iii, 1880; A. G. Chester, ‘Notes on the bibliography of Thomas Churchyard’, MLN lii, 1937; and J. W. Bennett, ‘Churchyard’s Description of the Queen’s Entertainment at Woodstock in 1592’, MLX lv, 1940. Some of his broadsides are listed in the Society of Antiquaries’ Catalogue of Printed Broadsides, ed. R. Lemon, 1866.
John Colet, 1467?–1519
His Oratio . . . in Conuocatione Anno 1511 was translated either by himself or Thomas Lupset; this version, with A ryght Frutefull Monycion (1534), is given in J. H. Lupton’s Life (1887). Lupton also printed texts and translations of the Opus de Sacramentis (1867), the Treatises on . . . Dionysius (1869), the Enarratio on Romans (1873) and that on 1 Corinthians (1874) and the minor Latin works (1876). (Lupton calls his version of the Enarratio on Romans ‘Exposition on Romans’; his version of the Expositio on Romans comes in the 1876 vol.) The Lives of Colet and Vitrier by Erasmus were edited by Lupton (1883). There is a Life of Colet by J. A. Marriott (1933).
Henry Constable, 1562–1613
Diana, the praises of his Mistres (1592) was enlarged in Diana or the . . . sonnets of H. C.; augmented with diuers quatorzains (1594), and has been edited for the Roxburghe Club (1818); by E. Arber in An English Garner ii (1879); by M. F. Crow in Elizabethan Sonnet-cycles (1896); by S. Lee in Elizabethan Sonnets (2 vols., 1904); and by W. Jerrold in Pastorals and Sonnets (1906). The Spirituall Sonnettes in MS. Harl. 7553 were edited by T. Park in Heliconia ii, 1815, and are included in W. C. Hazlitt’s Diana, Sonnets and other Poems of H. Constable (1859). J. Gray’s The Poems and Sonnets of Henry Constable (1897) gives a selection. See also J. G. Scott, Les Sonnets élisabéthains (Paris, 1929) and L. E. Kastner, ‘Elizabethan Sonneteers and the French Poets’, MLR iii, 1908.
Thomas Cooper or Couper, 1517?–94
Besides his unimportant historical work Cooper published (1548, &c.) a revision of Elyot’s Latin Dictionary, and a Thesaurus linguae Romanae & Britannicae (1565). An Answere . . . Againste the Apologie of priuate Masse (1562) was edited by W. Goode (Parker Society, 1850), and An Admonition to the People of England (1589) by E. Arber (1895).
Robert Copland, fl. 1508–47
His Kynge Appolyn of Thyre (1510) was reproduced in facsimile by E. W. Ashbee (1870); his Helyas Knight of the Swan (1512) was reprinted by W. J. Thoms in Early Prose Romances (iii, 1827) and for the Grolier Club (New York, 1901); and his Kalendar & comfort of Shepherdes (1518?), by G. C. Haseltine (1930). All these are translations from the French. A complaynt of them that be to soone maryed (1535?) and The complaynte of them that ben to late maryed (1535?) were edited by J. P. Collier in Illustrations of Early English Popular Literature i, 1863; The hye way to the Spyttel hous (1536?), by W. C. Hazlitt in Remains of the Early Popular Poetry of England iv, 1866, and by A. V. Judges in The Elizabethan Underworld (1930); and Iyl of braintfords Testament (1560?), by F. J. Furnivall (1871).
On his work see H. V. Routh in CHEL iii, C. H. Herford’s England and Germany in the Sixteenth Century (1886), H. R. Plomer’s ‘Robert Copland, Printer and Translator’ (Transactions of the Bibliographical Society iii, 1896), and W. G. Moore’s ‘Robert Copland and his Hye Way’ in RES vii, 1931.
Anthony Copley, 1567–1607
A Fig for Fortune (1596) was reprinted by the Spenser Society (1883).
Miles Coverdale, 1488–1568
His Writings and Translations (1844) and Remains (1846) have been edited by G. Pearson for the Parker Society; the Remains includes the Goostly psalmes and spirituall songes (1539). A very excellent and shorte exposition upon the two and twentye Psalme (1537) is given in W. Marsh, Biblical Versions of divine hymns (1845). A spirituall and most precious pearle (1550), translated from O. Wermuller, is given in Fathers of the English Church viii (1812). See also J. F. Mozley, Coverdale and his Bibles (1954), and under Bible, above, II. 2.
Thomas Cranmer, 1489–1556
The Institution of a Christian man (1534, 1537), also known as The Bishop’s Book, is given in C. Loyd, Formularies of Faith (1825). The Catechismus (1548) was edited by E. Burton (1829); A defence of the true . . . doctrine . . . of the sacrament (1550), by H. J. Todd (1825) and H. Wace (1907). An original letter . . . to Lord Cromwell is in Somers Tracts ii, 1751 (= i, 1809). Cranmer’s Remains were edited by H. Jenkyns (1833) and his Miscellaneous writings and letters by E. Cox (Parker Society, 1846). There are selections in Fathers of the English Church iii (1809), and Lives by H. J. Todd (1809), A. C. Deane (1927), and Hilaire Belloc (1931). See also A. F. Pollard, Thomas Cranmer and the English Reformation (1904), C. H. Smyth, Cranmer and the Reformation under Edward VI (1926), and F. E. Hutchinson, Cranmer and the English Reformation (1951).
Robert Crowley, Crole, or Croleus, 1518–88
An Informacion and Peticion agaynst the oppressours of the pore Commons (1548), The voyce of the laste trumpet (1549), One and Thyrtye Epigrammes (1550), The way to wealth (1550), and Pleasure and payne, heauen and hell (1551) are all included in The Select Works, ed. by J. M. Cowper (EETS, 1872). The fable of Philargyrie, the great gigant (1551) was edited by W. A. Marsden (1931).
Samuel Daniel, 1563?–1619
Delia. Contayning certayne sonnets: with the complaint of Rosamond (1592) was reprinted by J. P. Collier (1870). Delia and Rosamond augmented (1594) was edited by E. Arber (English Garner, 1880) and Delia is in Lee’s Elizabethan Sonnets ii (1904). The First Fowre Bookes of the ciuile wars &c. (1595) was increased to 5 books in Poeticall Essayes (1599) and to 7 in the Works of 1601. The Defence of Ryme (1603) was edited by G. G. Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904), by G. B. Harrison, with Campion’s Observations (Bodley Head Quarto, 1925) and (together with a selection from his poems) by A. C. Sprague (Harvard, 1930). The Complete Works were edited by A. B. Grosart (5 vols., 1885–96). Selections from Daniel and Drayton by H. C. Beeching appeared in 1899, and Delia, with Drayton’s Idea, by A. Esdaile (1908). Daniel is illuminated by G. R. Redgrave, ‘Daniel and the Emblem Literature’, Transactions of the Bibliographical Society xi, 1909–11; J. I. M. Stewart, ‘Montaigne and the Defence of Rhyme’, RES ix, 1933; L. F. Ball, on historical epics, ELH, i, 1934; M. Eccles, on his life, SP xxxiv, 1937; and M. McKisack, on Daniel as historian, RES xxiii, 1947. There is a full bibliography (and letters) by H. Sellers, Oxford Bibliographical Society Proceedings and Papers ii, pt. i, 1927 (1928) and a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1942). See also Bush, and Probst (below, under Drayton).
Sir John Davies, 1569–1626
Davies’s Epigrams appeared in All Ovids Elegies: 3 Bookes. By C. M. Epigrams by I. D. At Middlebourgh (n.d., 1600?). ‘Middlebourgh’ is probably a lie. This was edited by C. Edmonds (1870; reprinted 1925) and in Haslewood Books, 1925. Davies’s share of it appears in T. Brooke’s edition of Marlowe (1910). Orchestra was edited by R. S. Lambert (1922) and E. M. W. Tillyard (1945). With Astraea and Nosce teipsum (both 1599) it had been edited by E. Arber (English Garner v, 1882), and A. H. Bullen in Some Longer Elizabethan Poems (English Garner, 1903). Select poems are in G. Bullett’s Silver Poets of the 16th Century (EL, 1947). A discouerie of the true causes why Ireland was neuer intirely subdued, &c. (1612) was edited by G. Chalmers, Historical tracts (1786), and by H. Morley in Ireland under Elizabeth and James I (1890). His works in prose and verse were collected by Grosart (3 vols., 1869–76). Help will be found in E. H. Sneath, Philosophy in Poetry (New York, 1903); G. T. Buckley, MP XXV, 1927, and L. Bredvold, PMLA xxxviii, 1928 (both these deal with sources). See also M. Seemann, Sir John Davies, sein Leben u. Werke (Vienna, 1913). On dating of the Epigrams see J. M. Nosworthy, RES, new ser., iv, 1953.
Thomas Deloney, 1543?–c. 1600
Three Old Ballads on the Armada were reprinted from 1588 copies by J. O. Halliwell (1860); E. Arber, (English Garner vii, 1883); A. F. Pollard (Tudor Tracts, 1903). The pleasant Historie of Iohn Winchcomb . . . called Iack of Newberry (ent. 1596–7; first known edition 1619) was reprinted with Thomas of Reading (-1600; first known edition 1612) in Blackie’s English Texts (1920) and in G. Saintsbury’s Shorter Novels i (EL, 1929). The Gentle Craft (pt. i, ent. 1597; first known edition 1637; pt. ii, ent. 1598? first known edition 1639) was edited by A. F. Lange, Palaestra xviii (Berlin, 1903) and W. J. Halliday (1928). The Garland of Good Will (ent. 1593; first known edition 1631) was edited by J. H. Dixon (Percy Society, 1851); and Strange histories (1602) by J. P. Collier from the edition of 1607 (Percy Soc., 1842). The Works are edited by F. O. Mann (1912). See also A. Chevalley, Deloney, le roman des métiers (Paris, 1926); H. E. Rollins in SP, extra series, i, 1929 and PMLA 1, 1935; and T. Dahl, An Inquiry into . . . the Language of . . . Deloney (Copenhagen, 1951).
John Dickenson, fl. 1594
His The Shepheardes Complaint (1596), Arisbas, Euphues amidst his slumbers: or Cupids Iourney to Hell (1594), and Greene in Conceipt (1598) are reprinted by A. B. Grosart in Prose and Verse by John Dickinson (1878).
John Donne, 1571/2–1631
Much of Donne’s verse was written, and all of it first printed, after 1600. An account of the manuscripts is given in Sir Herbert Grierson’s Donne’s Poetical Works ii (1913); see also H. Gardner’s textual introduction to her edition of the Divine Poems (1952). The first collected edition, Poems, By J. D. With Elegies on the Authors Death (1633), was reprinted with alterations and additions, some of them spurious, in 1635. Of the subsequent editions that of 1669 is the last which is of value to the textual critic. The poems were edited by A. B. Grosart (Fuller Worthies’ Library, 2 vols., 1872–3); by Sir E. K. Chambers, with a critical essay by Saintsbury (Muses’ Library, 2 vols., 1896); and by Grierson (2 vols., 1912, the standard edition), who also gave a one-volume edition with a new introduction and some changes in 1929. The poems have also been edited by R. E. Bennett (Chicago, 1942) and (with selected prose) by J. Hayward (1929) and C. M. Coffin (New York, 1952).
The Life and Letters (2 vols., 1899) by E. Gosse now requires correction. See F. P. Wilson, RES iii, 1927; I. A. Shapiro, TLS, 16 and 23 October 1930 and 10 March 1932; J. Sparrow, A Garland for John Donne (1931); H. W. Garrod, TLS, 30 December 1944; and W. Milgate, NQ, 16 November 1946.
Choice among the copious modern studies of Donne is difficult. Perhaps those that most concern a student of the sixteenth century are M. Praz, Secentismo e Marinismo in Inghilterra (Florence, 1925); P. Legouis, Donne the Craftsman (Paris, 1928); T. S. Eliot in A Garland for John Donne (Harvard, 1931); and J. B. Leishman, The Monarch of Wit (1951); works on the metaphysical poets by J. Bennett (1934; rev. edn. 1953) and H. C. White (1936). Students of his thought will find help in M. P. Ramsay, Les Doctrines médiévales chez Donne (1917; 1924); L. I. Bredvold in JEGP xxii (1923) and Studies in Shakespeare, Milton, and Donne (New York, 1925); M. Y. Hughes in Essays in Criticism, Second Series (University of California, 1934); C. M. Coffin, John Donne and the New Philosophy (Columbia, 1937); and M. F. Moloney, John Donne: His Flight from Mediaevalism (University of Illinois, 1944). There is a bibliography by G. Keynes (1914; 1932) and a Concordance by H. C. Combs and Z. R. Sullens (Chicago, 1940). For the growing literature on Donne see Studies in Metaphysical Poetry (1939) by T. Spencer and M. Van Doren who cover the years 1912–38, and W. White’s ‘John Donne since 1900’ (The Bulletin of Bibliography xvii, 1941–2; reprinted separately, Boston, 1942). See also Bush.
Gavin or Gawin Douglas, 1474?–1522
The Palice of Honour (Edinburgh, 1579; previously printed, Edinburgh, c. 1540; London, c. 1553), was edited by R. Morison (1787), by J. Pinkerton in Scotish Poems (3 vols., 1792), and in facsimile by the Bannatyne Club (1827). King Hart was printed from Maitland F MS. by J. Pinkerton in Ancient Scotish Poems (2 vols., 1786). Douglas’s Aeneid exists in the Cambridge MS. (Trinity, Cambridge); the Elphynstoun MS. (Edinburgh University) and the Ruthven MS. (ibid.); the Lambeth MS. (Lambeth Palace); and the Bath or Longleat MS. (Library of the Marquis of Bath, Longleat). The first edition, The XIII Bukes of Eneados (1553), deliberately corrupts the text for theological reasons. The work was edited by T. Ruddiman (1710) partly from 1553, partly from Ruthven MS.; by the Bannatyne Club (1839) from Cambridge MS. A. C. Brinton, in his Maphaeus Vegius and his thirteenth book of the Aeneid (Stanford, 1930), reprints Book XIII from 1553. The Poetical Works of Gavin Douglas (4 vols., 1874) by J. Small gives a memoir and bibliography of manuscripts and printed editions. For critical works on Scotch poetry see above, III. 1. See also W. Hunter, An Anglo-Saxon Grammar with an Analysis of the Style of Gavin Douglas (1832); P. Lange, Chaucers Einfluβ auf die Originaldichtungen des Gavin Douglas (Halle, 1882); J. W. Bennett, ‘The Early Fame of Gavin Douglas’s Eneados’, MLN lxi, 1946; W. Beattie, ‘Gavin Douglas’s Palice of Honour’, TLS, 23 February 1946; and B. Dearing, PMLA lxvii, 1952.
Thomas Drant, ob. 1578?
Besides sermons Drant published A Medicinable Morall (1566) from Horace’s Satires, and Horace His arte of Poetrie, pistles, and Satyrs, Englished (1567). O. L. Jiriczek contributed two articles on him to Shakespeare Jahrbuch, xlvii, 1911, and lv, 199. The earlier reprints Drant’s prefaces and some of his text. See also M. C. Randolph’s ‘Thomas Drant’s Definition of Satire’ in NQ clxxx, 1941.
Michael Drayton, 1563–1631
The works which fall within our period are The Harmonie of the Church (1591); Idea The Shepheards Garland which appeared as Eglogs much altered in Poemes Lyrick and pastorall (1606); Peirs Gaueston (ent. 1593); Ideas Mirrour (1594), which after successive revisions appeared as Idea (1619); Matilda (1594); Endimion and Phoebe (1595), which appeared as The Man in the Moone, much revised, in the 1606 volume; Mortimeriados (1596), which appeared, much altered, as The Barrons Wars (1603); The Tragicall Legend of Robert, Duke of Normandy (1596); Englands Heroicall Epistles (1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1602), giving, in the editions of 1599 and 1612, the sonnets in a text intermediate between Ideas Mirrour and Idea. Nimphidia, The Quest of Cynthia, The Shepheards Sirena, and Elegies were published with The Battaile of Agincourt (1627); and The Muses Elizium in 1630. Drayton’s works were included in Anderson (1793) and Chalmers (1810). The Barrons Wars, with Nimphidia, Idea, selected Elegies and Epistles, and an introduction by H. Morley, were reprinted in 1887. A selection which includes all Drayton’s best pieces was edited by C. Brett (Minor Poems of Michael Drayton, 1907). Endimion and Phoebe was edited by J. W. Hebel (1925). The Poems are edited by E. J. M. Buxton (Muses’ Library, 2 vols., 1953). The standard edition is by Hebel, K. Tillotson, and B. H. Newdigate (5 vols., 1931–41). The best Life is Newdigate’s Michael Drayton and his Circle (1941). A formal bibliography is given in the Hebel edition v, and there is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1941). See also A. Probst, Daniels Civil Wars u. Draytons Barons’ Wars (Strassburg, 1902); O. Elton, Michael Drayton (1905); F. Y. St. Clair, ‘Drayton’s First Revision of his Sonnets’, SP xxxvi, 1939; L. Jonas, The Divine Science (1940). See also Bush.
William Dunbar, c. 1460–1521?
Six of his poems appeared in early editions; see The Chepman and Myllar Prints. A Facsimile, edited with bibliographical notes by W. Beattie (1950). The rest are preserved in the Scotch MS. collections (see above, II. 3). The complete works have been edited by D. Laing (2 vols., 1834; Supplement, 1865); by J. Small and W. Gregor, with a Life by Æ. J. G. Mackay (STS, 3 vols., 1884–93); by J. Schipper (Vienna, 1892–4); by H. B. Baildon (1907); and by W. M. Mackenzie (1932). E. Arber edited The Dunbar Anthology, 1401–1508 (1901) and H. Haliburton, a selection adapted for modern readers in 1895. There are studies of his life and work by J. Paterson (1860), J. Schipper (Berlin, 1884), C. Steinburger (Paris, 1908), R. A. Taylor (1932), and J. W. Baxter (1952). See also C. F. Buhler, ‘London thou art the Flowre’, RES xii, 1937.
Richard Eden, 1521?–76
A treatyse of the new India . . . after . . . Sebastian Munster (1553) was reprinted by E. Arber in The first Three English books on America (1885). The Decades of the newe world (1555), from Peter Martyr (i.e. Anglerius, not Vermigli), was included by Richard Willes with other translations of Eden’s and some pieces of his own in The History of Trauayle in the West and East Indies (1577). From this much is reprinted in Arber (op. cit.) and The nauigation and vyages of Lewes Wertomannus was reprinted for the Aungervyle Society (1884).
Sir Thomas Elyot, c. 1490–1546
Of Elyot’s minor works, Of the knowledeg [sic] whiche maketh a wise man (1533) was edited by E. J. Howard (Ohio, 1946); The castel of helth (1534) was reproduced in facsimile by A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1937) and The defence of good women (1545) was edited by E. J. Howard (Ohio, 1941). The boke named the gouernour (1531) was edited by A. Turberville (1834), by H. H. S. Croft (2 vols., 1880), and by F. Watson (EL, 1907). Articles on Elyot are K. Schroeder (‘Platonismus . . . vor und bei . . . Eliot’, Palaestra lxxxiii, Berlin, 1920), A. F. Pollard (TLS 17 July 1930), D. T. Starnes (RES iii, 1917; MLR xxii, 1927; University of Texas Studies in English vii, 1927), J. Wortham (HLQ xi, 1947–8), and L. Warren (JEGP xlix, 1950). See also the introduction to L. K. Born’s translation of Erasmus’s The Education of a Christian Prince (New York, 1936).
Sir Geoffrey Fenton, 1539?–1608
His Certaine Tragicall Discourses (1567; 1579) was edited by R. L. Douglas (2 vols., 1898) in the Tudor Translations, and by R. L. Douglas and H. Harris (1924). Monophylo (1572) was in part reprinted by H. S. Symmes in Les Débuts (1903). The Historie of Guicciardini . . . Reduced into English (1579) is treated in a study by R. B. Gottfried (Indiana, 1940). See also R. Pruvost, Matteo Bandello and Elizabethan Fiction (Paris, 1937) and F. S. Hook, The French Bandello (University of Missouri Studies xxii, 1948).
Simon Fish, d. c. 1530
A supplicacyon for the Beggers (1529) is attributed to Fish on the authority of John Foxe who reproduces it in his Actes and Monuments (1563). It appeared, edited by F. J. Furnivall, who added a Life, together with three contemporary pamphlets edited by J. M. Cowper (EETS, 1871); also by E. Arber (English Scholar’s Library, 1895); in Religious Pamphlets, edited by D. Dearmer (The Pamphlet Library, 1898), and in W. H. Dunham’s and S. Pargellis’s Complaint and Reform (New York, 1938).
John Fisher, 1459?–1535
This treatise concernynge the fruytfull saynges of Dauyd in the seuen penytenciall psalmes (1508) was edited by J. S. Phillimore (2 vols., 1914). A mornynge remembraunce . . . at the moneth mynde of the . . . prynces Margarete (1509) was reprinted in 1708, and edited by C. R. Ashbee (1906). The sermon of Johan the bysshop of Rochester . . . agayn . . . Martin luuther (1521) was reprinted in 1935, and D. O’Connor published a modernized text (1903; 1935) of A spirituall consolation . . . to hys sister Elizabeth (1535). The English Works, Part I, edited by J. E. B. Mayor (EETS, 1876; 1935) contains all Fisher’s important vernacular works except the Letters. The early Life preserved in MS. Harl. 6382 was edited by R. Bayne (EETS, 1921): the modern Life is by T. E. Bridgett (4th edn., 1922). Accounts of him were published by V. J. McNabb and R. L. Lawrence, and a lecture by E. A. Benians, all in 1935. See also numerous passages in R. W. Chambers’s Life of More. A formal bibliography by J. F. McMahon is promised by the Oxford Bibliographical Society.
Giles Fletcher Senior, 1549?–1611
The Russe Commonwealth (1591) is reprinted in E. A. Bond’s Russia at the Close of the Sixteenth Century (Hakluyt Society, 1856). Licia, or poemes of loue . . . whereunto is added the Rising . . . of Richard the third (1593) was edited by A. B. Grosart (Miscellanies of Fuller Worthies Library, 1871); also, with Lodge’s Phillis by M. Foote (1896) and, without the Rising, by Sir S. Lee, Elizabethan Sonnets (English Garner, 1904).
John Foxe, 1517–87
Foxe’s Commentarii rerum in ecclesia gestarum (Strassburg, 1554) was enlarged as the Rerum in ecclesia gestarum . . . digesti . . . commentarii (Basle, 1559), translated (increased with much new matter) as Actes and Monuments (1563) which was frequently reprinted. Madan’s edition (1776), followed in this by others, entitles it The book of Martyrs. Foxe published a revised text, with additions and omissions, as The Ecclesiastical History (1570). The standard edition is by S. R. Cattley and G. Townsend (8 vols., 1837–41); the 1843–9 edition of this adds Townsend’s Vindication; a revised edition was edited by J. Pratt (1877). For the attack on Foxe see S. R. Maitland, Notes on the contributions of . . . G. Townsend to the new edition of Fox’s martyrology (3 parts, 1841–2) and Remarks on . . . S. R. Cattley’s defence of his edition (1842). The fullest modern account is J. F. Mozley’s John Foxe and his Book (1940). See also W. Hailer, ‘John Foxe and the Puritan Revolution’ in The Seventeenth Century, by R. F. Jones and others (Stanford, 1951).
Abraham Fraunce, fl. 1587–1633
The Arcadian Rhetorike (1588), of which an abstract is given in G. G. Smith’s Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904), was edited by E. Seaton (Luttrell Society Reprints, 1950). The Countesse of Pembrokes Emanuel (1591) is in A. B. Grosart’s Miscellanies of Fuller Worthies’ Library (1871). G. C. Moore Smith prefixes a life and bibliography to his edition of Fraunce’s Latin comedy Victoria (W. Bang’s Materialien ix, Louvain, 1906). See also K. Koller ‘Abraham Fraunce and Edmund Spenser’, ELH vii, 1940.
George Gascoigne, 1535/40–1577
An Hundreth sundrie Flowres (1573) was edited by B. M. Ward (1926) and by C. T. Prouty (Columbia, 1942). It included the ‘Pleasant Discourse of the aduentures of master F. J.’ which is in Ashley and Moseley (see above, IV. 3). Certayne notes of Instruction, which first appeared in The Posies of George Gascoigne (1575), and The Steele Glas . . . Togither with The Complainte of Phylomene (1576), were edited in one volume by E. Arber (1901), who also edited The Spoyle of Antwerpe (1576) in An English Garner viii (1896). The poems of Gascoigne are given in Chalmers ii (1810) and The Complete Works were edited by J. W. Cunliffe (2 vols., 1907, 1910). The fullest account is C. T. Prouty’s George Gascoigne, Elizabethan Courtier etc. (New York, 1942). See also G. Ambrose, RES ii, 1926; B. M. Ward, RES ii, January and April 1926; and W. W. Greg, ‘Bibliography of A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres’, MLR xxi, 1927. There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1942).
George Giffard, d. 1620
Giffard’s two most important works are A discourse of the subtill practises of Deuilles (1587), and A Dialogue concerning Witches and Witchcraftes (1593; 1603). The latter was edited from the 1603 edition by T. Wright (Percy Society, 1842); and in facsimile from the 1593 by B. White for the Shakespeare Association (1931).
Humphrey Gifford, fl. 1580
A Posie of Gilloflowers (1580) has been edited by F. J. H. Darton (1933). The versified parts were edited in Fuller Worthies’ Library Miscellany (1870) by A. B. Grosart, who added the prose translations to the text he gave in Occasional Issues (1875).
Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 1539?–83.
His Queene Elizabethes Achademy (1572) was printed from MS. Lansdowne 98 by F. J. Furnivall (EETS, 1869). A Discourse of a Discouerie for a new Passage to Cataia (1576) is included in Hakluyt and in E. Hayes’s Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his enterprises, &c. (Boston, 1903). A true reporte of the late discoueries of the Newfound Landes (1583) was reprinted at Tarrytown, New York (1920). In The Voyages and Colonizing Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert (Hakluyt Society, 2 vols., 1940) D. B. Quinn collects documents that throw light on Gilbert’s career. There are biographical studies by W. G. Gosling (1911) and D. B. Chidsey (1932).
Arthur Golding, 1536–1606
The Fyrst Fower Bookes of P. Ouidius Nasos . . . Metamorphosis . . . translated . . . into Englishe meter (1565) was followed by The XV Bookes of . . . Metamorphosis (1567, and frequently again till 1612). This was edited by W. H. D. Rouse (1904). A Tragedie of Abrahams Sacrifice (1577), from Beza, was reprinted, 1819. Sidney’s unfinished translation of de Mornay was completed by Golding and published as A Worke concerning the trewnesse of the Christian Religion (1587). His three short original pieces, two in prose and one in verse, are reprinted in L. T. Golding’s An Elizabethan Puritan: Arthur Golding (New York, 1937), which is the standard account of his life and work.
Barnaby Googe, 1540–94
The firste syxe bokes of . . . Palingenius called the zodiak of life (1561) was followed by The Zodiake of Life . . . by . . . Pallingenius (1565; rev. edn., 1576) of which there is a facsimile reprint by R. Tuve (New York, 1947). Eglogs, Epytaphes, and Sonettes (1563) were edited by E. Arber (English Reprints, 1871). The Popish Kingdome . . . by Thomas Naogeorgos (1570) was edited by R. C. Hope (188o) and its fourth book is reprinted in the New Shakspere Society edition of Stubbes’s Anatomy (i, 1877–9). See also T. P. Harrison’s Googe’s Eglogs and Montemayor’s Diana (Texas, 1925) and H. H. Hudson’s ‘Sonnets of Barnaby Googe’, PMLA xlviii, 1933.
Stephen Gosson, 1554–1624
His Treatise wherein Dicing, Dauncing etc. . . . are reproued (ent. 1577) was edited by J. P. Collier (Shakespeare Society, 1843). The Schoole of Abuse (1579, 1587) was reprinted by Sir W. Scott (Somers Tracts iii, 2nd edn., 1809–15), by J. P. Collier (Shakespeare Society, 1841), and by E. Arber (English Reprints, 1868, 1895, 1906) who included An Apologie of the Schoole (1579) and extracts from The Ephemerides of Phialo (1579, 1586). Playes Confuted in fiue Actions (1582) was reprinted by W. C. Hazlitt in English Drama and Stage (1869). A Glasse to view the Pride of vainglorious gentlewomen or, on one title-page, Quippes for Vpstart . . . Gentlewomen (1595), was reprinted as Pleasant Quippes (1596) and edited by E. F. Rimbault (1841) and by E. J. Howard (Ohio, 1942). It had been reprinted with extracts from The Trumpet of Warre (1598) under the title Pleasant Quippes to which is added pickings from the trumpet of Warre (Totham, 1847). The best account of Gosson is W. Ringler’s Stephen Gosson A Biographical and Critical Study (Princeton, 1942).
John Grange, fl. 1577
The Golden Aphroditis . . . aswell certayne Metres . . . as also diuers Pamphlets in prose (1577) has been issued in facsimile (Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints, New York, 1936). It is discussed by H. E. Rollins in Harvard Studies xvi, 1934.
Robert Greene, 1558–92
Of his ‘novels’ Gwydonius. The Carde of Fancie (1584), was edited by G. Saintsbury, Shorter Novels, i Elizabethan and Jacobean (EL, 1929); Pandosto (1588), by W. C. Hazlitt in Shakespeare’s Library iv (1875); with Winter’s Tale and an introduction by H. Morley (1887, 1905); and by P. G. Thomas (Shakespeare Classics, 1907); Perimedes the Blacke-Smith (1588), by J. P. Collier (1870); Menaphon (1589, 1599, in 1610 as Greenes Arcadia, or Menaphon), in Archaica ii, 1814, by E. Arber (1880), and with Lodge’s A Margarite by G. B. Harrison (1927). Of the pamphlets, A Notable Discouery of Coosnage (1591) was edited by J. O. Halliwell (1859), and, with The second and last part of Conny-catching (1591), The Thirde . . . Part of Conny-catching (1592), A Disputation Betweene a Hee Conny-catcher, and a Shee Conny-catcher (1592), and The Blacke Bookes Messenger (1592), by G. B. Harrison (Bodley Head Quartos, 1923–4); these are also in A. V. Judges’s The Elizabethan Underworld (1930). The Defence of Conny catching (1592), whose authorship has been disputed, was edited by J. O. Halliwell (1859) and is included by G. B. Harrison: on the authorship, see E. H. Milles in NQ cxcvi, 1951. A Quip for an Vpstart Courtier (i 592) is in Harleian Miscellany v, 1810, and was edited by J. P. Collier (1870) and by C. Hindley in Old Book Collector’s Miscellany i (3 vols., 1871–3). Greenes Groatsworth of witte (1592) was edited by Sir E. Brydges (1813) and with The Repentance of Robert Greene (1592) by G. B. Harrison in a Bodley Head Quarto (1923). The poems and plays were edited by A. Dyce (1831, 1861) and by J. C. Collins (2 vols., 1905). The complete works by A. B. Grosart (Huth Library, 15 vols., 1881–6) is the standard edition and includes a Life by N. Storojenko. The best account is R. Pruvost’s Robert Greene et ses romans (Paris, 1938). See also J. C. Jordan, Robert Greene (1915); S. L. Wolff, ‘Greene and the Italian Renaissance’, Englische Studien XXXVII, 1907, and The Greek Romances in Elizabethan Prose Fiction (1912), and H. Jenkins, ‘On the authenticity of Greene’s Groatsworth and Repentance’, RES xi. 1935. Much relevant matter will be found in Aydelotte, Baker, and Jusserand (see above IV. 3; v. 5). There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1939) with a supplement (1945).
Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke, 1554–1628
His poems and smaller prose pieces were published posthumously in Certaine Learned and Elegant Workes (1633) and Remains (1670). Caelica, from which some poems had appeared in collections before 1633, was reprinted in M. F. Crow, Elizabethan Sonnet Cycles iv (1898) and edited by U. Ellis-Fermor (1936). Mustapha was published, 1609. The Life of Sidney (1652) was edited by Nowell Smith (Tudor and Stuart Library, 1907). The Complete Works were edited by A. B. Grosart (Fuller Worthies’ Library, 4 vols., 1870) and Poems and Dramas by G. Bullough (2 vols., 1939), who also gave a biographical account, MLR xxviii (1933). Greville is treated by M. W. Croll, The Works of Fulke Greville (Philadelphia, 1903); M. Kupffer, Fulke Greville’s ‘Poems of Monarchy’ als Spiegel seiner politischen Ansichten (Riga, 1929); and W. Frost, Fulke Greville’s ‘Caelica’ (privately printed, U.S.A., 1942).
Nicholas Grimald, Grimalde, or Grimoalde, 1519?–62?
Forty of his English poems appeared in Tottel’s Songes and Sonettes (1557): for this see II. 3 above. His extant poems, Latin and English, are edited by L. R. Merrill, The Life and Poems of Nicholas Grimald (New Haven, 1925), which includes a bibliography. See also J. M. Berdan, Early Tudor Poetry (New York, 1920) and V. L. Rubel, Poetic Diction in the English Renaissance (1941); H. H. Hudson, ‘Grimald’s translations from Beza’, MLN xxxix, 1924; G. P. Shannon, ‘Grimald’s Heroic Couplet and the Latin Elegiac’, PMLA xlv, 1930; and H.J. Byrom, ‘The Case for Grimald as Editor of Tottel’s Miscellany’, MLR xxvii, 1932.
Everard Guilpin or Gilpin, fl. 1598
Skialetheia. Or, A shadowe of Truth, in certaine Epigrams or Satyres (1598) was edited by Grosart (1878) and G. B. Harrison (1931). For what is known of his life see R. E. Bennett, ‘John Donne and Everard Gilpin’, RES xv, 1939.
Richard Hakluyt, 1553–1616
His first publication, Divers voyages, touching the discouerie of America (1582), was edited for the Hakluyt Society by J. W. Jones in 1850. A Particular Discourse concerning Western Discoueries, written in 1584, was not printed till edited by C. Deane and L. Woods (Maine Historical Society, 1877). The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoueries of the English Nation (1589) was expanded into three volumes as The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English nation (1598–1600). This was reprinted (as Hakluyt’s Collection, &c.) in 4 vols. (1809–12), and in 16 vols. (1884–90). The standard edition (pub. MacLehose, 12 vols., 1903–5) contains Sir W. Raleigh’s The English Voyages of the Sixteenth Century, which was issued separately in 1906. The EL reprint (8 vols., 1907 and 1926–31) contains a preface by J. Masefield. Selections occur in Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen, ed. E. J. Payne, 2 vols. (revised by C. R. Beazley, 1907) and in Beazley’s Voyages and Travels (English Garner, 2 vols., 1903). The Original Writings and Correspondence of the Two Richard Hakluyts was edited by E. G. R. Taylor (Hakluyt Society, 2 vols., 1935). There are accounts of the life and works by Sir C. Markham (1896); F. Watson (1924); G. B. Parkes, Richard Hakluyt and the English Voyages (American Geogr. Society, 1928); and J. A. Williamson in Richard Hakluyt and his successors (ed. E. Lynam, Hakluyt Society, 1946). See also S. C. Chew, The Crescent and the Rose (New York, 1937); and R. R. Cawley, The Voyagers and Elizabethan Drama (Boston, Mass., 1938) and Unpathed Waters: Studies in the Influence of the Voyagers on Elizabethan Literature (Princeton, 1940).
Edward Hall or Halle, d. 1547
The Vnion of the two noble and illustre famelies of Lancastre and York (1548) was edited by Sir H. Ellis (1809). Its account of Henry VIII was edited by C. Whibley (2 vols., 1904). There are critical accounts in J. S. Brewer’s History of the Reign of Henry VIII, ed. J. Gairdner (2 vols., 1884), and C. L. Kingsford’s English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century (1913). See also A. F. Pollard’s ‘Edward Hall’s Will and Chronicle’, Bulletin of Inst. of Hist. Research ix, 1931–2, and G. Pollard’s ‘Bibliographical History of Hall’s Chronicle’, ibid. x, 1932–3.
Joseph Hall, 1574–1656
For later works see Bush. Virgidemiarum, Sixe Bookes. First three Bookes, Of Tooth-lesse Satyrs (1597), the same Corrected and amended (1598), and Virgidemiarum. The three last Bookes. Of byting Satyres (1598) were edited by A. B. Grosart (1879) and K. Schulze (Berlin, 1910). All his poems are collected and annotated by A. Davenport (1949). The works were edited by P. Wynter (10 vols., 1863). For biography see Davenport and T. F. Kinloch, Life and Works of Joseph Hall (1951). See also under Marston.
Thomas Harding, 1516–72
An account of his controversy with Jewel will be found in A. C. Southern’s Elizabethan Recusant Prose (1950).
Sir John Harington, 1561?–1612
From Orlando Furioso in English Heroical Verse (1591; revised 1607, 1634) the preface has been reprinted in Haslewood, Ancient Critical Essays ii (1815) and G. G. Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904). The text (of which a new edition is much to be desired) is represented by an extract in Chambers’s Oxford Book of Sixteenth Century Verse (1932). It is treated by W. W. Greg (on bibliography), Library iv, 1923–4 and T. Rich, Harington and Ariosto (Yale, 1940). A new Discourse . . . called the Metamorphosis of Aiax . . . By Misacmos (1596) was reprinted in 1814 (C. Whittingham’s Press at Chiswick) and 1927 (Fanfrolico Press). Many letters and miscellaneous pieces were first published by H. Harington as Nugae Antiquae (2 vols., 1769–75; 3 vols. 1779), edited by Park (2 vols., 1804). Harington is treated by G. Rehfeld, Sir John Harington (Halle, 1914); Sir W. Raleigh in Some Authors (1923); and A. E. M. Kirwood, Library xii (1931–2). H. Brown, Rabelais in English Literature (Harvard, 1933) is relevant. See also Bush.
Thomas Harman, fl. 1567
No copy has been found of the first edition of A Caueat or Warening, for Commen Cursetors (1566–7). The three known copies of the second edition (1567) differ in text. The third (1573) was reprinted by M. Stace (1814). The best text is that edited by E. Viles and F. J. Furnivall (EETS, 1869 and New Shakspere Society, 188o). A modernized text appears in A. V. Judges, The Elizabethan Underworld (1930). For comment see the books by F. W. Chandler and F. Aydelotte mentioned above (v. 5).
Nicholas Harpsfield or Harpesfield, alias Alan Cope, 1519–75
Of his vernacular works A treatise on the pretended divorce remained in manuscript till edited by N. Pocock for the Camden Society (1878); its historical part was edited by Lord Acton for the Philobiblion Society (1878). The life and death of St. Thomas More was first printed in the edition of E. V. Hitchcock (EETS, 1932) which contains full textual apparatus and includes R. W. Chambers’s Life of Harpsfield and his highly idiosyncratic Continuity of English Prose, which was re-issued separately (EETS, 1932).
William Harrison, 1534–93
His Description of Britaine, followed by his Description of England in two books (the whole three books numbered consecutively) appeared in Holinshed’s Chronicle (1577 and 1586–7); Books II and III (i.e. the Description of England) were edited by F. J. Furnivall (New Shakspere Society, 4 pts., 1877–1908) who includes extracts from the autograph manuscript of Harrison’s Chronologie. His Description of Scotland is in Holinshed ii, 1577.
Gabriel Harvey, 1545?–1630?
Of his Latin works Gabrielis Harveii Ciceronianus (1577) was edited, with a translation, by H. S. Wilson and C. A. Forbes (Nebraska, 1945). Three Proper and wittie, familiar Letters and Two Other, very commendable Letters (both 1580) were included by E. de Selincourt in his edition of Spenser (1912). Foure Letters, and certaine sonnets (1592) was edited by G. B. Harrison (1922). Extracts from all these Letters appear in G. G. Smith’s Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904). Pierces supererogation and A new letter of notable contents (both 1593) were edited by Sir S. E. Brydges (Archaica ii, 1815). E. J. L. Scott edited the Letter Book with reproductions of the MS. (Sloane 93 in British Museum) for the Camden Society (1884), and G. C. M. Smith, the Marginalia (1913); see also the same scholar, MLR xxviii (1933), xxix (1934), xxx (1935), and H. S. Wilson in Harvard Library Bulletin (1948). The complete works were edited by A. B. Grosart (3 vols., 1884–5). Much information will be found in R. B. McKerrow’s edition of Nashe (q.v.). See also J. R. Caldwell, ‘Dating a Spenser-Harvey Letter’, PMLA xli, 1926; S. A. Tannenbaum, ‘Some Unpublished Harvey Marginalia’, MLR xxv, 1930; C. Camden, ‘Some Unnoted Harvey Marginalia’, PQ xiii, 1934; F. R. Johnson, ‘The First Edition of Gabriel Harvey’s Foure Letters’, Library xv, 1934; and H. S. Wilson, ‘The Humanism of Gabriel Harvey’ in J. Q. Adams Memorial Studies (Washington, D.C., 1948).
Stephen Hawes, d. 1523?
The pastyme of pleasure (1509, 1517, and as The Historie of graunde Amoure, 1554, 1555) was reprinted (from 1554) in Southey’s Select Works of the British Poets (1831) and (unreliably, from 1555) by Thomas Wright for the Percy Society (1845). The standard edition is by W. E. Mead (EETS, 1928). The conuercyon of swerers (1509, 1530?) and A ioyfull medytacion . . . of the coronacyon of . . . Henry the eyght (1509) was edited by D. Laing for the Abbotsford Club (1865). A compendyous story . . . called the exemple of vertu (1512?) was given in a modernized text by E. Arber (Dunbar Anthology, 1901). See C. W. Lemmi, ‘The Influence of Boccaccio on Hawes’s Pastime’, RES v, 1929; W. Wells, ‘Stephen Hawes and The Court of Sapience’, ibid., vi, 1930; and J. W. H. Atkins in English Literary Criticism: The Medieval Phase (2nd edn., 1951); also the relevant section in V. L. Rubel’s Poetic Diction in the English Renaissance (1941), and, above, Hammond (II. 4. i) and Berdan (III. 3).
Sir John Hawkins or Hawkyns, 1532–95
A true declaration of the troublesome voyadge of M. I. Haukins etc. (1569) was edited by Sir C. Markham in The Hawkins’ Voyages etc. (Hakluyt Society, 1878) and by C. R. Beazley in Voyages and Travels i (An English Garner, 1903). See also J. A. Williamson, Sir John Hawkins, the time and the man (1927) and Hawkins of Plymouth (1949).
John Heywood, 1497?–1580?
A Dialogue conteinyng the nomber . . . of all the prouerbes in the Englishe tongue (1546) was enlarged in 1550 and collected together with the Epigrams in John Heywoodes woorkes (1562), reprinted by the Spenser Society (1867). The Proverbes were edited by J. Sharman (1874), and the Proverbs, Epigrams, and Miscellanies, by J. S. Farmer (1906). The Spider and the Flie (1556) was edited by A. W. Ward (Spenser Society, 1894) and by J. S. Farmer with Gentylnes and Nobylyte (conjecturally attributed to Heywood) in 1908. See J. Haber, John Heywood’s The Spider and the Flie (Weimar, 1900); R. G. Bolwell, The Life and Works of John Heywood (Columbia, 1921); A. W. Reed, Early Tudor Drama (1926); and R. de la Bère, John Heywood, Entertainer (1937). There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1946).
Sir Thomas Hoby, 1530–66
The Courtyer of Count Baldessar Castilio (1561, 1565, &c.) was reprinted by J. E. Ashbee (1900), by Sir W. Raleigh (Tudor Translations, 1900) with a copious introduction (re-issued in Some Authors, 1923), and by W. H. D. Rouse (EL, 1928). Hoby’s autobiography, The Travels and Life . . . 1547–1564, was edited for the Royal Historical Society by E. Powell (Camden Society, Miscellany, 1902). See also T. F. Crane, Italian Social Customs of the Sixteenth Century (New Haven, 1920), F. O. Matthiessen (above, IV. 6), and R. Kelso (above, V. 5).
Raphael Holinshed or Hollingshead, d. 1580?
The firste volume of the chronicles and The laste volume of the chronicles appeared in 1577. The text was mutilated and corrupted in obedience to government but a copy in which the expurgated passages are preserved is in the British Museum. The 3-volume edition (1586–7) supervised by John Hooker (alias Vowell) was again tampered with by government: copies of the unexpurgated text are very rare. The true text of the expurgated passages in this edition was reprinted in 1722 and again in 1772–3. The full text was reprinted in 6 vols. (1807–8); the reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V were edited by R. S. Wallace (1923). The parts which provide ‘sources’ for Shakespeare were edited by J. and A. Nicoll in Holinshed’s Chronicle as used in Shakespeare’s Plays (EL, 1927). See also T. P. Courtenay, Commentaries on the Historical Plays of Shakespeare (2 vols., 1840) and W. G. Boswell-Stone, Shakespeare’s Holinshed (1896, 1907).
Richard Hooker, 1554–1600
Of the lawes of ecclesiasticall politie. Eyght Bookes (1593) contained Books I–IV; The fift booke followed in 1597. I–V were edited by John Spenser (1604). The sixth and eighth books according to the most authentique copies appeared in 1648, and again in 1651. Gauden’s edition of the Works (1662) adds VII. The Laws were edited by J. Keble (3 vols., 1836: revised by R. W. Church and F. Paget, 1888), and there are editions of I by R. W. Church (1868), of V by R. Bayne (1902), of VIII by R. A. Houk (New York, 1931), and an Introduction to the Fifth Book, by F. Paget (1899, 1907). I–IV are reprinted in Morley’s Universal Library (1888) and I–V edited by R. Bayne, with the Sermon on the Certainty . . . of Faith and the Discourse of Justification (EL, 2 vols., 1907).
John Spenser supervised the publication (Oxford, 1612) of the following minor works: A learned and comfortable sermon of the certaintie of faith, A learned discourse of Justification, The answere to a supplication . . . by Mr. . . . Travers, A learned sermon . . . of pride, A remedie against sorrow, and (Oxford, 1614) Two sermons upon part of S. Jude’s epistle. ‘A discouerie of the causes of these contentions . . . out of the fragments of Richard Hooker’ is given in Certain briefs treatises concerning the gouernment of the Church (1641) and Nicholas Bernard, in Clavi Trabales (1661), includes ‘Mr. Hooker’s judgment of regal power’ from manuscripts. It partly overlaps Book VIII.
The Life by Izaak Walton, which was added to the 1666 edition, should be read for pleasure: for Hooker’s actual life, and for the textual history of the Laws, C. J. Sisson’s The Judicious Marriage of Mr. Hooker (1940) is indispensable. See also L. S. Thornton, Richard Hooker: A Study of his Theology (1924); A. P. d’Entrèves, Ricardo Hooker (Turin, 1932) and Medieval Contributions to Political Thought (1939); D. C. Boughner, ‘Notes on Hooker’s Prose’, RES xv, 1939; and P. Munz, The Place of Hooker in the History of Thought (1953).
Thomas Howell, fl. 1568
His three books of verse, The Arbor of Amitie (1568), Newe Sonets & pretie Pamphlets (1568), and Howell his Deuises (1581), were edited by A. B. Grosart (Occasional Issues, 1879). The Deuises, which contains revised texts of some poems from the earlier books, was edited by Sir W. Raleigh (Tudor and Stuart Library, 1906), whose introduction is reprinted in Some Authors (1923). I am unwilling to identify with Howell the T. H. who wrote The Fable of Ouid treting of Narcissus tra(n)slated . . . Englysh Mytre (1560).
Alexander Hume or Home, 1560?–1609
Ane Treatise of Conscience (1594), Of the Felicitie of the life to come (1594), and Ane afold admonitioun, together with Hymnes, or Sacred Songs (1599), which includes the experience and the practice of sanctification, were edited by A. Lawson (STS, 1902). The Hymnes was reprinted by the Bannatyne Club (1832). Of the Day Estival was included in J. Leyden’s Scotish Descriptive Poems (1803); Of the Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britan Tongue was edited by H. B. Wheatley (EETS, 1865); and The Practice of Sanctification by R. M. Fergusson (1901).
James VI and I, 1566–1625
The Essayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art of Poesie (1584) was edited by R. P. Gillies (1814). It included Ane Short Treatise, containing some revlis and cautelis . . . in Scottis Poesie which was reprinted in J. Haslewood’s Ancient critical essays (2 vols., 1811–15) and in G. G. Smith’s Elizabethan Critical Essays ii (1904), and edited with A Counter-blaste to Tobacco (1604) and some verse in R. S. Rait’s A Royal Rhetorician (1900). A larger selection was edited by E. Arber (1869) who also edited the Counter-blaste (1895). His Majesties Poeticall Exercises (1591) was reprinted in 1818 and Daemonologie (1597) by G. B. Harrison (Bodley Head Quartos 1924). Βασιλικὸν Δω̃ρον (1599) was edited by C. Edmonds for the Roxburghe Club (1887) and by J. Craigie (STS, 2 vols., 1944–50). The Workes were published in 1616, and with a supplement, 1616–20. The Lusus Regius, poems and other pieces was edited by R. S. Rait (1901), and New Poems, from the hitherto unpublished MS. Add. 24195, by A. F. Westcott (New York, 1911). The early Historie and life of King James the Sext, by J. Colville, was edited by M. Laing (1804) and by T. Thomson (Bannatyne Club, 1825): The Political Works, by C. H. McIlwain (1918). There are Lives by T. F. Henderson (1904), C. Williams (1934), and H. R. Williamson (1938). See also C. J. Sisson in Seventeenth Century Studies Presented to Sir Herbert Grierson (1938) and G. Davies, HLQ v 1941–2. C. and H. Steeholm in their study (1938) include a select bibliography. See Bush.
John Jewel, 1522–71
Of his Latin works the Oracio contra Rhetoricam survives in MS. Han. 129. 72. (111); the Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae (1562) appeared translated by Lady Ann Bacon, in the same year. Her version was edited by R. W. Jeff (1859). His vernacular works were The copie of a sermon . . . at Paules Crosse (1560), The true copies of the letters between John . . . bisshop of Sarum and D. Cole (1560), An apologie of priuate masse etc. (1562), A replie unto M. Hardings answeare (1565), A defence of the Apologie (1567), A view of a seditious bul (1582), Certaine Sermons, and An exposition upon . . . Thessalonians (both 1583). The Latin Works appeared in 1600 and the Works in 1609. They have been edited by R. W. Jelf (8 vols., 1848) and by J. Ayre (Parker Society, 4 vols., 1845–50). Extracts from . . . Jewel’s Apology was edited by H. L. Clarke (1925).
William Kemp, fl. 1600
Of Kemps Nine Daies Wonder (1600) the only known copy is in the Bodleian. It has been reprinted by A. Dyce (Camden Society, 1840); in facsimile (1876); by E. Arber (An English Garner, 1883, 1903); E. M. Goldsmid (1884); A. Lang in Social England Illustrated (1903); and G. B. Harrison (Bodley Head Quartos, 1923). There is a brief biography in Sir E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage ii (1923).
John Knox, 1505–72
The first Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstruous Regiment of women (Geneva, 1558) was edited by E. Arber (1878). The Historie of the Reformatioun within . . . Scotland (1586), which exists in 8 manuscripts, was followed by David Buchanan’s revised edition, containing a fifth Book (1644). It was reprinted by M. Crawfurd (1732) and edited by C. Lennox (rev. edn., 1906) and by W. C. Dickinson (2 vols., 1949). There is a selection by R. S. Walker (Scottish Classics, 1940). The Liturgy of the Church of Scotland, or John Knox’s Book of Common Order was edited by G. Cumming (1840) and John Knox’s Genevan Service Book by W. D. Maxwell (1931). The complete works were edited by D. Laing for the Wodrow Society (6 vols., 1846–64; 1895). There are studies by P. Hume Brown (2 vols., 1895), A. T. Innes (1905), A. Lang (1905), K. Hewat in Makers of the Scottish Church (1920), E. Muir (1929), Lord Eustace Percy (1937), M. Bowen (1949), and J. D. Mackie (1951). See also A. Lang, ‘Knox as an Historian’, Scottish Historical Review ii, 1905, and D. H. Fleming, ‘The Influence of Knox’, ibid. For the debate with Winzet see H. Watt, John Knox in Controversy (New York, 1950). There is a bibliography in Laing’s edition and in Hewat (op. cit.).
Robert Laneham, fl. 1575
A Letter: Whearin, part of the entertainment vnto the Queenes Maiesty, at Killingwoorth Castle . . . in this Soomers Progress 1575. is signified (1575) was reprinted by J. Nichols in his Progresses of Q. Elizabeth i (1823) and others. The standard edition is by F.J. Furnivall (1871; rev. 1907).
Hugh Latimer, 1485?–1555
A notable sermon . . . in the Shroudes (1548), i.e. the ‘Plough’ Sermon, and The fyrste Sermon . . . before the Kinges Maiestie (1549), were edited by E. Arber in 1868 and 1869 respectively. The bibliography of The Twenty-Seuen Sermons (1562) is treated by W. Talbot, TLS, 4 August 1927. The Sermons have been edited by J. Watkins (2 vols., 1824); by G. E. Corrie, Latimer’s Sermons (1844) and Sermons and Remains (1845), both for the Parker Society; and H. C. Beeching (EL, 1906). There is a Life by R. Demaus (1869). Help will be found in J. Tulloch, Leaders of the Reformation (3rd. edn., 1883); A. J. and R. W. Carlyle, Hugh Latimer (1900); J. C. Ryle, Latimer and Ridley (1925); and H. S. Darby, Hugh Latimer (1953).
John Leland or Leyland, 1506?–52
His Itinerary (c. 1535–43) was edited by Thomas Hearne (9 vols., 1710–12), and by L. T. Smith (5 vols., 1906–10). The Assertio inclytissimi Arturii regis (1544) was translated by R. Robinson as A Learned and true Assertion (1582) which, with the original, was edited by W. E. Mead as an appendix to Chinon of England (EETS, 1925). The Laboryouse Journey & serche . . . a Newe Yeares Gjfte (1549) was reprinted in R. Brooke’s Discouerie of Certaine Errours (1596), in J. Weever’s Funerall Monuments (1631), in Hearne’s edition of the Itinerary, in W. Huddesford’s Lives of . . . Leland, . . . Hearne, and Anthony à Wood (2 vols., 1772), and in Smith’s edition of the Itinerary; also by W. A. Copinger (1895). The Commentarii de scriptoribus Britannicis was edited by A. Hall (1709) and De Rebus Britannicis Collectanea by Hearne (6 vols., 1715, enlarged 1774).
John Leslie or Lesley, 1527–96
The History of Scotland from . . . MCCCCXXXVI to . . . M.D.LXI, finished in 1570, was first printed for the Bannatyne Club (1830). The Latin version De Origine, Moribus, et Rebus Gestis Scotorum (Rome, 1578) was done into Scots by Fr. J. Dalrymple (1596) whose work was edited by Fr. E. G. Cody and W. Munson (STS, 2 vols., 1888–95).
Sir David Lindsay, Lindesay, Lyndsay, or Lyndesay, 1490–1555
The intricate textual history of Lindsay’s poems must be sought in D. Hamer’s excellent bibliographies in The Library x, 1929 and in his standard edition of the Works (STS, 4 vols., 1931–6). Earlier editions were by F. Hall, J. Small, and J. A. H. Murray (EETS, 5 pts., 1865–71); D. Laing (2 vols., 1871; 3 vols., 1879). See also G. Knauff, Studien über Sir David Lyndsay (Berlin, 1885); A. Lange, Lyndesay’s Monarche und die Chronica Carionis (Giessen, 1904); E. Koeppel, ‘Sir David Lyndsay’s Anspielungen auf mittelenglishe Dichtungen’, Archiv. cvii, 1902; and W. Murison, Sir David Lyndsay (1938).
Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, 1500?–1565?
The Historie and Cronicles of Scotland is known in 16 manuscripts of which only one brings the story down to 1575: this was edited by Æ. J. G. Mackay in 3 vols. (STS, 1899–1911). The modernized version of 1778 and the eclectic text printed in 1814 are unreliable.
Thomas Lodge, 1558–1625
For his later works see Bush. His defence of poetry and other arts, probably called Honest Excuses, lacks title-page and date, but was printed about 1580; it is given in G. G. Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904). An Alarum against Vsurers . . . hereunto are added . . . Forbonius and Prisceria with the . . . Complaint of Truth (1584) was reprinted with the preceding (Shakespeare Society, 1853). Phillis (1593, where it is coupled with the complaynt of Elstred) is in Sir S. Lee’s Elizabethan Sonnets (1904). A Fig for Momus (1595) was reprinted for A. Boswell (Frondes Caducae, 1817). A Margarite of America (1596) was edited, with Greene’s Menaphon, by O. B. Harrison (1927). Rosalynde Euphues golden Legacie (1590; 9 edns. before 1614) was edited by J. P. Collier (1843; republished by W. C. Hazlitt, 1875); H. Morley in Early Prose Romances (1887); in Caxton Series (1902); by W. W. Greg (1907; 1931) E. C. Baldwin (Boston, 1910); and has been done in facsimile. The Complete Works were edited by Sir E. Gosse for the Hunterian Club (4 vols., 1883). There are studies of Lodge by N. B. Paradise (1931); C. J. Sisson in Thomas Lodge and other Elizabethans (Harvard, 1933); E. A. Tenney (1935). His sources are treated by M. Grubb, MLN xlv, 1930, and A. Walker, RES x, 1934. There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1940).
John Lyly, 1554?–1606
Euphues. The Anatomy of Wyt (1578) and Euphues and his England (1580) were edited together by E. Arber (English Reprints, 1868, 1895) and by M. W. Croll and H. Clemons (New York, 1916). Also Ashley and Moseley, above IV. 3. A Whip for an Ape: Or Martin displaied (1589) is doubtfully attributed; Pappe with an Hatchet (1589), probably his, is reprinted in J. Petheram’s Puritan Discipline Tracts iii (1844) and in Elizabethan and Jacobean Pamphlets (Pocket Library of English Literature iv, 1892). The Complete Works were edited by R. W. Bond (3 vols., 1902).
F. Landmann’s Der Euphuismus (Giessen, 1881) is now chiefly of historical interest. For biographical and critical helps, see A. Feuillerat, John Lyly, Contribution à l’histoire de la Renaissance en Angleterre (1910); W. P. Mustard, ML xxxix, 1925; xliii, 1928; M. P. Tilley, Elizabethan Proverb Lore in Lyly’s ‘Euphues’ and Pettie’s ‘Petite pallace’ (New York, 1926); V. M. Jeffrey, John Lyly and the Italian Renaissance (Paris, 1929); R. W. Bond, RES vi, 1930; vii, 1931; D. Jones in C. J. Sisson’s Thomas Lodge and other Elizabethans (Harvard, 1933); W. Ringler, ‘The Immediate Source of Euphuism’, PMLA liii, 1938; G. Wilson Knight, RES xiv, 1938; J. Swart, English Studies xxiii, 1941; and G. B. Parks, ‘Before Euphuism’ in J. Q. Adams Memorial Studies (Washington, D.C., 1948). Bond’s edition contains bibliographies and there is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1940).
Christopher Marlowe, 1564–93
Hero and Leander By Christopher Marloe (Blount, 1598) is the oldest known text of the first two Sestiads, though the work was licenced in 1593. Linley’s edition of the complete (Marlowe and Chapman) poem appeared also in 1598. It was edited by Sir S. Brydges in Restituta ii (1815) and by S. W. Singer in Select Early English Poets viii (1821). All Ovids Elegies, &c. (see above, under Sir John Davies) was edited by C. Edmonds (1870). Lucans First Booke (ent. 1593) is first known in the edition of 1600. The lyric ‘Come liue with mee’ appeared in Englands Helicon (1600) as by ‘Chr. Marlow’. The lines ‘I walkt along . . .’, attributed to him in Englands Parnassus (1600), are by Gervase Markham (J. Crow in TLS 4 January 1947). The Complete Works have been edited by G. Robinson (3 vols., 1826); A. Dyce (3 vols., 1850; 2 vols., 1858); F. Cunningham (1870); A. H. Bullen (3 vols., 1885); E. Thomas (EL, 1909); C. F. Tucker Brooke (1910); R. H. Case (6 vols., 1930–3), including L. C. Martin’s annotated edition of the poems (1931). Marlowe is treated by D. Bush, MLX xlii, 1927 and PMLA xliv, 1929; F. S. Boas, Christopher Marlowe. A Biographical and Critical Study (1940). E. C. Clark, Raleigh and Marlowe. A Study of Elizabethan Fustian (Fordham, 1941); P. H. Kocher, Christopher Marlowe. A Study of his Thought, Learning, and Character (Chapel Hill, 1946); M. Poirier (1951) and H. Levin, The Overreacher (Harvard, 1953). F. P. Wilson, Marlowe and the Early Shakespeare (1953) touches on his non-dramatic work. On biography see L. Hotson, Death of . . . Marlowe (1925); M. Eccles, Marlowe in London (Harvard, 1934); M. C. Bradbrook, The School of Night (1936); on this subject see also E. A. Strathmann, below, under Raleigh. There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1937) and a full one in J. Bakeless, The Tragicall History of Christopher Marlowe (2 vols., Harvard, 1942).
John Marston, 1575?–1634
The Metamorphosis of Pigmalions Image. And Certayne Satyres (1598) and The Scourge of Villanie. Three bookes of Satyres (1598), which was corrected with . . . newe Satyres (1599), were edited by J. Bowle in Miscellaneous Pieces of Poesie (1764: reprinted 1927) and by G. B. Harrison (1925). The Works were edited by J. O. Halliwell (3 vols., 1856); A. H. Bullen (3 vols., 1887); and H. Wood (3 vols., 1934–9); the Poems by A. B. Grosart (1879). There is a study of the satires by M. S. Allen (Columbus, Ohio, 1920). On biography see R. E. Brettle, MLR xxii, 1927, and RES iii, 1927. On the quarrel with Hall, Davenport’s edition of Hall’s poems (1949). There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1940).
Brian Melbancke, fl. 1583
His Philotimus. The Warre betwixt Nature and Fortune (1583) has not been reprinted. It is considered by J. Haslewood in Sir S. E. Brydges, The British Bibliographer ii (1810–14); by H. E. Rollins, SP, cx. ser. i, 1929; by M. P. Tilley, SP xxvii (1930). See also H. E. Rollins, Notes on the Sources of Melbancke’s Philotimus (Cambridge, Mass., 1935) and Thomas Deloney and Brian Melbancke (Cambridge, Mass., 1937).
Francis Meres, 1565–1647
His Palladis Tamia: Wits Treasury (1598) was edited by D. C. Allen, Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints (New York, 1938). Portions of it had appeared in J. Haslewood’s Ancient Critical Essays (2 vols., 1811–15), in J. C. Collins’s Critical Essays (English Garner, 1903), and in G. G. Smith’s Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904). D. C. Allen had reprinted the section on Poetrie (Illinois, 1933).
Alexander Montgomerie or Montgomery, 1556?–1610?
The Cherrie and the Slaye (1597) was re-published ‘according to a Copie corrected by the Author himselfe’ in 1598, and frequently afterwards. It appeared in J. Watson’s Choice Collection of Comic and Serious Scots Poems (1706–1711; 1869) and was privately printed in facsimile (1885) and edited by H. H. Wood (1937). The Flytting betwixt Montgomerie and Polwart (1621, 1629) was reprinted in Watson’s Collection iii (1711). The collected poems were edited by D. Laing and D. Irving (1821), and by J. Cranstoun (STS, 1887) with a Supplementary Volume (STS, 1910) edited from manuscripts by G. Stevenson who also supplements Cranstoun’s biographical sketch. See also O. Hoffman, Studien zu Alexander Montgomerie (Altenburg, 1894); R. Brotanek, Untersuchungen über das Leben und die Dichtungen A. Montgomeries (Vienna, 1896); L. Borland, ‘Montgomerie and the French Poets of the early sixteenth century’, MP xi, 1913; and C. M. Maclean, Alexander Scott, Montgomerie, and Drummond . . . as Lyric Poets (1915).
Sir Thomas More, 1478–1535
The poems, of which A mery gest how a sergeaunt wolde . . . be a frere (1510? or 1516?) had appeared in W. C. Hazlitt’s Early Popular Poetry iii (1866), were edited from the 1557 Workes by Sir S. Lee (1906). The Lyfe of Johan Picus . . . of Myrandula, printed in different texts (both 1510?) by J. Rastell and W. de Worde was edited from the latter by J. M. Rigg (1890) and The xii propertees . . of a louer . . . by J. Picus . . . in balade was reprinted in 1928. The history of Richard III was edited by S. W. Singer (1821), and, with omissions, by J. R. Lumby (1883).
The Libellus . . . de optimo reip. statu, deque noua Insula Vtopia (Louvain, 1516) was edited by J. H. Lupton (1895); by G. Sampson and A. Guthkelch (1910); and by M. Delcourt (Paris, 1936). It was translated by R. Robinson as A fruteful and pleasaunt worke . . . of the new yle called Vtopia (1551; revised 1556), whose version was edited by E. Arber (1869); by J. R. Lumby (1879; 1940); by H. Adams with part of the Richard III and Roper’s Life (1890); by F. S. Ellis with an introduction by Wm. Morris (Kelmscott Press, 1893); by J. C. Collins (1904); with the Dialoge of Comfort and an introduction by J. O’Hagan (EL 1910; revised 1951); with Bacon’s New Atlantis by H. Gostein (Broadway Translations, 1925); and by A. W. Reed (Golden Cockerel Press, 1929). It is also given in Lupton’s and Guthkelch’s editions of Utopia. G. Burnet’s version (1684) is given in Ideal Commonwealths, with introduction by H. Morley (4th edn., 1889) and in Sir S. Lee’s 1906 edition of the Poems. See also versions by Sir A. Cayley in Memoirs of Sir Thomas More &c. (2 vols., 1808); G. C. Richards (1923); and H. V. S. Ogden (New York, 1949).
The treatise on the Four Lost Things, written about 1522, was edited by D. O’Connor (1903; 1935). The apologye of syr Thomas More (1533) was edited by A. I. Taft (EETS, 1929). A dialoge of comfort against tribulacion (1553) was reprinted with the Utopia (EL 1910; 1951) and edited by Mgr. P. Hallett (1937), who also edited the English Prayers (1938) and the treatise on the Passion (1935).
A collection of the Latin works appeared as Thomae Mori lucubrationes (Basle, 1563) and was followed by the Louvain edition (1565; 1566) which first gave the Vita Ricardi Tertii. The Workes . . . in the Englyshe tonge appeared in 1557. Of the standard (7 vols.) edition of the English Works, with facsimile, modernized text, and valuable notes, two volumes have so far appeared (i, 1927; ii, 1931). Selections have been made by Fr. T. E. Bridgett (1892) and by P. S. and H. M. Allen (1924). The correspondence was edited by E. F. Rogers (Princeton, 1947).
For early vernacular Lives, see under Harpsfield and Roper. T. Stapleton’s Vita Thomae Mori (Douai, 1588) was translated by C. More (Paris, 1631), whose version was edited by J. Hunter (1928), and by Mgr. Hallett (1928). See also Fr. Bridgett, Life of Blessed Thomas More (1891) and E. E. Reynolds, St. Thomas More (1891). The classic work is R. W. Chambers’s Thomas More (1935).
There are studies by K. Kautsky (Stuttgart, 1890: tr. H. J. Stenning, 1927); by A. W. Reed in Social and Political Ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation, ed. F. J. C. Hearnshaw (1925); by W. E. Campbell, More’s Utopia and . . . Social Teaching (1930); by J. R. O’Connell (1935); A. Cecil (1936); F. Pyle, on versification, TLS 9 November 1937; W. Nelson, and L. F. Dean, both in PLMA lviii, 1943; H. W. Donner, Introduction to Utopia (Upssala, 1945); R. Ames (Princeton, 1949); and F. E. Hutchinson, RES xvii, 1941. See also The Fame of Blessed Thomas More by Mgr. Knox, H. Belloc, &c. (1929). For bibliography see Arber’s and Guthkelch’s editions of Utopia.
Richard Mulcaster, 1530?–1611
His Positions wherein . . . Circumstances be examined . . . necessarie for the training vp of children (1581) was edited by R. H. Quick (1888); The First Part of the Elementarie (1582), by E. T. Campagnac (Tudor and Stuart Library, 1925). The Educational Writings were abridged and edited by J. Oliphant (1903). See also F. Watson, Richard Mulcaster and his ‘Elementarie’ (1893); C. Benndorf, Wiener Beiträge zur englischen Philologie xxii, 1905. His views on English are discussed in R. F. Jones’s The Triumph of the English Language (Stanford, 1953).
Anthony Munday, 1553–1633
The English Romayne Lyfe (1582) was edited by G. B. Harrison (Bodley Head Quartos, 1925). There is a study by C. Turner, Anthony Munday, An Elizabethan Man of Letters (California, 1928); see also M. St. C. Byrne, Library, 4th ser. i, 1921, and G. R. Hayes, ibid., 4th ser. vi, 1925, vii, 1926. There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1942). H. Thomas’s Spanish and Portuguese Romances of Chivalry (1920) is relevant.
Thomas Nashe, 1567–1601
The Anatomie of Absurditie (1589) was edited by J. P. Collier in Illustrations of Old English Literature iii (1866); Pierce Penilesse (1592), by Collier (Shakespeare Society, 1842) and in Miscellaneous Tracts (1870), where he also edited Strange Newes (1592) and Haue with you to Saffron-walden (1596). Christs Teares (1593; 1594) was edited by Sir E. Brydges (Archaica i, 1815). The Vnfortunate Traveler. Or . . . Iacke Wilton (1594) was edited by Sir E. Gosse (1892); S. C. Chew (New York, 1926); H. F. B. Brett-Smith (1927); G. Saintsbury in Shorter Novels: i, Elizabethan and Jacobean (EL, 1929). Nashes Lenten Stuffe (1599) is given in Harleian Miscellany vi, 1745 (= ii, 1809, vi, 1810); in C. Hindley, Old Book Collector’s Miscellany i, 1871; and Ashley and Moseley (see above, IV. 3). The Works were edited by A. B. Grosart (Huth Library, 6 vols., 1881–5) and R. B. McKerrow (5 vols., 1904–10) with a commentary, perhaps the best ever done on an English author. On Nashe’s share in the Marprelate controversy see D. J. McGinn, PMLA lix, 1944. On his novel, see A. K. Croston, RES xxiv, 1948, and A. M. C. Latham, ESEA, 1948. Other helps are A. Piehler, Thomas Nashe u. seine Streitschriften (Leipzig, 1907); J. W. Cunliffe, ‘N. and the Earlier Hamlet’, PMLA xxi, 1906; W. P. Mustard, MLN xl. 1925 and RES vii, 1931; D. C. Allen, SP xxxii, 1935; and S. M. Salyer, MP xxv, 1928. There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1941).
Sir Thomas North, 1535–1601?
The Diall of Princes (1557), from Guevara through a French version (probably not Berthault’s) reappeared with an amplification . . . of a fourth boke (1568): selections from it were edited by K. N. Colville (1919). The Morall Philosophie of Doni (1570), a translation at many removes from ‘Bidpai’, i.e. the Kalala wa Damna of Pilpay, was edited by J. Jacobs (1888). The Lives of the noble Grecians and Romanes (1579) was enlarged (1603) by ‘Epaminondas’ and other lives out of Aemylius Probus by S. G. and Englished by the aforesaid Translator. There are editions by G. Wyndham (6 vols., Tudor Translations, 1895); W. H. D. Rouse (10 vols., Temple Classics, 1898–9); and 5 vols., Nonesuch Press (1929–30). W. W. Skeat’s Shakespeare’s Plutarch (1875) and C. F. T. Brooke (2 vols., Shakespeare Classics, 1909), give selections. See also P. S. Allen, ‘The Birth of Sir Thomas North’, EHR xxvii, 1922; K. N. Colville, Fame’s Twilight (1922); C. H. Cowley, The First English Translators of the Classics (New Haven, 1927), and H. H. Davis, HLQ xii, 1949.
Oxford, Edward de Vere, Earl of, 1550–1604
His poems were edited, with those of Lord Vaux, Robert Earl of Essex, and Walter Earl of Essex, by A. B. Grosart, Fuller Worthies’ Miscellany iv, 1872, and by J. T. Looney (1921). See also B. M. Ward, The Seventeenth Earl of Oxford (1928).
William Painter, 1540?–94
The horrible and cruell murder of Sultan Solyman (c. 1558), was followed by the first volume of The Palace of Pleasure, &c. (1566), The second tome of the Palace (1567), a new edition of vol. i (1569), and of the whole (2 vols., 1575). The Palace was edited by J. Haslewood (3 vols., 1813); by J. Jacobs (3 vols., 1890); and by H. Miles (4 vols., 1930). A selection was edited as An Elizabethan Story Book (1928) by P. Haworth. See also Bush, JEGP xxiii, 1924, and liv, 1939; C. B. Wright, MP xxxi, 1933; J. Fellheimer, PMLA lviii, 1943; and H. G. Wright, MLR xlvi, 1951.
Matthew Parker, 1504–75
His De antiquitate Britannicae ecclesiae Cantuariensis cum archiepiscopis . . . 70 (1572) was his most famous work. His prefaces to both Testaments in the ‘Bishops’ Bible (1572) are reprinted (Fathers of the English Church viii, 1812). He produced a homily of Aelfric’s as A testimonie of antiquitie (1567) and Asser’s Aelfredi Regis Res Gestae (1574) besides editions of Matthew of Westminster, Matthew of Paris, and Thomas Walsingham. His Correspondence was edited by J. Bruce and T. T. Perowne for the Parker Society (1853). There are modern Lives by W. M. Kennedy (1908); E. D. Perry (Under Four Tudors, 1940); and F. J. J. Shirley (1948). See also The Sources of Archbishop Parker’s Collection of MSS. (Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 1899); E. C. Pearce, Library vi, 1925; W. W. Greg, ‘Books and Bookmen in the Correspondence of Archbishop Parker’, ibid. xvi, 1935; and M. T. Stead in The Great Tudors, ed. K. Garvin (1935).
George Peele, 1556–96
The Pageant . . . before Woolstone Dixi Lord Maior (1585) is given in Harleian Miscellany x, 1813; in J. Nichols, Progresses of Elizabeth ii (1823); and F. W. Fairholt, Lord Mayors’ Pageants (Percy Society, 1843). Descensus Astraeae (1591) is in Harleian (ibid.) and Fairholt (op. cit.). Anglorum Feriae (1595) was privately printed by R. Fitch (c. 1830). The Works have been edited by A. Dyce (3 vols., 1828–39); H. Morley (1887); A. H. Bullen (2 vols., 1888); and, with the plays and poems of Greene in one volume, by Dyce (1861). The first volume of a new edition of Peele, ed. D. H. Home (Yale, 1953), contains the latest biography and the pageants and non-dramatic poems. There is a study by P. H. Cheffaud (Paris, 1913); bibliography by T. Larsen, MP xxxii, 1934; and a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1940).
William Percy, 1575–1648
Sonnets to the fairest Coelia (1594) have been reprinted by Sir S. E. Brydges (1818), Grosart (1877), Arber (English Garner vi, 1883), and are in Lee’s Elizabethan Sonnets ii (1904). See Scott (above, III. 2) and M. H. Dodds, NQ, 1931.
William Perkins, 1558–1602
For editions of individual works see STC and H. Dick in The Library xix, 1939. Many editions of his Works were published between 1600 and 1635. The best account is in P. Miller’s The New England Mind (New York, 1939). See also R. A. Sisson, MLR xlv, 1952.
George Pettie, 1548–89
A petite Pallace of Pettie his pleasure (1576) was edited by Sir I. Gollancz (2 vols., King’s Classics, 1908) and by H. Hartman (New York, 1938). His translation, The civile conuersation of M. Steeven Guazzo (1581), to which a fourth book, translated by B. Young was added in 1586, was edited by Sir E. Sullivan (Tudor Translations, 2 vols., 1925). On Pettie’s sources see D. Bush, JEGP xxiii, 1924, XXVII, 1928, and PQ v, 1926; on Pettie and Greene, J. C. Vincent, MLN liv, 1939; on Pettie and Lyly, J. Swart, English Studies xxiii, 1941; also M. P. Tilley, Elizabethan Proverb Lore in . . . ‘Euphues’ and . . . ‘Petite Palace’ (New York, 1926).
John Poynet or Ponet, 1514?–56
A tragedie or Dialoge of the uniuste . . . primacie of the Bishop of Rome (1549), translated from Bernardino Ochino (1549) was edited by C. E. Plumptre (1899). A shorte Treatise of Politike Power (Strassburg?, 1556) is reproduced in facsimile in W. S. Hudson’s John Ponet . . . Advocate of Limited Monarchy (Chicago, 1942).
George Puttenham, 1530?–1590
The Arte of English Poesie (1589) was reprinted in J. Haslewood’s Ancient Critical Essays (2 vols., 1811–15), and by E. Arber (1869). The standard edition by G. D. Willcock and A. Walker (1936) deals with the question of authorship. A selection is given in G. G. Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays (2 vols., 1904).
Richard Rainolde or Reynold, d. 1606
A booke called the Foundacion of Rhetorike (1563) was reproduced in facsimile, with an introduction, by F. R. Johnson (Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints, New York, 1945).
Sir Walter Raleigh or Ralegh, 1552?–1618
A Report of the fight about the lies of Açores (1591) was included in Hakluyt (1598) and edited by E. Arber (English Reprints, 1895). The Discoverie of . . . Guiana (1596) was included in Hakluyt (1598) and edited by R. H. Schomburgk (Hakluyt Society, 1848) who includes Raleigh’s journal of the last voyage; and by V. T. Harlow (1928). The poems are preserved, some in manuscript; some in anthologies like The Phoenix Nest (1593), Englands Helicon 1600), Davison’s Poetical Rapsody (1602) or songbooks such as William Byrd’s Psalmes, Sonets, and songs (1588); some in his own History of the World (1614). They were edited by Sir E. Brydges (1813); with those of H. Wotton and others, by J. Hannah (1870; 1910); and A. M. C. Latham (1929: rev. edn., Muses Library, 1951) who gives a full account of the sources of the text. There are selections by W. R. Macklin (1926) and F. W. C. Hersey (Boston, 1909 ff.). Raleigh is treated by E. C. Dunn in Literature of Shakespeare’s England (New York, 1936); V. B. Heltzel, HLB, 1936; and C. F. Tucker Brooke, ELH v, 1938. Raleigh’s Life has been written by, among many others, E. Edwards (with Letters, 2 vols., 1868); W. Stebbing (1891; 1899); Gosse (1886); M. A. Hume (1897); M. Waldman (1928); E. Thompson (1935), and P. Edwards (1935). See also V. T. Harlow’s Raleigh’s Last Voyage (1932). E. A. Strathmann, Sir Walter Ralegh, a Study in Elizabethan Skepticism (New York, 1951) is an important book. For later works see Bush.
William Rankins, fl. 1587–98
Seauen Satyres applyed to the weeke (1598) is edited by A. Davenport (1948). The same scholar and J. George treat him in NQ, 1949.
John Rastell, 1470?–1536
Apart from his dramas (to be dealt with in another volume of this series) and legal works, Rastell published, and perhaps wrote, a chronicle, The Pastyme of People (1529), edited by T. F. Dibdin (1811), and A new boke of purgatory (1530). The best account of him is in A. W. Reed’s Early Tudor Drama (1926).
Barnabe Rich, 1542?–1617
Of the works within our period, Riche his Farewell to Militarie Profession (1581) was reprinted for the Shakespeare Society (1846); the ‘Apolonius and Silla’, extracted from it, is in W. C. Hazlitt’s Shakespeare Library i (1875) and was edited by M. Luce (Shakespeare Library, 1912). Rich is treated by S. Ghall, Dublin Magazine, new ser. i, 1926, ii, 1927 (on Rich and Ireland); D. T. Starnes, SP xxx, 1933; E. M. Hinton, PMLA lv, 1940; H. J. Webb, JEGP xlii, 1943 (on the military works); and T. M. Cranfill, SP xlvi, 1949. See also Bush.
John Rolland, fl. 1560
Ane Treatise callit the Court of Venus (1575) was edited by W. Gregor (STS, 1884); and The Seuin Seages, &c. (1578), by D. Laing (Bannatyne Club, 1837) and by G. F. Black (STS, 1932). The sources of the latter are discussed by G. Büchner, ‘Die Historia Septem Sapientum &c.’ in H. Varnhagen’s Erlanger Beiträge zur englischen Philologie (Erlangen and Leipzig, 1889).
William Roper, 1496–1578
His Life of More exists in 13 manuscripts of which Harl. 6254 (Brit. Mus.) and HM iv, 21 (Cambridge University Library) are the best. It was published at Paris [St. Omer], 1626. It was edited by T. Hearne (1716: reprinted Pitt Press Series, 1879); by J. Lewis (1729); by S. W. Singer (1817; 1822); by Sir I. Gollancz (1902). The latest editions are by E. V. Hitchcock (EETS, 1935) and J. M. Cline (New York, 1950). It is also given in Lumby’s (1879) and Sampson’s and Guthkelch’s (1910) editions of Utopia (see under More) and in A. Manning’s The Household of Sir Thomas More (EL, 1906). See also P. Hogrefe, ‘Sir Thomas More’s connexion with the Roper Family’, PMLA xlvii, 1932, R. W. Chambers’s Thomas More (1935) and Harpsfield’s Life of More, ed. E. V. Hitchcock and Chambers (EETS, 1932).
Samuel Rowlands, 1570?–1628/30
The Complete Works, 1598–1628 were edited by S. J. H. Herrtage for the Hunterian Club (3 vols., 1880) with a memoir by E. Gosse, reprinted in his Seventeenth Century Studies (1883). Some works cited above may be thought relevant: Judges (II. 4. ii), Alden and Whipple (III. 3), Aydelotte and Chandler (V. 5). See also Bush.
William Roy, fl. 1527
Rede me and be nott wrothe (Strassburg, 1528; London, 1546) written in collaboration with Jerome Barlow, appears in Harleian Miscellany, 1812. A proper dyalogue (Marburg, 1530) was reprinted 1863. Both were edited by Arber (1871).
Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset, 1536–1608
His Induction and tragedy of Buckingham first appeared in the 1563 volume of A Myrroure for Magistrates (see above, II. 2). The Works, including letters and his part of Gorboduc, were edited by R. W. Sackville-West (1859); the two poems, by M. Hearsey (New Haven, 1936), who prints the Buckingham from the author’s manuscript (at St. John’s, Cambridge). The Induction was edited by R. Bell in Poetical Works of . . . Surrey . . . and Sackville (Annotated English Poets, 1854) and is in Sir E. K. Chambers, Oxford Book of English Verse (1932). See also a ‘Check-list’ of his poems by H. A. Bagley, MLN xlvii, 1932.
Alexander Scott, c. 1525-c. 1584
His poems were first edited from the Bannatyne MS. by D. Laing (1821); then by J. Cranstoun (STS, 1896); by A. K. Donald (EETS, 1902); and by A. Scott for the Saltire Society (1953). There is a modernized version, with omissions, by W. Mackean (1887). See also C. M. Maclean, Alexander Scott, Montgomerie, and Drummond . . . as Lyric Poets (1915).
Reginald Scott or Scot 1538?–99
A perfite platforme of a Hoppe Garden (1574: revised, 1576) has not been reprinted. The Discouerie of witchcraft (1584), republished with additions by a believing magician in 1665, was edited by B. Nicholson (1886); and, without the ‘Discourse vpon dieuls and spirits’, by M. Summers (1930).
William Shakespeare, 1564–1616
Venus and Adonis (1593), which reached its twelfth edition in 1636, was reproduced in facsimile by W. Griggs (1885) and Sir S. Lee (1905). It was edited by H. N. Hudson (Windsor Shakespeare, 1903; Era Shakespeare, 1911); by A. Feuillerat (Yale Shakespeare, 1927); with Lucrece, Passionate Pilgrim, and ‘Phoenix and Turtle’, by C. K. Pooler (Arden edn., 1911); and by H. E. Rollins (New Variorum, Philadelphia, 1938). For a novel interpretation of it, see R. Putney, Venus Agonistes (Univ. of Colorado Studies in Language and Lit. No. 4, 1953).
Lucrece or, according to the running title, The Rape of Lucrece (1594), also frequently reprinted up to 1616, was reproduced in facsimile by C. Praetorius and F. J. Furnivall (1885) and by Sir S. Lee (1905). It was edited with Titus Andronicus by H. N. Hudson (Windsor Shakespeare, 1903); with ‘A Lover’s Complaint’, by G. Brandes (1904); by C. K. Pooler; and by H. E. Rollins (see above).
Two sonnets appeared in William Jaggard’s collection The Passionate Pilgrime. By W. Shakespeare (1599), actually an anthology of pieces by various hands, which was edited in facsimile by W. Griggs and E. Dowden (1884), by S. Lee (1905), and by J. Q. Adams (Folger Shakespeare Library Publications, New York, 1939). Shake-speares Sonnets. Neuer before Imprinted . . . G. Eld for T(homas) T(horpe) (1609), which contained ‘A Lover’s Complaint’, has been done in facsimile by C. Praetorius and T. Tyler (1885) and by S. Lee (1905); it appears in Noel Douglas Replicas (1926). On its text see J. A. Fort, RES ii, 1926. Poems: written by Wil. Shakespeare, Gent . . . John Benson (1640) omits eight sonnets and includes ‘A Lover’s Complaint’ and poems from The Passionate Pilgrime; it was reprinted by A. R. Smith (1885). Lintott’s 2-vol. Collection (1709) and its progeny, Gildon’s (1710) and Evans’s (1775) editions, are of little importance.
Among modern editions of the Sonnets are those of E. Dowden (1875; 1896); G. Wyndham (with the Poems, 1898); Samuel Butler (1899); H. N. Hudson (1903; see above); H. C. Beeching (1904); G. Brandes (1904, see above); H. Bennett, Sonnets and Poems with a bibliographical introduction (1905); R. M. Alden (Boston, 1916); A. H. Bullen and H. F. B. Brett-Smith (1921); E. B. Reed in Yale Shakespeare (New Haven, 1923); T. G. Tucker (1924); C. K. Pooler, Arden Shakespeare (1918); M. Flower (1933); M. R. Ridley (New Temple Shakespeare, 1934); T. Brooke (New York, 1936); and of H. E. Rollins, New Variorum Shakespeare (1944). There are also many beautiful editions for the bibliophile.
In addition to matter contained in these editions there is a copious literature on the Sonnets, often inspired by biographical rather than literary interests. The following may be mentioned, N. Drake, Shakespeare and his Times (1817); G. Massey, Secret Drama of Shakespeare’s Sonnets (1888); C. A. Brown, Shakespeare’s Autobiographical Poems (1838); important discussions in Sir S. Lee’s Life (1898; 1925); F. Heury, Les Sonnets de Shakespeare (Paris, 1900); P. Godwin, A new study of the Sonnets (New York, 1900); L. Hotson, Shakespeare’s Sonnets Dated and Other Essays (1949); F. W. Bateson, ‘Elementary my dear Hotson!’ in Essays in Criticism i, 1951; and E. Hubler, The Sense of Shakespeare’s Sonnets (Princeton, 1953).
‘The Phoenix and the Turtle’ was published in Loues Martyr . . . now first translated out of . . . Torquato Cœliano, by Robert Chester. With the true legend of . . . Arthur . . . To these are added some new compositions, of . . . moderne Writers . . . vpon . . . the Phoenix and Turtle (1601) which was edited by A. B. Grosart for the New Shakspere Society (1878). The ‘new compositions’ were edited by B. H. Newdigate (1937) and Shakespeare’s poem, by G. Bullett (1938): it is also in the editions by C. K. Pooler and H. E. Rollins (above). On it see A. H. R. Fairchild, ‘The Phoenix and Turtle: a critical and Historical Interpretation’ (Englische Studien xxxiii, 1904), and C. Brown in Poems by Sir John Salusbury, Robert Chester, &c. (EETS, 1913).
On the authorship of A Lover’s Complaint, see J. W. Mackail, ESEA, 1912.
The Poems and the Sonnets are included in many modern editions of the Works, e.g. in the Cambridge Shakespeare, ed. W. A. Wright, ix (1893), and are considered in many general books on Shakespeare, in particular in Sir E. K. Chambers’s William Shakespeare. A Study of Facts and Problems (2 vols., 1930). There is a concordance to the Poems and the Sonnets at the end of J. Bartlett’s concordance to the plays (1906; 1953).
Sir Philip Sidney, 1554–86
A cancelled version of the Arcadia survives in six manuscripts and has been edited from Clifford MS. by A. Feuillerat as vol. iv of the Complete Works (see below). The first published text, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Ponsonby, 1590), gives Books I, II, and part of III in Sidney’s revised version. It was done in photo facsimile by H. O. Sommer (1891). The second edition, augmented and ended (1593) adds Books III-V from the cancelled version (with modifications) and differs from 1590 in the Eclogues. The 1598 edition adds The Lady of May, Astrophel, and Certaine Sonets; that of 1613, A Dialogue betweene two Shepherds. In the Dublin edition (1621) Sir W. Alexander filled up with his own narrative the gap left between the end of the revised III and the beginning of cancelled III; in a 1627 edition R. B(eling) added a Sixth Book of his own. E. A. Baker’s modernized edition of 1907 includes Alexander’s and Beling’s work.
For the history of the Arcadia R. W. Zandvoort’s Sidney’s Arcadia: a comparison between the two versions (Amsterdam, 1929) is indispensable. On the work in general see E. A. Greenlaw, ‘Sidney’s Arcadia as an example of Elizabethan Allegory’ (Anniversary Papers by Colleagues . . . of G. L. Kittredge, Boston, 1913) and ‘The Captivity Episode’ (Manly Anniversary Studies, Chicago, 1923); F. Brie, ‘Sidneys Arcadia’ (Quellen und Forschungen cxxiv, 1918); H. Genouy, L’Arcadia . . . dans ses rapports avec . . . Sannazaro et . . . Montemayor (Montpellier, 1928); R. B. Levinson, ‘The Godlesse Minde’, MP xxix, 1931; M. S. Goldman, ‘Sir P. Sidney and the Arcadia’ (University of Illinois Bulletin xxxii, 1934); C. M. Dowlin, RES xx, 1944; K. T. Rowe, Romantic Love and Parental Authority in . . . ‘Arcadia’ (Michigan, 1947); and J. F. Danby in Poets on Fortune’s Hill (1952).
Syr P. S. His Astrophel and Stella was printed by Thomas Newman (1591) in a very corrupt text, which is given in Feuillerat’s edition, vol. ii. There were two other editions in the same year, by Newman (revised) and by M. Lownes. A better text was included in the 1598 Arcadia. There are editions by E. Arber (English Garner, 1877); A. W. Pollard (1888); with the Defence of Poesie by E. Flügel (Halle, 1889); by Sir S. Lee in Elizabethan Sonnets i (1904); and by M. Wilson (1931). Certaine sonets first appeared in the 1598 Arcadia; the Dialogue betweene two Shepherds, in the 1613; Two Pastorels in Davison’s Poetical Rapsody, 1602. The Psalmes were first printed in 1823. Collections of Sidney’s poems are the Complete Poems, A. B. Grosart (3 vols., 1877); the Sonnets and Miscellaneous Verse, H. K. White (1901); and the Poems, J. Drinkwater (Muses’ Library, 1910). On the canon, see W. Ringler, ‘Poems attributed to Sir P. S.’, SP xlvii, 1950.
The Defence of Poesie (Ponsonby, 1595) also appeared as An Apologie for Poetrie (Olney) in the same year. As The Defence it was edited by Flügel (1889; see above); by A. S. Cook (Boston, 1890); with the Defence of Leicester and the Letter to Q. Elizabeth by G. E. Woodberry (Boston, 1908); and done in photo facsimile (1928). As An Apology it was edited by E. S. Shuckburgh (1891) and by J. C. Collins (1907). It is also in E. Rhys, Literary Pamphlets (1897) and G. G. Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904).
A Woorke concerning the trewnesse of the Christian Religion (1587) was translated from de Mornay by Sidney and Arthur Golding. For their shares of the work, see Feuillerat’s discussion (preface to vol. iii); he reprints what he believes to be the Sidneian portion.
The Discourse on Irish Affairs survives in MS. Cotton, Titus, B xii (Brit. Mus.). The Defence of Leicester was edited by J. C. Collins (1907) and with the Letter to Q. Elizabeth by Woodberry (1908; see above). The Letters were edited by S. A. Pears (1845) and by W. A. Bradley (Boston, 1912).
The essay Valour Anatomized in a Fancie, of doubtful authorship and sometimes attributed to Donne, survives in Cottoni Posthuma. Divers choice Pieces of that Renouned Antiquary Sir Robert Cotton (1651). It is there attributed to Sidney and dated 1581.
The Complete Works were edited by A. Feuillerat (4 vols., 1912–26). The early Life by Fulke Greville (1652) was edited by N. Smith (1907). There are studies by H. R. Foxe Bourne (1891); M. W. Wallace (1915); K. O. Myrick, Sir Philip Sidney as a Literary Craftsman (1935); C. H. Warren (1936); M. Poirier (Paris, 1948); and M. Wilson (1950). There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1941).
John Skelton, 1460?–1529
Here beginneth a lytell treatyse named the bowge of court (1500) was published in facsimile (1945) and A ballade of the scottysche kynge (1513) in facsimile by J. Ashton (1882). The Garlande or Chapelet of Laurell (1523) was edited in E. P. Hammond’s English Verse between Chaucer and Surrey (1927). Why Come Ye Nat to Court was edited from the fragmentary text in MS. Rawlinson C 813 by J. Zupitza, Archiv. lxxxv, 1890. The Tunnyng of Elynor Rummyng from the volume Here after foloweth certayne bokes (1542–8) was reprinted in 1718; two modern editions have been decorated by P. Binder (1928) and C. Jones (San Francisco, 1930). The Latin treatise in prose, Speculum Principis, was done by the Modern Language Association of America, Collection of Photographic Facsimiles xxvii, 1925, and edited by F. M. Salter in Speculum ix, 1934. He is also, in collaboration with H. L. R. Edwards, preparing an edition of the translation of Diodorus Siculus for EETS. The Pithy . . . workes of Maister Skelton (1568) were inaccurately reprinted by J. Bowle (1736) and appeared in Chalmers’s English Poets ii (1810). The standard edition is by A. Dyce (2 vols., 1843) on whom the Cambridge, Mass., edition (1855; Boston, 1856; 1887) is ‘principally’ based. There is an edition in modernized spelling by P. Henderson (1931; 1948). Selections were made by W. H. Williams (1902); R. Hughes (1924); R. Graves (1927); R. Cant (1949); and V. de Sola Pinto (1950). There are studies by A. Rey (on Skelton’s relation to Lydgate, Cock Lorell, and Ship of Fools, Berne, 1899); E. Blunden in Votive Tablets (1931); W. H. Auden in The Great Tudors (1935); L. J. Lloyd (1938); W. Nelson (Columbia, 1939); I. A. Gordon (Melbourne, 1943); H. L. R. Edwards (1949); and F. M. Salter, Skelton’s Contribution to the English Language (Ottawa, 1945). On Alianora Romyng see J. H. Harvey, TLS, 26 October 1946. There is no good formal bibliography, but Nelson and Gordon give lists of modern editions and studies and attempt a chronology of his works.
Henry Smith, 1550?–91
For the numerous separate editions and collections of his sermons see CBEL i, and full lists in STC and D. Wing’s Short Title Catalogue, 1641–1700 iii (New York, 1951). There is a selection by J. Brown (1908).
Sir Thomas Smith, 1513–77
His De recta et emendata Linguae Anglicae Scriptione (1568) was edited by O. Deibel (Halle, 1913). The De Republica Anglorum (1583) or, in the enlarged edition of 1589, The Common-Welth of England, was edited by L. Alston and F. W. Maitland (1906), and appears in W. H. Dunham and S. Pargellis, Complaint and Reform in England (New York, 1938).
Robert Southwell, 1561–95
Saint Peters complaynt etc. (1595) was edited by W. J. Walter (1817); The triumphs over death (1595; 1596), by Sir E. Brydges (Archaica i, 1815) and J. W. Trotman (1914). An Humble Supplication to Her Maiestie (1600, falsely dated 1595) has been edited by R. C. Bald (1953). A foure-fould Meditation (1606) was edited as his by C. Edmonds (1895); H. Thurston in The Month lxxxvi, 1896, H. J. L. Robbie in RES v, 1929, and L. I. Guiney, Recusant Poets (1938) assign it to Philip, Earl of Arundel. A Hundred Meditations were edited from Stonyhurst MS. by J. Morris (1873). The Prose Works were edited by W. J. Walter (1828); the Poems by W. B. Turnbull (1856) and A. B. Grosart (Fuller Worthies’ Library, 1872). The shorter poems were edited by C. M. Hood as The Book of Robert Southwell (1926). He is treated by J. G. Macleod, Month, December 1877; H. Thurston (‘An unknown poem of Fr. Southwell’), ibid., October 1894 and (‘Fr. Southwell the Euphuist’), ibid., February and March 1895; M. Praz, MLR xix, 1924; and R. A. Morton, An Appreciation of . . . Southwell (Philadelphia, 1929). P. Janelle’s Robert Southwell the Writer (Clermont-Ferrand, 1935) contains a bibliography.
Edmund Spenser, 1552–99
Spenser’s earliest printed verse is in A Theatre wherein be represented . . . the miseries . . . that follow the voluptuous Worldlings . . . Deuized by S. Iohn vander Noodt (1569) (reproduced in facsimile, New York, 1936). The Spenserian parts of this were first reprinted in Todd’s edition (1805, see below), and are in the Minor Poems edited by E. de Sélincourt (1910) and the Complaints edited by W. L. Renwick (1928). On it see J. Pienaar, English Studies viii, 1926.
The Shepheardes Calender (1579, 1581, 1586, 1591, 1597) was done in facsimile by H. O. Sommer (1897), and edited by C. H. Herford (1895), by de Sélincourt (1910, see above), by W. L. Renwick (1930), and with other Poems by P. Henderson (EL, 1932). Its language is considered by K. Brunner, Archiv. cxxxii, 1914 and C. L. Wrenn, ESEA, 1944. Other studies are F. Kluge, ‘Spensers S. C. und Mantuans Eclogen’, Anglia iii, 1880; O. Reissert, ibid. ix, 1886; P. M. Buck, MLN xxi, 1906; J. B. Fletcher, ibid. XV, 1900, xx, 1907; J. J. Higginson, Spenser’s S. C. in Relation to Contemporary Affairs (1912); W. J. Draper, JEGP xviii, 1919; W. P. Mustard, MLN xxv, 1920, xlv, 1930; B. Patterson, RES ix, 1933; R. B. Botting, PMLA 1, 1935, JEGP xxxvi, 1937, and The Making of The S. C. (Research Studies . . . Washington, 1937); and L. S. Friedland, Bulletin of Shakespeare Association of America xvi, 1944.
The Spenser-Harvey letters appeared as Two other very commendable Letters and Three proper and wittie familiar Letters (both 1580). These, or selections from them, were reprinted in F. C. Waldron’s The Literary Museum (1792); in J. Haslewood, Ancient Critical Essays (2 vols., 1811–15); in Grosart’s (1882) and other editions of the works; in G. G. Smith’s Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904), and E. de Sélincourt, Poetical Works (1 vol., 1912).
The Faerie Queene (1590) contained I-III and at the end of III gives 5 stanzas quite different from the 3 which replace them in later editions. It was reprinted, with alterations, in 1596, a second volume containing The Faerie Queene . . . Containing the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Bookes. The 1609 edition first added the Mutability cantos. The poem was edited by T. Birch (3 vols., 1751); by R. Church (4 vols., 1758); by J. Upton (2 vols., 1758); by T. J. Wise, with a bibliographical account of early copies (6 vols., 1895–7); with introduction by J. W. Hales, (2 vols., 1897); in EL (2 vols., 1909, 1914); and by K. M. Warren (6 vols., 1897–1900).
Any selection from the vast literature on The Faerie Queene which begins with T. Warton’s Observations (1754), must be somewhat arbitrary. Of books the following may be mentioned: C. Mayer, La Reine des Fées (Paris, 1860); T. Keightley, Fairy Mythology (1860); E. Greenlaw on its Historical Allegory (Baltimore, 1932); C. B. Millican, S. and The Table Round (Harvard, 1932); C. G. Smith on theory of Friendship (Baltimore, 1934); J. Spens (1934); I. E. Rathbone, The meaning of S’s fairyland (New York, 1937); J. W. Bennett, The Evolution of the F. Q. (1942); and V. K. Whitaker, The Religious Basis of S’s Thought (Stanford, 1950); see also chapters in C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love (1936, 1938, 1951) and E. M. W. Tillyard, The English Epic and its Background (1954). In periodicals C. Crane, PMLA xlv, 1928, A. H. Gilbert, ibid. lxii, 1947, and many others, treat details of historical allegory. Theology is treated by F. M. Padelford, xi, 1913, xii, 1914, xiv, 1916; by P. N. Siegel, SP xli, 1944; A. S. P. Woodhouse, ELH xvi, 1949 and R. Hoopes, RES n.s. vi, 1954. There are exegetical studies by E. V. Clark, Andover Review xiv, 1890; H. C. Notcutt, ESEA xii, 1926; C. G. Osgood, Johns Hopkins Alumni Mag. xix, 1930; B. Stirling, SP xxx, 1933; H. S. Jones, ibid. xxix, 1932; A. C. Judson, PMLA xlvii, 1932; G. Wagner, ELH xvii, 1950; and M. Miller, ibid. xviii, 1951; J. Holloway, RES, n.s. iii, 1952. On sources, literary and personal connexions, chronology, &c., see H. M. Belden, SP xxvi, 1929; D. Bush, PMLA xlv, 1930; R. Tuve, JEGP xxxiv, 1935; E. Rathbone, SP xxxiii, 1936; S. Mitchie, ibid. xxxvi, 1939; and A. M. Pellegrini, ibid. xl, 1947. J. W. Bennett has written excellently on the Gardens of Adonis, PMLA xlvii, 1932; on Venus and Nature, SP xxx, 1933; and on Spenser’s Hesiod, American Journal of Philology lii, 1951; and R. Tuve on the allegory of Book I, PMLA xliv, 1921, and on ‘A Medieval Commonplace’, SP xxx, 1930.
Complaints (1591) was edited by W. L. Renwick (1928). See H. Stein, Studies in S’s Complaints (New York, 1934); also O. F. Emerson, PMLA xxxii, 1917 and JEGP xvii, 1918; B. E. C. Davis, MLR xx, 1925; E. M. Denkinger, PMLA xlvi, 1931; H.J. Buyssen, NQ clxiv, 1933; C. W. Lemmi, PMLA xlv, 1930; E. Rathbone, ibid. xlix, 1934; H. G. Lotspeich, ELH ii, 1935; E. A. Strathmann, PMLA xlvi, 1941; and R. Harris, HLQ iv, 1940 and JEGP xliii, 1944. Daphnaïda (1591), and again, with Fowre Hymnes (1596) was edited by W. L. Renwick as D. and Other Poems (1929).
The Axiochus, not in my opinion by Spenser, appeared as A most excellent Dialogue . . . by Plato the Phylosopher . . . translated by Edw. Spenser (1592), and was edited by F. M. Padelford (Baltimore, 1934). On the question of authorship see Padelford, PMLA 1, 1935 and M. W. Swan, ELH xi, 1944.
Colin Clouts Come home againe (1595) was edited by W. L. Renwick in his Daphnaïda volume (1929). J. E. Hankins, MLN xliv, 1929, and many others try to identify the poets it mentions. Amoretti and Epithalamion (1595) was edited by W. L. Renwick in his Daphnaïda volume; see also in R. H. Case, English Epithalamies (1896) and edited by C. van Winkle (New York, 1926). On sources see J. G. Scott, MLR xxii, 1927; on ‘The Neo-Platonic ladder’, E. Casady, PQ xx, 1941.
Fowre Hymnes (1596) was edited by L. Winstanley (Cambridge, 1907) and by W. L. Renwick in his Daphnaïda volume (1929). See P. W. Long, Englische Studien xlvii, 1913; F. M. Padelford, JEGP xiii, 1914 and SP xxix, 1932; C. G. Osgood, ibid. xiv, 1917; and J. W. Bennett, ibid. xxviii, 1931, xxxii, 1935. Prothalamion (1596) was reprinted in J. W. Hales’s Longer English Poems (1872) and in Case’s English Epithalamies (1896, see above), and edited by W. L. Renwick in Daphnaïda (1929). The Sonnet to Harvey and a few other pieces were printed in F. C. Waldron’s Literary Museum (1792) as Dispersed Poems . . . not in any edition of his Works.
A View of the Present State of Ireland exists in several manuscripts. It was first printed by Sir James Ware (Dublin, 1633) reprinted in 1809, and also in A Collection of Tracts . . . illustrative . . . of Ireland (Dublin, 1860). It was edited by W. L. Renwick (1934). On it see R. B. Gottfried, MLN lii, and ELH vi, 1939.
A collected edition appeared in 1611 as The Faerie Queene: The Shepheards Calendar: Together with the other Works of England’s Arch-Poët, Edm. Spenser. The Works were edited by J. Hughes (5 vols., 1715); J. Aikin (6 vols., 1802); H. J. Todd (8 vols., 1805); F. J. Child (5 vols., Boston, 1855); G. Gilfillan (5 vols., 1859); R. Morris and J. W. Hales (Globe edition, 1869: often reprinted); Grosart incomplete, 1882–4); and J. C. Smith and E. de Sélincourt (3 vols., 1909–10; 1 vol., 1912). The Variorum edition by E. Greenlaw, C. G. Osgood, F. M. Padelford, R. Heffner, J. McManaway, D. E. Mason, B. Stirling, H. G. Lotspeich, and R. Gottfried (10 vols., Baltimore, 1932–49) almost provides a Spenserian Library by quoting, often at great length, from previous scholars and critics.
Useful helps to study are C. G. Osgood’s Concordance (Washington, D.C., 1915); C. H. Whitman’s Subject-Index to . . . Spenser (New Haven, 1918); F. I. Carpenter’s Reference Guide to . . . Spenser (Chicago, 1923 with Supplement by D. F. Atkinson (Baltimore, 1937); F. R. Johnson’s Critical Bibliography of the Works of Spenser (1933); and H. S. V. Jones’s Spenser Handbook (New York, 1930).
A Life by A. C. Judson is included in the Variorum. Other critical and biographical studies are by G. L. Craik (1843); A. A. Santelle, Sources of S’s Classical Mythology (New York, 1896); E. G. Harman (1914); H. E. Cory (Berkeley, 1917); E. Legouis (1923); W. L. Renwick (1925); H. G. Lotspeich, Classical Mythology in . . . Spenser (1932); B. E. C. Davis (1933); E. B. Fowler, S. and . . . Courtly Love (Kentucky, 1934); and by several scholars in That Soveraine Light: Essays in Honour of . . . Spenser, ed. W. R. Mueller and D. C. Allen (Johns Hopkins, 1952).
Richard Stanyhurst, 1547–1618
Thee First Foure Bookes of Virgil his Aeneis (Leyden, 1582; London, 1583) were edited by E. Arber (English Scholars’ Library, 1880) and D. van der Haar (Amsterdam, 1933). An extract from its dedication and preface are in G. G. Smith, Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904). His Treatise contayning a . . . Description of Irelande and Thirde Booke of the Historie of Ireland were printed in the first volume of Holinshed (1577). His Virgilian translation is considered philologically by H. Schmidt (Breslau, 1887) and C. Bernigau, Marburgen Studien zur engl. Philologie viii, 1904. There is a bibliography in A. C. Southern’s English Recusant Prose (1950).
Thomas Starkey, 1499?–1538
The Dialogue between Reginald Pole and Thomas Lupset was edited by J. M. Cowper and S. J. Herrtage with Life and Letters, in England in Henry VIII’s Time (EETS, 2 pts., of which ii, 1871, preceded i. 1878). It was also edited by K. M. Burton (1948).
John Stow, 1525?–1605
Stow edited Chaucer (1561). A Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles (1565) reappeared both in abridged and in enlarged form. The Chronicles of England (1580), renamed Annales in 1592, were continued by E. Howes (1615; 1631). A Suruay of London (1598), enlarged by Stow (1603) and by A. Munday and others from 1618 on, was edited from the 1603 edition, with a Life and bibliography, by C. L. Kingsford (2 vols., 1908), who added Additional Notes in 1927. J. Gairdner edited Three Fifteenth Century Chronicles (Camden Society xxviii, 1880) from Stow’s collection and Kingsford, Two London Chronicles (Camden Miscellany xii, 1910).
Philip Stubbs or Stubbes, fl. 1581–93
The Anatomie of Abuses and The Second part of the Anatomie . . . containing The display of Corruptions (both 1583) were reprinted by W. D. Turnbull (1836) and J. P. Collier (1870). The standard edition is by F. J. Furnivall (2 pts., New Shakspere Society, 1877–9; 1882), who includes parts of A Christal Glasse for Christian Women (1591) and of A perfect Pathway to Felicitie (1592). The intended Treason, of Doctor Parrie (1585) was reprinted by J. P. Reardon in Shakespeare Society Papers iii, 1847.
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, 1517?–47
Poems survive in Add. MSS. 17492, 28635, 36529, Hill and Egerton 2711; also (for this see II. 3 above) in Tottel’s Songes and Sonettes (1557). The translation of Aeneid II and IV exists in MS. Hargreave 205; in the undated print, The Fourth Boke of Virgill . . . drawne into a strange metre; and in Certain Bokes of Virgiles Aeneis (1557) which was reprinted for the Roxburghe Club (1814). The Works were edited with those of Wyatt by G. Sewell (1717) and G. F. Nott (2 vols., 1815, 1816); with Sackville and others, by R. Bell (1854); by F. M. Padelford (Seattle, 1920; 1928) and are in G. Bullett’s Silver Poets of the XVIth Century (EL, 1947). The version of Aeneid IV was edited by H. Hartman (1933); on it see also G. D. Willcock, MLR xiv, 1919, xv, 1920, xvii, 1922. Surrey is treated in E. Bapst, Deux Gentilshommes . . . de la Cour de Henry VIII (Paris, 1891). See also O. F. Emerson (on blank verse), MLN iv, 1889, and Padelford, ‘The MS. Poems of . . . Surrey’, Anglia xxix, 1906. Berdan (see above, III. 3) is relevant here.
Joshua Sylvester, 1563–1618
His Monodia appeared in 1594. Of the complete Du Bartas (earlier partial publications of it are given in STC) His Deuine Weekes and Workes (1605; completed, 1608) there is an abridged text by T. W. Haight (Waukesha, Wisconsin, 1908). Grosart edited the Complete Works (Chertsey Worthies’ Library, 2 vols., 1880). Help will be found in Ashton and Upham (see above, IV. 5): and in L. B. Campbell, ‘The Christian Muse’, HLB, 1935. See also Bush.
Cyril Tourneur, 1575?–1626
The Transformed Metamorphosis (1600) is given in the Plays and Poems edited by J. C. Collins (2 vols., 1878) and the Complete Works, ed. A. Nicoll (1930). There is a Concise Bibliography by S. A. Tannenbaum (New York, 1946).
George Turberville or Turbervile, 1540?–1610
The Epitaphes, Epigrams, Songs and Sonets (1567) were reprinted by A. Chalmers inaccurately, English Poets ii (1810), and J. P. Collier (1867). The Heroycall Epistles . . . of Ouidius (1567) were edited by F. S. Boas (1928); The Eglogs of . . . Mantuan (1567) were done in facsimile with introduction by Bush (New York, 1937). The Noble Arte of Venerie or Hunting (1575) was edited in the Tudor and Stuart Library (1908). The Tragical Tales, of which earlier editions are lost, was re-issued in 1587 (with some more ‘Epitaphes and Sonets’ and the poems from Russia which appear also in Hakluyt, 1589) and edited by J. Maidment (1837). On its sources see R. Pruvost, RES x, 1934, and Matteo Bandello and Elizabethan Fiction (Paris, 1937).
Thomas Tusser, 1524?–80
A hundreth good pointes of husbandrie (1557), expanded to A hundreth good pointes . . . maried unto a hundreth good poynts of huswifery (1570), and again to Fiue hundreth points . . . united to as many of good huswifery (1573, and often again), was edited by W. Payne and S. J. H. Herrtage for the English Dialect Society (1878); also by D. Hilman (1931) and D. Hartley (1931) who gives a facsimile of the 1557 edition. The metrical autobiography, which first appeared in the 1573 edition, was reprinted with Tusser’s Last Will and Testament in 1846. See also G. E. Fussell, ‘Farmers’ Calendars from Tusser to Arthur Young’ in Economic History ii, 1933.
William Tyndale or Tindale, d. 1536
For his work as a translator see under Bible. His original works, usually first published abroad, were collected in The whole workes of W. Tyndall, Iohn Frith, and Doct. Barnes (1572). H. Walter edited for the Parker Society the Doctrinal Treatises (1848), the Notes and Expositions on Scripture (1849), and the Answere vnto Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue with other pieces (1850). Selections, with an essay on ‘Tindale and the English Language’ by G. D. Bone, were published by S. L. Greenslade (1938). There are studies of his life and work by W. B. Cooper (Toronto, 1924) and J. F. Mozley (1937). See also J. A. Gee on Tyndale and Erasmus’s Enchiridion, PMLA xlix, 1934; H. Likeman, Cornhill Mag. cliv, 1937; and J. F. Mozley on the authorship of The Souper of the Lorde, NQ clxxxvii, 1942.
John Udall or Uvedale, 1560?–92
The state of the Church of Englande, laide open in a conference betweene Diotrephes, &c. and A Demonstration of the trueth of that Discipline which Christe hath prescribed (both 1588) were edited by E. Arber, English Scholar’s Library (1879, 1895; and 1880, 1895 respectively). Udall’s life and share in the Marprelate episode are treated by W. Pierce, An Historical Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts (1908).
Thomas Underdown or Underdowne, fl. 1566–87
He translated Ouid his Inuectiue against Ibis (1569), and the Aethiopica of Heliodorus as An æthiopian Historie (1569). The latter was reprinted by C. Whibley (Tudor Translations, 1895); F. A. Wright (1923); and G. Saintsbury (1924).
Thomas Baron Vaux, 1510–56
His poems, which are represented in Tottel’s Songes and Sonettes (1557) and The Paradyse of daynty deuises (1576), were collected by A. B. Grosart, with those of the Earl of Oxford and the two Earls of Essex, Fuller Worthies’ Miscellany iv (1872). On him and his work see Rollins’s edition of Tottel (above, II. 3).
William Warner, 1558?–1609
His prose work, Pan his Syrinx or Pipe (1584), revised as Syrinx, or a Seauenfold Historie (1597) was edited by W. A. Bacon (Illinois, 1950). Albions England, or historicall map (1586) contained Books I-IV. It was enlarged by V, VI (1589); by VII and VIII (1592); to XII Books (1596); to XIII (1602). A continuance of Albions England (1606) added XIV-XVI. The only modern reprint is the incomplete one in A. Chalmers, English Poets iv, 1810. Bacon gives a Life and bibliography in his edition of Pan his Syrinx. See also R. R. Cawley, MP xix, 1922.
Thomas Watson, c. 1557–92
Watson was a neo-Latin poet, whose Latin version of the Antigone appeared in 1581, and his Amyntas in 1585. The ‘EKATOMΠAΘIA or Passionate Centurie of Loue (1582), Meliboeus (1590), Latin and English, an elegy on Walsingham, and the posthumous Tears of Fancie (1593) were edited together by E. Arber, English Reprints (1870; 1895). His The first sett of Italian Madrigalls Englished (1590) was reprinted by F. I. Carpenter in JEGP ii, 1898–9. On the sources of the latter see J. G. Scott, MLR, 1926. On his life see M. Eccles (cited under Marlowe).
William Webbe, fl. 1568–91
A Discourse of English Poetrie (1586) was reprinted in J. Haslewood’s Ancient Critical Essays (2 vols., 1811–15) and edited by E. Arber (English Reprints, 1870). See also in G. G. Smith’s Elizabethan Critical Essays (1904) and L. Magnus’s Documents illustrating Elizabethan Poetry (1906). It was recently discussed in J. W. H. Atkins’s English Literary Criticism: The Renascence (1947).
John, James, and Robert Wedderburn, 1495?–1553; 1500?–56; 1510?–57?
Ane compendious Buik of Godly and Spirituall Sangis, or The Gude and Godlie Ballatis (1567; 1578; 1600; 1621) was edited by D. Laing (1868) from the text of 1578, and by A. F. Mitchell (STS, 1897) from that of 1567; also by I. Ross (Scottish Classics, 1940). It is treated by A. F. Mitchell, The Wedderburns and their Work (1867); C. H. Herford, Studies in the Literary Relations of England and Germany in the Sixteenth Century (1886). See also W. B. Warfield, ‘Mitchell’s Gude and Godlie Ballads’, Presbyterian and Reformed Review x, New York, 1899, and R. H. Griffiths, TLS 4 September 1930. Mitchell’s edition contains a bibliography.
George Whetstone, 1544?–87?
The Rocke of Regard (1576) was edited by J. P. Collier (1870). A Remembraunce (of Gascoigne, 1577) is given in E. Arber’s collection of Gascoigne’s Steele Glas and other pieces (English Reprints, 1858; 1901). Other ‘remembraunces’ (metrical obituaries) on Sir Nicholas Bacon (1579), Dyer (1582), and the Earl of Sussex (1583), were reprinted by Sir A. Boswell, Frondes Caducae i, 1816. The Right Excellent . . . Historye, of Promos and Cassandra (1578), in dramatic form, was done in facsimile, Tudor Facsimile Texts (1910). A Mirror of treue Honour . . . exposing the Vertues of . . . Frauncis Earle of Bedford (1585) is reprinted in T. Park’s Heliconia ii, 1815. The Censure of a loyall Subiect (1587) was reprinted by J. P. Collier (1863). From An Heptameron of Ciuill discourses (1582), reissued as Aurelia, the Paragon of Pleasure, &c. (1593), Whetstone’s prose retelling of Promos and Cassandra was reprinted in Shakespeare’s Library by J. P. Collier (ii, 1843) and in W. C. Hazlitt’s enlargement of Shakespeare’s Library (iii, 1875). A full study is T. C. Izard’s George Whetstone (New York, 1942).
John Whitgift, 1530?–1604
His works were edited by J. Ayre for the Parker Society (3 vols., 1851–3). D. J. McGinn, The Admonition controversy (Rutgers, 1949) gives selections from Whitgift’s controversy with Cartwright. The chief sources for a biography are the Life by Sir George Paule (1612) and J. Strype’s Life and Acts of Whitgift (1718; 3 vols., 1822).
‘Henry Willoby’
Willobie his Avisa (1594; 1605) was edited by Grosart (1880) and G. B. Harrison (1926).
Thomas Wilson, 1525?–81
The Arte of Rhetorique for the Vse of all such as are Studious of Eloquence (1553; 1560; 8 edns. by 1585) was edited from the 1560 edition by G. H. Mair (Tudor and Stuart Library, 1909); A Discourse vpon Vsurye (1572), by R. H. Tawney (1925). There are articles by A. W. Reed, on Wilson and Nicholas Udall, RES i, 1925; and R. H. Wagner, on text and editions of the Arte, MLN xliv, 1929, and on sources, Quart. Journal of Speech xv, 1929.
Ninian Winzet or Wingate, 1518–92
Certane tractatis for Reformatioun of Doctryne and maneris (1562); The last blast of the trompet (1562); The buke of fourscoir-thre questions (Antwerp, 1563); and the version of Vincentius Lirinensis (Antwerp, 1563) were edited by D. Laing for the Maitland Club (1835). The standard edition is that of J. K. Hewison (STS, 2 vols., 1888–90). There is a bibliography in A. C. Southern’s Elizabethan Recusant Prose (1950).
Sir Thomas Wyatt, 1503–42
His poems are preserved, with many variant readings, in several manuscripts, of which Egerton 2711 (Brit. Mus.) was printed by Flügel, Anglia xviii, xix; in Tottel’s Songes and Sonettes (1557, see II. 3 above) and in the anonymous Courte of Venus. (On the date and possible bibliographical history of this, see Sir E. K. Chambers, Sir Thomas Wyatt and . . . collected Studies 1933.) His translation of Plutarckes boke of the Quyete of mynde (1528) was edited in facsimile by C. R. Baskervill (Cambridge, Mass., 1931). Certayne Psalmes . . . drawen into Englyshe metre were published in 1549. The poems were edited (with Surrey’s) by G. F. Nott (2 vols., 1815–16); by R. Bell (with Surrey, Sackville, Grimald, and Lord Vaux,) Annotated English Poets, 1854; by G. Gilfillan (1858); A. K. Fox well (2 vols., 1913); and G. Bullett in Silver Poets of the Sixteenth Century (EL, 1947). The standard edition is by K. Muir, Muses’ Library (1949). There is a selection by E. M. W. Tillyard (1929; 1949) and a Concordance by E. C. Hanger (1941). Help will be found in R. Alscher, Sir T. W. und seine Stellung in der Entwickelungsgeschichte, &c. (Vienna, 1886); H. B. Lathrop, MP ii, 1904; A. K. Foxwell, A Study of . . . Wyatt’s Poems (1911); Chambers, op. cit.; and H. A. Mason, ‘W. and the Psalms’, TLS 27 February, 6 March 1953.