CHAPTER V
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
a ct BS a a acer begin to exhaust the list.
The interesting: tales of the sword of Constantine presented to Athelstan (Reg. Malms. 1, 1879, p. 55, 468; Zul. Hist. 3, 1863, p. 12), his conversion through remorse, and the whole series of allusions and stories in medizval fiction and poetry must be passed here.
If any one has the curiosity to follow them up, he will find the references in the articles of Heydenreich a good guide to literature.
A few stories, like that of Constantine and Tiridates, one hesitates to class among the wholly fictitious (compare, under Sources, Agathangelos, Zenobius, and Faustus).
CHAPTER V.
SouRCES AND LITERATURE.
§ 1.
Introduction.
Tue insertion in such a work as this of what seems almost technical in its character has this twofold purpose : first, to give a glimpse of the grounds of our knowledge of Constantine, with a view of how far and in what directions it has been worked out through literature ; second, to serve the expressed purpose of this series, of encouraging farther study in its lines.
The very knowledge of what the sources are, and their character, apart from any special study of them, gives a width of horizon and definiteness of conception to the general student, which can hardly be gotten in any other way ; while for any one who plans farther study in any line, it is of first importance to find the what and where of his material.
§ 2.
Sources.
Remembering the class of students for which the series is chiefly intended, effort has been made to refer to translations of sources where they are at hand, and to refer to the best accessible
English authorities on them.
But the plan has been to refer to the source itself in the edition actually used, and for literature on them to choose the best for ready reference.
Both editions and authorities on sources are therefore selections, usually from many, of such as seem most directly useful.
The intention has been to guide to all frequently mentioned sources, whether they were of great value or not, since a useless one costs often quite as much trouble to hunt up and find useless, as a good one to use.
It is hardly to be hoped that all the sources often referred to have been gathered, but the following list represents pretty much all that are worth mentioning, and some which are not.
1. Inscriptions, coins, medals, &¢.
In some sense these are the most reliable of sources, in spite of counterfeits.
A large number will be found co:lected in Clinton.
For farther critical study, compare the collections, great and small; for which, with the matter of inscriptions in general, see Hicks, E. L., and Hiibner, E., in the Encyclopedia Britannica,
13 (1881) 121133; and Babington, in Smith and Cheetham, 1 (1880) 841-862.
Monographs on those relating to Constantine will be found under the names, Cavedoni, Cigola, Eltz, Freherus, Garucci, Harduin, Penon, Revellot, Valois,
Westphalen, Werveke, in the Literature of this volume.
Laws.
These, with their dates, their official nature, their fullness and variety, are primary, and are the only sources recognized by some.
They are embodied in the Theodosian and Justinian Codes, and collected from these are edited in Migne, Patrol, Latina, Vol. 8.
See under Writings of Constantine, above.
3. Other Writings by Constantine.
See under Writings, above, p. 436. With this might perhaps be included also writings Zo Constantine, like that of Anulinus in Augustinus, Z. 88.
4. General Literary Sources.
Taking in general chronological order, without attempting the impossibility of fixing the exact chronological] place, the first group of contemporary sources is that of the Panegyrists (for collected editions, see Engelmann).
PROLEGOMENA.
It was a serious mistake, now recognized, to pass them by as worthless.
Like all authentic documents, they have a minimum residuum of undoubted material, which is larger or smaller according to the critical acumen of the investigator.
In the case of these, however inflated or eulogistic they may be, the circumstances under which they were spoken give a considerable value.
(1) Incerti auctoris Panegyricus Maximiano et Constantino dictus (Paneg. 307).
In Migne, Patrol. Lat.
8 (1844), 609-620.
Pronounced at celebration of marriage of Constantine and Fausta, A.D. 307.
Besides having the great value of being contemporary evidence, the author shows a certain ingenuity in enlarging on the virtues of the young Constantine, who had few deeds to show, and on the deeds of Maximian, who had few virtues, and has therefore a certain discernible modicum of truth.
Compare the Jonitum in Migne, Ramsay's article on Drepanius, in Smith, Dict. 1073-4, and references under Eumenius.
(2) EUMENIUS (310-311).
(a) Panegyric (Panegyricus Constantino Augusto).
In Migne, Patrol. Lat.
8 (1884), 619-640.
(4) Thanksgiving Oration (Gratiarum Actio Constantino Augusto).
In Migne, Patrol.
Lat. 3 (1844), 641-654.
Eumenius flourished during the reigns of Constantius, with whom he was in high favor, and Constantine.
He was head of the school at Autun.
The Panegyric was delivered at Treves, in 310.
The authorship of Eumenius has been unwarrantably questioned, on the ground that the flattery and exaggeration of the work are not consistent with his taste and sense; but it would seem that both his exaggeration and his taste have been themselves exaggerated.
His praise is hardly more " outrageous" than panegyrics were wont to be, —or are, for that matter; and so far from being "worthless," there is a peculiar deal of interesting, unquestionable, and primary historical evidence.
Still, his taste and veracity are not much above that of modern eulogists of living or dead emperors and politicians.
The Gratiarum Actio is the official oration of thanks to Constantine in behalf of the citizens of Autun, on account of favors shown them.
It was pronounced at Treves in 311.
Compare Ramsay, in Smith, Dict. 2 (1859), 92; the Procemium, in ed. Migne, 619-622; also for editions,
Ramsay, article Drepanius, in Smith, Dict, 1. 1073-4; and for literature, Chevalier.
For general account of the Panegyrists, see this article on Drepanius.
(3) Incerti Panegyricus Constantino Augusto (Paneg. 313).
In Migne, Patrol. Lat. 8 (1844), 653This is usually ascribed to Nazarius, on the ground of style.
It was spoken at Treves in 313, and relates mainly to the war with Maxentius.
Various details relating to this are of such nature and form as to suggest again that the author is the same as that of the 321 Paneg.,
— Nazarius.
Compare Ramsay, in Smith, Dic¢, 2 (1859), 1145; the Procemium in ed. Migne, &c., and literature as under EUMENIUS, above.
(4) Nazarius.
(321) Panegyric (Panegyricus Constantino Augusto dictus).
In ed. Migne, Patrol. Lat, 8 (1844), 581-608.
Nazarius is mentioned by Jerome as a distinguished rhetorician.
This oration was delivered at Rome in 321.
Constantine was not present.
It is superlatively eulogistic, but like the related panegyrics contains many historical facts of greatést value.
Compare Ramsay, in Smith, Dict, 2 (1859), 1145, the Monitum, in Migne, and references under EvMENIUS.
In the midst of the period which these cover comes one of the two great Christian sources, and he is followed by a considerable row of great and small Christians during the century.
(5) Lacrantius (ab. 313-314).
On the Deaths of the Persecutors (De M. P.).
Ed. Fritsche (Lips. 1842), 248-286; ed. Migne, Patrol. Lat. 7 (Par. 1844), 157-276; tr. in 7. & TZ. Clark Library, 22 (Edinb. 1871),
164-211, and in Ante-Nicene Fathers (Buffalo and N. Y.), 300-326 [Lord Hailes' translation].
There are many editions in collected works, and about a dozen separate, and many translations,
—in all a hundred or more editions and translations.
There has been much controversy regarding the author of this work, but there is little doubt that it was Lactantius.
Ebert (Gesch. chr. Lat. Lit. 1. 83) claims to have demonstrated the fact, and most of the later writers agree.
The work was composed after the edict of Constantine and Licinius, and before the break between the two, i.e. 313-314.
It was written thus in the midst of things, and has the peculiar historical value of a contemporary document, unprejudiced by later events.
It is a sort of psalm of triumph, colored by the passionate rejoicing of one persecuted over the Divine vengeance which has come upon the persecutors.
"In the use of the work the historian must employ great critical discernment " (Ebert, in Herzog, 8 [1881], 365). But granted all his prejudice, the facts he witnesses are of first value.
Compare Ffoulkes, in Smith and Wace, 3 (1882), 613-617; Teuffel, Hist. Rom. Lit. 2 (1873), 334; Ebert, in Herzog, Encyk. 8 (1881), 364-366, and Gesch. chr. Lat. Lit. 1 (1874), 83; and for farther literature, Bidliog.
Synops. in Ante-Nicene Fathers Suppl. (1887), 77-81.
(6) Eusesius (ab. 260-340).
1. Ecclesiastical History.
2. Constantine.
3. Chronicle.
For 1 and 3 compare Prolegomena of Dr. McGiffert at the beginning of this volume, and for 2, Special
Prolegomena, p. 466.
(7) OpTATIAN (fl. ab. 326).
Panegyric, in Migne, Patrol. Lat. 19 (1846), 395-432; Letter to Constantine, «do. 391-392.
Optatian, Porfirius, or Porphyrius, as he is variously called, is dubiously Christian, composed this
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
a aaa poem, or series of poems, while in exile, on the occasion of the Vicennalia of Constantine.
It dates, therefore, from 325 or 326.
It is a most extraordinary aggregation of acrostics, pattern poems, and every possible device of useless, mechanical variety of form, of little value, excepting as a sort of dime-museum exhibition of patience and ingenuity.
It consists mainly in calling Constantine flattering names, but contains here and there an historical suggestion.
It was accompanied by a letter to Constantine, and drew one from him, and a pardon as well (Hieronymus, Chron.).
Compare Wilson, article Porfirius, in Smith & W. 4 (1887), 440; article Porphyriws, in Smith, Dict. 3 (1859),
502; and for editions and literature, Engelmann.
(8) ATHANASIUS (296-373).
Apology against the Arians, and various works, ed. Bened. (1 698), 2 v. in 3, f°; ed. Migne, Patrol. Gr. 25-28 (1857), 4 v.; translated in part in Newman, Library of the Fathers, and in SchaffWace, Wicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (announced).
The works of Athanasius contain various letters of Constantine (see under Works) and much of primary historical value for the latter part of Constantine's reign.
So far as it goes, the matter is almost equal to official documents as source.
Compare Bright, in Smith & W. | (1877), 179-203; Schaff, Hist. of Church, 23 (1884), 884-893; and for extensive literature and editions, Chevalier and Graesse.
(9) CyRIL OF JERUSALEM (ab. 31 5-386).
Catechetical Lectures.
In Migne, Patrol. Gr. 33 (1857), especially 830.
English translations in Newman, Library of Fathers, 2 (1838), one ref. p. 178.
Letter to Constantine II. concerning the sign of the cross seen at Yerusalem, c. 3. In Migne, Patrol. Gr. 33 (1857), 1165-1176, ref. on 1167-1168.
Two or three references only to excavation of the cross and building of churches, &c., at Jerusalem.
They take significance only in the fact that Cyril is so near the time (the letter was 351[?], or not many years later), and delivered his lectures in the very church which Constantine had built (sect. 14, 22).
Compare Schaff, Hist. of Church, 3 (1884), 923-925; Venables, in Smith & W. 1 (1877), 760-763; and literature in Chevalier, Schaff, &c.; also editions in Graesse, Hoffmann, &c.
(10) AMBROSIUS 'oF MILAN (ab. 340-397).
Oration on the Death of Theodosius.
In Migne, Patrol. Lat.
16 (1866), portion relating to Constantine especially, 1462-1465.
Relates chiefly to the Finding of the Cross.
Compare Davies, in Smith & W. 1 (1877), 91-99; also Chevalier, Engelmann, Schoenemann, &c.
(11) HIERONYMUS (JEROME) (331-420).
Chronicle.
In Migne, Patrol. Lat. 27 (1866).
Part relating to Constantine, 493 (497)-500. A translation and continuation of the Chronicle of Eusebius, who ends with the death of Licinius.
An indispensable but aggravating authority.
Compare Salmon, Eusebius, Chronicle of, in Smith & W. 2 (1880), 348-355.
(12) AUGUSTINUS (354-430).
LZ. 43, ed. Migne, 33 (1865), 159- §§ 4, 5, 20, &c.
He gives account of the various Donatist hearings, and speaks of having read aloud from various original documents, including the petition to Constantine, the proconsular acts, the proceedings of the court at Rome, and the letters of Constantine.
He speaks of the hearing at Milan.
Zp. 88, ed. Migne, Patrol. Lat. 33 (1865), 302-309.
This has the text of letter of Anulinus to Constantine, and Constantine to Probianus. fs. 76. 2; 9313-14, 16 (which contains account of decree of Constantine that property of obstinate Donatists should be confiscated);
105. 9, 10 (not translated); 141. 8-10 (not translated), in ed. Migne, and tr. English ed. Schaff, contain various matter on the Donatist acts of Constantine.
Ad Donatistas post collationem, ©. 33) § 56; ed. Migne, 43 (1861), 687 (important for dates given).
Contra hit. Petil. Bk. II. ch. 92, § 205; ed. Migne, 45 (1861), 326.
Tr. in Schaff, Vicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 4 (1887), 580-581.
Contr. Epist. Parmen. Bk. I. chs. 5-6, § 10-11; ed. Migne, 43 (1861), 40-41.
Augustine as a source is of primary value, because of the otherwise unknown sources which he uses and quotes.
Compare Schaff, Hist. of Church, 3 (1884), 988-1028; Maclear, in Smith & W. Dict. 1 (1877), 216-228.
For literature, see Schaff, Chevalier, Engelmann, and for particular literature of the Donatist portions, Hartranft, in Schaff, Wicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 4 (1887), 369-372; and for editions, see Schoenemann, Graesse, Brunet,
Engelmann, Schaff, Hartranft, &c.
The equally numerous series of non-Christian writers is headed, in value at least, though not in time, by Constantine's secretary.
(13) EvTROPIUS (4th cent.).
Adbridgment of Roman History, Bk. 10.
Multitudes of editions and translations; the ones used are: (Paris, 1 539), 63-68; transl. by Watson, (Bohn, 1853), 527-535Eutropius was secretary to Constantine, and afterwards the intimate of Julian.
His testimony, though brief, is of peculiar weight from his position for knowing and from a certain flavor of fairness.
It was early remarked (Nicephorus Gregoras) that his praise of Constantine had peculiar force, coming from a heathen and friend of Julian.
His di8praise, on the other hand, is conditioned by the fact that he applies it only to the period after Constantine began. peculiarly to favor the Christians.
He seems to be a cool, level-headed man of the world, unsympathetic with Constantine's religion, and, writing from this standpoint, presents a just, candid, reliable account of him.
Compare Ramsay, in Smith, Dic¢. 2 (1859), 126-127; Watson, Notice, in his translations; also for multitudinous editions and translations, and relatively scanty though considerable literature, Chevalier, Engelmann, Graesse.
PROLEGOMENA.
es i eee ee Benes ee eee EA ON ee I Mee Le Ny Mee Pe TY ek (14) Scriprores Histor1# AuGUST# (? 2-324).
Ed. Jordan and Eyssenhardt, Berol. 1864, 2 v.
Contains a few dedications to and mentions of Constantine, for which see Index.
Compare Teuffel, Hist. of Rom. Lit. tr. Wagner, 2 (Lond. 1873), 320-324.
(15) Vicror, SExTus AURELIUS (fl. 350-400).
Caesars.
In ed. Schottius, Antv. Plantin, 1 579, P97-167.
Section on Constantine chiefly, 157-162.
Zpztome, Antv. 1579.
Section on Constantine, p49-52.
These works, by different authors, have been associated since the time of the above edition with the name of Victor.
The former is by him, the latter probably by a slightly later Victor.
They use the same sources with Zosimus, but supplement him (Wordsworth).
Both are interesting and important, and in Manso's judgment, final where they agree.
Compare Ramsay, in Smith, Dict. 3 (1859), 1256-1257; Thomas, article Aurelius, in Biog. Dict. (1886),
228; Manso, Leben Const. p. 215; and scanty references in Chevalier.
For editions and farther literature, see Engelmann.
(16) PRAXAGORAS ATHENIENSIS (4th cent.).
In Photius, Cod. 62; Ed. Bekker, p. 20; ed. Miiller, Fragm.
4 (1868), 2-3.
Lived in reign of Constantine (Miller, p. 2). Although a heathen (Photius, Cod. 62), he lauds
Constantine above all his predecessors.
He wrote various works in the Ionic dialect, among' others a "history of the deeds of Constantine the Great, in two books," composed at the age of twenty-two.
The fragments or resumé are preserved by Photius, as above.
Though brief (three columns), it is a concise mass of testimony.
Compare Smith, Dict. 3. 517; also for literature, Chevalier; and for editions, the various editions of Photius in Graesse, Hofmann, Engelmann, &c.
(17) CALENDARIUM ROMANUM CONSTANTINI MAGNI (350).
In Petavius, Uranologium (1630), 112-1 19.
Written after 337, and in or before 355, probably in 355.
It is authority for the birthday of Constantine, Constantius, &c.
Compare Greswell, Origines Kalendaria Italice, 4 (Oxf. 1854), 388-392.
(18) JULIAN THE APOSTATE (331-363).
Casars.
Orations on Constantius and Constantinus, et pass.
Ed. Paris, 1630, p. 12-96, 422; Vol. 2, 1-54, passim.
Compare also ed. Hertlein, Lips. 1875-76, 2 v.
8vo.
Editions and translations are very numerous.
(Compare arts. of Wordsworth and Graves; also Engelmann, Graesse, &c.
The orations which are panegyrical were delivered (Wordsworth) 355 and 358, and the Cesars dates from shortly after his accession (in 361).
The latter is a satire which has found literary favor, the substantial purpose of which is thought to be a suggestion that he (Julian) is much superior to all the great emperors; but which if one were to venture a guess at its real motive, is quite as much a systematic effort to minimize by ridicule the lauded Constantine.
The laudatory words of Julian himself in his orations are quite overshadowed by the bitter sarcasms of the Ceesars,
As a matter of estimate of the value of this source, there is to'be remembered the bitterness of Julian's hostility to Christianity.
What to Eusebius was a virtue would to Julian be a vice.
In view of his prejudice, everything which he concedes is of primary weight, while his ill-natured gossip carries a presumption of slanderousness,
Compare Schaff, Hist. of Church, 2. 4°-59; Wordsworth, in Smith & W. 3484-525; Graves, in Smith, Dicz.
644-655.
Compare for endless literature, Wordsworth, Chevalier, Engelmann, 1 (1880), 476-477.
(19) Lrpantus, (314 or 316-391 +).
Ovations.
Ed. Morellus, Par. 1606-1627.
Contain a few allusions of more or less interest and historical value, for which, see ed. Morellus, Index volume 2, fol. Qqqv>.
Compare Schmitz, in Smith, Dict, 2 (1859), 774-776; and for editions and literature, Chevalier, Engelmann, &c.
(21) AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS
(d. ab. 395).
Histories.
There are many editions, for which compare Engelmann, Graesse, and Wordsworth.
Among editions are ed. Valesius (1636) and ed. Eyssenhardt, Berol. 1871.
The work was a continuation of Tacitus, but the first thirteen books (including Constantine's period) are best.
He says (Bk. 15, ed. Valesius, 1636, p. 56-57) that Constantine investigated the Manichzans and like sects through Musonius, and gives account of the bringing of his obelisk to Rome, perhaps by Constantine (Bk. 17, Pp. 92-93; compare Parker, Twelve Egypt. Obelisks in Rome, Oxf. 1879, p. 1), and makes other mention, for which see Index to ed. Eyssenhardt, p. 566.
Compare Wordsworth, in Smith & W. 1 (1879), 99-101, and for literature, Chevalier (scanty) and Engelmann,
2 (1882), 43-45 (Rich).
(22) Eunapius (Anti-Christian) (ab. 347-414).
Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists ; Aidesius, Ed.
Boissonade (Amst. 1822), 19-46 passim.
Eunapius was born at Sardis about 347, and died after 414 A.D. (cf.
Miiller, Fragm. 87).
He was a teacher of rhetoric, and besides this work wrote a continuation of the history of Dexippus, extending from 270-404 A.D.
F ragments of this are preserved, but none relating to Constantine.
Photius (Cod. 77) says at he calumniated the Christians, especially Constantine.
With the fragments in Miiller, Fragm. 4 (1868), 11-56, is included also (14-15) a fragment from the Vita édes., relating to ''Sopater.
The death of Sopater and the relation of Ablavius to it is given more fully in the Vita des. with various suggestive allusions. Much of his history 1s Supposed to be incorporated in Zosimus, and this gives importance to his name, weight to Zosimus, and light on the hostile position of Zosimus towards Constantine.
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
nee Cf. Photius, Cod. 77; Miiller, Fragm. 4 (1868), 7-9; Mozley, in Smith & W. 2 (1880), 285-286; Schmitz, in Smith, Dict. 2 (1859), 93; also for further literature and editions, Chevalier and Engelmann.
(23) BEMARCHIUs (4th cent.) was of Czesarea in Cappadocia; wrote the Acts of Constantine in ten books
(Suidas, s.v. Bhwapxios; cf. Zonaras, p. 386).
No portion is preserved.
Wrote under Constantius, on whom he is said (Libanius, Ora¢. ed. Reiske, p. 24) to have delivered a panegyric.
Cf. Miiller, Fragm. 4 (1868), 3; Smith, Dict. 1 (1859), 482, &c.
An early but as yet valueless group is that of Syriac and Armenian sources on the (apocryphal) treaty of Constantine with Tiridates.
(24) ZENoBIUS OF KLAc (fl. ab. 324).
History of Daron.
French translation from Armenian in Langlois, Coll. Hist. Arm. 1 (1867), 353-355.
Like the works of the other Armenian historians, the text of this writer has suffered more or less from corruption.
He has two mentions (p. 344 and 351) of Constantine, the latter being an account of the treaty with Tiridates.
Compare introduction of Langlois, and literature in Chevalier.
(25) AGATHANGELUS (ab. 330). History of the Reign of Tiridates and of the Preaching of St. Gregory the Illuminator, Cc. 125-127, § 163-169; in Acta SS. Boll.
Sept. VIII. 320- ; also with French translation from Armenian in Langlois, Coll. d. hist. de l'Arm. p. 97-.
The work extends for 226-330 A.D.
The author was secretary to Tiridates, but the work as we have it is a redaction made, however, not long after, as it was used by Moses of Khorene.
This was in turn later (seventh century?) retouched by some Greek hagiographer.
This Greek form is extant in MSS. at Florence and Paris (cf. editions above), and there is reason to suppose that the extant Armenian is a version from this Greek form.
But with its additions of arrantly apocryphal matter, it is hard to tell what is what, and so all considerable mention of the relation of Constantine and Tiridates has been left out of the account of Constantine's life.
Yet we must hesitate to put it all down under the mythical; for Tiridates certainly had intercourse with the Romans, and the original form of this life was certainly by a competent hand, and the matter relating to Constantine is in part soberly historical enough.
For farther information, compare Davidson on Gregorius Illuminator, in Smith & W., Dict. 2. 737-739; Introduction, Langlois, p. 99-103.
(26) Faustus oF BYZANTIUM (320-392).
Historical Library.
French translation from the Armenian in Langlois, Coll. d. hist. Arm. 1. 201-310.
There are mentions of Constantine and Tiridates in Bk. 3, chaps. 10 and 21.
The work is open to some suspicions of having been tampered with, but Langlois inclines to give it a fairly good character.
If genuine, the mention of the treaty with Tiridates would nearly establish it as historical fact.
Compare Beauvois in Mouv. diag. gén. 17 (1856), 203, and Introduction of Langlois; also, literature in Chevalier.
The writers of the following centuries are for the most part Christian, uncertain or religiously unknown, excepting the very pronounced non-Christian who heads the list.
(27) Zosimus (fl. ab. 400-450).
History, Ed, Bekker (Bonn, 1837), 8vo.
Section on Constantine occupying Bk. 2. 8- , p. 72-106. The date of this writer has been put as early as the fourth century and as late as the end of the fifth.
It will be safe to divide extremes.
He is a heathen who, on the period of Constantine, draws from an anti-Christian and anti-Constantinian source, and who regards the introduction of Christianity as a chief cause of the decline of the Roman Empire (cf. various passages cited by Milligan).
He is prejudiced against Christianity with the bitter prejudice of one who finds himself in a steadily narrowing minority, and he is occasionally credulous.
But he wrote in a clear, interesting style, without intentional falsifications, and was quite as moderate as the Christian writer (Evagrius, 3. 41) who calls Zosimus himself a "fiend of hell."
His extended account is therefore of great value among the sources, and especially as it is probably drawn in large measure from the earlier lost work of Eunapius.
Compare Milligan, in Smith & W., 4 (1887), 1225-1227: Mason, in Smith, Dict. 3 (1859), 1334-1335; also, for literature, Chevalier and Engelmann, and for editions, Engelmann.
ANonyMus VALESIANUS (fifth century).
Ed. Valesius (Paris, 1636), p. 471-476.
This fragment, first published by Valesius in the above editions of Ammianus, is of the highest value for the life of Constantine.
It is evidently drawn from various sources, many of which are now lost.
The compiler or writer shows a judiciousness and soberness which commends his statements as peculiarly trustworthy.
Compare the exhaustive examination by Ohnesorge, Der Anonymus Valesit de Constantino.
Kiel, 1885.
8vo.
(27) STEPHEN OF BYZANTIUM (ab. 400).
Greek Cities.
Venet. Aldus, 1502, fol. H. iii. s.v. Naioods.
The work is a dictionary of geography, and the fact in these few lines is of first value.
Compare Smith, in Smith, Dict. 3 (1859), 904-906.
Chevalier, Hoffmann, etc.
(28) SOZOMEN (b. ab. 400).
Leclesiastical History.
Ed. Hussey, English translation, London, Bohn, 1855; newly edited by Hartranft in Schaff, Vicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2 (1890) [in press].
This history covers the period 323-423 (not 439).
He draws largely from Eusebius.
He has been described rightly (Dowling,
PROLEGOMENA.
Study of Eccl. Hist. p. 31) as relatively inaccurate, rhetorical and credulous.
But he works from sources, though mainly from extant ones.
For farther discussion, compare Hartranft in volume 2 of this series.
; Compare also Milligan, in Smith & W. 4 (1887), 722-723, and literature in Chevalier,
(29) SocraTEs (b. ab. 408).
Leclesiastical History.
Ed. Hussey, reprinted with Introduction by Bright, Oxf. 1878.
English translation, London, Bohn, newly edited by Zehos in volume 2 of this series [in press].
This history covers the period 306-439.
It is written with general good judgment, but for Constantine adds little to Eusebius of which it professes to be a continuation.
For farther description and discussion, compare Zenos, Milligan, in Smith & W. 4 (1887), 709-711, and literature in Chevalier.
(30) THEODORET (b. ab. 393?-457?).
Lcclestastical History.
In Migne, Patrol. Gr. 82 (1859), 879-1280.
English translation, London, Bohn, 1854.
The birth of Theodoret has been placed at various dates, 386, 387, 393, &c., and the exact time of his death (453-458) is equally uncertain.
This work reaches from 324 to 429, and is generally regarded as learned and impartial.
It gives much concerning Constantine's relations to the Arian controversy and incorporates many documents, which appear to be taken mainly from Eusebius' Zzfe of Constantine.
A chief value is, it would seem, for the text of Eusebius.
But his very use of documents shows care and gives value.
Compare Venables, in Smith & W. 4 (1887), 904-919; Newman, Hist. Sketches, 2 (1876), 303-362;
Schaff, Hist. of Church, 3 (1884), 881-882; and literature in Chevalier; also for editions, 'Graesse and Hoffmann.
(31) Orosius, PAuLus (ab. 417). stories, Bk. 7, chaps. 26-28.
Ed. Migne Patrol. Lat. 31 (1846), 6351174; section relating to Constantine occupies 1128-1137.
For many editions and MSS. compare Schoenemann, Bibl. Patr. Lat. 2 (1794), 481-507, and Engelmann, 2 (1882), 441-.
It is said (Manso) that Orosius adds nothing to existing material.
This is only in part true.
At all events, his value as corroboratory evidence is considerable, brief as the work is.
Compare Phillott, in Smith & W. 4 (1887), 157-158; Ebert, Gesch. d. chr. Lat. Lit. 1 (1874), 323-330, and literature in Chevalier and Engelmann.
(32) PRosPER AQUITANUS (403-463+).
Chronicle.
Ed. Migne, Patrol. Lat. 51 (1861), 535-606 (8).
Portion relating to Constantine, 574-576.
The Chronicle extends to 444 or 455.
To 326 he depends mainly on Eusebius' Chronicle, and for the rest of our period on the continuation of Hieronymus.
Compare Phillott, in Smith & W. 3 (1882), 492-497; Teuffel, Hist. of Rom. Lit. 2 (Lond. 1873), 482-484; and for literature, editions, &c., Chevalier, Engelmann, &c.
(33) Ipatius (468+).
List of Consuls (Fasti Idatiani).
In Migne, Patrol. Lat. 51 (1861), 891-914; portion relating to Constantine, 907-908.
Idatius lived until after 469. This work, which is not generally acknowledged to be-his, although quoted under his name, ends in 468.
It contains brief statements of some events under the most significant years.
Compare Ramsay, in Smith, Dict, 2 (1859), and literature under " Idace de Lamego," in Chevalier.
(34) GELAsIUS oF Cyzicus (ab. 450-).
History of the Council of Nicea.
In Labbe, Concilia, 2 (1671), 103-286.
There is also an abstract in Photius, B76/.
Cod. 88, ed. Migne, Patrol. Gr. 103 (1860), 293-206.
Venables is probably just when he says:
"His work is little more than a compilation from the ecclesiastical histories of Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, to which he has added little but what is very doubtful or manifestly untrue."
There is a little on Constantine not in those sources, but to try to fix on any of it as authoritative quite baffles one.
Still, it is not wholly clear that he did not use sources, as well as his own imagination, in adding to the other sources.
It may be said to be " of doubtful value," as source.
It is not easy to see what Venables means in saying that the third book, as we have it, gives only three letters of Constantine.
This is true; but the second book, "as we have it," gives several more.
Compare Venables, in Smith & W. 2 (1880), 621-623.
(35) JAcoBus OF SARUG (452-521).
Homily on the Baptism of Constantine, Ed. Frothingham, Roma, 1882.
For further information consult the extended study of Frothingham.
(25) PHILostorcius (b. ab. 468).
English translation by Walford (Lond. Bohn, 1855), 425-528.
The original work covered the period between 300 and 425.
The fragments preserved contain several interesting facts, or fictions, relating to Constantine, some not found elsewhere.
Photius and all the orthodox have always called him untrustworthy or worse, and a very unorthodox critic (Gibbon) finds him passionate, prejudiced, and ignorant; but it seems to be agreed that he used some sources not availed of by others.
Compare Milligan, in Smith & W. 4 (1587), 390; Dowling, Study of Eccl. Hist. p. 26-27; and literature in Chevalier.
(26) HEsyCHIUS MILESIUs (ab. 500?—).
Origins of Constantinople.
In Miller, Fragm. 4 (1868), 1461553 also in ed. Orelli (Lips. 1820), 59-73.
Hesychius, surnamed Illustris, of Miletus lived in the early part of the sixth century.
This work contains several allusions to the founding of the city of Constantine.
It seems to have been taken almost word for word in parts by Codinus. ae in Aa & W. 3 (1882), 12-13; Means, in Smith, Dict. 2 (1859), 447-448;
Miiller, :
; 45; also literature in Chevalier, and editions and literature in Engelmann.
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
a TES (27) Casstoporus (ab. 468-561+).
Tripartite History.
In Opera, ed. Garetius, 1 (Rotom. 1679, fol.), bi-b 372.
On Constantine, especially p. 207-243.
(Same ed. in Migne, Patrol. Lat. 69 [1865], 879-1214.) Cassiodorus was born about 468 and lived to be more than ninety-three years old.
This work is an epitome of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, and has no additional value as source.
A work on the Goths has been preserved to us only in an epitome by Jordanes.
See Jordanes.
Compare Young, in Smith & W. 1 (1877), 416-418, or (better for this work) Ramsay, in Smith, 1 (1859),
623-625; and for literature and editions, Chevalier, Engelmann, Graesse, etc.
(28) Lypus, JoANNES (LAURENTIUS) (490-550+).
De Mensibus; De Magistratibus; De Ostentis, passim.
Ed. Bekker, in Corp. Hist. Byz. (1837).
Other editions of the various works may be found noticed in Graesse, Trésor, 4, (1863), 122; Brunet, Manuel, 3 (1862), 880; Engelmann, Bibl. scr. class.
1 (1880), 478-479; Hoffmann, Zex.
He was born at Philadelphia in 490, and lived some time after 550.
He was a. heathen, but respectful toward Christianity (Photius, Cod. 180).
He mentions Constantine ten or a dozen times; e.g. his foundation of Constantinople (De O. 21. 5), Constantine's learning and military skill (De mag. 3. 53), and quotes (De magistr. 3. 33, ed. Bonn., p. 226), Constantine's own writings.
Compare Photius, Cod. 180; Means, in Smith, Dict. 2 (1859), 600; Hase, Pref. and in ed. Bekker; Joubert, in Nouv. biog. gén. (Hoefer), 32 (1860), 388-391; and for farther literature, Chevalier and the article of Joubert, and Engelmann, Bid/. scr. class. 1 (1880), 479.
(29) JORDANES (or JORNANDES) (-551 ?). History of the Goths, (De Getarum origine et rebus gestis).
In Cassiodorus, Opera, ed. Garetius, 1 (Rotom. 1679), 397-425; same ed. in Migne, Patrol. Lat. 69 (1865), 12511296.
This work on the Goths is said by its author to be an epitome of the work of Cassiodorus.
It says (p. 406-407) that Constantine employed Goths in his campaign against Licinius, and also in the building of Constantinople.
It was composed in 551 or 552 (cf. Wattenbach, Deutschland's Geschichtsg. 1 [1877], 66).
Compare Hodgkin, in Zucycl. Brit.
13 (1881), 747-749; Acland, in Smith & W. 3 (1882), 431-438 (exhaustive); and abundant literature in Chevalier, Engelmann, Wattenbach, &c.; also editions in Engelmann,
"Potthast. Bid. hist. med. ev. 1862, p. 102," &c.
(30) ANONYMOUS, QUI DIONIS CASSII HISTORIAS CONTINUAVIT (sixth century ?).
14. Licinius (18 lines); 15.
Constantinus (9 lines).
In Miiller, Fragm. 4 (1868), 199; cf. especially Introd. in Miiller, p. 191-192.
These were first published by Ang. Mai in Script.
Vet. Nov.
Call. 2, 135-, 527-5 and are found also in various editions of Dion Cassius; e.g. ed. Sturz. 9 (Spz. 1843).
Mai strongly inclines to suspect that Johannes Antiochenus is the author, but this Miiller (p. 191) argues to be impossible.
They are sometimes referred to as Excerpta Vaticana.
Petrus Patricius and various others have been suggested as authors, but all that is affrmed with any assurance is that the author was a Christian.
This is on the ground of Diocletianus, 1 (p. 198). The fragments are very brief, but contain several little facts and turns not found elsewhere.
(31) Evacrius (536?-594+).
Ecclesiastical History, 3. 40-41.
English translation (1709), 472-474.
A violent invective against and disproval of the charges of Zosimus against Constantine and adds nothing to historical facts.
Compare Milligan, in Smith & W. 2 (1880), 423-424.
(32) Procoprus CasARIENSIS (fl. 547-565).
Histories.
Ed. Dindorf, Bonn, 1833-1838, 3 v.
Two or three slight mentions, of which the nearest to any account is the division of the empire by Constantine, and the founding of Constantinople (De 4e/. Vand, 1. 1).
He flourished from about 547 to 565.
Whether he was Christian or heathen is uncertain.
He is characterized by peculiar truthfulness (cf. his De @dif. 1; Praf. ed.
Bonn, v. 3, 170-, and Milligan).
Compare Milligan, in Smith & W. 4 (1887), 487-488; Plate, in Smith, Dict. 3, 538-540; also for literature, Chevalier and Engelmann, I. 655; and for editions, Milligan, Plate, and the various bibliographies.
(33) Petrus Parricius (fl. 550-562).
Fragments.
In Miller, Fragm. 4 (1868), 189.
Gives account of an embassy of Licinius to Constantine.
Compare Means, in Smith, Diced. 3 (1859), 226-227; also Chevalier and Hoffmann.
(34) GrecorY OF Tours (ab. 573-594).
History of the Franks, 1. 34.
Ed. Ruinart (Paris, 1699), 27, &c.
(?) History of the Seven Sleepers, do. 1272-1273, &c.
Liber miraculorum, do. 725-729.
The edition of Ruinart is reprinted in Migne, Petrol, Lat. vol. 71 (1867).
In the first of these he quotes as authorities, Eusebius and Junius; the latter are full of legendary matter.
Compare Buchanan, in Smith & W. 2 (1880), 771-776; also for editions and literature, Engelmann, Chevalier, and Graesse.
(35) CHRONICON PASCHALE (ab. 630 A.D.).
Ed. Dindorf, Bonn, 1832, 2 v.-; section relating to Constantine occupies vol. 1, p. 516-533.
Ed. Migne, Patrol. Gr. 92 (Paris, 1865).
The work is a chronicle of the world from the creation until 630.
It has been thought, but on insufficient grounds (cf. Salmon), that the first part ended with A.D. 354 and was written about that time.
It is really a homogeneous work and written probably not long after 630 A.D. (Salmon).
It is frequently quoted, unfortunately, as Alexandrian Chronicle (e.g. M'Clintock and Strong
Cycl.).
The chief value is the chronological, but the author has used good sources and presumably some not now extant.
It has something the value of a primary source of second rate.
PROLEGOMENA.
Compare Salmon, In Smith & W. 1. (1877), 509-513; Clinton, Fasti. Rom. 2 (1850), 169; Ideler, Hanab. a. Chron. 2 (1826), 350-351, 462-463; and for literature and editions, Salmon.
(36) Anonymous Acts of Metrophanes and Alexander (seventh century ?), 'in which is contained also a life of the emperor Constantine the Great."
In Photius, Cod. 256; ed. Migne, Patrol. Gr. 104 (1860), 105-120.
A more complete recension of this anonymous piece was edited by Combefis, who regards it as the work of a contemporary, written therefore in the middle of the fourth century (cf. his Hist. Mon. p. 573, teste F abricius). The authentic details can be traced word for word, according to Tillemont, in other historians, while impossible statements show it to be not the work of a contemporary.
It seems to fall under the class of works where " What is true is not new, and what is new is not true," but it can hardly be regarded as sufficiently determined whether or no it is worthless.
Compare Tillemont, A¢ém. 7 (1732), 657; Fabricius, B7d/. Gr. 9g (1737), 124 and 498; Acta. SS. Nov. 1.
(37) JOHANNES ANTIOCHENUS
(fl. 610-650).
Chronological History.
Fragments in Miiller, 4 (1868), 535(8)-622; ragm. 168-169, on Constantius and Galerius, and 170-I71a, on Constantine, p. 602-603.
This writer is to be distinguished from Johannes Malalas, also known as Johannes Antiochenus.
He flourished somewhere between 610-650 (Miiller, p. 536).
The sections relating to Constantine are in the main exactly correspondent to Eutropius.
It has been conjectured (Miiller, p. 1538) that Eutropius and Johannes copied from a common
Greek source; but the curious error in the section on Constantine (p. 603), by which "commode" is converted into a proper name, and becomes the name of the sister whose son Constantine put to death, shows it to have been translated from the Latin.
The work of Johannes has, however, some interesting suggestions and additions; e.g. its paraphrase of the word " dubius" in the characterization of Constantine's conduct towards his friends.
Compare Miiller, p. 535-538; Means, in Smith, Dict, 2 (1859), 587; also article of Stokes, and other literature under Malalas.
(38) MALAaLAs (= JOHN of Antioch) (ab. 700).
Chronography, Bk. 13, I-11.
Ed. Dindorf (Bonne, 1831); in Corp. scr. hist. Byz. (section on Constantine, P316-324); also in Migne, Patrol.
Gr. 97 (Par. 1865), 1-70.
Earlier editions are, Oxf. 1691, 8°; Venice, 1733, fol. [reprint of 1691, "quite useless ")].
Lived about 700 (Miller, Fragm. 4 [1868], 536), or about 650 (Chevalier, 1205).
He has been placed as late as ninth century (Hody), and as early as 601 (Cave.).
Nothing is known of his personal history.
He is to be distinguished from the John of Antioch in Miiller's Fvagm. who is earlier than Malalas.
He is very credulous and inaccurate and the section on Constantine is no exception to the rule.
Compare Prolegomena of Hody and Dindorf; Stokes, in Smith & W. 3 (1882), 787-788, &c.; and farther literature in Chevalier, Rés. 1205; Hoefer, Nouv. biog. gén. 32 (1060), 1007, and the article of Stokes.
(39) Pskupo-IstporE (eighth cent.?).
Decretals.
In Migne, Patrol. Lat. 130 (1853), 245-252.
The famous " Donation of Constantion," which appears here for the first time.
See under Zhe Mythical Constantine.
Compare Schaff, Hist. of Church, 4 (1885), 268-733; and for literature, Chevalier under Isidore Mercator; also the literature of the Donation.
(40) THEOPHANES (758-818).
Chronography.
Ed. Classen, Bonn, 1839-41, 2 v.
Section on Constantine occupying vol. 1, p. 10-51; also in Migne, Patrol. Gr. 108 (186).
This work "is justly regarded as one of the most important in the whole series of Byzantine historians " (Dowling, p. 69).
Theophanes was friend of Georgius Syncellus; and at his request (Proem. p. 5) took up the latter work at the point where he left off (Diocletian), extending it to 811.
He is an authority of judgment and weight for matters relating to his own times, and on quite a different level of historical character from Cedrenus and Zonaras.
Although of very much less value for Constantine, he shows even here a certain historical judgment and discrimination.
His book is an intelligent work from various sources, one of which is Eusebius.
He says that he has diligently examined many works, and reports nothing on his own authority, but on the authority of ancient historiographers and " logographers "
(Proem. p. 5).
Compare Dowling, Jntrod. (Lond. 1838), 69-70; Smith, in Smith, Dicv. 3. 1082-1083;
Gass, in Herzog, Real Enc. 15 (1885), 536-537; Acta sanctorum Boll. March 12; and for (extensive) literature, Chevalier.
(41) ANASTASIUS BIBLIOTHECARIUS (d. 879). Lives of the Roman Pontifs.
In Migne, Patrol. Lat. 127-128 (1852).
34. S. Silvester, vol. 127, 1511-1527.
Small use.
Compare Schaff, Hist. of the Church, 4 (1885), 774-776; and for literature and editions, Chevalier and Graesse.
(42) Puorttus (ninth cent.). Bibliotheca.
In Migne, Patrol. Gr. vols. 103-104 (1860).
Contains excerpts from and comments on Praxagoras, Eunapius, Gelasius, Anon. Metroph., and Eusebius, which see,
Compare Schaff, Hist, of Church, 4 (1885), 636-642; Means, in Smith, Dict. 3 (1859), 347-355.
(43) CONSTANTINUS PORPHYROGENITUS (c. VII.) (fl. 91 1-959).
De thematibus.
Ed. Bekker (Bonn. 1840), 1-64, in Corp. scr. hist. Byz.; and in ed. Migne, Patrol. Gr. 113 (1864), 63-140.
Gives (2. 8, ed. Bonn.
P57-58) account of division of the empire among his sons by Constantine.
He also mentions in his De cer, aul, Byz. (ed. Reiske, Bonn. 1829; ed. Migne, Parrol. Gr. 112); e.g. the "cross of Constantine" several times mentioned, and gives a few facts of archeological interest.
Constantinus VII. was emperor 911-959,
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
eS cee a a Compare Plate, in Smith, Dict. 1. 349-351; Ceillier, 12 (1862), 811-813; and for farther literature, Chevalier and Engelmann, 1 (1880), 249; also for editions, Plate, who has admirable survey.
(44) Leo Diaconus (tenth century), Histories, 5. 9 and 8. 8.
In ed. Hase (Bonn. 1828), p. 91 and 138.
Mentions the foundation of a city, the vision of the cross, the Scythian wars, and burial in the Church of the Apostles at Constantinople, and characterizes him as " among emperors the one renowned in story" (8. 8).
For other editions, compare Brunet, Graesse, Hoffmann, and Engelmann.
He lived from about 950 to at least 993.
He was used by Scylitzes (cf. Cedrenus) and perhaps Zonaras.
"Style vicious," and " knowledge .
. of ancient history is slight " (Means).
Compare Means, in Smith, Dict. 2 (1859), 743-744; M'Clintock and Strong, Encycl. 5 (1875), 351; Hase,
Preef.; and for literature, Chevalier.
It is by some stretching of the term that many of those dating before the year 1000 are admitted as sources.
Some contribute hardly a single fact not in other sources.
This is still more true of the period following, but this period is especially rich in sources of historical fictions —and these must be considered.
So the Byzantine historians to the invention of printing are given, and some Western writings, which contain relevant matter.
(45) ZONARAS, JOHANNES (1042-1130?).
Chronicle.
Ed. Migne, Patrol. Gr. 134-135 (Par. 1864).
The section relating to Constantine occupies Vol. 1. 1097-1118, Bk. 13, chs. 1-4; cf. also end of Bk. 12, The ed.
Pinder, Bonn. 1841-1844, 2 v., is unfinished, containing only twelve books.
It has since been edited by Dindorf, Lips. 1868-1875, 6 v.
Bk. 13 is in Vol. 3 (1870).
This work consists of eighteen books extending from the beginning of the world until 1118.
Zonaras draws, for Christian period, from Eusebius, Philostorgius, &c., with some discernment, and so deserves a tolerably high place among the Byzantine historians (Zéckler).
He incorporates a choice variety of fables, but gives more or less facts which seem to be facts.
He actually adds almost nothing to the sources of Constantine, though there are certain facts over which one lingers a little before relegating to the great class of " interesting, if true."
Compare Smith, Dict. 3. 1331; Zéckler, in Herzog, Real Enc. 17 (1886), 555-556; and for (rich) literature,
Zéckler, Chevalier, and Engelmann, 1 (1880), 798.
(46) CEeDRENUS, GEoRGIUS (ab. 1057).
Compendium of History.
Ed. Bekker, Bonn. 1838-1839, 2 v., the section relating to Constantine occupying Vol. I, p. 472-520 ef pass.
Also in Migne, Padrol. Gr. 121-122 (Par.
1864).
Nothing is known of his personal history.
The work is a chronicle from the beginning of the world until
1057 A.D.
He mentions as his chief sources Georgius Syncellus, " until the time of Maximianus and Maximinus," and from this point Theophanes, Siculus, Psellus, and others (cf. p. 4; cf. also Glycas. Chron., ed. Bonn. p. 457); and claims to have collected facts not in these sources.
He mentions the work of Joannes Thracesius, or Curopalates, who is probably Scylitzes, whose work corresponds so exactly with that of Cedrenus in parts as to suggest the one or the other a better copier than compiler,
The statement of Ceillier is that Cedrenus copied the work of Scylitzes for the period 811-1057, and that Scylitzes afterwards continued his work to 1081; i.e. there was a double edition of the work of Scylitzes, and Cedrenus wrote between.
But Means (p. 760) thinks otherwise, and gives good reasons, making one edition and placing Cedrenus' work later, i.e. after 1081.
The "additional facts" are few, the compilation is uncritical and credulous; but the work is recognized as a source to be consulted, though with greatest critical care.
Compare Plate, in Smith, Dict. 1. 658; Ceillier, 13 (1863), 560; Means, Scy/iézes, in Smith, Dict. 3. 759-762; and for literature, Chevalier, under the words Cedrene and Scviitzes.
(47) Psrupo-Lx0.
Chronography, under Constantius Chlorus and Constantinus Magnus.
Ed. Bekker (Bonn. 1842), p. 83-90.
In Cor. ser. hist. Byz. from Cramer, Anecd. gr. bibl. reg. Par. 2 (1839), 243-379.
It is published as the first part of the Chronography of Leo Grammaticus, because assigned to him by the catalogues of the MS. at Paris.
It is thought by Cramer, however, not to be by him, but to be " compiled from various writers,
— Cedrenus, Joannes Antiochenus, Chrontcon Paschali, and perhaps others which are lost" (cf. Cramer, Anecd. gr.
2. 243-379, quoted by Bekker, Preef. iii.-iv.).
In this section the author quotes Socrates and Eusebius, but uses other and some unusual sources.
While one hesitates to lay much weight on an author of such unknown age and personality, and which contains obvious errors, yet it carries the conviction of a certain moderate weight.
Many passages are identical, almost word for word, with Cedrenus.
In one of these passages the author refers to Socrates as his authority, while there is no such mention in Cedrenus.
They may have taken from the same source.
At all events, this work appears on its face much more like sober history than do Cedrenus and Zonaras.
Its absolute value as source is very slight.
Compare Preface of Bekker.
(48) ATTALIATA, MICHAEL (ab..1072).
History.
Ed. De Presle and Bekker, Bonn. 1853. 8°.
He mentions (p217; also p. 222) half a dozen things relating to Constantine; that he was reckoned among the apostles, the sign of the cross, &c., but nothing of value, unless (p. 222) the transposition of a colony from Iberia to Assyria (?).
Compare Pref. of De Presle, also Graves, in Smith, Dict. 1. 409, who, however, does not mention this work; and for literature, Chevalier and De Presle, p. 7-8.
PROLEGOMENA.
(49) ANNA CoMNENA (1083-1148).
Alexias.
Ed. Schopen-Reifferscheid, Bonn. 1839-1878.
Mentions among two or three other deeds, a statue which this "father and lord of the city" had made over for him (12. 4), and that he has been counted among the apostles (14. 8).
Compare Plate, in Smith, Dic¢. 1. 179; Klippel, in Herzog, 1 (1877), 427-429, &c.
(50) Giycas, Micu (after 1118).
Chronicle (or Annals), Ed. Bekker, Bonn. 1836; the section relating to Constantine occupies p. 460-468, ed. Migne, 158 (Par. 1866), 1-958.
This work of Glycas extends from the beginning of the world to A.D. 1118.
Though "justly placed among the better Byzantine historians " (Plate), for the period of Constantine he is one of the worst.
His critical judgment seems to incline to the selection of the most unhistoric.
He gives at end of preceding section a description of the work of Scylitzes (ef. Cedrenus), and quotes in it a work of Alexander on the Invention of the Cross.
Compare Plate, in Smith, Dict. 2. 277; Joubert. in Wowv. biog. gén. (Hoefer), 20 (1857), 845-846; and for literature, Chevalier; also for editions, Hoffmann.
(51) NiceTas CHonraTas (Acominatus) (1150-12164).
History.
Ed. Bekker, in Corp. scr. hist. Byz. Bonn.
1835, 8°; ed. Migne, Patrol. Gr. 139 (1865), 282-1088 (= Mai, Bibl. nov. parr. 6.
?).
Thesaurus, in Migne, Patrol. Gr. 139-140 (1865), 1087-1443, 1-282 (= Mai, Spicil. Rom.v.4
). Born about 11 50, and lived until 1216 at least.
Gives in his story two or three things which relate to "the first and mightiest among Christian emperors" (De Js. Aug. 3. 7, ed. Bonn. p. 583); e.g. the tale of the nails from the cross (do. p584), and the despoiling of his tomb (De A/. Js. Aug. 1. 7, p. 632); also a few in the Thesauri, e.g. his conciliation to Arianism through his sister and her friend, the Arian presbyter (6. 3 and 6), and various matters relating to the Arian controversy
(mainly in Bk. 5), where he uses the familiar sources, — Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, Philostorgius, &c., but also some other less familiar ones.
Compare Worman, in M'Clintock and Strong, Cyclop. 7 (1877), 54-55; Plate, in Smith, Dic¢é. 2. 1182-1183;
Ullmann, in Stud. u. Krit. (1833), 674-700; Gass, in Herzog, 10 (1882), 540-541, and abridged in Schaff-Herz.
2.1652.
Compare for literature, the above and Chevalier; and for editions, Worman, Plate, Brunet, Graesse,
Hoffmann, &c.
(52) GREGORAS, NICEPHORAS (1295-1359).
Byzantine History, Bks.
1-37.
Ed. Shopen (v. 1-2) and Bekker (v. 3), Bonn, 1829, 1830, and 1855.
In Corp. scr. hist. Byz.; ed. Migne, Patrol, Lat. 148-149 (1865).
Mentions incidentally half a dozen facts relating to foundation of Constantinople (10.1; 14. 3, &c.), his destruction of idolatry (19. 1), treatment of the Jews (26. 15), and enlargement of empire (26. 37).
He was born 1295, and diéd after 1359.
Was more learned but less judicious than Cantacuzenus (Plate).
Compare Plate, in Smith, Dict. 2. 304-306; Joubert, in Mouv. biog. gén. 21 (1857), 889-891; also for literature, Chevalier, and for editions, Plate and Joubert.
(53) EpHraius (fourteenth century).
Caesars (?). Constantinus.
Ed. Bekker, Bonn. 1840, 8°; section on Constantine occupies p. 21-25; ed. Migne, 143 (Par. 1865), 1-380.
It was first edited by Mai, Scr. vet. nov. coll.
3 (1828), 1-225 (Dowl.).
This metrical chronicle introduces one or two fables, but is in the main at least semihistorical, but its additional facts give no impression of having special sources,
— in brief, it is scarcely a source, rather literature.
Compare Smith, Dict. 2. 28; Bonneau, in Vouv. biog. gén. (Hoefer) 16 (1856), 127; Mai, Pref. in ed. Bekker, also ed. Migne.
Compare for literature, Chevalier.
(54) CANTACUZENUS, JOANNES.
ANGELUS CoMNENUS PALAOLOGUS (d. 1375+).
Histories.
Ed. Schopen, Bonn. 1828-1832, 3 v.; also in Migne, Patrol. Gr. 1 53-154 (Dowl. 1866).
Speaks of Constantine as a model of clemency (4. 2; ed. Bonn. v. 3, p. 18) worthy to be compared with the apostles (3. 92), and as led by the spirit of God like David (4. 48; ed. Bonn. v. 3, p. 351), and mentions the time (in May) when his memory is celebrated
(4. 43 3. 92), but has hardly a half-dozen mentions and fewer facts of interest or value.
He reigned 1 342-1355, abdicated, and lived until after 1375.
Compare Plate, in Smith, Dic¢, 579-581; and for farther literature, Chevalier and Engelmann, also for editions.
(55) NicepHorus CALLIsTus (d. ab. 1450).
Lcclesiastical History, 7. 17-18, 55.
In Migne, Patrol. Gr.
145-147.
Bk. 7 is in 145, and Bk. 8 in 146.
This late history, not so bad as some in style, but full of legendary matter, was compiled from the standard existing historians, and perhaps some others.
The portions on Constantine are taken almost wholly from Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, and other existing historians.
Compare Schaff, Church Hist. 3 (1884), 883-884; Plate, in Smith, Dict. 2 (1859), 1180-1 181; Dowling,
Introd. (1838), 91-93.
(56) Monody on the Younger Constantine (ab. 1450).
Ed. Frotscher, Avon.
Greci oratio funebris, Freiberg i, S., 1855.
This work has not been seen, but according to Seeck (Zéschr. f, Wiss. Theol. 1890, p. 64) and Wordsworth (p. 630) this edition contains the result of a study by Wesseling, which shows that this work, referring to an anonymous emperor, does not refer to Constantine II. at all, but to some ruler who belongs in the fifteenth century.
Compare Seeck and Wordsworth for editions.
(57) Copinus (d. ab. 1453 ?).
Zxcerpts on the origins of Constantinople, Ed. Bekker (Bonn. 1843).
For
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
a other editions, compare articles of Plate and the Mouv. biog. gén.
Contains considerable relating to Constantine, especially respecting the founding of Constantinople, and the buildings and statues in it.
Mainly compilation, or compilation from compilation, but is from partly lost sources and far from unnecessary.
He died about 1453 (?).
Compare Plate, in Smith, Dict. 1 (1859), 810-811; Mouv. biog. gén, 11 (1855), 24-25; and for literature,
Chevalier.
(58) Ducas (fl. 1450-1460 A.D.) gives "From the incarnation until Constantine the Great, 318 years," and speaks of a church restored by him.
Ed. Bekker, in Corf. scr. hist. Bys. (1834), p. 13 and 48.
(59) GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH (4.1154).
British History.
English translation (Lond. Bohn, 1848), 162-.
The passage relating to Constantine covers a number of pages, and is ninety-five per cent fiction, five per cent fact.
Compare Tedder, in Stephen, Dict. of Nat. Biog. 21 (1890), 133-135.
Various of the old chronicles are only translations or paraphrases of this; e.g. the Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft (ed. Wright, Lond. 1866, p. 76-78), various Welsh, Anglo-Saxon, and French chronicles, Waurin's Recuezl des Chroniques (ed. Hardy, Lond. 1864), although Hardy maintains that neither Waurin or any of the other versions are real translations, but says there is some lost common source.
(60) HENRY OF HUNTINGDON (1135).
History of the English.
Ed. Arnold, Lond. 1879, 8°, p. 29-31.
Engl. translation, Lond. Bohn, 1853, p. 28-29.
This is written from generally good sources, notably Eutropius, and means to be historical; but its mythical details —e.g. Helena, a British princess, Constantine cured of leprosy — make it useless.
Compare Forester, Preface to translation; Wright, Biog. Brit. Lit. 2 (1846), 167-173.
(61) WILLIAM OF MALMEsBURY (1137).
Chronicle of England.
English translation, Giles (Lond. Bohn, 1847), 6. Mentioned as a source because often quoted in literature.
He ascribes to Constantine the introduction of the British settlement in France.
Compare Wright, Biog. Brit. Lit. 2 (1846), 134-142.
(62) Dicero, RALPH DE (d. 1202?).
Adbreviated Chronicles.
Ed. Stubbs, Lond. 1876; section on Constantine, p. 73-76.
This work was composed before 1188.
It consists in the main of abstracts from Eutropius,.
Eusebius, Jerome, and Rufinus, with various mythical details from William of Malmesbury and other sources.
Compare Poole, in Stephen, Dict. of Nat. Biog. 15 (1888), 12-14.
This is taken from Stubbs, Introduction, q.v.
(63) Eulogium Historiarum (ab. 1366).
Ed. Haydon, Lond. 1858, 3 v.; section on Constantine, I. 337-- 339; 2. 267-268, 332-333; 3-12, 265.
Ths was probably written by Peter, a monk of Malmesbury (Haydon), about 1366.
Compiled from various sources, has familiar facts, but is of no value except for legends.
Compare Preface of Haydon.
(64) VORAGINE (1230-1298).
Golden Legend.
Legend concerning the Inventio-r of the Cross.
Ed. Graesse (Lips. 1846, repr. Vratisl. 1890).
French translation by Brunet, 2 (1843), 118-116.
Early English translation printed by Caxton.
A curious mixture of fact and fable, in which legendary is gathered, but all facts are expressed with a curious conscientiousness, or pretended conscientiousness, in quoting authorities.
But on Constantine, however, his authorities do not always come to the test of containing what he quotes from them.
Compare article Varaggio, in M'Clintock and Strong, Cyc/op. 10 (1881), 719, Brunet's Preface and the Proceedings of the American Soc. of Ch. Hist. for 1889.
Besides the above-mentioned sources there are many mentions which may be found in the various collections of medizval documents, such, e.g., as Pertz, Monumenta Germanie@ Historica, which has various interesting chronicles covering the period of Constantine.
§ 3.
Literature.
In making the following thread to the rich literature on Constantine the plan has been to confine almost wholly to Monographs, since to refer to all histories, encyclopedias, and the like which treat of him would be endless.
Only such few analyzed references are introduced as have special reasons.
Even with this limit it cannot be at all hoped that the list is exhaustive.
Considerable pains has been taken, however, to make it full, as there is no really extended modern list of works on Constantine, excepting, perhaps, Chevalier (¢. des sources hist. du Moyen Age).
The effort was made to see each work referred to personally, but the libraries of London, Oxford,
Berlin, Paris, could not supply them, and after a good deal of search in other libraries and more or less successful effort to purchase, there is still a considerable portion which has not been seen.
The editor has tried in vain to decide in various instances whether preses or respondent is author in certain dissertations.
Following is the list :
PROLEGOMENA.
ALBANI, Jo. Hier.
Liber pro oppugnata R. pontif. dignitate & Constantini donatione.
Colon. Agrip. 1535, fol.; Rome, 1547, 4°; Venetiis, 1584, fol.
ALEXANDER, NATALIs,
ist, eccles. IV. (1778), 345-351 (= Zaccaria, Thes. theolog. VII. 886-900), 431-451.
ALFORD, MicH. Srittania illustrata, s. liber de Lucit, Helene, et Constantini patria et fide. Antwerpiz, 1641. 4°.
ALTus, HENRICUS.
Donatio Constantini imperatoris facto (ut aiunt) Sylvestro pape (pres. Foach. Hildebrando).
Helmstadii, 1661.
4° (p. 56).
Vor Hildebrand?
Axzoc, J. Manual of Universal Church History.
Tr. Pabisch and Byrne, Cincinnati, O., 1874.
3 v. 8°, Pp. 462-476.
Relations of Constantine the Great to the Catholic Church.
Very Roman Catholic.
ANDLAU, FR. von.
Die byz. Katser, Hist.-stud.
Mainz, 1865, 8°.
ANTONIADES, CRYSANTHOS.
<Kazser Licinius, eine historische Untersuchung nach dem bestern alten und neueren Quellen, Miinchen, 1884.
8°.
Unfortunately not at hand, but often mentioned with greatest respect by Gérres and others.
ARBELLOT.
Mémoire sur les statues équestres de Constantin placées dans les églises de Vouest de la France.
Limoges, 1885.
8°, 34 pp.
(Cf. Audiat, Louis, in Bull. soc. arch. Saintonge, 1885.
II. v. 186-193, 280-292.) Contains a history of the long archzological discussion on the subject of the equestrian statue on the facades of various churches in the west of France.
Some say it represents Charles Martel, Charlemagne, the founder of the church, the rider who appeared to Heliodorus, Rider of the Apocalypse, St. Martin, St. George or the Church
Triumphant.
Consult for many titles on the discussion, which it is not worth while to give here.
Arrives at the result that the "greater part" represent Constantine.
ARENDT.
Ueber Constantin und sein Verhiltniss zum Christenthum.
In Theolog. Quartalschr.
Tiibing.
1834.
III. 387.
ARRHENIUS, LAUR.
Dissertatio historica de Constantino Magno.
Upsal. 1719.
4°.
Refutatio commenti de donatione Constantini Magni.
Upsal. 1729.
8°.
AuBk, B. De Constantino imperatore, pontifice maximo dissertatio, Lutetie, 1861.
8°, 108 pp.
Examines Constantine's attitude toward (1) Pagans, (2) Christians; concludes that, as a matter of fact, he exercised the office of Pontifex Maximus over both.
AupIAT, Louis.
Les statues au portail des églises.
In Bull. de la soc. des arch. de la Saintogne.
5 (18841885) (1885), 186, 193.
Starts out from Arbellot.
Gives ten various theories.
Mentions various works.
This with Arbellot a sufficient apparatus for this topic.
BACHMANN, P.
Wider die Natterzungen, ... Dabey ein Antwort auff Constantini Donation, welche der
Luther spottlich nennet den Hohen Artickel des allerheyligisten Bebstlichen glaubens (Dresden), 1 538, 4°, (45). p.
Examines whether the Donation is " ein Teuffelische liigen und Gottes lasterung (wie sie der Luther nennet)."
BAIER, JOH. Dav.
Disputatio de erroribus quibusdam politicis Constantino Magno imputatis.
Jenx, 1705, 4°.
BALDUINUS, FRANC.
Constantinus Magnus, sive de Constantini imperatoris legibus ecclesiasticis atque civilibus commentariorum libri 2, Basilese, 1556, 8°; Argent, 1612, 8°; preef. Nic. Hier. Gundling, Lipsiz-Hale, 1727, 8°,
235 (23) pp.
Banc, A. Curs.
Kirchen og Romerstaten indtil Constantin den Stre.
Christiana, 1879, 8°.
BARING, NICOL.
Dissertatio epistolica de crucis signo a Constantino Magno conspecto.
Hannov. 1645, 8°.
BARONIUS, Annales (1590), 306, 16-18, 3-25; 307, 3-15; 312, 7-337, 373 358, 27.
Cf. Pagi, Criz. (1689), 306, 5-307, 14; 311, 9-337, 6; 547, 12.
BARTOLINI, DOMENICO.
Come Costantini Augusti imperatore innalzasse in Roma i primi sacri edifici del culto cristiano, Dissertazione in Atti Accad. Rom. archeol. 12 (1852) 1. 281-308.
Opposes the idea that these belong to a period not before Honorius.
Separately printed.
"Dissertazione ..
. letta nell' Adunanza tenuta. il di 16 di marzo, 7843." pp. 30 (1).
Baupot.
Dissertation critique sur la famille de Constantin, & en particulier sur Constantin le Jeune,
In Magas. encyclop. 6 (1812), 241-274.
Under head of Mumismatigue opposes Valois in Acad. Inscr. 1740.
The medals do refer to Constantine.
Includes a discussion of Constantine's family.
BAUNE, J. DE LA.
Vita Constantini Magni, herausgegeben von A. Fager.
Norimb. 1779, 8°.
BayeET, C.
La fausse donation de Constantini, examen de quelques théories récentes.
In Ann, fac. lett. Lyon,
1884, I. 3 (1884), 12-44.
The donation belongs in second half of eighth century, or first half of ninth.
BERTHELE, Jos.
In Bibl. ec. des Chartes, 46 (1885), 330-331.
[Review of Arbellot.] Gives brief analysis, and mentions one statue omitted by Arbellot.
BEuSTE, JOACH. V.
Oratio de Constantino Magno, Witteb. 1 569, 8°.
"Extat Tom VI. Orationum Vitemburgensium."
Blos kal wodirela Tav aylwy Beoorérrwy peydkwy Bacidéwy Ka) icaroardéAwy Kavoravrivov kal 'EXevns [Mnemeia hagiologica, p. 164] Beverfa, 1884, la. 8°.
BOEHRINGER.
Athanasius wu. Arius.
1874, p. 1-53.
Botsster.
Lssais a'histotre religieuse, I, un dernier mot sur les persecutions; II, la conversion ds Constantin.
In Rev. d. deux mondes (Feb. 1886), p. 790-818, (July) p. 51-72.
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
BonnEAU, ALCIDE.
LZtude historique.
In his edition-translation of Valla's Donation of Constantine.
Interesting, and gathers much of what one wants to know first about the Donation,
Bonnetty, A.
De la donation de Constantin et de la protection gwil accorda au christianisme.
In Annal de Philos. chrét. (1831), 125-136.
Personal conversion a secondary question.
It is sufficient to have proved that it was no longer possible for paganism to occupy the throne of the world.
BORCHMANN, JAC. FRID.
Dissertatio historico-critica de labaro Constantini Magni.
Wafnie, 1700.
4°.
Bort, THEOD.
Constantin le Grand et sa position entre le paganisme et le christianisme, essai historicocritique.
Colmar, 1874.
8°, 51 pp.
BRIEGER, THEOD.
Constantine der Grosse als Religions-politicker. Kirchengeschichtlicher Beitrag.
Gotha, 1880.
8°, 48 pp.
Cf. Grisar, in Zeitschr. kath. Theol. 1882, vi. 554-562.
Bripces, MATTH.
Roman Empire under Constantine the Great.
London, 1828.
8°, 467 pp.
Brock, A. DE.
L'Lglise et L'Empire Romaine au IV, siecle. I. Régne de Constantin, Paris, 1856. 8°. One of the best and most frequently cited.
BRUNNER, H.
In the Festgabe fiir R. v. Gneist, Berlin, 1888, p. 5 (1)-35Donation.
BucHHOLz, SAM.
Constantin der Grosse in seiner wahren Grosse wirderhergestelit, Berlin, 1772.
4°.
Bupveus.
Oéserv. sel. liter.
I. (1700), 370-440.
BURCKHARDT, JAK.
Die Zeit Constantin's des Grossen.
Basel, 1853.
8°, 222 pp.
Leipzig, 1880.
8°.
For a long time the standard work on Constantine.
Unsympathetic, and in a measure unjust.
De Buricney. ist. des Revolutions de empire le Constantinople depuis le fondation,...
Paris, 1750; tr.
German, Hamb. 1754.
Busaus, JoH.
Disputatio theolog. de baptismo Constantini Magni.
4°.
Moguntiz, 1589.
CANonici, MATT. ALOIS.
Proposizioni storico-critiche intorno alla vita dell' imperatore Costantino....
4°.
Parma, 1760.
Compare Cigola, Vincenzo.
CASTELLI, Icn.
Jtorno al battesimo di Costantino imper. dissertazione.
In La scienza e la fede.
11 (Nap.
1870), 201-219.
Caussin, NicoLas. gues christianus, s. Constantius Magnus.
Trad. du frang. par Henri Lamormain.
Vienn. 1637, 8°.
Cave.
Ser. Eccl.
1. (1741), 183-185.
CAvEDONI, C.
Disamina della nuova edizione della Numismatica Costantiniana del P, Raffaele Garrucci d.
C.d.G.
19 pp.
Extr. dalla Rivista della Numismatica (Olivieri), 2 (1864).
Caveponi.
" Recherches critique sur les médailles de Constantin le Grand et de son fils ornées de types et de symboles chrétiens.'
Modena, 1858.
CEILLIER.
Histoire des auteurs sac. et eccl. 3 (1865), 118-148.
CHAULNES, GABRIEL DE.
In Ann. philos. chrét.
5 ser.
E. XVI. (1867), 261-271.
On the donation of Constantine.
CHAUNER.
Influence of Christianity upon the Legislation of Constantine.
1874, 8°.
CHIFFLETUS, PETR. FRANC.
Dissert. ... De loco, tempore & cateris adjunctis conversionis magni Constantini ad fidem christianam....
Paris, 1676, 8°.
Church Policy of Constantine the Great.
In North British Rev. 1870, LII. 1.
CiamPINi, JOAN.
De sacris edifictis a Constantino Magno constructis synopsis historica.
Rome, 1693, la.
4° (or fol.), 8 f.-218 p.
CIGOLA, VINCENZO. Proposizioni storico-critiche intorno alla vita dell' Imperatore Costantino ( praes. Madama
Isabella di Spagna) Vincenzo Cigola B-esciano Convittore nel Regio-Ducal ecclegto de' Nobili et Parma.
Parma, 1760, 4°, 44 pp. Three plates of coins and medals of Constantine and (2) various theses.
At end sixteen pages of inscriptions, and three pages of coins and medals (60 pages in all).
Civilit2 Cattolica, Ser. 5, Vol. 10 (1864), 601-609.
1. La frase instinctu Divinitatis nell' arco trionfale di Costantino.
2. Le monete di Costantino, posteriori alla vittoria sopra Massenzio.
Cuinton, H. F.
Fasti Romani, 1 (Oxf. 1845), 348-397; 2 (1850), 86-94.
This is a most convenient massing of sources, including groupings, of laws and inscriptions.
One of the most thoroughly useful of works, Coen, AcH.
Di una veggenda relativa alla nascita ¢ alla gioventi di Costantino Magno.
In Arch. soc.
Romana stor. patria, 1880-1882, IV. 1-55, 293-316, 535-561; V. 33-66, 489-541.
Roma, 1882.
8°, 191 pp.
Cf. Rev. d. Quest. hist. 33. 682; Vesselofsky, A. in Romania, 14 (1885), 137-143.
Cotomsirr, H.M.
Za donation de Constantin.
In Etudes relig. hist. litt. (1877), 31 year, 5 ser. Vol. II.
801-829.
Is worth looking over, as it gathers many of the facts which bear on date.
Thinks he has " exact date."
"Torigine Romaine n'est guére douteuse " "vers l'an 687," by " clecs mécontents du pape."
ComBes, Francois.
Les liberateurs des nations.
Paris, 1874.
8°, p. 208-229.
Constantin Liberateur des Chrétiens.
Considérations générales sur le christianisme (iv. s.). L'empereur Constantin, St. Etiénne, 1884. 16°, 136 pp.
Constantin Imp. Byzantini Numismatis argentei Expositio, 1600.
PROLEGOMENA.
Die Constantinische Schenkungsurkunde.
1. BRUNNER, H.
Das Constitutum Constantini.
11. ZEUMER, K.
Der Glteste Text.
Berlin, Springer, 1888.
8°,60 pp.
' Aus Festgabe f. Rud. v. Gneist."
Constantinus Magnus Romanorum imperator Foanne Reuchline Phorcensi interprete.
Tubingze, 1513.
4°, 23 ppContin. Monthly, 6 (1864), 161 (Schaff?).
CRACKENTHORPE, RICHARD.
The Defense of Constantine: with a treatise of the Popes temporall monarchie.
Wherein, besides divers passages, touching other Counsels, both General and Proviciall, the second Roman Synod, under Sylvester, is declared to be a meere Fiction and Forgery.
London, 1621.
4°, pp. (16), 283(1).
Ch. 1-7.
Seven reasons proving the Synod to be a forgery.
Ch. 8. That Constantine made no such donation, and Gretser refuted.
Ch. 9. Three reasons to prove that Constantine never made donation.
Ch. 10-15. Seven witnesses, four popes, sixteen other witnesses, thirty lawyers, and eight emperors alleged by Marta as witnesses of Constantine's donation examined; also four reasons brought by Marta and Albanus.
Consult for older literature relating to the Donation.
La crueldad, y Sinrazon | La venuce auxilio y valor, Maxencio y Constantino (coloph.).
Barcelona per Carlo Gilbert y Tuto, Impressor y Librerio.
Historical drama.
Introduces character of Constantine, the younger Constantine, Fausta, &c.
CurTON, A. DE.
In Nouv. biog. gén. 11 (1855), 581-595.
Cusa, NIcOLAUS DE.
De Concordantia Catholica. Fudicium de donatione Constantini.
Basil, 1568.
Cutts, Epw. L.
Constantine the Great, the union of the State and the Church.
London and New York, 1881.
12°, XIV. 422 pp.
For general, not especially scholarly use.
Datuus.
Dissertatio de baptismo Constantini Magni.
WHafnie, 1696 (1698, Vogt.).
DEMETRIADES, KALLIoP.
Die christliche Regierung und Orthodoxie Kaiser Constantin d. Grossen, eine histor.
Studie.
Miinchen, 1878, 8°, IV. 47 pp.
DiEzE, JOH. ANDR.
Dissertatio de forma imperii Romani Constantino Magno recte atque sapienter mutata.
Lipsiz, 1752, 4°, 34 Pp-
DOLLINGER, J. Vv.
Die Papst-Fabeln des Mittelalters.
1863.
Cf. Civilta cattol., ser. 5, v. 10 (1864), 303-330; tr. Ger.
Mainz, 1867. gr. 8°, 34 pp.
D6LLINGER.
In Miinchener Hist. Jahrb. (1865), 337-.
DuDLEY, DEAN.
History of the First Council of Nice: A world's Christian convention, A.D. 325; with a life of Constantine.
Boston, Dean Dudley & Co., 1879, 120 pp.
DUERR, JOAN. FrID.
Dissertatio historica de Constantino Magno.
Jen, 1684, 4°.
Du Pin.
Wov. Bibl. Aut. Eccl.
2, p. 16-.
Durvy, Vict.
Les premiéres années du rdgne de Constantin (305-323).
In Compte rendu acad. scien. mor. polit. (1888).
EF. XVI. 737-765.
Speaks of his "cold cruelty.""
He was convinced that "the future was victory to Christians, and political wisdom counselled to go with them."'
La politique religieuse de Constantin (312-337).
In Compte rendu acad. scien. mor. polit. (1882),
XVII. 185-227.
Orleans, 1882, 8°, 47 pp. = Rev. archeolog., 1882, B, XLIII. 96-110, pl. 1 55-175.
Cf. Allard, P., in Lettres chrét. (1882), V. 244-249.
'Fragment de son Histoire des Romains."
Treats: I. La vision miraculeuse.
II. Le lavarum.
III. Popularité croissante du culte du Soleil.
IV. Constantin A Rome en 312: son arc de triomphe.
V, L'édit de Milan (313).
VI. Mesures pour l'éxecution de l'édit de Milan.
VIII. Monnaies de Constantin; Constantinople.
IX. Resumé.
Les conditions sociales au temps de Constantin.
In Compte rendu acad. scien. mor. polit. (1882),
XVIII. 729-772.
Treats: La cour, La noblesse, La bourgeoisie, La plébe, Les corporations réglementées, L'armée.
Du Voisin, J. B.
Dissertation critique sur la vision de Constantin.
Paris, 1774.
12°, 331 pp.
Cf. Journ. d. sgavans (1774), 452-459.
EcKHEL.
Doctrina numerum veterum.
8 (Vindob. 1828), 71-95.
E.tz, H.
In Public. hist. Inst. Luxembourg (1874-1875), XXIX. 225-236.
In this paper, p. 21 5-236, p.
225-235, are occupied with coins of Constantine and his sons.
EwyYck, FLORENTIUS OB.
Oratio in laudem Constantini Magni habitua...
Tempore Exanimis Huberni Gande a. d. XII. Cal. Fanuar. MDCXCIII.
Gande, 1692, pp. 11(1).
Draws nice little moral of the "good example" from Constantine.
FasRrIclus, JOAN. ALB.
Dissertatio de cruce Constantini Magni qua probatur eam fuisse phenomenon in halone solart, quo Deus usus, sit ad Constantini Magni animum promovendum.
Wamburgi, 1706.
40 (or Woltereck, who is resp.?).
Cf. " Bibl. gr. VI. (1714-1749), 1-29; IX. 68 (2a, IV. 882; VI. 693-718)."
FarLaTl.
Jilyric. sac. VIII. (1819), 25-27.
FLETCHER, Jos.
Life of Constantine the Great.
London, 1852.
12mo.
FREHERUS.
"Diss. Const. Imp. Numis."
1600.
Evidently = Const. Imp. Byz. Numism. cf. above.
Finckius, Casp.
De disput. de Baptismo.
T.V. Pp. 313, disp. XIII.
FRICK, JOH.
Dissertatio de fide Constantini Magni haud dubie christiana.
Ulme,
ie i e 13.
Not F (who is przses), but Miller(?). x aia om
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
nacncnetle a ae el ee ee ee ee FRIEDRICH, J. Die Konstantinische Schenkung.
N6rdlingen, 1889.
8°.
VII. 197 pp.
Reviewed in Theol.
Literaturblatt, 1890, Nos. 3-5; in Evang. Kirch-ztng, No. 18 (1889); by Schultze, in Theol. Litt. Ber. 1889;
Liter. Centralblatt, 1889, No. 33; by Bloch, in Mttlgn. a. d. histor. Litt. (1890), No. 1; by Léwenfeld, in Deutsche
Ltzng. (1890), No. 3.
FRIMELIUS, JOANNIS.
De Constantini Magni Religione, Baptismo & rerum sacrarum apparatu.
Mentioned by Kunardus, in a " Disputationum Catalogus," p. (8).
FROMMANN, E. A.
De codicibus s. jussu Constantini ab Eusebio curatis, Coburgi, 1761.
FROTHINGHAM, ARTHUR.
Compare edition of Jacobus of Sarug.
FuHRMANN, MATrHias.
Historia sacra de baptismo Constantino Max. Augusti.
1. Rome, 1742; II. Viennz in Austria, 1747, 4°, fig.
Garruccl, RaFr. same critico e cronologico della numismatica Costantiniana portante segni di cristianesimo.
Roma, 1858, 8°, 72 pp.
In Vetri cimit. crist.
Roma (1884), append. 1858.
Croce greca sulle monete di Costantino e sua famigla, 89, 90, 91.
Croce latina sulle .
. Costantino padre e figlio e di Costanzo, 95.
Vario modo di figuriale ai tempi di Costantino, 103.
Verres ornés de figures en or, trouvés dans les Catacombes Romaines.
2d ed. 1864.
Has at end discussion of symbols of Constantine.
Compare Anal. Jur. Pout. 1873.
GASPARIN, AG. DE.
Innocent III. le siécle apostolique, Constantin.
Paris, 1873, 12°, p. 75-193.
Constantin.
In Le christianisme au quatriéme sidcle.
Genéve, 1858, 8°, p. 1-139.
The question of church and state.
The present problem of the churches is to undo the work of Constantine.
Lectures to Y. M. C. A. of Geneva.
GENELIN.
Das Schenkungsversprechen und die Schenkung Pippins.
Wien und Leipzig, 1880.
GENGEL, GrorG.
De Constantino Magno, primo Christianorum imperatore, dissertatio .
Calissii, 1726, 8°, 14-89-6 pp.
Gipson.
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
Many editions.
Furnishes later historians of Constantine with almost unlimited material for adoring quotation.
GrrauLt, CL. XAV.
Dissertation histor. & critique sur le lien ot la croix miraculeuse apparut & Constantin
& a son armée.
In Magas. encyclop.
Paris, 1810, 8°.
G6rRES, FRANZ.
Die Verwandtenmorde Constantin's des Grossen.
In Ztschr. f. wiss. Theol. 30 (1887), 343377.
Reaches, with Hilgenfeld, the rather severe judgment that, on the whole, the bloodguiltiness of Licinius is
Jess than that of Constantine.
There are also various other interesting reviews or treatises by Gorres.
GraEtz, H. Die Herrschaft des Christenthums durch Constantin's Bekehrung.
In Monatsschrift f. gesch. u. wiss. Judenthum (1887), 416-421.
GRAUVERT, HERM.
Die Konstantinische Schenkung, In Gérres-Ges. Histor. Jahrb. 1882-84, III. p. 3-30;
IV. (1883), 45-95, 525-617, 674-680; V. 117-120.
Reaches result that it arose not in Rome, but in France, from the cloister of St. Denis, shortly before or at the same time with the Pseudo-Isidore, and shortly after 840.
(Weiland, p. 142.) GretsEeR.
De sancta cruce.
In Opera, v. 2.
Ratisbonz, 1734, fol.
Grisar, HartM.
Die vorgeblichen Beweise gegen die Christlichkett Constantins des Grossen.
In Zeitschr. f. kathol. Theolog. VI. (1882), 585-607.
Cf. La Controverse, 1882, III. 693-702.
Grossius, MATTH.
Dissertatio de donatione Constantini Magni.
Lipsiz, 1620, 4°.
GUALTHERIUS.
See Walther.
Guip1, Ion.
J battesimo di Costantino imperatore.
In Nuova Antologia, B. XLI. (1883), 41-52.
Starts from Frothingham's work.
Consult for list of authors who repeat the story.
Mentions some who still believe in the fable.
Gusta, Franc.
Vita di Costantino il grande, 1° imperat. christiano.
Foligno, 1786; 2v.
4°. ediz. 2, rev. ricorr. ed. accresc.
1790; ed. 3.
2 v. 320 and 282 pp.
8°.
1816.
2 v. 332 and 296 pp.
8°.
In Zaccaria, Raccolta di dissertazioni, 13. (1795), 172-189.
Haenisius, GotrLies.
Dissertatio de Constantino Magno non ex rationibus politicis christiano.
Vulgo Ob Constantinus Magnus ohngeachtet seiner spaten Tauffe, ein wahrer Christ su nennen.
(Praes. Gott. Chr. Lentnerus.) 1714, Lipsiz. p. 76. Usually referred to under Lentner, but B. M. correctly gives Haenisius (?)
Hax.uyt.
Voyages, 2 (1810), 34-35.
1. The voyage of Helena.
Latin and English.
The author of Latin not given.
He quotes as authorities, Eusebius, Virumnius, and Ponticus.
2. The voyage of Constantine the Great, emperor and king of Britaine, to Greece, Egypt, Persia, and Asia, Anno 339.
Latin and English.
Rather phenomenal energy on the part of a man two years dead.
HALLERN (Heller?), GODOFREDUS (Vratisl.).
Désputatio theologio quanta de religione Constantini. Magni. ...
Fodoci Kedit... (Praes. And. Kunardo [19 Maji, A.O.K. MDLIIX.], Wittenberge [1658].
4°, p. 123-172.
Kunardus?) HALLoix, Petr.
Zpistola de baptismo Constantini.
In Morin, Antig. eccl. orient. (1682).
PROLEGOMENA.
HaRDUIN, J. Chronologia seculi. Constantiniani ex solis numis antiquis.
In his Op. sel. p. 442-.
HARTMANN, J. A.
Dissertatio historica de Helena, Constantini Magni matre.
Marb. 172358
4°.
Hauck, A.
Zur donatio Constantini.
In Ztschr. f. kirchl. Wissensch. u. kirch]. Leben (1888), 201-207, HEBENSTREIT, G. E. (= Hofmann, C. F.).
Histoire de Constantin le Grand.
Limoges, 1866.
12°.
148 pp.
HECKENHOEK, ADR.
Oratio in laudem Constantini Magni primi christianorum imperatoris.
(viii. Aprilis.
MDCCXVI.), Dordrechti.
(4) 23 pp.
HELMKE.
De Constantini Magni ita moribus et legibus penitus ex fontibus repetita disputatio,
Pars 1, Progr..
Stargard, 1827.
4°.
HEssE, JOANN. CHRISTIANUS.
Dissertatio Historico-Pragmatica qua Constantinum Magnum ex rationtbus politicis Christianum.
(Pres. B. G. Struvius) [" autor respondens," Hesse]. May, MDCCXIII.
Jenz, (4) 76 pp.
Wot Struve?
Pref. is by Struve, to be sure, but seems to be congratulatory letter to Hesse on his work?
But Hae-nisius(?) (1714), the following year, ascribes to Struve.
HEUMANN, CHPH. A.
De cruce celesti a Constantino Magno conspecta.
In his Poecile, 2. 50-.
HEYDENREICH, EpuarD.
Uzeber einen neu gefundenen Roman von der Fugendgeschichte Constantins des Grossen und von der Kaiserin Helena.
In Verhandll. d. Philologenversammlung in Trier, p. 177 ff.; Repr. in d, Berliner Zeitschr. f. d. Gymnasialwesen, 34 (1880), 271-.
Der libellus de Constantino Magno ejusque matre Helena und die iibrigen Berichte tiber Constantins des Grossen Geburt und Fugend.
Eine kritische Untersuchung von...
In Archiv fir Litteraturgeschichtehrsg. Fr. Schnorr. Carolsfeld.
X (1881), 319-363.
HILDEBRAND, JOACH.
Dissertatio de donatione Constantini Magni.
Helmstad, 1661, 4°; 1703; 1739; 1761.
Altus or Hildebrand?
HOFMANN, Car. FRID. ET HEBENSTREIT, GEO. ERN.
Disputatio Historico-Critica de Constantini Magni sepulchro.
Lipsiz, 1759, 4°, 48 pp.
Hojer, J. C.
Que Constantino Magno favoris in Christian. fuerunt caussa.
Jenz, 1758, 16 pp.
HAUTE, THEODORUS VAN DER.
Oratio prior de Constantino Magno, dicta a... Delfis.
Apud Joannem Speyers, Bibliopolam, 1702, 14 pp.
Spoken at the same time with Rouille's Oration.
Cf. Rouille for estimate.
[Hue] Denkschrift zur Ehrenrettung Constantin's des Grossen.
In Zeitschrift Geistlichkeit Erzbisth.
Freiburg, III. Heft.
(Freib. 1829.) 1-104.
Treats various charges.
The death of Crispus a plot of Fausta for the sake of her children, she causing it to seem to Constantine that Crispus and his nephew were plotting against the empire.
HUNCKLER.
Constantin le Grand et son régne.
Limoges, 1843 and 1846.
12° (1843, 12°; do. 1846, 12°") Hynitzscu, ADOLF.
Die Taufe Constantins des Grossen nach Geschichte und Sage.
1870. Progr. des Gymnasium in Stendel.
Incerti auctoris de Constantino Magno ejusque matre Helena libellus.
E. codicibus primus edidit Eduardus Heydenreich.
Lips., Teubner, 1879.
12°. p. vii. [1], 30.
See under The Mythical Constantine.
JAcopatTius.
De concilio tractatus.
Rome, 1538, lib. X. art. 8, p. 780-783.
De donatione Constantini.
Jacosus oF Saruc.
L' omilia di Giacomo di Sartg sul Battesimo di Costantino imperatore, trad. ed annot. da Arthur L. Frothingham, Jr. Roma, 1882. Fol. (From Reale Accad. dei Lincei. CCLXXIX [1881-82].)
Consult. for various sources and writers where story is found.
JAcutius, MATTH.
Syntagma quo ad parentis magno Constantino crucis historia complexa est universa.
Romz, 1755.
4°.
Janus, Jou. W.
Schediasma historicum de patria Constantini Magni.
Witteb. 1716. 4°.
"Janus."
Der Pabst und das Concil.
Leipzig, 1869.
8°, xix, 451 pp.
Jerr, Lupw.
Zur Gesch. Constantins.
Festschrift f. E. Curtius, (Berlin, 1884.
8°.) p. 79.
Journal des Sgavants.
(1774), p. 451-459.
Review and analysis of Du Voisin.
KAUFMANN, GeorG.
Line neue Theorie iiber die Entstehung u. Tendenz der angeblichen Schenkung Constantins.
In Allgem. Zeitung (1884), 194-196, 211-212.
Valuable.
Weiland, p146-147.
KEpD, Jop.
Constantinus Magnus Romano-catholicus, ecclesia catholicus, s. Stephanus & primi Hungaria veges Romano catholici ...
Viennz Austriz, 1655.
4°, 145 pp.
KEIM.
Die rim Toleranz-Edickte.
In "Theol. Jahrb. 1852 11."
KEIM, THEODOR.
Der Uebertritt Constantins des Grossen zum Christenthum, academ. Vortrag .
Ziirich, 1862, 8°. viij.-106 pp.
"A Christian in its strict sense Constantine was certainly not, even up to the end of his life," and yet he was inwardly touched by Christianity.
KERI, FRANCISC. Borc.
Jmperatores orientes ... a Constantio Magno ad Constantini ultimum. ...
Tyrnaviz, 1774.
Fol.
Kist, N. C.
De commutatione quam, Constantino auctore soctetas subiit christiana.
Trajecti ad Rh. 1818, 120 pp.
8°.
KORMART, CHRPH.
Dissertatio politica de Constantino Magno.
Lipsiz, 1665.
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
Kruc.
Byz. Chron.
St. Petersb. 1810.
8°.
Kricer, G. Zur Frage nach der Entstehungszeit der Konstantinschen Schenkung.
In Theol. Literaturzeitung, 14 (1889), 429-435, 455-460.
Kunabus, AND.
Constantinus Magnus Evangelicus Constantino Romano-Catholico Fodoct Keddit Fesuite oppositus.
Ed. second, Witteb. 1666.
4°, p. (8) 224.
Lanpucct.
Una celebre costituzione dell' imperatore Costantino, saggio esegetico, Padova, 1886.
8°, 30 pp.
LANGEN, HENRICUS.
Constantinus Magnus Intentu Utriusque Maximiani, et Herculii et Galerii in regimine confirmatus.
(Pres. J. J. Weidner.) 8 Sept. 1703.
Rostochii (p. 48).
(By Langen, Not Weidner ?) LANGEN, J. Entstehung und Tendenz der Konstantinischen Schenkungsurkunde.
In Sybel, Hist. Zeitschr.
(1883), p. 413-435.
" Erweitete Ausfiirhung e. Aufsatze in deutschen Merkur, 1881, Nr. 34."
LANGEN.
In Geschichte d. rémischen Kirche.
Bonn, 1885, p. 726-.
La SALLE.
In Biografia universale, XIII. (Venezia, 1823), 363-370.
LE Beau. ist. du Bas-Emp. en commeng. a Constantin, T. 1-21, Par. 1757-1781, Cont. par (H. P.) Ameiltron.
T. 22-26, Par. 1781-1807.
T. 27I,2, do. 1811.
8° (28 vols.).
Nouv. ed. ed. St. Martin.
T. 1-13, Par. 1824— 1832.
Cont. Brosset, T. 14-21, Par. 1833-1836.
8°.
(LEFORT DE LA MORINIERE, ADRIEN CLAUDE.)
Histoire abrégée du régne de Constantin empereur a' Orient et d'Occident, Par. 1756.
12°.
LENTNER, GOTTFR. CHRIST.
Dissertatio de Constantino Magno non ex rationibus politicis christiano.
4°.
Lipsiz, 1714.
Cf. note under Haenisius.
Yet the author regards the pre@ses of a preceding dissertation as author, and the freses here is printed in capitals, so Lemtner is real author?
Life of Constantine the Great.
In Christ. Rev. 4 (1839), 201.
Literary and Theological Review (1839), 541.
Lupi, ANT. MAR.
Theses historice, chronolog., crictice, philolog., &c., ad vitam s. Constantini Magni imper-. aug.
Panormi, 1736.
4°.
Dissertaz. lett. ed. alt. oper. t (1785), 267-292, in Gori, Symbolz litter. IX. (Florent. 1752), 133-176.
MABRUN.
Constantinus Magnus sive idolatria debellata.
Par. 1658.
4°.
Latin poem.
MAMACHI, THOM. Mar.
De cruce Constantino visa & de evangelica chronotaxi, Florentiz, 1738.
8°.
Manso, Jou. Casp. Frpr.
Leben Constantins des Grossen, nebst einigen Abhandlungen geschichtlichen Inhalts.
Breslau, 1817, 8°; Wien, 1819.
8°.
Mar¢ay, DE.
Histoire de Constantin le Grand.
Limoges, 1873, 8°, 126 pp.
Martens.
Die falsche General-Konzession Konstantins, Miinchen (Leipzig), 1889, 8°.
Contains especially convenient reprint, with commentary.
Die rimische Frage unter Pipin und Karl dem Grossen, p. 327 8q. Says donation arose after 800, in last years of Charlemagne or beginning of Louis.
Wieland, p. 141.
Die drei unechten Kapitel der Vita Hadrian.
In Tiibingen Theol. Quartalschrift (1886), 601.
Heinrich IV. und Gregor VII. nach der Schilderung von Ranke's Weligeschichte, Kritische Betrachtungen.
Danzig, 1887.
Martini, E.D. A.
Ueber die Einfithrung der christlichen Religion als Staatsreligion im rémischen Reiche durch den Kaiser Constantin.
Miinchen, 1813.
4°, 48 pp.
Mas, AucusTE.
L'empereur d'Arles.
In Mém, de Vacad. de Vaucluse, IV. (1885), 197-213.
Rev. of Alex.
Mouzin's "drama in verse."
Treats early events.
Very full description and analysis of poem.
Mercersburg Review, 12 (1850), 173.
MEYER, P.
In Festschrift d. Gymn. Adolfinum zu Moers.
Bonn, 1882.
4°.
So noted; but the editor's copy of this Festschrift contains nothing by Meyer, while the separately printed De Vita Constantini Eusebiana, by Meyer, paged 23-28, which is at hand, has no indication of its origin and may be from Program.
MILLERUS, \JOANN. Martinus, De fide Constantini Magni haud dubie christiana.
Dissertatio (pres. Jo.
Frickii) e fontibus genuinis ...
Ulmz (1613), 4°, p. (4) 62.
(/Vot Frick?) Mo.ineEt, CL.
In Ephemer. erudit. Parisien. (1681), Eph. XI.
Dissertatio de veritate Crucis a Constantino vise ex numis antiquis confirmata.
MOLLER, Dan. GuIL.
Diésputatio de labaro Constantiniano.
Altorf, 1696.
4°.
Monon, Paut.
La politique religieuse de Constantin, Montaubon, 1886.
8°.
Morin, JEAN.
Histoire de la déliverance de léglise chrétienne par l'empereur Constantin et de la grandeur et souveraineté temporelle donnée & l'église Romaine par les roys de France.
Par. 1630.
Fol. A translation of Eusebius' Life of Constantine.
Mouzin, ALEX.
Cf. Mas, Aug., in Mém, acad. Vaucluse, 1885, IV. 197-213.
MUHLBACHER, E.
In Mitth. Inst. 6ster. Geschforsch (1881), 2. 115-116.
Mincu, Ernst. Jos. Herm.
Uber die Schenkung Constantin's, beitrag zur Literatur u. Kritik der Quellen des hkanonischen Rechts u. der Kirchengeschichte,
Freiburg im Breisgau, 1824.
8°, 102 pp.
Also in Vermischte Schriften, Ludwigsburg, 1828, p. 185~.
PROLEGOMENA.
Musser, GrorcEs.
Encore les statues équestres au portail des églises.
In Rev. Poitev. et Saint. (1886), 71-76.
Thinks Arbellot has not solved the question.
Nest1us, JAcoB.
Afologia pro Constantino Magno.
In Miscell. Lipsien. nova (1716), II. 471-476.
NEVE, FELIX.
Constantin et Théodose devant les églises orientales, étude tirée des sources grecques et arméniennes, in Rev. catholiq. E. III. (1857), 356-364, 401-414, 507-521.
Louvain, 1857.
8°.
NICOLAI, JOAN.
De Constantini baptismo, ubi, quando et a quo fuerit celebratus, historica dissertatio.
Paris, 1680.
12°, 266 pp.
(1690, Vogt.)
OHNESORGE, W.
Der Anonymus Valesii de Constantino.
1885.
8°, 112 pp.
Reviewed at length by Fr.
GGrres, in Ztschr. f. wiss. Theol. 29 (1886), 504-512.
It is, in fact, a most interesting and exhaustive study of the document.
ONGARONI, FRANC.
Dissertationes III, de moribus et religione Constantini Magni, de Fuliani religione et gestis, deque templi Hierosolymitani instauratione ab eodem Fuliamw attentata et divinitus impedita.
Mediolani, 1778.
4°; OorpT, J. W. G. VAN.
Constantijn de Groote en zijne voorgangers, eine studie over den Romeinschen keizertijde.
I Deel.
Haarlem, 1868.
8°, x, 383 pp.
This first part takes only to Antoninus Pius.
Origine della Donaztone di Costantino secundo il Déllinger.
In Civilita cattolica, Ser. 5, v. 10 (1864), 303-330.
PAPEBROCHIUS.
Comment. histor.
In Acta s. s. Bolland. Maii V. (1685), 12-27 pl.
Cf. Jun. p. 16-.
Penon.
Des monnaies de Constantin-le-Grand relatives & la Provence.
In Rep. trav. soc. statist.
Marseille.
28 (1866), 176-182.
Such as relate to coinage at Arles.
PFAHLER.
Trad. fr.
Histoire de Constantin le Grand et de son siecle.
1862.
8°, 202 pp.
(PILaTI, C. ANT.)
Gesch. d. Veriinderungen in d. Regierungu d. Gesetzen u. d. menschl, Geiste von Constantins Bekehrung an bis auf d. Untergang d. westrém-Reichs.
A.d. Franz.
Leipz. 1784.
PLATE, W.
Constantinus J.
In Smith, Dict. of Gr. and Rom. Biog. 1 (1859), 831-837.
Foius, REGIN.
... De baptismo Constantini Magni imper....
Rome, Paul Manut, 1562, 4°; Dilingz, 1562, 8°; Venet. 1563, 4°; Lovanii, 1567, fol.
Prologue and epilogue to the last new play, Constan the Great [by N. Lee]. s. e. (1683), one leaf, fol.
RALLAYE, LEONCE DE LA.
De Ja donation de Constantin d'apres le Dr. Doellinger (i.e. Papst leg.|.
In Le Monde (1864), Juillet, 3, p. 3-4; Juillet, 7, p. 3-4. Review, but has value of an original article.
Origin in France.
La rappresentatione di Costantino imperatore et di San Silvestro Papa, et di Santa Elena Imperatrice.
Stampata in Siena, con licenza de' superiori, et ristampata in Orvieto.
[1550?? B. M. Catal.; Fierenze, 1562, 4°; do.
1588. 4°.] Reign of Constantine the Great.
In Dublin Rev. 1857.
XLII. 490.
REISKIUS, JOANNES.
(Program.) 1681.
4°.
REUMONT, ALFRED VON.
Constantin der Grosse.
In his Gesch. d. Stadt Rom, 1 (Berlin, 1867), B. 3, Abschn.
2=p. 595-646. p. 859-860 has a Chronological 'able of reign of Constantine.
REVELLAT, J. P.
Notice sur une remarquable particularité que présente toute une série de milliaires de Constantin le Grand.
In Rev. archéolog. 1883, c. 11. 39-48, 69-78, 148-155; Par. 188-.
8°, Cf. Thédenat, H. in Bull. critiq. 1885, vi. 69-73.
The name of Maximian removed.
RICHARDSON, SAMUEL,
The necessity of toleration in matters of religion...
Here also is the copy of the Edict of the Emperors Constantine and Licinius.
Lond. 1647, p. (2) 21 (1).
Edict, p. 1-3.
RICHTER, HEINRICH.
Das westrémische Reich.
Berlin, 1865.
8°, p. 31-101, "Die rémischen Kaiser und die christliche Kirche von Diocletian bis zum Tode Constantins I."
ROMANE, ALFRED.
Lssai sur Constantin et ses rapports avec Déglise chrétienne.
These présentée a la Faculté de théologie protestante de Strasbourg.
Strasbourg, 1867.
8°, p. (2) 114.
Study of relation of church and state in fourth century.
Does not find one solitary evidence of regenerate life in Constantine.
He had no religion but his policy.
ROSSIGNOL, JEAN. PIERRE.
Virgile et Constantin le Grand.
1° p.
Paris, 1845.
8°.
Premiére partie, p. (2) xxxvi, 351 (1). Examines Eclogue of Virgil found in C.'s Oration and arrives at conclusion that " beyond a doubt "
Constantine did not write the oration, but Eusebius "le coupable c'est Eusébe."
ROUILLE, JOANNEs LupOvicus Du.
Orat. posterior de Constantino Magno dicta ...
II. Nonas. Februarii, No. c/o, iocii.
Delfis....
4°,14 pp.
Brief, rhetorical, eulogistic, worthless.
Royon, Jas. C. Hist. du Bas-Empire depuis Constantin, v. 1-4.
Paris, xii-1803.
8°.
SAGITTARIUS, JOH. CHRISTFRIED.
Dissertatio histor. de Constantino Magno.
Jenx, 1650.
4°.
SANDINUS, ANT.
Disput. histor. (1742), 135-149.
St. Victor, LEONARD DE.
Fondation de Constantinople.
In Anal. Jur. Pontif. XII. (1873), col. 402-414.
Apparition de la croix. & Pemper. Constantin.
In Anal. juris pontif. XII. (1873), 389-401.
Moyen d'accorder Lactance avec Eusébe.
Written middle of last century; MSS. in Bibl, Nat.
ScHAFF, P.
Constantine the Great and the Downfall of Paganism in the Roman Empire.
In Biblioth. Sac.
1863; XX. 778.
Review of Burckhardt, Keim, and Stanley's Eastern Church.
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
SCHEFFER-BorcHorstT, P. Meuere Forsuchungen iiber die konstantinische Schenkung.
In Mtthlgn. des Inst. f. oesterreich. Geschichtsforschg. 10 (1889), 302-325.
SCHELSTRATE, EMANUEL.
Andig. illust. circa Concil Gen., etc., et pracipua tr. Hist. Eccles. Cog.
<Antv. 1678, p11, diss III. c. VI.
De baptismo Constantini num Rome a S, Silvestro num Nicomediz ab Eusebio collatus fuit, an potius et Romz. et. Nicomediz.
Die Schenkung Constantin's, Mainz, 1866.
8°.
Translated from Civilita Cattolica.
Scrumipius, Jo. ANDR.
In hist. Ser. IV. fabulis Variorum, etc.
Helmst.1712.
4° (Conradus resp.).
ScHMIDT, O.
Zur Beurtheilung Constantins des Grossen.
Duisberg, 1863.
4°.
Progr.
SCHOEPFLIN.
Constantinus Magnus non fuit britannus.
In Commentationes historice.
Basil, 1741.
4°.
SCHROECKH, J. M.
Leben des Kaisers Constantin des Grossen.
In his Allgemeine Biographie.
Cf. Num. 66.
SCHULTZE, VIKTOR.
Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Konstantin's des Gr.
In Ztschr. f. Kirchengeschichte, 7 (1885), 343-371; 8 (1886), 517-542.
1. Die rémische Bildsaule mit dem Kreuze.
2. Die Tempelbauten in Konstantinopel.
3. Die Inschrift von Hispellum.
4. Konstantin und die Haruspicen.
5. Der Staat und das Osferwesen.
6. Der Untergang des Licinius.
SCHURZFLEISCH, ConR. SAM.
Que sit vera origo imperii Rom. christiani.
In his Controverss, XXXV.
Dissertatio de primo christianorum imperatore.
Witteberge, 1679.
4°, 52 pp. (pres. M.
Difenbach).
ScHwarz.
Colleg. histor. 8 (1737), 436-715.
SCULTETUS, ABRAH.
Confutatio Cas. Baronii de baptismo Constantini Magni.
Neustadii, 1607.
4°.
SEEBERG.
Zur konstantinischen Schenkung.
In Theol. Literaturblatt, 1890, cols. 25-27, 33-36, 41-45.
Rev. of Friedrich.
SEECK, OTTO.
Quellen und Urkunden iiber die Aufinge des Donatismus.
In Ztschr. f. Kirchenges. 10 (1889), 505-568.
A very systematic and interesting examination of sources.
Die Verwandtenmorde Constantin's des Grossen.
In Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Theol. 33 (1890), 63-77.
While disclaiming any attempt to whitewash Constantine, he finds his conduct not incompatible with being a good
Christian.
SEVESTRE,
Dict. patrol. 1. (1861), 1137-1148.
SIMONIDES, CONSTANT.
Panegyric of that holy and apostolic heaven-crowned King Constantine the Great.
London, 1854.
8°.
SMITH, W. BROWNING.
Constantine.
In Enc. Brit. 6 (1878), 298-301.
SoLIKov, I. I.
Moscow, 1810.
In Russian.
STAPFER, EDM.
Constantin J, In Lichtenberger, Encycl. des. sciences rel. 3 (1878), 388-393.
SreucHUs, AuGusT.
Contra Laurent Valla.
De falsa donatione Constantini ...
Lugduni Bat. 1545, 8°; 1547) 4°.
StrEso, J. A.
Konstantijn de Groote en Karel de Groote.
Arnhem, 1836.
8°,
STRUVE, BERN. GoTTH.
ébl, hist. V. (1790), 1, 178-207.
— ——.
Dissertatio de Constantino Magno ex rationibus politicis christiano, Jenx,1713.
4°. See HESSE.
SuCHIER.
Disputationis de Zosimi et Eusebii, historiarum scriptorum in Constantini Magni imperatoris rebus exponendis fide et auctoritate, part I,
Hersfeld, 1856.
4°.
25 pp.
Gymn. Progr.
Qualem Eusebius Constantinum Magnum imperatorem adumbraverat, paucis exponitur.
Hersfeld, 1857.
4°, 36 pp-
SuHR, BALTHUS. JOACHIM.
Constantini Magni signo crucis Christi in nubibus viso, ad Christianismum inauguratus (pres. J. J. Weidner).
Rostochii, 1703.
(Suhr, not Weidner?) Tacut, GULIELMUS.
Oratio in Donationem Constantini Magni nomine falso jactatam.
Delphis, 1726, 4°.
Do. Rom. 1755.
No use.
TenTzEL, Gui. Ern.
Examen fabule Romane de duplici baptismo Constantini Magni.
Witteberge, 1683.
4°.
THIELMANN.
Ueber Sprache und Kritik des libellus de Constantino Magno ejusqgue matre Helena,
In Blatter f, d. bayerische Gymnasialwesen, 16 (1880), 124-
THIERRY, AMADKE.'
Constantin en Gaule.
In Acad. d. sciences mor. et polit., 9 (1846), 349-364.
Pleasantly written resumé of the period, with not very exact characterization of Constantine in very attractive style.
XI. (1847), 374-387.
Fragment d'histoire sur la politique chrétienne de Constantin.
Takes the heathen side.
Neat rhetorically, THomastus, Curist.
De fide scriptorum Constantini Magni.
In Observatt Hallens. XXII. 1.
Treats especially Zosimus.
Cf. Vogt. p. 15-16.
——.
In fabulas de parentibus Constantini Magni.
In Obs. Hall. T. 1, n. 23, p. 377-388.
TILLEMONT.
Histoire des empereurs, 4 (1697), 76-381, 613-664.
TIRABOSCHI.
Stor. lett. Ital, 11. (1806), 373-377, 457.
TosLer, ADOLF.
Kaiser Constantinus als betrogner Ehemann.
In Jahrb. Roman. Engl. Lit.
13 (= N.F.L)
(1874), 104-108.
Various allusions in old French poetry.
PROLEGOMENA.
TODERINI, GIAMBATT.
La Costantiniana apparizione della croce difesa contro... G. A. Fabrico.
Venezia, 1773.
4°.
TRESCHO, LEB. F.
Beitr. tb. einige Vorwiirfe wider d. Ksr. Constantin d. Gr.
In his Brr. iib. d. neueste theol. Literat. II. 360-.
UNGER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM.
Die Bauten Constantin's des Grossen am heiligen Grabe zu Ferusalem.
Gittingen, 1866.
8°. iv, 128 pp.
Abdruck aus Benfey, Th., Orient. u. Occid. II. 177-232, 385-466.
He thinks to demonstrate that a part of the Havam in Jerusalem has indisputable evidences of Constantinian origin.
He seems to build dangerously much on Fergusson (Lond. 1847).
VALENTINI.
J/ codice di Eusebio della Biblioteca Queriniana di Brescia illustrato.
In Commentari dell'
Ateneo di Brescia, 1885, p. 20-32 (?).
VALLA, LAuRENTIUS.
De falso credita et ementita donatione Constantini.
For various editions, see Graesse, vol. 6. 2, p. 249, and the Etude of Bonneau.
The edition of 1 520 is usually cited as princeps, for the first edition was published clandestinely by Ulrich von Hutten in 1517.
A convenient one is that with translation by Bonneau, Paris, 1879.
It was written in the middle of the fifteenth century, and for venturing to deny the authority of the Donation, the author was obliged to flee in disguise from Rome.
VARENNE, BERNARD DE.
/Yistoire de Constantin le Grand, rer empereur chrétien.
Par. 1728.
4°.
VALOIS, CHARLES DE.
Discours dans lequel on prétend faire voir que les médailles qui portent pour légende:
F. Cl. Constantinus Fun N. C. n'apartiennent point 2 Constantin le jeune fils de Constantin le Grand.
In Soc. trav.
Acad. inscr. et belles let.
4°.
V.3.
Maintains that all such medals belong to a brother of Constantine, and not to his son.
VEDELIUS, NICOLAUS.
De episcopatu Constantini Magni seu de potestate magistratuum Reformatorum circa res Ecclestasticas dissertatio.
Repetita cum responsione ad interrogata quedam.
Franekenz, Apud Uldericum Balck, 1642. p. (48) 143.
Nature indicated by sub-title.
Takes as text Constantine's remark that he, too, was a bishop.
(V. c. 4, 24.)
VINCENTIUS BELVACENSIS.
Sfec. hist.
XIV. 1, 43-44, 47-58, 102.
VISCONTI.
Sopra la cristianita di Costantino Magno, dimonstrata co monumenti e con le medaglie....
In Atti Accad. Rom. Archeol. VI. (1835), 207-228.
"Sopra il nimbo usato ne' ritiatti di esso imperatore."'
VocT, JoH.
Historia litteraria Constantini Magni, plus centum et quinguaginta rerum Constantinianarum
Scriptores sistens.
Hamburgi, Apud Viduam B. Schilleri & J. C. Kisnerum, 1720.
Compare for older literature on Constantine.
There is long account of literature by topics.
Voict, GorTFR.
Vita Constantini Magni disputatione historica descripta.
Rostochii, 1675.
4°.
VoicT, Moritz.
Drei epigraphische Constitutionen Constantin's des Grossen und ein epigraphisches Rescript des pref. Pret. Ablavius,...
Leipzig, 1860.
8°. ix. (1) 242.
The documents occupy to p. 42.
The remainder of the work taken up with an essay on the Pagi and Vici of the Roman Empire.
WALCH, CHR. GUIL. FRANC.
De rois etow rns exxAnotas et trois exros Constantini Magni Commentatio.
D. II.
August, MCCDLXXXIII. lecta.
In Comment. Soc. Reg. Sci. Gotting. vi. 2, 1783-84 (Got. 1785), 81-106.
Separate title-page to part 2, dated 1784.
Is a discussion of Constantin's famous saying.
Gives passim many references to writers who have discussed the question.
WALTHER, BALTHAS.
Diatribe elenchetica de imperatoris Constantini Magni baptismo, donatione et legatione ad concilium Nicenum.
Jenx, 1816.
12°.
WEGNERUS, JOH. ERNESTUS.
Constantinus Magnus Imperator, Maximorum postulatus criminum, sed potioré parte absolutus ex Fudiciali Gen.
(Pres. Georgi Casp. Kirchmaieri.) Wittenberg, 1698, 16 pp.
Note title.
WEIDNER, JOHAN. JOACH. (resp. Johannes Goethe).
Dissertatio historica de Constantino Magno qua illum honeste & ex legitimo matrimonio natum contra G. Arnoldum vindicatur ac defenditur.
Rostochii, 1702.
4°, Pp. (2) 34.
Weidner is preses.
The dedication is by Goethe to his father, and Goethe is called author by the British Museum Catalogue.
— —.
Constantinus Magnus superatis juvente discriminibus legitimus tandem patris Constantit successor,
1702; ib. 1703, p. (4) 40.
Accorded to Weidner by Vogt.
"Burck" is respondant, and seems by preface to be author, but ?
Dissertatio de Constantino Magno Signo crucis Christi in nubibus viso ad Christianismum inaugurato. ib. 1703.
4°.
WEILAND, L.
Die constantinische Schenkung.
In Ztschr. f. Kirchenrecht, 22, (1887), 1 37-160; 22, (1888), 185-210, Origin was between 813 and 875 and was by contemporary of Hadrian I.
WERNSDORF, JO. CHR.
D, de visu Constantini Magni locus Eumenii Rhetoris capile xxi. Panegyrici Constantini dictus explicatus.
In Stosch. Ferd., Museum Crit. I11. (Lemgoviae, 1778), 131-187.
Shows that the "appearance related by Eumenius (as taking place in Gaul) is the same as that referred to by Eusebius."
WeRnspoRrF, E. F.
De Constantini Magni religione Paschali ad Euseb. de vita Const. M. b. iv. c. 22.
Witteberge, 1758.
4°, pp. 24.
Constantine's piety exemplified in his paschal observance.
WERVEKE, N. VAN.
TZvouvaille @'Ermsdorf.
Médailles romaines de Pépogue de Constantin.
P440-498.
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT.
LS Descriptive catalogue of coins and medals found at Emsdorf in 1880, intermingled with discussion,
Large number.
Interesting.
Also something "In Public. hist. Instit, Luxembourg (1881-1882), XXXV. 450-476"?
WESSELOFSKY, ALEX.
Le dit de Pempereur Constant.
In Romania, 6 (Paris, 1877), 161-198 (cf. G. Paris,
588-596), VII. 331.
Poem from MS. in Copenhagen.
Records three redactions of the story.
WESTPHALEN, COMTE DE.
La date de l'avenement au trine de Constantin le Grand, d'apres Eusebe et les médailles.
In Revue numismatique (1877), 26-42.
WEYTINGH, JoANNES HENRICUS ARNOLDUS.
Disguisitio historica de Constantino Magno.
Daventriz, 1826.
8°.
(4) 74 (2).
Treats:
1. State of empire to death of Augustus; 2. State of empire to death of Constantius
Chlorus; 3. Constantine and his acts; 4. Critical estimate of Constantine.
Wirnor, Frip. THEOD.
Dissertatio histor. de ficta Constantini Magni lepra, Lingen, 1767.
4°.
Wotrr, Jon. CuHrTPH.
Disputatio de visione crucis Constantino Magno in celo oblate.
Witteb. 1706.
4°.
"1707" (Danz); "also in Oeirichs German liter. opusce, II. 303-" (Danz).
WOLTERECK, CHR.
Exercitatio critica qua disputatur crucem quam in celis vidisse se juravit Constantinus
Magnus Imperator, fuisse naturalem, in Halone Solari, (Praes. J. A. Fabricius.) Hamburgi, 1706, pp. 32 and plate.
(JVot Fabricus?) WorpswortH.
Constantine the Great and his sons: Constantinus 1.
In Smith & Wace. Dict. 1 (1877), 624-649.
Treats Authorities, Life, in three periods, Legislation and Policy, Character and Writings, Vision of the Cross, and Coins.
ZAHN, THDR.
Constantin der Grosse und die Kirche.
Wannover, 1876.
Gr. 8°, 35 pp.
ZEUMER, K.
Der Glteste Text des Constitutum Constantini.
Berlin, 1888.
In Festgabe fiir Gneist.
Nore 1.—The number of works which have suggested themselves as really necessary to complete a working list for the student of Constantine is very great.
Some works like HEFELE's Conciliengeschichte seem indispensable, others like HARNACK's article in Herzog, Ency&l. on the Konstantinopolitanisches Symbol have a very important correlative bearing, and ought really to be especially mentioned because the general student would not readily find them out.
Several works on the historical value of Eusebius' Life of Constantine, also should really have been inserted.
The latest of these is:
CrivetLucci, A.
Della fede storica di Eusebio nella vita di Costantino : appendice al volume I. della Storia delle relazioni tra lo stato e la chiesa.
Livorno, tip. di Raffaelo Giusti edit. 1888.
8°, 145 pp. Reviewed in Nuova Antologia, Ser. 3, vol. 21, 1 Maggio, 1889; by F. Gérres, in Ztschr. f. wiss. Theol. 33. 1 (1890); by V. Schultze,
Theol. Litbl. (1889), Nos. 9, 10.
Says that the life of Constantine is no better than an historical novel.
For farther literature on special points compare references in the notes.
NotTE 2.—The attempt to secure accuracy in the above list has proved one of great difficulty.
All references could not be verified, and as "conjectural emendation" is even more dangerous in bibliography than in textual criticism, readings have not generally been changed excepting on what seemed actual evidence.
The only way to avoid laying oneself open to criticism in making a bibliography is not to make it.
The editor can only say for this that a great deal of pains has been expended on improving accuracy as well as in gathering titles and annotating.
The difficulty is shown in the fact that the work quoted on the double authority of Oettinger and of Chevalier as by Janus, proves on securing the work itself, after the list is in plate, to be really by Vogt and dedicated to Janus.
II.—SPECIAL PROLEGOMENA.
§ 1.
THe Lire or CONSTANTINE.
1. Edttons.
THE Life is found in the editions of Eusebius (compare list in Dr. McGiffert's Prolegomena) of 1544 (p. 117*-), 1612 (p. 301-), 1659, 1672, 1678, 1720 (p. 583-) and 1822 at least.
The edition of Heinichen first published in 1830 (p. 1-332, 333-406, 407-500) and republished in 1869: Eusebius Pamphili Vita Constantini et Panegyricus atque Constantint ad sanctorum Coetum oratio.
Recensuit cum annotatione critica atque indicibus denuo edidit...
Lipsie, Hermann Mendelssohn, 1869.
8° is the latest and best.
2. Translations.
The editions of Za#n translations are very numerous.
Basil.
1549, Portesius (V. C. 650-698, 0. C. 698-715, no L. C.) ; Basil, 1557, Musculus (V. C. 158-215, O. C. 217-231, no L. Cy:
Basil, 1559 (V. C. 650-698, O. C. 698-715) ; Par. 1562, Musculus (V. C. 160-218, O. C.
218-234) ; Antv. 1568 (?), Christophorson (V. C. 224-306*, O. C. 306°-326%, L. C. 326%
361) ; Basil, 1570, Portesius (V. C. 862-914, O. C. 915-932) and Christophorson (L. C.
932-971) ; Paris, 1571, Christophorson (258-341, 341-362, 362-397) ; Basil, 1579,
Portesius (V. C. 862-914, O. C. 915-932), and Christophorson (L. C. 923-971) ; Paris, 1581 (V.C.
P. 214-297, O. C. 297-317, L. C. 317-355) ; Colon. 1581, Christophorson (V. C. 195-268, O. C.
269-286, L. C. 287-317) ; "1591 (Grynzus)" ; Basil, 1611 (Grynzus), Christophorson (V. C.
118-170, O. C. 171-184, no L. C.); Paris, 1677, Valesius (V. C. 164-232, O. C. 233-248;
L.C. 249-275) ; Frf. ad M. 1695, Valesius (328-465, 466-497, 498-549) ; Cambr. 1720 (Reading) Valesius; Cambr. 1746 (Reading) Valesius;
1822 (Zimmermann), Valesius (772-1046, 1047-1117, 1118-1232) ; Par. 1842 (Cailleau).
The editions of 1612, 1659, and 1672 at least also have Latin translations.
There is a French translation by J. Morin, Histoire de la délivrance del' Eglise, &c., Par. 16 30, fol., and another by Cousin, Par. 7675, 4°, and 1686, 4°.
There is a German translation by Stroth, Quedlinb. 1799, v. 2, p. 141-468, and one by Molzberger.
Kempten, 1880.
For English translations, see the following paragraph.
3. English translations.
The first English translation of Eusebius was by Merideth Hanmer (compare Prolegomena of Dr. McGiffert).
The first editions of Hanmer did not contain the Life of Constantine.
It is a little hard to distinguish the early editions, but there were at least three, and perhaps four, editions (1577 (76), 1585 (84), 1607, 1619 ?), before there was added in 1637 to the 1636 edition (" fourth edition" not " fifth edition 1650," as Wood, Athene Oxon.), a translation by Wye Saltonstall as follows :
Eusebius | His life of Constantine, | in foure | d00kes. | With Constantine's Oration to the Clergie|...| London. | Printed by Thomas Cotes, for Michael Sparke, and are to be \ sold at the blue Bible in greene Arbour | 1637 ; fol. pp. (2) 1-106 (E), 107-132 (C), 133-163 (4) (L. Ce
The dedication by the "translator" is signed Wye Saltonstall.
This was reprinted : London.
THE LIFE OF CONSTANTINE.
Printed by Abraham Miller, dwelling in Black Friers, 1649. fol., and is probably the same as that quoted often (e.g. Hoffmann) as 1650.
The Life occupies p. 1-74.
It was again reprinted, London, 1656, fol., it is said, revised and enlarged.
The former editions having become exhausted, it was proposed to re-edit and republish Hanmer's (Saltonstall's) version, but the editor found it "a work of far greater labor to bring Dr. Hanmer's Translation to an agreement with the Greek Text of Valesius' Edition, than to make a ew One," which latter thing he accordingly did and did well.
It was published in 1682, with the following title :
The | Life | of | Constantine | in four books, | Written in Greek, by Eusebius Pamphilus,
Bishop of Caesarea in| Palestine; done into English from that edition set forth by | Valesius, and Printed at Paris in the Year 1659. | Together with | Valesius's Annotations on the said Life, which are made | English, and set at their proper places in the margin. | Hereto is also annext the Emperour Constantine's Oration to the | Convention of the Saints, and Eusebius Pamphilus's
Speech concerning the praises of Constantine, | spoken at his tricennalia. | Cambridge, | Printed by John Hayes, Printer to the University, 1682, fol.
This was published with the 1683 edition of the History, and so is properly 1683 in spite of title-page.
In 1692 this was reprinted with new general title-page, but otherwise identically the same edition with same sub-titles and same paging.
In 1709 a new edition was published, also with the History, having substantially the same matter on the title-page but Zhe second edition.
London.
Printed for N. and J. Churchill, in the Year 1709.
In this paging is the same (527-633), but there is preliminary matter added before the History.
This version is said by Crusé (compare also Dr. McGiffert's Prolegomena) to be by T. Shorting.
Whoever it was by, it was well done and most interesting.
In the course of time, however, it became antiquated in form, and there was added in 1845 to the Bagster edition of the ecclesiastical historians an anonymous translation :
The | Life | of | the Blessed Emperor | Constantine, | in four books. | From 306-337 A.D. |
By | Eusebius Pamphilus | ...| London: | Samuel Bagster and Sons; |...| MDCCCXLV.
8°. p. xx, 380.
This translation is in somewhat inflated style, which perhaps represents Eusebius and Constantine better than a simpler one, but which sometimes out-Herods Herod, as, e.g. in the oration of Constantine, p. 279, where it takes fourteen English words to express seven Greek ones, " Far otherwise has it been during the corrupt and lawless period of human life" for "It was not thus in lawless times."
A quotation from Matthew (xxvi. 52) on p. 267 takes eight words in the original, twelve in the 1881 Revised Version, sixteen in the phrase of Constantine, and twenty-two in this translation.
The translation is made from the edition of Valesius, not the first of Heinichen, as appears from the division of Bk. 1, chap. 10, and similar peculiarities. The present edition (1890) is a revision of the translation of 1845 founded on the edition of Heinichen.
4. Author and date.
Almost no fact of history is unquestioned; therefore the unquestionable authorship of Busebius has been questioned.
Some have made the author Macarius (compare Vogt. Hist. lit. p. 12), evidently on the ground of the letter (3. 52) which the author says was addressed to himself, but which is to Macarius and others, but there is no real doubt of the Eusebian authorship.
It was written after the death of Constantine (337), and therefore between 337 and 340, when Eusebius died.
The interesting hypothesis of Meyer (p. 28) that it was perhaps written mainly in Constantine's lifetime, at the suggestion and under the direction of Constantine, to defend him against charges brought, or which might be brought, against him, is worth mentioning, although it is more ingenious than probable.
The headings of the chapters are by another, though probably not much later, and.a competent hand (cf. Lightfoot).
5. Zrustworthiness of Eusebius.
The value of a writer is determined by (1) His sources of knowledge, (2) His own intellectual and moral ability.
Again, the criticism of a given work seeks whether the aim pro-
SPECIAL PROLEGOMENA.
posed for that work has been truly fulfilled.
A man who attempts a treatise on Geometry is not to be criticised because he omits mention of sulphuric acid, or if he purposes a description of Wagner's music, because he does not produce a Helmholtz on Sound.
The application of these principles to Eusebius' Life of Constantine requires brief examination of 1. The proposed scope of the work.
2. The character of the sources.
3. The intellectual and moral competency of Eusebius in the premises.
(1) Zhe Scope of the Work.
This is quite definitely outlined (1.11).
In contrast with those who have recorded the evil deeds of other emperors and thus have "become to those who by some favor had been kept apart from evil, teachers not of good, but of what should be silenced in oblivion and darkness,'' he proposes to record the noble actions of this emperor.
He proposes, however, to pass over many things, — his wars, personal bravery, victories, and successes, his legislative acts, and many other things, and confine himself to such things as have reference to his religious character.
His aim, therefore, is distinctly limited to his religious acts, and it is not stretching his meaning too far to say, expressly limited to his virtuous actions.
(2) Character of the Sources.
The advantages which Eusebius had for knowing of the life of Constantine, especially of his religious acts, could hardly be surpassed.
He lived in the midst of the events which he records, was personal friend of the emperor, received letters from him directly, and had every opportunity to gather the other letters and documents which form so large a part of his history (cf. V. C. 1. 10).
(3) Competency of Eusebius.
Respecting this there is endless controversy.
The fullness of material is unquestionable, the intellectual competency of Eusebius is almost equally so, and the questionings regard mainly whether the author has made a proper use of material.
Opinions are various, but this does not mean that they are equally well grounded and valuable.
Some of the latest judgments are the most severe.
Crivellucci (Livorno, 1888) calls it an historical novel, and Gorres, in a review of Crivellucci, agrees that it is worth less than the Panegyrics of Eumenius and Nazarius, which is certainly milder than Manso's (p. 222) "more shameless and lying " than these.
Right or wrong, this is a frequently repeated view.
Some (Hely, p. 141) cannot speak too strongly of the " contempt " which he " deserves," and accuse of "pious fraud" or the next thing to it(Kestner, 1816, p.67).
For farther criticisms consult the works cited by Dr. McGiffert under Literature, and the special works on Eusebius cited in the Literature to Constantine above, passim.
'The criticisms group generally around 1. The suppression of the facts respecting the deaths of Crispus, &c., and various others derogatory to Constantine.
2. The eulogistic tone and coloring of the work, especially the very pietistic saintly sort of flavor given to Constantine.
As to the suppression of facts, note (1) That he gives entire warning of his plan.
It would have been artistically and ethically improper, in a work which distinctly sets out with such purpose, to admit that class of facts.
It takes more or less from the value of the work, but it does not reflect on the general trustworthiness of what is said.
(2) No similar judgment is passed on Eutropius, the Victors, Anonymous Valesianus or Zosimus, for not mentioning his pious acts.
(3) A comparison of most biographies of living or recently dead presidents, kings, and emperors will be greatly to the advantage, even, of this fourth century eulogist over those of our boasted critical age.
As to eulogistic and exaggerated tone, observe (1) That it was more or less justified.
That is, the premises of the criticism which are substantially that Constantine was not saintly or pietistic and was non-committal toward Christianity, are false.
His extreme testimony is backed by very general testimony in the election of Constantine to technical saintship.
(2) That it compares well with modern eulogists and extremely well with the contemporary Panegyrists of Constantine.
(3) That Eusebius takes care frequently to guard his statements by quoting his source, as in the matter of the vision of the cross, or by ascribing to hearsay.
In general, the work stands very much on the same level as the biographies of generals in the late civil war, or of presidents, written by admiring members of their staffs or cabinets, incorporat-
THE ORATIONS.
ing authentic documents, intending to be truthful, and generally succeeding, but yet full of the enthusiasm of admiring friendship and inclined not to see, or to extenuate or even suppress, faults and mistakes.
Nevertheless, they are valuable on the positive side as the real testimony to genuinely believed excellency by those in the position to know intimately.
Eusebius is, substantially, genuine.
Such supreme hypocrisy as would produce this work, without admiring respect and after its subject was dead, is inconceivable in him.
All the unconscious turns of phrase show at least a consistent attitude of mind.
The work is, in brief, by a competent author, from ample sources and without intentional falsification or misrepresentation.
It probably represents the current Christian view of the man as accurately and honestly as any biography of Lincoln or the Emperor William written within a year or two of their deaths has done.
As we now think of these two men whom doubtless inquisitive criticism might find to have faults, so the Christians in general and his friend Eusebius in particular probably thought of the Great Emperor.
Compare discussion and literature of the trustworthiness of Eusebius as a historical writer in the Prolegomena of Dr. McGiffert in this volume.
6. Value of the work.
That the work on any basis but the untenable one of out-and-out forgery should be characterized as " worthless" or "a mere romance "' or " of less value than the heathen panegyrists" is a curious bit of psychological performance, for it does precisely what it grounds its contempt for Eusebius on, — suppresses and exaggerates.
Taking the minimum residuum of the most penetrating criticism, and the work is yet a source of primary value for understanding the man Constantine.
This residuum includes (1) The documents which the work contains.
These amount at the very least estimate to more than one-fourth of the whole matter, and the appended oration of Constantine is nearly as much more.
(2) Many facts and details where there could be no possibility of motive for falsifying.
(3) Much which critical care can draw out of the over-statements of eulogy.
§ 2.
ORATION OF CONSTANTINE.
The Zattions and Translations of this work are substantially identical with those of the Life.
See above, under Zi/e.
The Authenticity of the work has been doubted, and its composition ascribed to Eusebius or some other Christian writer, but without sufficient reason.
It was appended by Eusebius to his Life of Constantine as specimens of the latter's style (cf. V. C. 4.
32).
As such it shows a man of some learning, though learning taken at second hand, it is thought, from Lactantius and others (cf. Wordsworth's Constantine I.).
It was composed in Latin, and translated into Greek by the special officials appointed for such work (V. C. 4. 32).
It was delivered on Good Friday, but in what year or where is not known.
It has been placed before the year 324 (Ceiller, 130), but the mention of events and the character of the work itself suggest a considerably later date.
§ 3.
ORATION oF EUSEBIUS.
The Editions and Translations are substantially as those of the Life, above, but some of the earlier ones do not contain this work.
It was delivered in the year 336 (or possibly 335) at Constantinople, in celebration of the thirtieth anniversary of Constantine's accession, Constantine himself being present (cf. V. C. 4. 46 and O.C. 1).
It gave the emperor lively satisfaction, from which one may safely infer a peculiar taste for combined panegyric and philosophical theology unless the hypothesis of a double work be true.
According to this hypothesis the work consists of two separate orations, spoken perhaps at different times, the first including chapters
1-10, which are panegyrical in character, and the other chapters 11-18, which are theological
(compare Lightfoot, Eusebius, p. 343 ; also McGiffert, Prolegomena, p. 43).
It is like the oration of Constantine, a proper part of the Life of Constantine being appended according to his promise in Bk. 4, ch. 46.
The special points relating to these works are treated in the notes.
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CONSTANTINE.
THE LIFE OF CONSTANTINE.
THE ORATION OF CONSTANTINE.
III.
THE ORATION CF EUSEBIUS.
bisa ace ganieerenes 95 wes ate tin ip 4G 'ROETARO a
THE TABLE OF CONTENTS.
THE LIFE oF CONSTANTINE.
BOOK I.
PAGE CHAp.. I, — Preface — Of the death 'of Constantine ).f oui. Sac ls cles lec cece cccewoccccctvevsveccose
Greer ikea heypremace COntINUE saree tte ss esi se eh Maine eee ele woe eee oie ele ate ce eer are ale aialoie novels s
'Cuap. III.— How God honors pious princes, but destroys tyrants..........0 ee cece eee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee
CuAPhat God) honored Constantine'... lates ts tie ae oe ta eae ietles ern cieiale teres seate ow Seeere else ole 482
Cuap. V.— That he reigned above thirty.years, and lived above sixty........ Cac Oraric GIiisla/vinereeamtecrete ce 482 Cuap. VI.—That he was the servant of God, and the conqueror of nations..........0....ssceeseeeceees
'CHap. VII.— Comparison with Cyrus, king of the Persians, and with Alexander of Macedon..............-
CHAPSVIIL— That he conquered "nearly the whole 'world. oo (2728.-l. + sleaele ssesiccenges ses cisivcaeiacesicle
Cuap. IX.— That he was the son of a pious emperor, and bequeathed the power to royal sons.............
Cuap. X.— Of the need for this history, and its value for edification. ............
0. ce cece cece ccc cceeees
Cuap. XI.— That his present object is to record only the pious actions of Constantine.................-..
Cnap. XII. — That, like Moses, he was reared in the palaces of kings..........
000 cee cceeeucesececees
Cuap. XIII.— Of Constantius his father, who refused to imitate Diocletian, Maximian, and Maxentius, in their persecution of the Christians............csecseee cece cere eee eee t cere crete neces en neceseeee
Cuap. XIV.
— How Constantius his father, being reproached with poverty by Diocletian, filled his treasury, and afterwards restored the money to those by whom it had been contributed. .............esee-eee-
Guar. XV.—Of the persecution raised by his colleagues.
<0 sie'b:. sessed vos olen vine bialelele ove dinativinstwaseses
Cuap. XVI. — How Constantius, feigning idolatry, expelled those who consented to offer sacrifice, but retained in his palace all who were willing to confess Christ ..........++eeeeseeeeeeeeeeeee Sinise sieewivenveee
CHAP OV 11 — Of. hise Christian manneriof [ile icc.o:. aie's die wis gistorw spe ainiele tela che! exis sisietels « sie tiaialels: dietiewe's <mavw cere 487
Cuap. XVIII. — That after the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, Constantius became chief Augustus, and jvas_blessed with a numerous Offspring se < 0. cei aleielelelrieiniajerelnisiei= olei=i+isi\elvirisieicielvistelals aie) <els ein eleis 487
Cuapr. XIX.— Of his son Constantine, who in his youth accompanied Diocletian into Palestine............
Cuap. XX.— Flight of Constantine to his father, because of the plots of Diocletian....... Noite co ctetebneere cre -
Cuap. XXI. — Death of Constantius, who leaves his son Constantine emperor............eeeeeeeeceecees
Cuap. XXII. — How, after the burial of Constantius, Constantine was proclaimed Augustys by the army....
Cuap. XXIII.
—A brief notice of the destruction of the tyrants...........seceeeeeecceeeceeeees i erehe woh 488 Cuap. XXIV. — It was by the will of God that Constantine became possessed of the empire...............
Cuar. XXV.— Victories of Constantine over the barbarians and the Britons..........-.4..0-eeeeeeeeees
Cuar. XXVI.— How he resolved to deliver Rome from Maxentius...........ceceecee ceeseeeceeeeceees
Cuap. XXVII.— That after reflecting on the downfall of those who had worshiped idols, he made choice of APirastianity Scop cetaere eis sip eiminioaa oe siege rmnatatae ate ol elate iste) sig «iPkesars ohevave vlorers o,acveGlvre wie enrere ements werner
Cuap. XXVIII.— How, while he was praying, God sent him a vision of a cross of light in the heavens at mid-day, with an inscription admonishing him to conquer by that........ sss sees eeeseeeeeeeceeeees
Cuap. XXIX. — How the Christ of God appeared to him in his sleep, and commanded him to use in his wars a standard made in the form of the cross... .,.....cccescccccceses cece ccennesesessscetrasenececs
Cuap. XXX.— The making of the standard of the cross........e.eeeccerccccecccsreeseet cece cceeeess
CHaPp. XXXI.—A description of the standard of the cross, which the Romans now call the Labarum......
Cuap. XXXII. — How Constantine received instruction, and read the sacred scriptures. ..............+-55
Cuap. XXXIII.
— Of the adulterous conduct of Maxentius at Rome. ...........eeeeeee wees cree cece eee
Cuapr. XXXIV. — How the wife of a prefect slew herself for chastity's sake..........e-es seer eeeeeeeeee
Cuap. XXXV.— Massacre of the Roman people by Maxentius.........-..ceecceecceeceeeeee eee eeeeees
Cuapr. XXXVI.— Magic arts of Maxentius against Constantine; and famine at Rome.......... ee a ek
Cuap. XXXVII.— Defeat of Maxentius' armies in Italy.......---. see eeeeeeereeee area eee Pe a Ro
Cuap. XXXVIII.— Death of Maxentius on the bridge of the Tiber........+++eeip eisteiarete Me ace pen
AGS
A74
CONSTANTINE.
CHap, XXXIX.—Constantine's entry into Rome. .... 2.6.60. ac ceca eres es ciecsnwacs secesesscesce suave
Cuap. XL.— Of the statue of Constantine holding a cross, and its inscription. .............+s+eeeseeeees
Cuap. XLI.— Rejoicings throughout the provinces; and Constantine's acts of grace..........-++esseeeees
Cuap. XLII.— The honors conferred upon bishops, and the building of churches...............220++000Crap, XLII. — Constantine's liberality to thepoor,
.. 2. em «. as eeecee es sass oes eeees cee seals eciceey Cuap. XLIV.
— How he was present at the synods of bishopsS.......-...0ceees cece cece seceessctcceeees Cuap. XLV. — His forbearance with unreasonable men.............20+sscccecnccsccessvecceccsssores
CuaAp. XLVI.— Victories over the barbarians...............0-eeeee00. pudocanqoovonm onodionacdnaaulbo te
Cuap. XLVII.— Death of Maximin, who had attempted a conspiracy, and of others whom Constantine
detected by Divine: revelation:;....:.¢abts eect ARO olen ce eta settle cia eis encores cise ee emer Cuap. XLVIII. —Celebration of Constantine's Decennalia............0+ecccccecseccrcvcccecssccccces
CHAP, XLEX,— How Licinius oppressed the. Easts),asatersciaeies sce es sciser ine ere al serene aoeieciere cite Cap. L.— How Licinius attempted a conspiracy against Constantine...........-0+eeceececcesceccececs
Cuap. LI. — Intrigues of Licinius against the bishops, and his prohibition of synods...........2.seeeeee0
Cuap. LII. — Banishment of the Christians, and confiscation of their property ............ceceeeeeeeeeees
Cuap. LIII.— Edict that women should not meet with the men in the churches...........-..ee0e2se000%
Cuap. LIV.— That those who refuse to sacrifice are to be dismissed from military service, and those in prison not to be fed. s)-33 jeer sects ele o/siis, 5 sie (09 6 shwpare le cKeyehilale) qlayeyale Sbayle, aheyevaie ols fa\ofeleusvareia 4) amaenicietelajcle (cyanea /egseete
Cuap. LV. —The lawless conduct and covetousness of Licinius.............-cceceeeceececceccscecesees
Cuap. LVI.— At length he undertakes to raise a persecution..........0.
00sec ececcecececcecescucecces Cuap. LVI. — That Maximian, brought low by a fistulous ulcer with worms, issued an edict in favor of the
CBriSHA RS 5... ++i ccnp spnsrgy aefrarraurog th fod bemseind dame sane sore quairnas Sa kens oleae
Sate Cuap. LVIII.— That Maximin, who had persecuted the Christians, was compelled to fly, and conceal himself
in the disguise of a slave..... isliny ws a1 9a] k= 15is/e [ov fo aifelisiaha' exwlnies'jeye|o a/euaterers (ope ais, e}shote eho ys ecsiensteqeyalo severe tetaleloustele
BOOK II.
Cuap. I. —Secret persecution by Licinius, who causes some bishops to be put to death at Amasia of Pontus,
Cuap. II. — Demolition of churches, and butchery of the bishops...........0..cccccuceccucececcecucecs
Cuap. III. — How Constantine was stirred in behalf of the Christians thus in danger of persecution........
Cuap. IV.— That Constantine prepared himself for the war by prayer: Licinius by the practice of divination,
Cuap. V.— What Licinius, while sacrificing in a grove, said concerning idols, and concerning Christ........
Cuap. VI.— An apparition seen in the cities subject to Licinius, as of Constantine's troops passing through
HREM cede casera longi eee e a arava ecoratafh'e Oe Rata Woke vc eee ee RN re, Bem ater By
Seer wees a eewreresrerer reser easee nesses esssce Cuap. IX. —That one of the cross-bearers, who fled from his post, was slain: while another, who faithfully stood his ground, was preserved RENEE SATE OOS
8 SORT SE STATE OS SIS S GOS wel 8 668) bb. Ste aretha' ds ele balla Toho! wirene tera-ereiaiehaite
Ow fe ele' ee) 6 ole 0 8 Sle ee) eB ee epee sie via © isvelete les etre ue ete alee ee
Guar. XI — Hight, andsmagie arts of Licinius; 2u eel 2 ee eee ee Cuap. XII.— How Constantine, after praying in his tabernacle, obtained the victory
Cuar. XITI.— His humane treatment of prisoners 9209 4... 1. DVN. b. Wale eu een SSL Cuar. XIV.— A farther mention of his prayers in the tabernacle .............0ccecececcccccceccuccccee
Cap. XV.— Treacherous friendship, and idolatrous practices of Licinius............0..cccececceeceeee.
Cuap. XVI.— How Licinius counseled his soldiers not to attack the standard of the cross
CHar, XVIL — Constantine's; victory syns...
02.
SONS Ot a a ee ee eee Cuap. XVIII.— Death of Licinius, and celebration of the event
Citar. XIX.—Rejoicings and festivities s 25.4 \.44 2. .20ei4 seas sb PRO oe SRR Se ee Cuap. XX. — Constantine's enactments in favor of the confessors..........00000 ceeeeeeeeceeeccccc sce, Cap. XXI.— His laws concerning martyrs, and concerning ecclesiastical property
Cuap. XXII. — How he won the favor of the peoplErs L227 se VIP RS a ee ee Cuap. XXIII.—That he declared God to be the author of his prosperity: and concerning his rescripts
Cuar. XXIV. — Law of Constantine respecting piety towards God, and the Christian religion
Cuap. XXV.— An illustration from ancient times CuaP, XXVL.— Of persecuted' and! persééutors /YtW ch 922.
2s HSN NG DO SRE es CuaP. XXVII.— How the persecution became the occasion of calamities to the aggressors
Cuap. XXVIII. — That God chose Constantine to be the minister of blessing Ce ee ey Ce i ar rd oe Wee SC oleie Sel welts sve eee aM v6 8 eels 6a
© es 6 oe ee eee) 6 © ee € ce ee we 8 es ee cece ee ee ay PASASER NS: BON e 18/8 4X8:'HS..0(8,'#la ete Nein se eels elielre/oreney stare lanatel glerelaiererenenetthere ee ee er iy Sh Sel veliw lee! 6 jew) s)-6 [eal se) 'e:'9/.6 woerattern wine
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE Cuap. XXIX. — Constantine's expressions of piety towards God; and praise of the confessors..........----
Cuapr. XXX.—A law granting release from exile, from service in the courts, and from the confiscation of PLOPETLY. wale seve cole cv wMereieiale viclels sla eltlelaleieisielielorely late ole'sieiclsislsie tielarelarela le avatvie vie rh ers cieiele cveleiata esis
Cuap, XXXI.— Release likewise granted to exiles in the islands............-+eeeeeeee eee sree eenceres
Cuap, XXXII.— And to those ignominiously employed in the mines and public works .......-+.-+-+++0+-
Cuap, XX XIII.— Concerning those confessors engaged in military service.........-.+++eeseeeeeree renee
Cuap, XXXIV. — The liberation of free persons condemned to labor in the women's apartments, or to servitude,
Cuap. XXXV.— Of the inheritance of the property of martyrs and confessors, also of those who had suffered banishment or confiscation of property....... FO al PE ete Hee areas Cates ois STMT oo SMCs af hrea ee cas eidole
Cuap. XXXVI. —The Church is declared heir of those who leave no kindred; and the gifts of such persons
GOIN] © as sc oie oie cies o wie'o:cic's osereraosnsasevolay eis) o/si a) juin) exshotoretesas of's'6} chsrainle%e) «ist <i slo\nhe) olet rhe cheteJelels} oleie!nielelelvieiers)s
Cuap. XXXVII.— Lands, gardens, or houses, but not actual produce from them, are to be restored........
Cuap. XX XVIII. — In what manner requests should be made for these ...........seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Cuap, XXXIX.— The treasury must restore lands, gardens, and houses to the churches..........-+-+-+-++
Cuap. XL.— The tombs of martyrs and the cemeteries to be transferred to the possession of the churches...
Cuap. XLI.
— Those who have purchased property belonging to the Church, or received it as a gift, are to FESLOLE Itse.aaicieie © cisls cjslelclaceisiela gars a celc.eic ci eieitie we ereielers cictslsle'ale give clole sverea cislslesiele™ elsinislasiacs ce ties 510
Cuap. XLII.— An earnest exhortation to worship God. ..... 2. cesses eee rece eee e cere cere ner eeeseees
Cuap. XLIII.— How the enactments of Constantine were carried into effect.........-..2sseeeeeeeeeeeee
Cuap. XLIV. —That he promoted Christians to offices of government, and forbade Gentiles in such stations
£0) OMEL SACTIFICES-
daldleleate cieicle ocstalsichehe Glare ictels) olelere olafalelelglalerSic ccielcbeluisicie-c sislete sfnve.ctelee Bioeeeteie er tereiars ere 511 Cuap. XLV. — Statutes which forbade sacrifice, and enjoined the building of churches...........-+:.+++--
Cuap. XLVI. — Constantine's letter to Eusebius and other bishops, respecting the building of cabehes, with instructions to repair the old, and erect new ones on a larger scale, with the aid of the provincial
BOVEINONS...
0... cece eccesccenseebewceenatercrerssececseeepsemeseesenceeeersssasereneeeseees
Cuap. XLVII.
— That he wrote a letter in condemnation of idolatry........--...eseeeeeee eee cece ences
Cuap. XLVIII.
— Constantine's edict to the people of the provinces concerning the error of polytheism, commencing with some general remarks on virtue and Vice....- 1. essere ee eee eee e sete rere see eeeeees
Cuap. XLIX.
— Concerning Constantine's pious father, and the persecutors, Diocletian and Maximian......
Cuap. L. — That the persecution originated on ereeeet of the oracle of Apollo, who, it was said, could not give oracles because of "the righteous MEN". .....-. +e esses eee rene ener eee nett teen ects et eees
Cuap. LI.—That Constantine, when a youth, heard from him who wrote the persecution edict that "the righteous men" were the Christians....-..-..eee+eeeeee cer ee seen tere nee n cence tees sees eeeees
Cuap. LII.— The manifold forms of torture and punishment openly practiced against the Christians........
Cuap. LIII. — That the barbarians kindly received the Christians.............eeseeees eee eee ee eee eees
Cuap. LIV. — What vengeance overtook those who on account of the oracle raised the persecution.........
Cuap. LV. — Constantine gives glory to God, makes grateful acknowledgment of the sign of the cross, and prays for the churches and people.....++.sseecereeeeeenseeeeeeneeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseeseeeeenecees
Cuap. LVI.
— He prays that all may be Christians, but compels none.......+-+.++sseee sees eee eeeeeeeeee
Cuap. LVII.— He gives glory to God, who has given light by his Son to those who were in error..........
Cuap. LVIII. — He glorifies him again for his government of the universe ....
«1. --ss see eee seen erences
Cuap. LIX.
— He gives glory to God, as the constant teacher of good.......
++. seseeeeeeeee sree eee eeee
Cuap. LX.— An admonition at the close of the edict, that no one should trouble his neighbor..............
Cuap. LXI.
— How controversies originated at Alexandria through matters relating to Arius..............
Hap. LXII. — Concerning the same Arius, and the Melitiansvpee eek a ee es wae oa anes canes ees
Cuap. LXII1.
— How Constantine sent a messenger and a letter, concerning peace............+-see eeeee
Cuap. LXIV. —Constantine's letter to Alexander the bishop, and Arius the presbyter .........+-+.+es0005
Cuap. LXV.— His continual anxiety for peace .... 1... cece eee cee eee ener ee nee eee eee eet ens e eens
Cuap. LXVI.— That he also adjusted the controversies which had arisen in Africa........+++++sseeeeeeee
Cuap. LX VII.
— That religion began in the East........... cece eee cece ee eee tee eee eee e eet eeteecees
Cuap. LX VIII. — Being grieved by the dissension, he counsels peace....
+--+ .+++eeeeeeee seers eeeeeeees
Cuap. LXIX. — Origin of the controversy between Alexander and Arius, and that these questions ought not to have been discussed... ci. sec cece wee c sean eee ee eee tee ctw ee cee stone eses sens teceeseees cece
Cuap. LXX.— An exhortation to unanimity ......... cece cece eee eee e teen een n eee e renee reer eees
Cuap. LXXI.— There should be no contention in matters which are in themselves of little moment........
Cuap. LXXII. —The excess of his pious concern caused him to shed tears; and his intended journey to the East was postponed because of these things...........s+eeeeee cece cece teeter ences eect cree eeees
Cuap.
LX XIII. — The controversy continues without abatement, even after the receipt of this letter....... »
CONSTANTINE.
So a ar Ee, See ae te es
BOOK III.
PAGE Cuap. I.— A comparison of Constantine's piety with the wickedness of the PELSECULOIS oo crew ones cles sie tere
Cuap. II. — Farther remarks on Constantine's piety, and his open testimony to the sign of the cross........
Cuap. ITI. — Of his picture surmounted by a cross, and having beneath it a GLA ZONT tetaverel dale eislolei aie ota avers «me O Cuap. IV.— A farther notice of the controversies raised in Egyptiby Ariusisass seat aeehae.ee cant Ronee
Cuap. V.— Of the disagreement respecting the celebration of Easter..........0.cceeccecccuccecccuccecs
Cap. VI. — How he ordered a council to be-held:atuNicaea: Js). dv cicutels sa by Seen beend Yess Wy
Cap. VII. — Of the general council, at which bishops from all nations were Presenter cick owen de torre
Cuap. VIII. —That the assembly was composed, as in the Acts of the Apostles, of individuals from various nations....... sf ak sveyyayayy onc) 0y ss e>ayce; 9\ aaj +larmy 2Fo¥ar shal ohepated +) eKe/0) «| ol sal ol sha¥evehe)<asnckeralsla/eiel se "elere.sieice erate ae) oan
Cuap. IX. — Of the virtue and age of the two hundred and fifty: bishopsvaniayltex wanoee 3. SNS eek Pa
Crap. X.— Council in the palace.
Constantine, entering, took his seat in the assembly 0c asd be ean te 522 Cuap. XI.— Silence of the council, after some words by:the bishop Eusebius.o.0 jessie.
0) ) ys SIAR
Cuap. XII. — Constantine's address to the council, concerning peacehs. awe hi, vacaeei hy Alea See
Cuap. XIII.— How he led the dissentient bishops to harmonyrof/sentimenthjawels este ee aoe. Sn bee
Cuap. XIV.— Unanimous declaration of the council concerning faith, and the celebration of Easter........
Cuap. XV.— How Constantine entertained the bishops on the occasion of his Vicennalia.................
Cuap. XVI. — Presents to the bishops, and letters to the people generally 5... cuateen
Vaid ek ee ee 524 Cuap. XVII. — Constantine's letter to the churches respecting the council at Niceea................e000ee
Cuap. XVIII.— He 'speaks of their unanimity respecting the feast of Easter, and against the practice of BOE JEWS a onions a cpuamdiignte dongs iain att bap indus dwe sede ace stuceet Aalee rete?
Cuap. XIX. — Exhortation to follow the example of the greater part of the world.....................00
CuaP. XX. — Exhortation to obey the decrees of the council............00cccceeceecedecccceececccc..
Cuap. XXI.— Recommendation to the bishops, on their departure, to preserve ALIMONY. tersstre oro srticy ES
Cuap. XXII.
— How he dismissed some, and wrote letters to others, also his presents.............5.000005
Cuap. XXIII. — How he wrote to the Egyptians, exhorting them to peace... falhe. ead veri ken EL
Cuap. XXIV. — How he wrote frequent letters of a religious character to the bishops and peoples ice Senaee
Cuap. XXV.— How he ordered the erection of a church at Jerusalem, in the holy place of our Saviour's
TESUPECHON Dhak sndse dgmdien adage inoafeeam eh Awbsaaeak ah, le liwigins sdeueaie Ae
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Cuap, XXVI.— That the holy sepulchre had been covered with rubbish and with idols by the ungodly.....
Cuap. XXVII.— How Constantine commanded the materials of the idol-temple, and the soil itself, to be
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CHAP. XXVIII.
— Discovery of the most holy.sepulehe te a.Oe ewig hat. wreath aaa
Cuap. XXIX. — How he wrote concerning the erection of a church, both to the governors of the provinces, and to the bishop of Magis Sow chew wade sian dhmnaea hae as needs cee aeC Re LT
Cuap. XXX.— Constantine's letter to Macarius respecting the building of the church of our Saviour.......
Cuap. XXXI.— That the building should surpass all the churches in the world in the beauty of its walls, its
COhUms, Aid TOATDL ES vin ase. « + <.0i inn.
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Cuap. XXXII.— That he instructed the governors concerning the beautifying of the roof; also concerning tie workmen, and. materials... ude asieuiiturndh ye, Saath gui, wih wih leat antl auieale adh
STEN. |
Cuap. XX XIII.— How the church of our Saviour, the new Jerusalem prophesied of in scripture, was built ..
Cuap. XXXIV.— Description of the structure of the holy sepulchres 2: js.nadts ach aeleeha eee
CHa. ZXXY. —~ Description of the atrium and pogtiooss iat sax',': Ja: hatamdguen aateoreaeg.wolte 4%} 529 Cuap, XXXVI. — Description of the walls, roof, decoration, and gilding of the body of the church ........
CuaPp. XX XVII. — Description of the double Pporticos on either side, and of the three eastern Gates ades
Cuap. XXXVIII.— Description of the hemisphere, the twelve columns, and their bowls..................
Cuap. XXXIX.— Description of the inner court, the arcades, and porches.........0.0. ceeeecccecse cee,
Cuap. XL. —Of the number of his offerings sis -innc. boa dan «dies wis sioncey 085, Leet OA aR eee
Cuap. XLI.— Of the erection of churches in Bethlehem, and on the Mount of Olives ...................
Cuap. XLII.—That the Empress Helena, Constantine's mother, having visited this locality for devotional
Prabosoby silt these, churghes ves .ionn giniahabue.<tohaminul\, aimaciadl. eemetasent et hy, ateeiee MR 530 Cuap. XLIII.—A farther notice of the churches at So ee ee ete
Cuap, XLIV.— Of Helena's Benerosity and beneficent acts. ik «ant lene nemmRRteM eho Gok 531 Cuap. XLV.— Helena's pious conduct in the churchesivis.x xan. ut soiree met Alene eee
Cuar, XLVI.— How she made her will, and died at the age pfreighty-yearsaatssi Ih everett Sa ae
Cuar. XLVII.— How Constantine buried his mother, and how he honored her during her life............
Cuap. XLVIII. — How he built churches in honor of martyrs, and abolished idolatry at Constantinople.....
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE Cuap, XLIX.— Representation of the cross in the palace, and of Daniel at the public fountains...,.-...--
Cuap. L.— That he erected churches in Nicomedia, and in other citieS.....-++++seeererrerresersrresees
Cuapr. LI. — That he ordered a church to be built at Mambre.....---+s+eeeseeererrererere SApnanoces:
Cuap. LII. —Constantine's letter to Eusebius concerning Mambre......--+++++serrecesrerescrssrereces
Cuap. LIII. — That the Saviour appeared in this place to Abraham......-+++++++e+eereres WapescialFel sisal
Cuar. LIV.— Destruction of idol temples and images everywhere ....--+++-ssereerrersescrstereese esse 534 Cuap. LV.— Overthrow of an idol temple, and abolition of licentious practices, at Aphaca in Pheenicia....
Cuap. LVI. — Destruction of the temple of Aésculapius at Aigze.......-+eeerereercerersceeteeesesecces
Cuap. LVII. — How the Gentiles abandoned idol-worship, and turned to the knowledge of God.....-..---
Cuap. LVIII.
— How he destroyed the temple of Venus at Heliopolis, and built the first church in that city..
Cuap. LVIX.—Of the disturbance at Antioch by Eustathius ......--+ss+eseeeserrrsrsssssercrsrsseses
Cuap. LX.— Constantine's letter to the Antiochians, directing them not to withdraw Eusebius from Czesarea,
Haetovscete for Some ONG Clses ose. se gs cece nace sewer a sels icwle cose suey ane® Deve cca sso ta
Cuap. LXI.—The emperor's letter to Eusebius, praising him for his refusing the bishopric of Antioch......
Cuar. LXII. —Constantine's letter to the council, deprecating the removal of Eusebius from Czsarea.......
Cuap, LXIII. — How he displayed his zeal for the extirpation of heresieS.......eee eeee cece cere eecseees
Cuap. LXIV. —Constantine's edict against the heretics .....---++++esereccseerssreecrrsesceceescc cece 539 Cuap. LXV. — The heretics are deprived of their meeting-places......-+-s+ee+sersrecsrercecrteseteses
Cuap. LXVI.— How, on the discovery of prohibited books among the heretics, many of them return to the COE eto e epee eats sh esses eeer emacs ers teserersnasat te tees eZ ia ma anen Gel +.
BOOK IV.
Cuap. I. — How he honored many by presents and PFOMOLIONS.....ee ee seer ee rece esse eee ee ete s tees
Cuap. II. — Remission of a fourth part of the taxes. ....---+sereereeecerrerrssrerererererecsssceseccs
Cuap. III. — Equalization of the more oppressive taxeS .....eeeeceeecerseecereersecsstesceecetecetees
Cuap. IV. — His liberality, from his private resources, to the losers in suits of a pecuniary nature.........-- 54r Cuap. V. —Conquest of the Scythians, defeated through the sign of our Saviour........++e+eseereeeeeeee
Cuap. VI. — Conquest of the Sarmatians, consequent on the rebellion of their slaves......-.++seeeeseeeeee
Cuap. VII.
— Ambassadors from different barbarous nations receive presents from the emperor.....-..----
Cuap. VIII.
— That he wrote also to the king of Persia, who had sent him an embassy, on behalf of the Piciatians in Wi Pet sens conc amen s sce ehts
AALS SROC AL
in PSS th aR SN Te el Sag
Cuap. IX.— Letter of Constantine Augustus to Sapor, king of the Persians, containing a truly pious confesStrid dake Aid CBRE eins was as crnen pauleesitad sas ahi ew ore es tant) Senses saben ak 8 Sy SWRN aR
Cuap. X.— The writer denounces idols, and glorifies God wvereayes eaicsayy insist mbiese 48 sis pis bones a Move (n nie Seta
Cuap. XI. — Against the tyrants and persecutors; and on the captivity of Valerian.........+++se+seeeeeee
Cuap. XII. — He declares that, having witnessed the fall of the persecutors, he now rejoices at the peace eqioved, by the ChristiaDs «4.052 peu rans nomen en cine ennai gene SABRE UMAR Nhe? MAINO STEN
Cuap. XIII.— He bespeaks his affectionate interest for the Christians in his country ....----++++eeerseees
Cuar. XIV. — How the zealous prayers of Constantine procured peace to the Christians.......++-+++++++++
Cuap. XV. — He causes himself to be represented on his coins, and in his portraits, in the attitude of prayer
Cuap. XVI. — He forbids by iaw the placing his likeness in idol temples ........+-+++eesseeereceereeecs
Cuap. XVII. — Of his prayers in the palace, and his reading the Holy Scriptures. ....++++.++s+sereeereeee
Cuap. XVIII. — He enjoins the general observance of the Lord's day, and the day of preparation.......---
Cuap. XIX.— That he directed even his Pagan soldiers to pray on the Lord's day......-.+++e+eerseerees
Cuap. XX.—The form of prayer given by Constantine to his soldiers .........
+e eee eeer eer eeeeeteres
Cuap. XXI.— He orders the sign of the Saviour's cross to be engraven on his soldiers' shields......---++--
Cuap. XXII. — Of his zeal in prayer, and the honor he paid to the feast.of Easter.......+-+++++eseeerrees
Cuap. XXIII. — How he forbade idolatrous worship, but honored martyrs and the church festivals........++
Cuap. XXIV.— That he described himself to be a bishop, in charge of affairs external to the Church.......
Cuap. XXV. — Prohibition of sacrifices, of mystic rites, and combats of gladiators; also the licentious worPSE
SR RRR:
SEP SSE Le hee eet a Rem ae ADEM Sal A aa
Cuap, XXVI.
— Amendment of the law in force respecting childless persons, and of the law of wills........
Cuap. XXVII.— Among other enactments, he decrees that no Christian shall be slave to a Jew, and affirms the validity of the decisions of councils...+...r-rssrreterantetysetteerrte ttre seem ee 547 Cuap. XXVIII. — His gifts to the churches, and bounties to virgins, and to the poor.....++s++++s++rreree
Cuap. XXIX.— Of Constantine's discourses and declamations.........esccce cette cette seeeeereeeeeces
Cuap. XXX.— That he marked out before a covetous person the measure of a grave and so put him toshame
CONSTANTINE.
Cuap. XXXI.— That he was derided because of his excessive clemency...........eeeercseereereseccees
Cuap. XXXII. — Of Constantine's oration which he wrote to the assembly of the saints.........--....-.-:
Cuap. XXXIII. — How he listened standing to Eusebius' declamation in honor of our Saviour's sepulcher...
Cuap. XXXIV. — That he wrote to Eusebius respecting Easter, and respecting copies of the Holy Scriptures
Cuap. XXXV.— Constantine's letter to Eusebius, in praise of his discourse concerning Easter.............
Cuap. XXXVI.— Constantine's letter to Eusebius on the preparation of copies of the Holy Scriptures......
CHAPSXX XVI; — How the copies| were provided, sss casio sa eimias © e bicistronic til eisiisieieie semiaiere els
Cuap. XX XVIII. — How the market town of Gaza was made a city for its profession of Christianity, and received the name lof Constantia os. 'eic\cje "ere cueials ohaleie eiats lrsieaes elcielet ae eimiapeit re auteeateetace ae Ware ieiee setters
CuHap. XXXIX.— That a place in Phoenicia also was made a city, and in other cities idolatry was abolished,
55° andichurches* Dulles. tearsis ele crs cates aeieltre aterekeeosn sualertepereunata nae tatareiaaueds sesnsterauctet tetehele ekeletena tana
Cuap. XL.
— That having conferred the dignity of Czesars on his three sons at the three decennial periods otshis/reign, he dedicated the) church at) Jerusalemis cj «sii aio gie cle seer oielo sickaty clair Geet eae Cuap. XLI.— That in the meantime he ordered a council to be convened at Tyre, because of controversies
55° 55° Faised\ in Hey pt ayy. savesotocis siete oye ees escoisca ole our Misia ieiarsse icvele aclers a syslegt oie'> clewce! itiete raise tiaaetteroeteee
CHAp! Xi I1,— Constantine's letter'to the councilat) Tyres «cvs. ++ a cicle «le « it) ticjnaivie ss ilies ae eee Cuap. XLIII.— Bishops from all the provinces attended the dedication of the church at Jerusalem.........
Cuap. XLIV.— Of their reception by the notary Marianus; the distribution of money to the poor; and offera5 ie 55! angsito! the: Church' s,saje sjepisiee winter eyes aac ssurslel kere aiseleletngers tie clesca ere oer eieeieke aitce reece
Cuap. XLV.— Various discourses by the assembled bishops; also by Eusebius, the writer of this history....
Cuap. XLVI.— That Eusebius afterwards delivered his description of the Church of the Saviour and a tri55!
ecnuialoration! before Constantine: himself arse /ete tee «a7 ote sle\ciaraiele eieiaie oie areteie ete iavetatersieterttavelereetsr ar etaastete Cuap. XLVII.— That the council at Nicaea was held in the twentieth, the dedication of the church at Jeru-
salempun therthirtieth year of Constantines reigml. sayrcre trees oie 0 er eca iets sie inte ete eteterersiettie tate teers Cuap. XLVIII.— That Constantine was displeased with one who praised him excessively.................
CHAP; XTX,
— Marriage*of shis'son, Constantius Ceesdre sito ess ones + cls ses ae tte icicle ehele rice eee ersisinieneieeiers
CHAPS y——Embassy and presents: trom the Indians... ssc s vacieciss + ateide cies clas eiercle wie ele ete eiaeieieleiaieeeiete
Cuap. LI.— That Constantine divided the empire between his three sons, whom he had instructed in politics
andi relipion' de dsystsiclclne tists sce ea cele ees SEO 2ibioo cidudheemoactsesG ale eisiewidieinate ctstanstanehec me iorete eleraiate
Cuap. LII.
— That after they had reached man's estate, he was their guide in piety.............0+eeeeeee
Cuap. LIII.— Having reigned about thirty-two years, and lived above sixty, he still had a sound body......
Cuap. LIV.— Of those who abused his extreme benevolence for avarice and hypocrisy..............+...Cuap. LV,— Constantine employed himself in composition of various kinds to the close of his life .........
'Cuap. LVI. — How he took bishops with him on an expedition against the Persians, and took with him a tent
inithe, form Of a (churchivys sis.s ce ese Soe vo onto ence es eek eels ee mecca eee cee eee omen Cuap. LVII. — How he received an embassy from the Persians, and kept the night vigil with others at the
HEAStIOLTWASLEE Win etsteinic sts ersrele.s ss0.6,e\s hntery erclaisiererersin es che ole she mini erscerete Sievert teeter create etre enema
Tera Cuap. LVIII. — Concerning the building of a church in honor of the apostles at Constantinople
CuAPUEXS — Farther description'of, the' same church.
2.17 ~ acess ete ciciere ectarstoe me ielertom ener ere Cuapr. LX. — He also erected his own sepulchral monument in this church ................cccceccec aces Cuap. LXI. — His sickness at Helenopolis, and prayers respecting his baptism ...................0...--0:
Cuap. LXII.— Constantine's appeal to the bishops, requesting them to confer upon him the rite of baptism. .
CrAr, LX ——How ater his baptismihe rendered thanks to God'.s..2.0.9esse co: een dates eee eee Cuap. LXIV.—Constantine's death at noon on the feast of Pentecost
Crap. LXV. — Lamentations of the soldiery and their officers.....)......cc.cccccccc cece cccccccecsecce Cuap. LXVI.— Removal of the body from Nicomedia to the palace at Constantinople.................2..
Cuap. LXVII.— He received the same honors from the counts and other officers as before his death
Cuap. LXVIII.— Resolution of the army to confer thenceforward the title of Augustus on his sons.........
Cuap. LXIX.— Mourning for Constantine at Rome; and the honor paid him there through paintings after Seem HOH mem eee ee een eereeee snes evese HIS ASAT varsioieaimieapelers cle w'stisiaiais cthelnseteteseiee > fei e'el inlelevery afete. are ecw te fete vere Meee reer ene eT
ORR eee eee Cuap. LXX.— His burial by his son Constantius at Colistdiinople ata bia dee esac eces SIE
ME eos cee ae eee Cuap. LXXI.— Sacred service in the church of the Apostles on the occasion of Constantine's funeral
CHarr LX IIt— Of the Phoenixs <7.) homicwatercicsleiecicicnste cies sc ciee ottte eee ene ree ae iene en
Cuap. LXXIII.— How Constantine is represented on coins in the act of ascending to heaven
Cuap. LXXIV.— The God whom he had honored deservedly honored him in return Cuap. LXXV. — He surpassed all preceding emperors in devotion to God
Pm Oe 0/0 SS Nis, Sib a a) Sree sine aiens
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
THE ORATION OF CONSTANTINE.
Cuap. I. — Preliminary remarks on the feast of Easter: and how the word of God, having conferred manifold cee benefits on mankind, was betrayed by his beneficiaries ........ eee eee seer eee cent teen ener ceeeee
Cuap. II.— An appeal to the church and to his hearers to pardon and correct the errors of his speech.....
Cuap. III]. —That God is the Father of the Word, and the Creator of all things: and that material objects could not continue to exist, were their causeS VariOUS ........ se eee eee ee ee eee eee cece eet e eee nees
Cuap. IV. — Of the error of idolatrous worship. .... 2... cece cece cece eet e tenet ener e ence neeeenes
Cuar. V.— That Christ, the Son of God, created all things, and has appointed to everything the term of its
EXISLENCET
IT Taree ree ate ects ciate ee aie tial auelicyele. e's cielater svar ciale)ele"s\eieualeials leis elele/sisieiniaisis 9a stisisiei sina secon, fiz Cuap. VI.— The falsity of the general opinion respecting fate is proved by the consideration of human laws, and by the works of creation, the course of which is not fortuitous, but according to an orderly arrangement which evinces the design of the Creator .........ecceeceee cece cece eect eet teeter eee tens aces
Cuapr. VII.—In regard to things above our comprehension, we should glorify the Creator's wisdom, and attribute their causes to him alone, and not to chance........
.ceeeeee cere seer e etre eee tect eeeee nes
Cuap. VIII.
— That God bestows an abundant supply of whatever is suited to the wants of man, and ministers but sparingly to his pleasures; in both cases with a view to his advantage..............+++++e0+-
Cuap. IX.— Of the philosophers, who fell into mistaken notions, and some of them into danger, by their desire of universal knowledge.
— Also of the doctrines of Plato..........-sss seeeeeeeeee eee eeees
Cuap. X.
— Of those who reject the doctrines of philosophers, as well as those of Scripture: and that we ought to believe the poets in all things, or disbelieve them in all..........-eseeeeeeeeee reese eee ees 567 Cuap. XI. — On the coming of our Lord in the flesh; its nature, and cause...........seeseeeeeeeeee eee
Cuap. XII.
— Of those who are ignorant of this mystery; and that their ignorance is voluntary.
The blessings which await those who know it, especially such as die in the confession of the faith ..............
Cuap. XIII.
— That there is a necessary difference between created things.
That the propensity to good and evil depends on the will of man: and that, consequently, judgment is a necessary and reasonable thing..
Cuap. XIV.—That created nature differs infinitely from uncreated being; to which man makes the nearest approach by a life of virtue...
2.2... see cece eee eee renee eect e ence ett eee eects eee eeeseretereens
Cuap. XV.— Of the Saviour's doctrines and miracles; and the benefits he confers on those who own subjec- (Sarl We Ai oer Ps Gk noeticdo cds) Ganre Goncorc oGne JocsoDrneccenaccnGeogeeomonnucoomaer console:
Cuap, XVI. — The coming of Christ was predicted by the prophets; and was ordained to be the overthrow of idols and 'idolatrous cities. .....-0--ccccccce ces ee eter eee enc eect cee ses cecescsccessssseesseces
Cuap. XVII.
— Of the wisdom of Moses, which was an object of imitation to the wise among heathen nations.
Also concerning Daniel and the three children. .......... 60s e see e cess cee e tenet nee eee eect neeaes
Cuap. XVIII. — Of the Erythrzean Sibyl, who pointed in a prophetic acrostic at our Lord and His Passion.
The acrostic is " Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour, Cross"...
6.6 se eee seen cere eee teen rete eens
Cuar. XIX. —That this prophecy respecting our Saviour was not the fiction of any member of the Christian church, but the testimony of the Erythrzean Sibyl, whose books were translated into Latin by Cicero before the coming of Christ.
Also that Virgil makes mention of the same, and of the birth of the Virgin's child: though he spoke obscurely of this mystery, from fear of the ruling powers.............
Cuap. XX.— A farther quotation from Virgilius Maro respecting Christ, with its interpretation, showing that the mystery was indicated therein darkly, as might be expected ALORA POCU ives wc sive e ve eleisinteiie sy 576 Cuar. XXI.— That these things cannot have been spoken of a mere man: and that unbelievers, owing to their ignorance of religion, know not even the origin of their own existence......-...+eeeseeeeee sees 577 Cuap. XXII. —The emperor thankfully ascribes his victories and all other blessings to Christ; and condemns the conduct of the tyrant Maximin, the violence of whose persecution had enhanced the glory of FEN BIGHG pie wioiclncr Finlcisioloidi@eine icin x ease eae Hoe seven steeds Uaeehernenscrerensnessn sa uinagecincinns
Cuap. XXXIII.— Of Christian conduct.
That God is pleased with those who lead a life of virtue: and that we must expect a judgment and future retribution. ......+..sseeee sees erent eee eens erent teen es 578 Cuap. XXIV. — Of Decius, Valerian, and Aurelian, who experienced a miserable end in consequence of their persecution of the church .........sssessseeseer seer ceseeseeertestesneeceneeeeeeceesecenegancs
Cuap. XXV.—Of Diocletian, who ignobly abdicated the imperial throne, and was terrified by the dread of lightning for bis persecution of the church .......+++ssseee-seeesee reese eee eeeeee eee ten ec eeee ees 579
Cuap. XXVI.— The emperor ascribes his personal piety to God; and shows that we are bound to seek success from God, and attribute it to him; but to consider mistakes as the result of our own negligence...
THE ORATION OF EUSEBIUS.
PROLOGUE TO THE ORATION ...-.c0rccceseee secs cerccnccedecctesnsrecsonssecescerseseanes eens per Set
THE ORATION.
— CHAPS. I. — XVIII...
0... ccc eee ce cere cence eee e nen e eee e ee teneeeer ener seenaees 582-610
— 2 Ta geist meee a A ine wean Jaye sagt (teas "ay e603 ~ "Sy daw Wl ale luteygets Tira
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8 eto ie wae 'aie vy OAL = ; 4 THEY 4p. clea pat Pini wi tioainns yas adresses:
THE LIFE
BLESSED EMPEROR CONSTANTINE,
EUSEBIUS PAMPHILUS.
BOOK I. plexed and doubtful which way to turn, being wholly lost in wonder at the extraordinary spectacle before me.
For to whatever quarter I direct my view, whether to the east, or to the west, or over the whole world, or toward heaven itself, everywhere and always I see the blessed one yet administering the self-same empire.
On earth I behold his sons, like some new reflectors of his brightness, diffusing everywhere the luster of their father's character,' and himself still living and powerful, and governing all the affairs of men more completely than ever before, being multiplied in the succession of his children.
They had indeed had previously the dignity of Czesars;* but now, being invested with his very self, and graced by his accomplishments, for the excellence of their piety they are proclaimed by the titles of Sovereign, Augustus,
Worshipful, and Emperor.
CHAPTER I.
Preface. — Of the Death of Constantine.
Arreapy ! have all mankind united in celebrating with joyous festivities the completion of the second and third decennial period of this great emperor's reign; already have we ourselves received him as a triumphant conqueror in the assembly of God's ministers, and greeted him with the due meed of praise on the twentieth anniversary of his reign:* and still more recently we have woven, as it were, garlands of words, wherewith we encircled his sacred head in his own palace on his thirtieth anniversary.'
But now, while I desire* to give utterance to some of the customary sentiments, I stand pernnn
1 Literally '' recently '' or "' not long since," and so it is rendered by Tr. 1709, Stroth, Molzberger, Valesius ('' nuper"), and Portesius.
Chivstophorson and Cousin avoid the awkwardness by circumlocution or simple omission, while our translator shows his one characteristic leas of hitting nearly the unliteral meaning in a way which is hard to improve.
2 The assembly referred to was the Council of Niczea.
Constantine's vicennial celebration was held at Nicomedia during the session of the Council at Nicea (July 25), cei | to Hieronymus and others, but celebrated egain at Rome the following year.
The speech of Eusebius on this occasion is not preserved.
Valesius thinks the one spoken of in the V. C.
3. 11, as delivered in the presence of the council, is the one referred to.
; 3 This oration is the one appended by Eusebius to this Life of Constantine, and given in this translation (cf. V. C. 4. 46).
CHAPTER II.
The Preface continued.
Anp I am indeed amazed, when I consider that he who was but lately visible and present with us in his mortal body, is still, even after death, when the natural thought disclaims everything superfluous as unsuitable, most marvelously endowed with the same imperial dwellings, and honors, and praises as heretofore.'
But farther, nnn EEE EE
EEEEEESSnn SESE
4 [In the text it is 0 Adyos, '"my power of speech, or of description, much desires," and so throughout this preface: but this kind of personification seems scarcely suited to the English idiom. —
Bag.| This usage of Logos is most interesting.
Both he and his "friend, the emperor, are fond of dwelling on the circles of philosophical thought which center about the word Logos (cf. the Oration of Constantine, and especially the Vicennial Oration of Eusebius).
" My Logos desires" seems to take the place in ancient philosophical slang which "' personality" or ''self" does in modern,
In _ancient usage the word includes "' both the ratio and the oratio" (Liddell and Scott), both the thought and its expression, both reasonin and saying, —the " internal'? and "' expressed" of the Stoics, followed by Philo and early Christian theology.
He seems to use it in the combined sense, and it makes a pretty good equivalent for " personality," "' my personality desires," &c.
The idiom is kept up through the chapter.
5 Constantine II., Constantius, and Constans proved on the whole sorry reflectors of glory. than twenty years; the second, 6 The first had been Caesar more ten; and the third, less than five. ie Referring to special honors paid after death, as mentioned in +4.
CONSTANTINE.
[I. 2. a a ge a ee 8 Se ee eS to transmit the virtues of those whom they honored to perpetual remembrance.
All these indeed are perishable, and consumed by the lapse of time, being representations of the corruptible body, and not expressing the image of the immortal soul.
And yet these seemed sufficient to those who had no well-grounded hope of happiness after the termination of this mortal when I raise my thoughts even to the arch of heaven, and there contemplate his thrice-blessed soul in communion with God himself, freed from every mortal and earthly vesture, and shining in a refulgent robe of light, and when I perceive that it is no more connected with the fleeting periods and occupations of mortal life, but honored with an ever-blooming crown, and an immortality of endless and blessed existence,
I stand as it were without power of speech or thought? and unable to utter a single phrase, but condemning my own weakness, and imposing silence on myself, I resign the task of speaking his praises worthily to one who is better able, even to him who, being the immortal God and veritable Word, alone has power to confirm his own sayings.® life.
But God, that God, I say, who is the common Saviour of all, having treasured up with himself, for those who love godliness, greater blessings than human thought has conceived, gives the earnest and first-fruits of future rewards even here, assuring in some sort immortal hopes to mortal eyes.
The ancient oracles of the prophets, delivered to us in the Scripture, declare this ; the lives of pious men, who shone in old time with every virtue, bear witness to posterity of the same; and our own days prove it to be true, wherein CoNSTANTINE, who alone of all that ever wielded the Roman power was the friend of God the Sovereign of all, has appeared to all mankind so clear an example of a godly life.
CHAPTER III.
How God honors Pious Princes, but destroys Tyrants.
Havinc given assurance that those who glorify and honor him will meet with an abundant recompense at his hands, while those who set themselves against him as enemies and adversaries will compass the ruin of their own souls, he has already established the truth 'of these his own declarations, having shown on the one hand the fearful end of those tyrants who denied and opposed him, and at the same time having
CHAPTER IV.
That God honored Constantine.
Anp God himself, whom Constantine worshiped, has confirmed this truth by the clearest manifestations of his will, being present to aid him? at the commencement, during the course, and at the end of his reign, and holding him up to the human race as an instructive example of godliness.
Accordingly, by the manifold blessings he has conferred on him, he has distinguished him alone of all the sovereigns of whom we have ever heard as at once a mighty luminary and most clear-voiced herald of genuine piety. made it manifest that even the death of his servant, as well as his life, is worthy of admiration and praise, and justly claims the memorial, not merely of perishable, but of immortal monuments.
Mankind, devising some consolation for the frail and precarious duration of human life, have thought by the erection of monuments to glorify the memories of their ancestors with immortal honors.
Some have employed the vivid delineations and colors of painting?; some have carved statues from lifeless blocks of wood; while others, by engraving their inscriptions deep on tablets ® and monuments, have thought
CHAPTER V.
That he reigned above Thirty Years, and lived above Sixty.
WirH respect to the duration of his reign, God honored him with three complete periods of ten years, and something more, extending the whole term of his mortal life to twice this number of years.'
And being pleased to make him a representative of his own sovereign power, he displayed him as the conqueror of the whole race of tyrants, and the destroyer of those Goddefying giants' of the earth who madly raised
2 Here there is play on the word Logos.
My logos stands voiceless and a-logos, "' un-logosed."
If the author meant both to refer to expression, the first relates to the sound, and the second to the power of construction or composition.
The interchangeableness of the weaving of consecutive thought in the mind, and the weaving it in exe words, is precisely the question of the '' relation of thought and language," so warmly contested by modern philosopcs and philologians (cf. Miiller, Sczence of Thought,
Shedd's ssays, &c.).
The old use of logos for both operations of '' binding together" various ideas into one synthetical form has decided advantages.
3 Here there is again the play on the word Logos. bius' philosophy of the logos, and of Christ as the see the second half of his tricennial oration and notes.
For Eusegos or Word, 1 Compare Lactantius, De mortibus persecutorum, which doubtless the author had in mind.
_.) Whether deétas is read or deétds, with Valesius, '' present to aid," covers the idea better than " graciously present" (Molz).
2 [Knpoxvtov ypadis, properly encaustic painting, by means of melted wax. — Bag.] Compare admirable description of the process in the Century Dictionary, ed. Whitney, N.Y.
1889, v. 2.
5 Kufets, at first used of triangular tablets of wood, brass, or stone, but afterwards of any inscribed " pillars or tablets."
Cf, Lexicons. s 1 Compare discussion of length of reign and life under Zz/e in Prolegomena, p. 411.
Tvyavtwy, The persecuting emperors appear to be meant, of whom there is more mention hereafter.
— Bag.] Refers of course
L 8.]
THE LIFE OF CONSTANTINE.
Again, the sons of Greece celebrate Alexander the Macedonian as the conqueror of many and diverse nations; yet we find that he was removed by an early death, before he had reached maturity, being carried off by the effects of revelry and drunkenness.
His whole life embraced but the space of thirty-two years, and his reign extended to no more than a third part of that period.
Unsparing as the thunderbolt, he advanced through streams of blood and reduced entire nations and cities, young and old, to utter slavery.
But when he had scarcely arrived at the maturity of life, and was lamenting the loss of youthful pleasures, death fell upon him with terrible stroke, and, that he might not longer outrage the human race, cut him off in a foreign and hostile land, childless, without successor, and homeless.
His kingdom too was instantly dismembered, each of his officers taking away and appropriating a portion for himself.
And yet this man is extolled for such deeds as these.* their impious arms against him, the supreme
King of all.
They appeared, so to speak, for an instant, and then disappeared : while the one and only true God, when he had enabled his servant, clad in heavenly panoply, to stand singly against many foes, and by his means had relieved mankind from the multitude of the ungodly, constituted him a teacher of his worship to all nations, to testify with a loud voice in the hearing of all that he acknowledged the true God, and turned with abhorrence from the error of them that are no gods.
CHAPTER VI.
That he was the Servant of God, and the Congueror of Nations.
Tuus, like a faithful and good servant, did he act and testify, openly declaring and confessing himself the obedient minister of the supreme
King.
And God forthwith rewarded him, by making him ruler and sovereign, and victorious to such a degree that he alone of all rulers pursued a continual course of conquest, unsubdued and invincible, and through his trophies a greater ruler than tradition records ever to have been before.
So dear was he to God, and so blessed ; so pious and so fortunate in all that he undertook, that with the greatest facility he obtained the authority over more nations than any who had preceded him, and yet retained his power, undisturbed, to the very close of his life.
CHAPTER VIII.
That he conquered nearly the Whole World.
Bur our emperor began his reign at the time of life at which the Macedonian died, yet doubled the length of his life, and trebled the length of his reign.
And instructing his army in the mild and sober precepts of godliness, he carried his arms as far as the Britons, and the nations that dwell in the very bosom of the Western ocean.
He subdued likewise all Scythia, though situated in the remotest North, and divided into numberless diverse and barbarous tribes.
He even pushed his conquests to the Blemmyans and Ethiopians, on the very confines of the South ; nor did he think the acquisition of the Eastern nations unworthy his care.
In short, diffusing the effulgence of his holy light to the ends of the whole world, even to the most distant Indians, the nations dwelling on the extreme circumference of the inhabited earth, he received the submission of all the rulers, governors," and satraps of barbarous nations, who cheerfully welcomed and saluted him, sending embassies and presents, and setting the highest value on his acquaintance and friendship; insomuch that they honored him with pictures and statues in their respective countries, and Constantine alone of all emperors was acknowledged and celebrated by all.
Notwithstanding, even among these distant na-
CHAPTER. VII.
Comparison with Cyrus, King of the Persians, and with Alexander of Macedon.
ANcIENT history describes Cyrus, king of the Persians, as by far the most illustrious of all kings up to his time.
And yet if we regard the end of his days,! we find it but little corresponded with his past prosperity, since he met with an inglorious and dishonorable death at the hands of a woman." to the mythical Gigantes who fought against the gods.
It is used in the same sense in which Aschylus uses it of Capaneus (Theb.
424), who defied Zeus in declaring that even his thunderbolts should not keep him out of Thebes.
° 1 Compare the various wars against Franks, Bructerians, Goths, Sarmatians and others mentioned in Lzfe in Prolegomena.
Compare also chapter 8 of this book.
. i [Such seems to be the pee meaning of this passage, which is manifestly corrupt, and of which various emendations have been proposed.— Bag.] Perhaps better paraphrased, "' But since the test of blessedness 'lies not in this, but in his end, we.lodk and find that this."
The key to the idea is found in the remark near the end of chapter 1x.
Cf. also note.
; and who had sworn to "' give him his fill of blood'? (Herod. Bk. 1, §§ 205-214).
Xenophon says he died quietly in bed (Cyrof. 8.7).
3 A malarial fever, but made fatal by drinking at a banquet (cf.
Plut. chaps. 75 and 76, Arrian, Bk. 7).
2 This is the account of Diodorus, who says he was taken prisoner and crucified by the queen of the " Scythians" (3. 11, ed. 1531, f.
80).
Herodotus says that he was slain in battle, but his head cut 4 Eusebius' rhetorical purpose makes him unfair to Alexander, who certainly in comparison with others of his time brought relative blessing to the conquered (cf. Smith, Dic#. 1, p. 122). off afterwards and dipped in a sack of blood by the queen Tomyris, who had rejected his suit, the death of whose son he had caused, 1 Toparchs or prefects, 2 Ethnarchs,
CONSTANTINE.
{I. 8. re a ne graceful that the memory of Nero, and other impious and godless tyrants far worse than he, should meet with diligent writers to embellish the relation of their worthless deeds with elegant language, and record them in voluminous histories, and that I should be silent, to whom God himself has vouchsafed such an emperor as all history records not, and has permitted me to come into his presence, and enjoy his acquaintance and society ?? tions, he proclaimed the name of his God in his royal edicts with all boldness.
CHAPTER IX.
That he was the Son of a Pious Emperor, and bequeathed the Power to Royal Sons.
Nor did he give this testimony in words merely, while exhibiting failure in his own practice, but pursued every path of virtue, and was rich in the varied fruits of godliness.
He ensured the affection of his friends by magnificent proofs of liberality; and inasmuch as he governed on principles of humanity, he caused his tule to be but lightly felt and acceptable to all classes of his subjects ; until at last, after a long course of years, and when he was wearied by his divine labors, the God whom he honored crowned him with an immortal reward, and translated him from a transitory kingdom to that endless life which he has laid up in store for the souls of his saints, after he had raised him up three sons to succeed him in his power.
As then the imperial throne had descended to Wherefore, if it is the duty of any one, it certainly is mine, to make an ample proclamation of his virtues to all in whom the example of noble actions is capable of inspiring the love of God.
For some who have written the lives of worthless characters, and the history of actions but little tending to the improvement of morals, from private motives, either love or enmity, and possibly in some cases with no better object than the display of their own learning, have exaggerated unduly their description of actions intrinsically base, by a refinement and elegance of diction.?
And thus they have become to those who by the Divine favor had been kept apart from evil, teachers not of good, but of what should be silenced in oblivion and darkness.
But my narrative, however unequal to the greatness of the deeds it has to describe, will yet derive luster even from the bare relation of noble actions.
And surely the record of conduct that has been pleasing to God will afford a far from unprofitable, indeed a most instructive study, to persons of well-disposed minds. him from his father, so, by the law of nature, was it reserved for his children and their descendants, and perpetuated, like some paternal inheritance, to endless generations.
And indeed God himself, who distinguished this blessed prince with divine honors while yet present with us, and who has adorned his death with choice blessings from his own hand, should be the _ writer of his actions ; since he has recorded his labors and successes on heavenly monuments.'
CHAPTER XI.
That his Present Object is to record only the
CHAPTER X.
Pious Actions of Constantine.
Of the Need for this History, and its Value for Ir is my intention, therefore, to pass over the greater part of the royal deeds of this thriceblessed prince; as, for example, his conflicts and engagements in the field, his personal valor, his victories and successes against the enemy, and the many triumphs he obtained: likewise his provisions for the interests of individuals, his legislative enactments for the social advantage of his subjects, and a multitude of other imperial labors which are fresh in the memory of all; the design of my present undertaking being to speak and write of those circumstances only which have reference to his religious character.
Ldification.
However, hard as it is to speak worthily of this blessed character, and though silence were the safer and less perilous course, nevertheless it is incumbent on me, if I would escape the charge of negligence and sloth, to trace as it were a verbal portraiture, by way of memorial of the pious prince, in imitation of the delineations of human art.
For I should be ashamed of myself were I not to employ my best efforts, feeble though they be and of little value, in praise of one who honored God with such surpassing devotion.
I think too that my work will be on other grounds both instructive and necessary, since it will contain a description of those royal and noble actions which are pleasing to God, the Sovereign of all.
For would it not be disAnd since these are themselves of almost infinite variety, I shall select from the facts
1 The Bagster translation, following Valesius, divides the tenth chapter, making the eleventh begin at this point.
_ 7 It looks as if there might perhaps be a direct hit at Lactantius here, as having, through "' enmity," described actions intrinsiped base in peculiarly elegant diction; but Lactantius' descriptions
1 "The pillars of heaven."' — Mo/z (?). are hardly more realistic than Eusebius' own.