Chapter 11
Chapter 11
1Woman’s Rights Convention, 1860, History of Woman Suffrage, I, 1881, quoted in Feminist Quotations: Voices of Rebels, Reformers, and Visionaries, compiled by Carol McPhee and Ann Fitzgerald (New York: Crowell, 1979), 235.
2Missionary Review of the World 7:12, New Series (December 1894): 910–21.
3Katherine C. Bushnell, God’s Word to Women (1919; reprint, North Collins, N.Y.: Munson, 1976).
4Ibid., lesson 27, para. 203.
5Margaret Sanger, Women and the New Race, 1920, quoted in McPhee and Fitzgerald, Feminist Quotations, 70.
6Trans. H. M. Parshley (New York: Knopf, 1953).
7Ibid., 598, 603.
8Ibid., 621–22.
9Ibid., 624.
10Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974; see also Alexandra G. Kaplan and Joan P. Bean, eds., Beyond Sex-Role Stereotypes: Readings Toward a Psychology of Androgyny (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1976) and Alice G. Sargent Beyond Sex Roles (St. Paul: West, 1977).
11See, for example, Barbara Hilkert Andolsen, “Gender and Sex Roles in Recent Religious Ethics Literature,” Religious Studies Review 11 (1985): 217–23; Richard D. Kahoe, “Social Science of Gender Differences: Ideological Battleground,” Religious Studies Review 11 (1985): 223–28.
12Ashley Montagu The Natural Superiority of Women, rev. ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1952).
13John R. Rice Bobbed Hair, Bossy Wives, and Women Preachers (Murfreesboro, Tenn.: Sword of the Lord, 1941).
14Ibid., 59.
15Ibid., 63.
16Ibid., 65.
17Ibid., 68.
18Elizabeth Rice Handford, Me Obey Him? (Murfreesboro, Tenn.: Sword of the Lord, 1972).
19P. B. Fitzwater, Women: Her Mission, Position, and Ministry (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1949), 66.
20Ibid., 67.
21Ibid., 72.
22Charles C. Ryrie, The Place of Women in the Church (New York: Macmillan, 1958), 76.
23Ibid., 77.
24Ibid., 78.
25Quoted in McPhee and Fitzgerald, Feminist Quotations, 11.
26Ibid., 19.
27Ibid., 80.
28Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics, vol. 3, sec. 2, ed. & trans. G. W. Bromiley and T. F. Torrance (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1960), 286–96; sec. 4 (1961), 172–74.
29Karl Barth, How I Changed My Mind (Richmond: John Knox, 1966), 58. On Barth’s views on women, see also Elizabeth Clark and Herbert Richardson, eds., Women and Religion: A Feminist Sourcebook of Christian Thought (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), 239–58. (The chapter title is “The Triumph of Patriarchalism in the Theology of Karl Barth.”)
30Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Norton, 1963).
31Ibid., quoted in Agonito, History of Ideas on Women, 378.
32Krister Stendahl, The Bible and the Role of Women: A Case Study in Hermeneutics, Biblical Series 15 (Philadelphia: Fortress, Facet, 1966).
33Mary Daly, The Church and the Second Sex (New York: Harper &. Row, 1975).
34Ibid., 9.
35Ibid., 11.
36Ibid.
37Ibid., 11–12.
38Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation (Boston: Beacon, 1973).
39Religious Studies Review 3:4 (October 1977): 205.
40Daly, Beyond God the Father, 69–70.
41Ibid., 71.
42Naomi R. Goldenberg, Changing of the Gods: Feminism and the End of Traditional Religions (Boston: Beacon, 1979).
43Ibid., 3.
44Ibid., 4–5.
45Ibid., 9.
46Ibid., 75–76.
47Rosemary Radford Ruether Liberation Theology (New York: Paulist, 1972).
48Rosemary Radford Ruether New Woman, New Earth (New York: Seabury, 1975).
49Ruether, Liberation Theology, 100.
50Gladys Hunt, Ms Means Myself (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1972).
51As quoted in McPhee and Fitzgerald, Feminist Quotations, 231.
52C. S. Lewis, “Priestesses in the Church,” in W. Hooper, ed., God in the Dock (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970).
53W. Andrew Hoffecker and John Timmerman, “ ‘Watchmen in the City’: C. S. Lewis’s View of Male and Female,” The Cresset (February 1978), 16–21.
54Gloria Steinem, “Pink-Collar Workers,” Progressive (May 1977), quoted in McPhee and Fitzgerald Feminist Quotations, 110.
55Richard Boldrey and Joyce Boldrey, “Women in Paul’s Life,” Trinity Studies 22 (1972): 1–36.
56Richard Boldrey and Joyce Boldrey, Chauvinist or Feminist: Paul’s View of Women (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1976).
57Boldrey, Chauvinist or Feminist, 63.
58Journal of the American Academy of Religion 40 (1972): 283–303.
59Ibid., 42 (1974): 532–49.
60Marabel Morgan, The Total Woman (Old Tappan, N.J.: Revell, 1973), 94.
61Ibid., 27.
62Letha Scanzoni and Nancy Hardesty, All We’re Meant to Be (Waco: Word, 1974).
63“Women, Men and Change: A Reflection on the Last 10 Years.” An interview with Letha Scanzoni, Radix (March/April 1984), 5.
64John Scanzoni, Sex Roles, Life Styles, and Childbearing: Changing Patterns in Marriage and the Family (New York: Free Press, 1975).
66Larry Christenson, The Christian Family (Minneapolis: Bethany, 1970).
67Ibid., 35; cf. 47.
68Ibid., 36–37.
69Ibid., 44.
70Ibid., 50–51, 53.
71Ibid., 54.
72Ibid., 127.
73Ibid., 133.
74Paul K. Jewett, Man as Male and Female (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975).
75Harvie M. Conn, “Evangelical Feminism: Reflections on the State of the ‘Union,’ ” TSF Bulletin (November–December 1984), 20.
76Dorothy Pape, In Search of God’s Ideal Woman: A Personal Examination of the New Testament (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1976).
77Ibid., 165.
78Ibid., 179.
79Elisabeth Elliot, Let Me Be a Woman (Wheaton: Tyndale, 1976).
80Ibid., 58.
81Ibid., 122–23.
82Ibid., 125–27.
83Ibid., 132–33.
84Ibid., 144.
85“Biblical Woman: But What Can She Do? Six Opinions on the Role of Women in the Church,” from interviews by Sharon Johnson, Moody Monthly (February 1983): 13.
86Virginia Ramey Mollenkott, Women, Men and the Bible (Nashville: Abingdon, 1977), 68.
87Ibid., 95.
88Ibid., 103.
89Ibid., 103.
90Patricia Gundry, Woman Be Free! (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1977).
91Ibid., 29–39.
92Ibid., 75.
93Ibid.
94Patricia Gundry, Heirs Together: Mutual Submission in Marriage (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980); idem, The Complete Woman (New York: Jove, 1984); idem, Neither Slave nor Free: Helping Women Answer the Call to Church Leadershsip (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1987).
95Kevin Giles, Women and Their Ministry: A Case for Equal Ministries in the Church Today (Victoria, Australia: Dove, 1977).
96Don Williams, The Apostle Paul and Women in the Church (Van Nuys, Calif.: BIM, 1977).
97Helen Andelin, Fascinating Womanhood (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Pacific, 1965).
98“Williams, The Apostle Paul and Women in the Church, 29.
99Ibid.
100Ibid.
101Ibid.
102Ibid.
103Ibid., 69.
104Ibid., 68.
105Ibid., 92.
106Ibid., 111–14.
107Ibid., 138.
108Ibid., 140.
109Ibid., 146.
110Ibid., 147.
111Lucia Sannella, The Female Pentecost (Port Washington, N.Y.: Ashley, 1976).
112Ibid., 122–24.
113George W. Knight III, The New Testament Teaching on the Role Relationship of Men and Women (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1977).
114Harvie M. Conn, “Evangelical Feminism,” 21.
115Chicago: Moody, 1985.
116“AUTHENTEO in Reference to Women in 1 Timothy 2:12,” New Testament Studies 30 (1984): 143–47.
117Phyllis Trible, God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978).
118Phyllis Trible, Texts of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984).
119John Otwell, And Sarah Laughed: The Status of Woman in the Old Testament (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1977).
120Leonard Swidler and Arlene Swidler, Women Priests: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration (New York: Paulist, 1977).
121Metuchen: Scarecrow, 1976.
122Philadelphia: Westminster, 1979.
123Frank Stagg and Evelyn Stagg, Woman in the World of Jesus (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1978).
124In C. Robert Wetzel, ed., Essays on New Testament Christianity (Cincinnati: Standard, 1978).
125Mission Journal 17:5 (November 1983): 10–14.
126“Jesus, Power, and Gender Roles,” TSF Bulletin 7 (1984): 2–4.
127Linda Mercadante, From Hierarchy to Equality: A Comparison of Past and Present Interpretations of 1 Corinthians 11:2–16 in Relation to the Changing Status of Women in Society (Vancouver, B.C.: G.M.H. Books, Regent College Press, 1978).
128The Reformed Journal 28 (June 1978): 6–11; (December 1978): 11–15.
129The Reformed Journal 29 (March 1979): 12–15.
130“1 Timothy 2:12—A Classicist’s View” in Alvera Mickelsen, ed., Women, Authority and the Bible (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1986), 225–43.
131Stephen B. Clark, Man and Woman in Christ (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Servant, 1980).
132Ibid., x.
133Ibid., 602, 605–7, 616.
134Elizabeth Tetlow, Women and Ministry in the New Testament (New York: Paulist, 1980).
135Susan T. Foh, Women and the Word of God: A Response to Biblical Feminism (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981).
136James B. Hurley, Man and Woman in Biblical Perspective (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1981).
137Conn, “Evangelical Feminism,” 22.
138Harvie Conn, “Did Paul Require Veils or the Silence of Women?” Westminster Theological Journal 35 (1973): 190–220.
139TSF Bulletin (January-February 1983), 21.
140Ibid.
141Kari Torjesen Malcolm, Women at the Crossroads (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1982), 171–72.
142Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982.
143Review by Wayne Grudem, Trinity Journal 27 (1984): 223–27.
144From the jacket blurb of Mary J. Evans, Women in the Bible.
145Mary J. Evans, Women in the Bible (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1983).
146Willard M. Swartley, Slavery, Sabbath, War, and Women: Case Issues in Biblical Interpretation (Scottdale, Pa., and Kitchener, Ont.: Herald, 1983).
147Ibid., 61.
148Ibid., 183–84.
149In Religion and Sexism: Images of Women in the Jewish and Christian Traditions (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974).
150Co-edited with Eleanor McLaughlin (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979).
151Boston: Beacon, 1983.
152Judith L. Weidman, ed., Christian Feminism (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984), 9–32.
153Boston: Beacon, 1985.
154“Feminist Theology and Spirituality,” 9, 11–12.
155“Of One Humanity,” interview with the editors of Sojourners (January 1984), 17–18.
156New York: Crossroad, 1983.
157In addition to a number of reviews of her major work, In Memory of Her, by various scholars in prestigious journals, a symposium on her book was held at the 1983 meeting of the American Academy of Religion. The symposium has been published in Anima 10 (1984): 95–112.
158Union Seminary Quarterly Review 33 (1978): 153–66.
159In Willy Schottroff and Wolfgang Stegemann, Tradition der Befreiung, Band 2, Frauen in der Bibel (Munich: Kaiser and Gelnhausen: Burckhardthaus-Laetare, 1980), 60–90.
160In Bread Not Stone: The Challenge of Feminist Biblical Interpretation (Boston: Beacon, 1984).
161Produced by the National Council of Churches in two volumes, Readings for Year A and Readings for Year B (published for The Cooperative Publication Association; Atlanta: John Knox, and other publishers, 1983, 1984).
162See discussion in the appendix of either volume.
163LaHaye chronicled her increasing concern and her own agenda in Who But a Woman? (Nashville: Nelson, 1984).
164Beverly LaHaye, The Restless Woman, (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984).
165Ibid., 53.
166Tim LaHaye, The Battle for the Family (Old Tappan, N.J.: Revell, 1982).
167LaHaye, Restless Woman, 93–110.
168Ibid., 85–86.
169Dee Jepsen, Women: Beyond Equal Rights (Waco: Word, 1984), 86.
170John W. Robbins, Scripture Twisting in the Seminaries, Part I: Feminism (Jefferson, Md.: Trinity Foundation, 1985).
171Ibid., quoted on an unnumbered page just prior to the introduction and attributed to Gordon H. Clark’s Pastoral Epistles (1984) without further data.
172Ibid., 3, 5, 5n, 9, 38–39.
173Ibid., xi.
174Ibid., 44, 47ff.
175Ibid., 91.
176Sheldon Vanauken, Under the Mercy (Nashville: Nelson, 1985).
177Ibid., 179.
178Quoted in ibid., 181.
179Vanauken, Under the Mercy, 214.
180Ronald Allen and Beverly Allen, Liberated Traditionalism: Men and Women in Balance (Portland: Multnomah, 1985).
181Gilbert Bilezikian, Beyond Sex Roles (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1985).
182Ibid., 87.
183Elaine Storkey, What’s Right With Feminism (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985).
184Ibid., 123–26.
185Ibid., 53.
186David Scholer, in The Covenant Companion (December 1, 1983, December 15, 1983, January 1, 1984, February 1984).
187Quoted from ibid. (reprint of February 1984), 15.
188David Scholer, “Women’s Adornment,” Daughters of Sarah 6 (1980): 3–6.
189In Alvera Mickelsen, ed., Women, Authority and the Bible, (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1986), 193–224.
190Aída Besançon Spencer, Beyond the Curse: Women Called to Ministry (Nashville: Nelson, 1985).
191Ibid., 109.
192Aída Besançon Spencer, “Eve at Ephesus,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 17 (Fall 1984): 215–22.
193Spencer, Beyond the Curse, 71–95.
194Spencer, “Eve at Ephesus,” 220.
195Spencer, Beyond the Curse, 108.
196Ibid.
197Chicago Studies 4 (1965): 285–308.
198In R. McCormick and G. Dyer, eds., Future Forms for Ministry (1971), 103–11.
199In W. Burghardt et al., Catholic Theological Society 28th Convention (1973), 219–23.
200Chicago: National Association of Women Religious, 1972.
201Published by the United Slates Catholic Conference, n.d. (c. 1977).
202Unpublished papers (1979).
203Agnes Cunningham, The Role of Women in Ecclesial Ministry (Monograph published by the United States Catholic Conference in 1976), 21.
204The subtitle indicates that this is a historical investigation concerning the Code of Canon Law, canon 978, par. 1., trans. Norman R. Adams (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1976).
205Edited by Anne Marie Gardiner (New York: Paulist, 1976).
206(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1973).
207Edited by Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza and Mary Collins (Edinburgh: T. &. T. Clark, 1985).
208Alvera Mickelsen, ed., Women, Authority and the Bible (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1986).
209Shirley Lees, ed., The Role of Women (Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1984).
210Quoted in ibid., 178.
211Ibid., 196.
Appendix A
1Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 20 (1977): 337–52.
2In W. Ward Gasque and William Sanford LaSor, eds., Scripture, Tradition and Interpretation (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978), 234–59.
3Susan T. Foh, Women and the Word of God: A Response to Biblical Feminism (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981), 44.
4Ibid., 46.
5Romans 16:16: 1 Corinthians 1620; 2 Corinthians 13:12; 1 Thessalonians 5:26; 1 Peter 5:14.
6Plutarch, Moralia: Advice to Bride and Groom, 31.
7Willard Swartley, Slavery, Sabbath, War and Women (Scottdale, Pa.: Herald, 1983).
8Ibid., 31–37.
9Ibid., 229–30.
10Ibid., 231.
11See Anthony C. Thiselton, The Two Horizons (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980).
12Rosemary Radford Ruether, Liberation Theology (New York: Paulist, 1972), 95–114.
13Mary Ann Tolbert, “Defining the Problem: The Bible and Feminist Hermeneutics,” Semeia 28 (1983): 119.
14Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, In Memory of Her (New York: Crossroad, 1983), 30.
15Ibid., 29.
16Ibid., 30.
17Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, Doctrine and Life 34 (1984): 398–404, 495–99.
18Cornell West and Ross S. Kraemer, Religious Studies Review 11 (1985): 1–9.
19Robert M. Grant, Journal of Religion 65 (1985): 83–88.
20Elizabeth Struthers Malbon, “Fallible Followers: Women and Men in the Gospel of Mark,” Semeia 28 (1983): 29–48; Fiorenza, In Memory of Her, 316–33.
21Elizabeth M. Tetlow, Women and Ministry in the New Testament (New York and Ramsey: Paulist, 1980), 103, cf. 101–9. This allegation is discussed in the excursus to chapter 1, pages 41–42.
22Ibid., 109.
23See the discussion between Philip B. Payne (“Libertarian Women in Ephesus: A Response to Douglas J. Moo’s article, ‘1 Timothy 2:11–15: Meaning and Significance,’ ” Trinity Journal, 2 NS [1981]: 175–77) and Douglas J. Moo, The Interpretation of 1 Timothy 2:11–15: A Rejoinder,” Trinity Journal 2 NS [1981]: 202–4. A surrejoinder by Payne was eventually published privately and is available from the author (c/o Gordon Conwell Divinity School, South Hamilton, MA 01982).
24Cf. appendix B on 1 Corinthians 11:2–16.
25Earl D. Radmacher and Robert D. Preuss, eds., Hermeneutics, Inerrancy and the Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984).
26Foh, Women and the Word of God, 6–7, 14, 19–20.
27Ibid., 20.
28Donald G. Bloesch, The Battle for the Trinity (Ann Arbor: Servant, 1985); Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation (Boston: Beacon, 1973); James R. Edwards, “Does God Really Want to Be Called Father?” Christianity Today (February 21, 1986): 27–29; Naomi R. Goldenberg, Changing of the Gods: Feminism and the End of Traditional Religions (Boston: Beacon, 1979); Margaret Hebblethwaite, Motherhood and God (London: Goeffrey Chapman, 1984); An Inclusive Language Lectionary, vols. 1 and 2, produced by the National Council of Churches; Readings for Year A and Readings for Year B (published for the Cooperative Publication Association, Atlanta: John Knox and other publishers, 1983, 1984); Paul K. Jewett, Man as Male and Female (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975); Alan E. Lewis, The Biblical Witness to our Motherly Father,” Irish Biblical Studies 7 (1984): 8–45; Sally McFague, Metaphorical Theology: Models of God in Religious Language (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1982); Celine Mangan, O.P., Can We Still Call God “Father”? (Wilmington, Del.: Glazier, 1984); Virginia Harney Mollencott, The Divine Feminine (New York: Crossroad, 1983); Ralph Quere, “ ‘Naming’ God ‘Father,’ ” Currents in Theology and Mission 12 (1985): 5–14. The strongest Evangelical protest against inclusive language and theology is the work by Donald Bloesch.
29Cf. Richard N. Longenecker, New Testament Social Ethics for Today (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984), 87.
30Walter Bauer, A Greek English Lexicon of the New Testament, ed. and rev. by William F. Amdt, F. Wilbur Gingrich, and Frederick W. Danker (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1957, 1979), s.v. oikodespotēs, 558.
31Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, rev. by Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1940), s.v. oikodespotēs, 1204.
Appendix B
1Job 29:14; Psalm 3526; 109:29; 132:9; Isaiah 115; 59:17; cf. Romans 13:12, 14; 1 Thessalonians 5:8. See F. F. Bruce, Epistle to the Colossians, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984), 145–46, and note 72.
2F. F. Bruce, Commentary on Galatians, New International Greek New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982), 190.
3In addition to the various commentaries on Galatians, the following two articles provide recent surveys of the issues involved and useful references to the current literature: Ben Witherington, “Rite and Rights for Women,” New Testament Studies 27 (1981): 593–604; Klyne Snodgrass, “Galatians 328—Conundrum or Solution?” in Alvera Mickelsen, ed., Women, Authority and the Bible (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1986), 161–80.
4See Ruth A. Tucker, “Response” to Berkeley and Alvera Mickelsen, “What Does Kephalē Mean in the New Testament?” in Alvera Mickelsen, ed., Women, Authority and the Bible (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1986), 111–17.
5S. Bedale, “The Meaning of kephalē in the Pauline Epistles,” Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. 5 (1954): 211–15. Cf. the modification of this in Berkeley and Alvera Mickelsen, “The Head’ of the Epistles,” Christianity Today (1981), 264–67; and “What Does Kephalē Mean in the New Testament?” in Alvera Mickelsen, ed., Women, Authority and the Bible (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1986).
6Wayne Grudem, “Does Kephalē (‘Head’) Mean ‘Source’ or ‘Authority Over’ in Greek Literature? A Survey of 2,336 Examples,” published both as an appendix in George W. Knight III, The Role Relationship of Men and Women (1977, 1985) and in the Trinity Journal, 6 NS, no. 1 (1985): 38–59.
7These studies have not, at the time of this writing, been published. For an earlier work on the meaning of the word kephalē in Colossians, a work that also contains material pertinent to other passages, see the unpublished dissertation by R. Weldon Crabb, “The kephalē concept in the Pauline tradition, with special emphasis on Colossians” (San Francisco Theological Seminary, 1968), available through University Microfilms.
8James P. Hurley, “Did Paul Require Veils or the Silence of Women? A Consideration of I Cor. 11:2–16 and I Cor. 14:33b-36,” Westminster Theological Journal 35 (1973): 190–220.
9Morna D. Hooker, “Authority on Her Head: An Examination of I Cor 11:10,” New Testament Studies 10 (1963/64): 410–16, reinforced by another article by A. Jaubert, “La voile des femmes,” New Testament Studies 18 (1972): 419–30.
10Philip B. Payne has been studying this option, but had not published his conclusions at the date of this writing.
11See Walter L. Liefeld, “Women, Submission and Ministry in First Corinthians,” in Alvera Mickelsen, ed., Women Authority and the Bible, 134–53.
12Richard and Catherine Kroeger, “Sexual Identity in Corinth,” The Reformed Journal 28 (December 1978): 11–15.
13A paper presented by Gordon Fee at the Evangelical Theological Society’s annual meeting in November 1986 offered reasons for this conclusion. This study will be available in his forthcoming commentary on 1 Corinthians.
14This solution was proposed many years ago by Katherine C. Bushnell, God’s Word to Women (privately reprinted by Ray B. Munson, Box 52, North Collins, NY 14111, n.d.), lessons 25–28, sections 189–215.
15One proponent of this theory is David W. Odell-Scott, “Let the Women Speak in Church: An Egalitarian Interpretation of I Cor 14: 33b-36,” Biblical Theology Bulletin 13 (1983): 90–93.
16This possibility was suggested to me by one of my students, David Banks.
17See David Aune, Prophecy in Early Christianity (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983), 217–22, on evaluation of prophecy; and Wayne A. Grudem, The Gift of Prophecy in 1 Corinthians (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1982), 245–55.
18The opinions cited here are found in a number of commentaries, books, and articles on the subject. An extensive presentation of the position of woman’s subordination is found in Stephen Clark, Man and Woman in Christ (Ann Arbor: Servant, 1980), 72–87. John C. Howell in Equality and Submission in Marriage (Nashville: Broadman, 1979) advocates mutual submission toward the meeting of one another’s needs. The book is a mixture of biblical study and counseling and avoids a critical attitude toward more traditional views. Peter DeJong and Donald R. Wilson have written a thoughtful, informed book that blends biblical and sociological insights, Husband and Wife (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979). The authors advocate avoiding “gender roles,” which are stereotyped and limiting, but holding to “sex roles,” which flow from the natural physical characteristics of men and women in their pre-Fall, created state. Some of the arguments relating to 1 Peter 3 by David Batch and by John H. Elliott, pertain also to this passage. (Cf. footnotes 24–26 below.) Most commentaries hold a traditionalist position, often with a comment that the submission of the wife must be accompanied by sacrificial love on the part of the husband.
19See especially, Douglas J. Moo, “1 Timothy 2:11–15: Meaning and Significance,” Trinity Journal, 1, n.s. (1980): 62–83; Philip B. Payne, “Libertarian Women in Ephesus: A Response to Douglas J. Moo’s Article, “1 Timothy 2:11–15: Meaning and Significance” Trinity Journal 2, n.s. (1981), 169–97; Douglas J. Moo, “The Interpretation of 1 Timothy 2:11–15: A Rejoinder,” Trinity Journal 2, n.s. (1981): 198–222; M. D. Roberts, “Women Shall Be Saved: A Closer Look at 1 Timothy 2:15,” TSF Bulletin 5 (1981): 4–7; Aída Besançon Spencer, “Eve at Ephesus,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 17 (1974): 215–22; Catherine Clark Kroeger, “1 Timothy 2:12—A Classicist’s View,” and David M. Scholer, “1 Timothy 2:9–15 and the Place of Women in the Church’s Ministry” in Alvera Mickelsen, ed., Women, Authority and the Bible (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1986), 225–44, followed by response by Walter L. Liefeld, 244–47. See also the privately printed surrejoinder to Douglas J. Moo by Philip B. Payne listed in note 23 to appendix A.
20Reformed Journal 29 (1979): 12–15.
21George W. Knight III, “AUTHENTEŌ in Reference to Women in 1 Timothy 2:12,” New Testament Studies 30 (1984): 143–57.
22“1 Timothy 2:12—A Classicist’s View,” in Mickelsen, Women, Authority and the Bible, 225–43. Cf. the response by Walter L. Liefeld that follows on 244–47.
23Donna Peterson, unpublished paper, “Women and Biblical Teaching,” Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1983.
24James Sigountos and Myron Shank, “Public Holes for Women in the Pauline Church: A Reappraisal of the Evidence,” Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 26 (1983): 283–95.
25This position was presented in a paper by Philip B. Payne at the annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society in Novermber 1986.
26Robertson wrote in his Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research: “It is a mistake…to approach the study of [gar] with the theory that it is always or properly an illative, not to say causal, particle. It is best, in fact, to note the explanatory use first…In general the NT. use of [gar] is in accord with that of the classical period. The explanatory use is common in Homer. The NT. examples are numerous.” (Nashville: Broadman, 1923), 1190–91. We should keep this in mind when we are confronted with the assertion that the illative use is common in Paul. Also the term, “illative,” has to do basically with inference, not cause, and it is the “causal” use that traditionalists need to defend here.
27Kroeger, “1 Timothy 2:12—A Classisist’s View,” in Mickelsen, Women, Authority, and the Bible, 232–38.
28John H. Elliott, A Home for the Homeless (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1981).
29David L. Balch, Let Wives Be Submissive: The Domestic Code in 1 Peter, Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series, 26 (Chico, Calif.: Scholars, 1981).
30See David L. Balch, “Early Christian Criticism of Patriarchal Authority: 1 Peter 2:11–3:12,” Union Seminary Quarterly Review 39 (1984): 165–66.
31Plutarch, Advice to Bride and Groom, in Plutarch’s Moralia, trans. Frank Cole Babbitt, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1928), 19 (140D).
Appendix C
1Privately published, no date; sometime in the mid-nineteenth century.
2Marjorie Warkentin, Ordination: A Biblical-Historical View (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982).
3Peter Bläser et al, Ordination und Kirchliches Amt, (Paderborn: Verlag Bonifacius-Druckerei and Bielefeld: Luther-Verlag, 1976).
4Thomas Franklin O’Meara, Theology of Ministry (New York: Paulist, 1983) 187.
5Some of the books pertaining to the ordination of women are: Michael Bruce and G. E. Duffield, Why Not? Priesthood and the Ministry of Women (Appleford, Abingdon: Marcham, 1976); Anne Marie Gardiner, ed., Women and Catholic Priesthood: An Expanded Vision (New York: Paulist, 1976); Elsie Gibson, When the Minister Is a Woman (New York, Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970); Michael P. Hamilton and Nancy S. Montgomery, eds., The Ordination of Women: Pro and Con (New York: Morehouse-Barlow, 1975); Paul King Jewett, The Ordination of Women (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980); Ida Raming, The Exclusion of Women From the Priesthood: Divine Law or Sex Discrimination? Norman R. Adams, trans. (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1976); Carroll Stuhlmueller, ed., Women and Priesthood: Future Directions (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1978); Leonard Swidler and Arlene Swidler, eds., Women Priest: A Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration (New York: Paulist, 1977); and Haye van der Meer, Women Priests in the Catholic Church? A Theological-Historical Investigation (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1973).
6For a summary and discussion of these see Bengt Holmberg, Paul and Power (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978) 109–12.
7Ibid., 119.
8John Calvin, Commentaries on the Epistles to Timothy, Titus and Philemon, trans. W. Pringle (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1948), 116.
9Edward J. Kilmartin, “Ministry and Ordination in Early Christianity against a Jewish Background,” Studia Liturgica 13 (1979): 45.
10Lawrence A. Hoffman, “Jewish Ordination on the Eve of Christianity,” Studia Liturgica 13 (1979): 36.
11Hoffman, “Jewish Ordination,” 35.