Index of Subjects
abridgement, 82, 121, 265, 274n50, 285, 289, 297, 307, 313, 313n82, 318, 319–22, 350, 359n72, 362, 366, 375, 386n100, 397, 414n78, 450n7, 458, 466n128, 480n225, 484
ad hominem argumentation, 9n30, 303n2, 416
Africa, 452n19, 460, 463, 469, 474n185. See also Congo; Nigeria; Rwanda; South Africa
Alexander Romance (Ps.-Callisthenes), 48–49. See also ancient sources index
allegorization, 80–82, 296, 347
anachronism, ancient, 112n56; in evaluating ancient works, 48, 59, 60, 62, 98, 104, 141n184, 183, 214n305, 261, 284, 293–94, 316n113, 341, 460, 484
anecdotes, 26, 30, 40n84, 44, 75–76, 91, 93–96, 101, 105–6, 109, 112, 117, 119, 120, 135–36, 138–48, 166–68, 173n195, 175, 177n234, 181, 188, 197, 250, 259, 316, 373, 383, 417, 428, 446, 447, 473
anonymity, 49, 54n191, 115, 182, 437; of gospel traditions, 406; of Gospels, alleged, 407n28
anthropology, 244n41, 249n79, 336, 344, 470
Antigonus of Carystus, 113
aphorisms, 19, 74, 112, 144n219, 348n14, 370, 389–90, 400, 426–27, 437, 448. See also maxims
apocryphal gospels, 22, 41, 48, 51n166, 58–59, 364, 492
Apollonius, Life of (Philostratus), 46–48. See also ancient sources index
apologetic, 30, 74, 75, 80n126, 82–83, 85, 88n205, 108, 124n17, 126, 127n43, 127n45, 176n222, 193, 195, 202, 230n79, 238–39, 248, 298–99, 301, 308–9, 350n28, 351n30, 447, 478
apologetic historiography, 124n17, 202, 238–39
appearance of biographees, 168–69
Arabic sources, 4, 389, 443, 470, 471–72
Aramaic, 12, 367, 385, 490–91, 492n317
archives, 17, 119, 180, 181n269, 207n239, 293, 353
aretalogies, 57–59
Argentina, 462
arguments from silence, 268–69, 402n4, 436–37, 461n90
Aristoxenus, 68n2, 75–76, 107n19, 248n73
arrangement, rhetorical, 61, 78, 81, 91, 140n181, 141, 146, 155, 230, 234, 235, 239, 306n19, 320, 353, 383, 390n138, 405–6
Artapanus, 100, 296n148, 298–99, 309n44
Aryan supremacists, 5n17, 7, 30n19, 255, 488
asides, 81n133, 133, 166, 196n141, 197
audience, adaptations for, 50
Augustine and autobiography, 85n170
autobiographic memory, 395, 397, 413n66, 444, 482
autobiography, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87–89, 93n245, 101, 126n31, 127n45, 129n66, 164, 173, 181, 195n122, 222, 252, 262, 301, 309, 369n1
autopsy, 230
Baal Shem Tov, 459–60
beloved disciple, 14, 354, 358n70, 359n72, 363, 382, 403, 404n13, 457n62
biases: ancient, 17, 67, 84–85, 124–31, 133–35, 190–94, 207, 210n271, 219–20, 244n32, 293, 382; modern, 262, 375, 392, 452. See also presuppositions (esp. modern ones)
biases in memory, 380–82
biographies, 25–327; earliest (protobiographies), 68–77; in early empire, 2, 16, 17, 24, 26, 28, 37, 44, 55, 68–69, 78, 79–95, 103, 105, 112n54, 113, 120, 121, 124, 129, 150, 151, 153, 158, 182, 184, 259, 261, 263, 266–67, 294, 498–500; relation to historiography, 155–68; of sages, 111–18; typologies of, 105–11
birth narratives. See infancy narratives
Blumhardt, J. C., 342n72
Buddhist traditions, 421
burden of proof, 16n55, 23n72, 497
Burundi, 413
chain transmission, 411, 412, 464
characterization, 63, 135–37, 288, 457
China, Chinese history, 74n69, 249, 343, 421–22
chreiai, 118, 121n1, 142–45, 306n18, 321, 426n175, 446
chronological conflation in memory, 382–83
chronology (in arrangement), 8, 26, 70, 72, 74, 77–78, 81, 91, 93, 106, 109, 121, 138–42, 148–49, 159, 161, 186, 216, 224, 236, 259, 285n69, 301, 306, 307, 316, 326, 347, 350, 353, 355, 373, 376, 382–83, 400, 454, 480, 500, 501
Churchill, Winston, 201, 255, 392
coherence, criterion of, 217
collective memory, 17, 241, 257, 366, 377, 379, 380, 384, 390, 409–16, 449, 451–53, 455, 461, 465, 496
comedy, comic, 50, 129n64, 132n93, 438
communicative memory, 479, 483
condensing material. See abridgement
conflation, 96, 263, 307, 308n39, 309–14, 317n117, 318n129, 326, 358n68, 366, 372n9, 375–76, 381–83, 400, 450n7, 465
Congo, 381n77, 393, 452n19, 460, 461n89, 469, 481n239
conservative approaches, 9n30, 325, 348, 501
constraints (for recall), 391, 410–11, 459n73, 473
constructivism (in memory), 393n154, 455, 456n49, 458n66
core, historical, 12, 14–15, 23, 90, 177, 186, 188, 207n243, 243, 250, 362, 366–68, 370, 376, 401, 438, 461, 464–70, 478, 496, 497, 500. See also gist
Cornelius Nepos, 77–78, 106, 364
counterfactuals, 66
countermemory, 352n37
criteria of authenticity, 15, 15n52, 218, 451, 494n327; ancient, 216–20, 243. See also dissimilarity, criterion of
critical historiography, ancient, 209–11, 216–20, 275n52
critical realism, 9n33
cultural memory, 111n42, 369n1, 383, 441, 453–54, 456–57, 465, 467, 479–80
Cyropaedia, 44–45. See also ancient sources index
Dean, John, recollections of, 375–76, 382
deconstruction, 9n33, 36n56, 390, 447
default expectations, 8, 12–16, 19, 154–55, 259–60, 367–68, 447, 494–95
demythologization, 243
digressions, 81, 146–47, 180, 324
Diogenes Laertius, 94–95, 115–18, 249. See also ancient sources index
disciples and memory of teachers, 17, 53, 114, 167, 177n234, 240, 247–48, 302, 318, 334, 352, 354, 367, 369–70, 389–90, 393n157, 395–401, 411, 414–20, 423–24, 427–31, 433–41, 443–45, 447–48, 457, 460, 492, 498–99; disciples as leaders in Jesus’s movement, 57, 366, 402, 409, 449, 465, 474, 489–90, 498
displacement, 81, 91, 307, 311, 312n68, 316, 326, 362, 400
dissimilarity, criterion of, 15, 177, 419n113, 455n42
distant past vs. recent past, 13, 41, 53–54, 67, 80n132, 100, 105, 117–18, 149, 158, 205n220, 208n248, 242–49, 256–57, 305, 322, 340, 372, 381, 480. See also living memory
“divine man” category, 118, 334, 341
embellishments, 50, 185, 187, 203, 204, 210, 220, 245–46
emic vs. etic, 336n30
emotion and memory, 393–94, 398, 420
encomium, 37, 55, 60, 62, 65, 69–76, 79–81, 88, 90, 93, 96, 98, 105–6, 108–10, 122, 124–26, 128–34, 143–44, 150, 153, 157, 159n54, 163, 190, 250, 252, 254, 265–66, 305, 321, 348, 498
entertaining or engaging style, 34, 40, 51–52, 54, 76, 108, 110, 123, 135, 189–90, 467
epic, 66n282, 70, 157, 175–76, 205, 205n220, 466, 488n286
episodic memory, 353, 375, 382, 383, 395, 398n202, 399, 444, 446; in oral traditions, 445–46
episodic style, 40n84, 50, 58, 143, 166, 348, 447
epistemic nihilism, 19
expanding, expansion, 82, 100, 122, 265, 288n99, 307, 312n68, 319–21, 349n17, 450, 485
eyewitnesses: in antiquity, 87–88, 110, 122, 169n150, 181, 208n247, 215, 218–19, 243–50, 266, 290, 293–95, 355n52, 365, 417, 480n230; Jesus’s disciples as and gospel tradition, 227–30, 257, 329, 347, 369n1, 381, 391, 399–400, 402–7, 442, 446–47, 449, 476, 489, 495, 498; memory of, 366, 377, 380–82, 392, 399–400, 407–10, 444–46, 478, 481; for miracle reports, 331, 335, 342–45
Fabius Rusticus, 292
false memories, 377–78, 410, 413n68
fictionalization, 39n78, 60–66, 122n9, 171, 235, 447
flattery in epideictic, 195, 206, 253–55
flat vs. round characters, 94, 136n136, 194. See also characterization
flexibility in recounting, 23–24, 101, 104, 151, 158, 186, 208, 236, 241n7, 263, 293–94, 297, 301–10, 325, 329, 347–48, 364, 417n98, 425n163, 465, 467, 484, 491, 495, 500
floating gap, 383n87, 454, 459, 480–81
fluidity and fixity in memory, 369–70
folk literature, 30–31, 128n52, 322n171
folklore, 50, 410n44, 450, 470n163
form criticism, 30, 31, 217, 319, 342n71, 429n209, 430n216, 445, 449–50, 455–56n49
genocide, 10n34, 413, 415. See also Holocaust
genre boundaries, fluid, 28, 33, 35–36, 51, 74, 157, 164–66, 221–22
gist, 18–19, 187–88, 244, 324–25, 366, 376, 379, 385n98, 386–90, 400, 401n2, 408, 415–16, 417n98, 421n125, 421n128, 426, 435, 440–42, 447, 465–69, 472, 478, 491, 495–96. See also core, historical
gnostic gospels, 22, 34, 51, 59, 411, 486
Gospel of Peter, 7, 392n151, 405n20, 492
Gospel of Thomas, 45, 59n238, 355, 492
Great Divide thesis, 441n307
haggadah, 54n185, 82, 128, 322, 349n20
hagiography, 95–98, 99, 105, 133n105, 138, 144, 147n248, 150, 153, 263, 332, 334, 338n48, 341, 459, 460, 498
harmonization, 14n49, 30, 251, 314–15, 350n28, 353, 501
hindsight bias, 380n69, 381, 382n79
Hindu traditions, 421
Historia Augusta, 95–96
historians’ concern: for accuracy, 203–9; for rhetorical shaping, 183–89
historical distance, 252–55
historical novels, 34. See also novels
historiography, Gospels as, 160–68; OT, 100n312, 102, 183n1, 226
history of effects, 392n152
Hochliteratur (“high literature”) vs. Kleinliteratur (“low literature”), 214n307
Holocaust, 10n34, 61n247, 201, 458, 478n213. See also Aryan supremacists
Homer, 50n159, 54, 110, 138n158, 176n227, 205n217, 228n99, 424–25, 459n74, 481n233, 490n296
Hugh of St. Victor, 432, 446n343
humor, wit, 93, 112, 143–45, 156n21, 392, 426, 438, 491n306
identity formation, 453
Iliad, 129n62, 217n336, 424, 425n163, 442–43
imitation, literary, 65n275, 155n12, 161, 177, 187, 211n281, 212n287, 226, 265n19; moral, 70, 132, 139, 178, 198n155, 428
India, 48n142, 74n69, 205n214, 254, 343, 389n130, 421
infancy narratives, 11n36, 14n49, 15, 48n137, 163, 169–73, 292n118, 459
inferences in ancient historiography, 50, 54, 55, 65n275, 76, 82, 99, 122, 179n248, 186, 192, 288, 320, 322, 349, 362n79, 365, 367; in memory, 373; in oral tradition, 8n26
interlocking, undesigned coincidences, 279n56
investigation in ancient historiography, 208–9
Jesus mythers, 3, 5, 7–8, 19, 368
Johannine discourses, 15, 297, 348–49, 437
Johannine idiom, 348, 350, 355
John, Gospel of, 346–64
jokes, 156, 371, 453n28, 467n140, 491. See also humor, wit
Josephus: autobiography, 87–89; historiography of, 83–86, 297–301
kingdom of God, 6, 119, 264n5, 306, 338, 341, 347n3, 384–85
laboratory studies and memory, limitations of, 377, 395, 399, 408n33, 410
law of biographical relevance, 311n66
Lewis, C. S., 392
Lincoln, Abraham, 9, 456–57, 498
literacy, illiteracy, 418, 422, 424, 434–44, 452n22
literary level of the Gospels, 31, 39, 40n84, 50, 143, 163, 163n100, 164, 232–34, 259
liturgy, 160, 431, 472, 493n320
lives of the poets, 52–57
Lives of the Prophets, 98–99
living memory, 2, 15, 17, 19, 22, 24–25, 29, 34, 37, 43–44, 47, 49, 53–54, 57, 59, 65, 104–5, 110, 114–15, 119n107, 120, 151, 154, 174, 177, 182, 239, 241, 247–52, 257, 261, 263–64, 266, 293, 294, 318, 334, 355, 365–66, 368, 389, 404, 432, 442, 445, 447, 454–57, 461–62, 464, 475–80, 481n238, 483–84, 496–98
local color, 51
location, in memory, 355n57, 382–83, 445, 463
Lucian, Demonax, 92–94, 135, 144–46, 148
Luke: arrangement of, 140, 256; date of, 256; genre of, 221–39
Luther, Martin, 142n185, 385n94, 419n113
Mark: arrangement of, 140, 155n13, 175n210, 322n170; assessment of by Matthew and Luke, 40, 62, 65, 154–55, 291n117, 293–94, 406; date of, 16, 16n54, 306n19, 482n249; Petrine character, putative, 16n54, 142, 173n199, 248, 306, 315, 326, 404–7, 477n206; rhetorical level, 266n21
Markan priority, 14
martyr stories, 16, 96, 148, 175, 178, 233
Matthew: arrangement of, 140; date of, 14n51
maximalism vs. minimalism, 8–9, 28n4, 262
maxims, 74, 145, 318n130, 320n147, 426. See also aphorisms
memoirs, 18, 262, 365, 372n9, 391–92; ancient, 68n2, 69n8, 74–75, 87, 114, 155, 216, 292, 349, 428; “of the apostles,” 29, 66, 256, 391–92, 403
memorability, 136n136, 140n181, 370–71, 389, 392–99, 405, 415n82, 426–27, 465, 490–91, 495
memory, 365–496. See also collective memory; communicative memory; cultural memory; psychological memory; social memory
memory, everyday sufficiency of, 390–92
memory frailties, 304, 311, 376–85, 459–62
memory, in ancient education, 423–32
memory, long-term, 398–400; everyday assumptions about long-term memory, 371–73
memory, reconstructive character of, 373–75
memory, referential character of, 391–92
Messiah, messianism, 119, 178n241, 231n88, 356, 357, 460–61
messianic secret, 348
microconflation, 314
Middle East, 28, 389, 398n197, 412, 414, 417n98, 463, 469–74, 491
minimalism, 177, 261–62. See also maximalism vs. minimalism
miracle reports, 331–45
mixed genres, 33, 35, 221–24. See also genre boundaries, fluid
mnemonic methods, 355, 370, 416, 420–23, 435, 440, 443, 445–46n343, 460, 474, 490
multiple attestation, 19, 73, 140n183, 270, 331, 368, 384, 408, 497
multisensory events, 370, 394, 400
Myanmar, 421
myth vs. historiography, 41, 43, 69, 100, 149, 158, 160, 204, 205n220, 220, 243, 322, 332, 340–41, 460, 480, 488
Nepos. See Cornelius Nepos
net transmission, 411
networking of communities, 231, 352n36
Nicolaus of Damascus, 79
Nigeria, 85n173
Nixon, Richard, 375–76
novels: ancient, 39, 40, 44, 46, 69, 200, 492; biographic, 42–50, 62, 65, 174, 290; Gospels treated as, 14, 38–52, 60, 66, 148, 226, 228, 364; historical, 27, 34; vs. other genres, 13–15, 25, 57, 59, 64, 135, 137, 143, 147, 166, 171, 195, 200, 212, 215n319, 224, 263, 290, 309, 362n79, 365, 372n9
numerical problems, 158, 179n248, 220n365, 293n131, 317
oral history, 181, 244, 257, 315n98, 373, 442n314, 445, 448, 452, 477, 479, 481, 483. See also living memory
orality, 14n48, 59n235, 435, 440–41, 450, 452n22, 474n185, 476n203, 491n304
oral performance, 142, 424n160, 441
oral tradition, 8n26, 46, 49, 50n159, 55n197, 74, 136n136, 229, 244, 247, 249, 311, 318n129, 358n68, 362, 366, 367, 369, 376, 377n47, 379n59, 385n94, 389, 391, 395, 399n205, 409, 410–11, 411n50, 424n157, 430, 432, 433, 442–43, 445, 449–54, 459–74, 477, 479–81, 490–91, 496
overlearning, 410
Papias, 14nn50–51, 142, 155, 294, 306, 354, 362n80, 392n151, 404–6, 438, 446, 476, 483; date, 142n186
parables, 6, 231, 264n5, 270, 346, 390, 415, 426, 427, 487, 491, 493
parallel biographies, 224, 236, 312; parallelism, narrative, 234–38
paraphrase, 122, 143, 213, 300, 304, 309, 311–13, 321, 326, 350, 385–86, 401, 424, 442, 466, 468n151, 469, 485
participant observation, 227n52, 228, 244n41, 245
passion narratives, 174–78
peer review standards, 210–11
Peripatetics, 68n2, 76–77, 106, 109, 112, 143, 428n202
Philo’s Life of Moses, 80–83, 296–97, 318n128. See also ancient sources index
Philostratus’s Lives of Eminent Sophists, 94. See also ancient sources index
Plato’s dialogues, 70n17, 74–75, 248, 349, 387, 437
plots (literary), 50, 61, 96, 129n62, 145, 147–48, 155n13, 199, 235, 299n179, 306n19, 488
Plutarch’s Lives, 90–91
poetry and memory, 421, 425n163, 471–72, 481, 490, 491
poetry vs. history, 41n91, 70, 157, 205–6
Polybius’s high standard, 210–11
popular writing level, 26, 39, 40n84, 45n113, 49–50, 66, 109, 163, 214, 233–34, 240, 259, 262, 266n21, 313n77, 346, 372n9, 402n4, 457, 468
postmodernism, 9, 12, 60–61, 153, 201n182, 458
praise and blame, 128–30, 157, 191, 198
predecessors, treatment of, 229–30
preface, Luke’s, 51, 224–32, 239, 407n28, 496
presentism (memory), 455, 456n49
presuppositions (esp. modern ones), 8–9, 186, 259, 269n32, 342, 370, 452, 499
probability argument (in antiquity), 218
protobiographies, 68–77
Proverbs, 74n66, 318, 383n90, 389, 426, 466, 470, 491. See also aphorisms
providence, in ancient historiography, 199–200, 202, 237n133, 239
Pseudo-Philo’s Biblical Antiquities, 298n168
psychological memory, 369, 369n1, 376, 384, 410, 465
public figures, 29, 55–57, 76, 90, 93, 96, 99–100, 105, 106, 112n48, 118–20, 145–46, 153, 156, 230, 263, 266n21, 327
Pythagoras, Pythagoreans, 76, 97, 177n233, 331, 334, 433, 437
Q, 40, 44, 59n238, 74n68, 115, 231, 256, 316, 322n170, 324, 325, 338, 380, 401, 408, 494n327; date of, 16, 16n54, 257, 417, 477, 482–83, 486n275; debate concerning, 11n36, 292n118, 477; genre of, 29, 389n125, 484; origin of, 323n184, 392n151, 404n13, 489; Papias’s Matthew as, 323n184, 392n151, 404n13
Qur’anic memorization, 443, 472
rabbinic memory practices, 429–30
Ramabai, Pandita, 421
recent past. See distant past vs. recent past; living memory
reception history, 458
recitation, 286n81, 385n98, 397, 401, 430n222, 431, 472
recurrent attestation, 331, 384
redaction criticism: for Gospels, 115, 319, 324n194, 350n29, 494, 495, 500; for other sources, 89, 264–65, 319, 351n31, 388n120
rehearsal and memory, 397–98, 433–34
reliability of authors as factor in reconstructing historicity, 154
repetition and memory, 397, 425n163, 433–34, 453, 465, 493n320
Revolution, American, 201
rhetorical shaping, 183–89; in Luke’s historiography, 232–38, 256
romances, 41, 166n35. See also novels
rumor transmission, 181, 204, 293n131, 302, 412, 461–62, 491n305
Rwanda, 468
Sabbatai Sevi, 460
same yet different, 17
Satanic ritual abuse accusations, 379n63
schema, schemata, 38n74, 373n17, 374nn17–20, 382n84, 386n100, 433, 458, 459n73, 462n97, 466, 468. See also keying; scripts
scientific/technical treatises, 225
scripts, 9n30, 176, 373–74, 395n172, 453, 455, 466n132. See also keying; schema, schemata
Serbia, 389n130
Shamanism, 336
simplification, 311, 312n68, 376
single attestation, 73. See also multiple attestation
social memory, 10n34, 59n238, 193, 238, 369n1, 407, 449n2, 451–69, 479
Song of Roland, 459
sources closest to events, 240–57
source usage in ancient historiography, 211–20, 291–94
South Africa, 478
spaced practice, 410, 422n142, 434
speeches in historiography, 187–89, 288–89, 362n79; memorization of, 423
spotlighting, 180n268, 308, 311, 312n68, 315, 352n35
storytelling, 48, 60, 170, 207, 238, 266n21, 307, 352n37, 353, 359n72, 362, 386–87, 401, 447–48, 467–68, 472n176, 478
Strauss, D. F., 337
Suetonius, 13n44, 33, 55–56, 91–92, 113, 268
suggestibility, 377–80
Tacitus: Agricola, 89–90, 364; Histories, 268
Tendenz, 85, 121, 193–94. See also biases
theological agendas in ancient historians, 199–200
Theopompus, 185, 190, 192, 218n347, 229n72, 232, 249n83
three-part structure of full biographies, 32, 95, 146, 147
Timaeus (historian), 129n57, 160n66, 209n257, 210–11, 249n77
time-slice errors, 375
Traditionsbruch, 481–82, 482n245
tragic elements, 83n158, 108, 154, 176, 184n9, 189, 205, 236, 253n114, 299n173, 305, 333n13, 438
tragicomic motif, 111n44
transience and memory, 398–400
typology, 237–38
unique genre, 30, 37–38, 66, 174, 335
variations: in ancient quotations, 324, 388; among the Gospels, 17, 21, 24, 123, 284, 288, 325, 327, 353, 361, 385n94, 389, 401, 442, 468, 484, 492n317, 495n337, 500; in oral tradition or memory, 352n37, 353, 376, 441, 459n74, 464n114, 472, 481; in other ancient literary sources, 21, 25n1, 37, 121, 201, 259–60, 261, 265, 270, 284, 288, 295–97, 301–2, 304–5, 307, 310, 326–27, 348n7, 484–85, 500
Vedas, the, 474n185
verbatim preservation: near-verbatim, 140, 270, 388–90, 423, 432, 437–38, 440–41, 459n73, 464, 472, 490; rare, 7, 12, 14, 18, 19, 188, 189n60, 259, 263, 308–9, 350, 370, 375, 379, 384, 385–88, 400, 406, 412n61, 424, 426n175, 427, 442, 448, 465–66, 469n153, 485, 497–98n1
verisimilitude, 50, 56, 65n275, 176–77, 189, 243, 320, 387, 499
vividness, ekphrasis, 233, 304
Washington, George, 63–64, 457–58
“we” material, 227–29
wit. See humor, wit
World War I, 371n4