Index of Authors and Subjects

Abraham, , , ,

acceptation,

acquittal: divine, , , , , , ; legal,

act: from duty vs. in accordance with duty, ; quality of vs. effect of,

actus reus, , , , ,

Adam, , , , ,

Adams, Robert,

Alcestis,

Alston, William,

altar, , , , , , , ; see also ;

amnesty, ,

animal sacrifice: of birds, , , ; and blood: see ; and burnt offering, , ; descriptions of rituals, , , , ; foreignness to modern mind, ; functions of, , , ; and guilt offerings, , , ; and hand-laying ritual, , , , , , , ; identification of offerer with animal, , , , , , ; Levitical system of, , , , , , , , , ; Levitical system of (prior to), , ; pagan systems of, , ; and peace offerings, , , , ; as “preliminary event,” ; and scapegoat ritual: see ; and sin offerings, , , , , , , , , , ; symbolic nature of, , , , , , ; and transferral of sin, ; and Yom Kippur, , , , , ; see also ; ; ; ; ; ;

annihilation,

Anselm, , , , , , , , , , , , , ; see also ; ;

anti-supernaturalism,

apologetics,

apostasy, ,

Aquinas, Thomas, , , , ; see also ;

Aristotle,

ark of the covenant, ,

’āšām, , ; see also

associations, unincorporated: ; see also

atonement: concept in Isaiah , , ; confusion about term, , ; as covering of sin in God’s sight, , ; Day of: see ; distinctions in types of, ; doctrine of: see ; English vs. German treatments of, , ; and human sacrifice, ; limited, , , ; meanings of ‘atonement,’ ; Pentateuchal narratives on, ; as ransom: see ; theories of: see ; see also ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

“at-onement” or “at onement,” , , , , ; see also ; ;

attribution principle,

Augustine, , ; affirmation of penal substitution,

Averbeck, Richard, , , , ,

Ayer, A.J.,

Azazel: see

baptism, , ,

beatific vision, , ,

Beckwith, Francis, ,

Bernard of Clairvaux,

Blackstone, William, ,

blame, blamelessness, blameworthiness, , , , , , , ; see also

Blocher, Henri, ,

blood: of Christ: see ; of the covenant, ; rite of animal sacrifice, , , , , ,

Borg, Marcus,

Breiner, Nikolaus,

Brunner, Emil,

canonical criticism,

Caplow, Stacy,

Carson, D. A., , , , , , ,

Cassuto, Umberto,

censure: see

Childs, Brevard,

Christ: as advocate before divine judge, ; baptism of, ; as bearer of sins, , , , , , , ; blood of, , , , , , , ; corporate solidarity with, ; death of: see ; deity of, , , , , ; as deliverer from wrath: see ; faith in, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; as high priest, , , , , ; incarnation of: see ; as mediator: see ; as mercy seat, , ; as Messiah, , , , ; passion of: see ; personal virtue of, ; punishment of: see ; as representative, , ; resurrection of, , , , , , , , , , ; as sacrifice for sin, , , , , , , , ; self-understanding of, ; as Servant of the Lord, , , ; sin imputed to: see ; as sin offering, , ; threefold role of, ; two natures of, ; union with, , , , , , ; as victim, , ; work of: see ; see also ;

Christian philosophers: see

Christus Victor theory, , , , , , , , , ,

Chrysostom, John,

Church Fathers, , , , , , , ; Latin Fathers, , ; see also ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

civil law, , , , , , , , ; and God as private party, , , ; see also ;

cleansing, , , , , , , , ,

clemency, , , , , , , , , , , ; forms of, , ; see also ;

Clines, David J. A.,

commutation, , , , , , ; definition of,

companies: see

compensation, , , , , , , , , , , ; see also ;

compensation theory: see

condemnation, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; and expressivism, ; as forensic, ; legal, , , , , ; see also

Constitution, U.S., , , , , ,

corporations, , , , , ; see also ;

councils, ecumenical: see

counterfactuals, , ,

covenant: ark of the, , ; blood of the, ; concept of, ; -faithfulness interpretation: see ; ; new, , , , ; old, , , ,

creditor, , , , , , , , ; contrasted with judge, ; contrasted with ruler, ; see also

Cremer, Hermann,

crime: see ;

criminal law, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; see also ; ;

criminal liability, , , , ; see also ;

Crisp, Oliver, , ,

cross, the, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; as metaphor of Gospel message,

Crossan, John Dominic,

Crouch, Jeffery, , ,

Cur Deus homo, , , , , , ,

Cyril of Alexandria,

Day of Atonement: see

death: see ; ; ;

death of Christ, , , , , , , , , , , ; as compensatory: see ; as expiatory, , , , , , , , , ; infinite value of, , , , , , , , ; interpretation of, , , ; Jesus’ attitude toward, ; NT motifs for, , , ; OT background of, , ; as propitiatory, , , , , , , , , , , , ; as ransom payment, , , , , , , , ; as sacrifice, , , , , , , , , , , , ; substitutionary nature of, , , , , , , , , , , , ; universal scope of, , , , , , , ; see also ; ; ;

debt: pecuniary, , , , , , , , , , ; penal, , , , , , , , , , , , ; see also

delegation principle, ,

Denney, James,

desert, just, , , , , , , , , , , ; conditions for,

DeSilva, David, ,

deterrence: see

devil, the: see

dik-: dikaiōma, , ; dikaioō, , ; dikaios, ; dikaiōs, ; dikaiōsynē, , ,

“dilemma of the merciful judge,” ,

distributive, ,

Divine Command Theory, , , , ,

divine justice: as conqueror of Satan, ; as eschatological, , , , , , ; as essential property of God, , , , , , , , , , , , , ; not an activity of God, ; NT motifs for, , , , , , , ; OT motifs for, ; as retributive, , ; satisfaction of: see ; Septuagintal language for, , , , , ; Turretin on, ; see also ;

divine righteousness: see

doctrine of the atonement: Anselm’s advance over Church Fathers, ; central NT question of, ; Church Fathers’ motifs for, , , , , , , , , ; conciliar guidance on, , , ; methodology of formulating, , , ; as morally contemptible, ; as multifaceted, , , , , , , , ; nineteenth-century literature on, , ; NT motifs for, , , , , ; in Origen, ; Reformers’ view of, , , , ; summary of biblical data on, ; summary of dogmatic history on, ; thematic vs. authorial study of, ; vs. theory of, ; in Turretin, ; and use of legal fictions, ; see also ; ; ; ; ; ;

Dodd, C. H., ,

Duff, Anthony,

Dunn, J. D. G., , ,

employer/ee, , , , , , ; see also

Eusebius,

Euthyphro Dilemma,

exegesis, ,

exiles, Jewish, , , ,

expiation: in Christ: see ; definition of, ; legal theory of, ; in Levitical sacrifices, , , , ; as necessary for forgiveness, , , , , , ; in Passover sacrifice, ; see also

expiatory sacrifices, ; see also ; ; ;

expressivism, , , , , ; without condemnation of Christ,

expungement, , , , , , , , ,

Farmer, William,

Feinberg, Joel, , , , , , ,

forgiveness: in philosophical literature, ; as result of sacrifice, , , , , , , ; third-party, ; see also ; ;

Forsyth, P. T., , ,

Gentiles, , , , , , ,

Gese, Hartmut, , ,

Gestrich, Christoph,

God: as analogous to an employer, ; emotion in, , , ; fellowship with, ; as feudal lord, , ; forgiveness of, , , , , , , , , , , , ; forgiveness of—as legal pardon, , , , , , , , , , ; forgiveness of—as unconditional, ; free choice of, , , , , , , , , ; hatred of sin: see ; hatred of sinners: see ; holiness of, , , , , , , ; honor owed to, , , , ; as judge or ruler, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; judgment of, , , , , , , , , ; justice of: see ; love of: see ; as monarch, , , ; omniscience of: see omniscience; pardon of: see ; power of, , , , , ; as private party, , , ; righteousness of: see ; threefold role of, ; union with, , , , , , ; see also ; wrath of: see

Godbey, John Charles,

Gomes, Alan,

governmental theory, , , ; see also

grace: infused, ; prevenient,

grain offering, , , , , , ; see also

Green, Joel,

Greenberg, Jim,

Gregory Nazianzus,

Gregory of Nyssa, , ,

Grotius, Hugo, , , , , , , , , , ,

Groves, J. Alan, ,

guilt, , , , , , , , , ; confession of, , ; definition of, ; expungement of: see ; offering, ; replication of, ; transfer of, , , , , ; see also ;

Gundry, Robert,

Hamilton, Victor,

hand-laying ritual: see

Hart, H. L. A., ,

hatred: see ; ;

Heine, Ronald, ,

hell, , , , , , , , , , ; see also

Hermisson, H.-J.,

Hezekiah,

high priest: see ;

hilas-, , , , ; hilaskesthai, , , , , , ; hilaskomai, , ; hilasmos, , ; hilastērion, , , , , , ,

Hilborn, David,

historical criticism,

Hofius, Otfried, , , , , , , ,

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, ,

Holy of Holies, , , , ,

Holy Spirit, , , , ; indwelling of the, ,

Horton, Michael,

Hultgren, Stephen,

Humbert, W. H., , , , ,

impurity: see

imputation: analysis of, , , ; as forensic, , , , , , ; of guilt to innocent person, , ; of righteousness to sinners, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; of sin to Christ, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; see also ; ;

incarnation, , , , , , , , , , , ,

infinity: potential, , ; see also

innocence, , , , , , , , , , , ; see also ;

Institutes of Elenctic Theology,

Irenaeus, ,

Irons, Charles,

Isaac, ,

Jeffery, Steve, , , ,

Jesus of Nazareth: see

John Chrysostom: see

judge (role), ; see also ; ;

justice: consequentialist theory of, ; corrective, ; desert vs. virtue, ; distributive, , ; divine: see ; human vs. divine systems of, ; NT motifs for, , ; OT motifs for, , , ; punitive, , , , , , , , , , , ; retributive theories of: see ; system: see ; and wrath of God: see ; see also ;

justification, , , , , , , , ; doctrine of, , , , ; as forensic, , , , , , , , , , ; see also ;

katalassō, ; see also ;

katallagē, , , ; see also ;

Kobil, Daniel, ,

Korsch, Dietrich,

kpr, kippēr, , , , , , , , , , ; kapporēt, , , ; kippurîm, ; kōper, , ; see also ; ;

law: civil: see ; criminal: see ; Germanic, ; natural, ; OT, ; philosophy of: see ; positive, , ; relaxation of, , , , , ; Roman, , ; rule of, ; tort, ; see also ;

Leftow, Brian,

legal fictions, , , ; see also ;

legal moralism, , ,

Lewis, David, ,

liability: see ; ; ;

Lind, Douglas,

Longenecker, R. N.,

love of God: expressed by or quality of God, , , , , , , , ; expressed to God, ; as unconditional, , , ; see also

Luther, Martin,

lytrōsis, ; see also

mala prohibita,

Marshall, I. H., ,

Marshall, John, , , , ,

Matthews, Kenneth,

McGrath, Alister,

meaning, linguistic, , ; and literal vs. figurative meaning, ; vs. reference, ; see also

mediator/mediation, , , , , , , , ,

mens rea, , , , , ,

mercy, , , , , , , , , ; consistency with retributive justice, ; as essential property of God, , ; explication of, ; see also ;

mercy seat, , , , ; see also ; ; ;

mereological fusions,

Messiah, , , ; see also

Messing, Noah,

metaphorical language, , , , , , , ; see also

Milgrom, Jacob, , , , , ,

Mitros, Joseph,

Moberly, Walter,

modern synthesis, the,

Moffitt, David, ,

Moo, Douglas, , , ,

Moore, Kathleen Dean, , , , , , , ,

Moore, Michael, ,

moral influence theory, , , , , ; in abstraction from penal substitution, ; disincentives to alienation, ; incentives to reconciliation,

moral transformation: see

Moreland, J.P.,

Morison, Samuel, , , , , ,

Morris, Leon, , , , , , , ,

Moses, , , , , ,

Murphy, Jeffrie, ,

Murphy, Mark, , , , , ,

Mwale, Emmanuel, , , ,

negligence, , ,

new perspective on Paul: see

Nicole, Roger, ,

omnipotence: see

omniscience, , ,

On Jesus Christ Our Savior,

Origen, , ,

Oswalt, J.N.,

Ovey, Michael, , , ,

passion of Christ: see

Passover, the: as explanatory setting, ,

Passover elements: symbolic nature of,

Paul, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; new perspective on, , , , ; and use of righteousness language, , ; see also

peace offering: see

penal substitution: analogs in justice system, ; analogs in other human affairs, ; consistency with expressivism, , ; definition, nature of, conditions for, , , ; and “definitional stop” to debate, ; justification of, , , , ; legal fictions and, ; metaethical context of, , , ; objections to—moral, , , , , , , , , , ; objections to—philosophical coherence or possibility, , , , , , , , , , , , , ; objections to—theological coherence, , , , ; and the Servant of the Lord, , ; theories: see ; as unsatisfactory, ; without expressivism, ; without punishment, , , ; see also ; ; ; ; ;

penal substitution theories, , , , , , , , , ; inclusionary, , ; law and forgiveness on, ; objections to: see ; of the Reformers, , ; see also ;

penalty: see ;

penance, sacrament of, ,

Pentateuch: categories of sin in: see ; centrality of death in, ; consequences for sin in, , ; see also ; see also

personhood,

philosophers/philosophy: analytic, , ; Christian, , , , , , , ; Kantian, , ; of law, , , , ; Molinist, , ; of time,

place-taking, , , ; see also ; ;

Plantinga, Alvin, ,

pre-Pauline formula, the, ; see also

priest, Levitical, , , , , , , , , , , ; see also ;

Prior, A. N.,

propitiation: in Christ: see ; definition of, , ; in dogmatic history, , , ; in Levitical sacrifices, , ; in NT thought, , , , ; in Passover sacrifice, ; place of, , ; see also

propitiatory sacrifices, ; see also ; ; ;

proxyhood,

punishment, , , , , , , , , ; of Christ, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; consequentialist theory of, , , , ; of crimes, , , , , , , , , , , ; debt of: see ; “defective,” ; definition, nature of, conditions for, , , , , , , , , ; and expressivism: see ; and harsh treatment, , , , , , , , , , ; infinite (duration or intensity), , , ; of the innocent, , , , ; justification of, , , , ; liability to, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; vs. penalties, , , ; practice of, , , , , , ; of Servant of the Lord: see ; substitutionary: see ; terminology for, ; see also ; ; ; ; ; ;

Quinn, Philip, ,

Quinton, Anthony,

ransom, , , , , , , , ; as metaphor for penal substitution, ; paid to God, ; theory, , , ; see also ; ; ;

reconciliation: between God and Israel, , , , , ; between God and man, , , , , , , , , , , , ; in human relationships, ; ministry of, , , ; see also ; ; ;

redemption, , , , , , , ; accomplished vs. applied, ; actual vs. potential, ; role of divine power in, , ; see also

regeneration,

relationship with God, , , , , , , , , , , , ; see also

relaxation (of law): see

remission, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; compatibility with satisfaction, ; definition of,

repentance, , , , , ,

representation: by Christ: see ; and Levitical sacrifices, ; personal, ; and representative , , ; simple, ; vs. symbolization, , ; see also ; ; ; substitution

reprieve, , , , , , ; definition of,

respondeat superior,

restoration: of civil rights, , , ; of Israel’s fortunes, , , ; of moral character, , ; of relationship, , , ; see also

retributive justice, , , , , , , , , , , , , ; compatibility with satisfaction, ; definition of, ; as essential property of God, , , , , , ; negative, , , , , , ; positive, , , , , , ; prima facie vs. ultima facie demands of, , , , , ; pure, , , , , ; renaissance in theories of, , ; see also ; ; ;

retributivism: see

righteousness: alien, , ; of Christ, , ; as covenant faithfulness: see ; Dead Sea Scrolls’ language for, ; divine: see ; extrabiblical Greek language for, , ; imputed: see ; infused, , , , , , , ; as moral property, ; as normative concept, , ; reckoned to sinners: see ; and “righteousness of God” (expression), , ; see also ; ;

Ripstein, Arthur,

Ritschl, Albrecht, , , ,

ritual: see

Rivière, Jean,

Roberts, H. R. T., , ,

sacrifice: animal: see ; expiatory: see ; human: see ; NT motifs for, ; OT background of, ; Passover, , , , , ; propitiatory: see ; as “table” of atonement doctrine, , , ; Yom Kippur: see ; see also ; ; ;

sacrificial offering: see ; ; ;

sālaḥ: see

salvation, , ; universal, , , ,

sanctification, , , , ,

Satan, , , , , , , , , , , ; existence of, ; as having rights over man, , , , ,

satisfaction, , , , , , , , , , , , , ; Anselm’s view of, , , , , , ; Aquinas’ view of, , ; compatibility with remission, ; as independent of punishment, , ; legal concepts in, ; misrepresentations of Anselm’s theory, , ; as necessary for salvation: see ; Reformers’ view of, , , ; Socinus’ view of, , , , , ; theory: see ; see also ; ; ; ;

satisfaction theory: of Anselm, , , , , , ; taken up by Aquinas, , ,

scapegoat, , , ; not a representative of the people, ; see also ; ;

Schleiermacher, Friedrich,

Schreiber, Stefan,

Schwartz, Baruch,

sedek, , , : see ;

Seifrid, Mark, , , ,

Servant of the Lord, , , , , , , , , ; as bearer of sins, , , , , , ; eschatological context of, , ; as guilt offering, ; innocence of, ; in NT: see ; punishment of, , , , ; suffering of, , , , ,

ship personification: , ; see also

sin: consequences or penalty of, , , , , , , , ; as crime, , , , , ; debt of: see ; as dishonor, ; as enmity with God, , , ; forgiveness of, , , , , , ; hatred of, , , , ; high-handed, , ; as impurity, , , , ; infused, ; offering: see ; original, , , , , ; Pentateuchal categories of, ; remission of: see ; sins as object of forgiveness, ; universality of,

sin-bearing, , , , , ; see also ; ;

sinner/s, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; hatred of, , ,

Sklar, Jay, ,

Smart, Alwynne, ,

Smeaton, George, ,

Socinus, Faustus, , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Spieckermann, Hermann, , ,

Steiner, Ashley M.,

Stellvertretung, , , ; see also ; ;

Stephan, Hayden,

Stott, John,

Strasser, Mark,

strict liability, , , , , , ; see also ;

Stump, Eleonore, , , , ; and atonement theory assessment criteria, ; objections to penal substitution, , , , , , ; and “problem of application,” ; see also ; ;

substitution: -al representation, ; -ary death, , , , , , , , , ; -ary punishment: see ; -ary suffering, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; exclusionary vs. inclusionary, , , ; penal: see ; principle of, ; simple, , ; see also ; ; ;

suffering: infinite, ; punitive, , , , , , ; representational, , , ; unjust, ; vicarious: see

suffering Servant, the: see

Sühne, , , , ; see also

superabundance: see

superior/subordinate: see

Supreme Court, U.S., , , , , , , , ; see also

Swen, Blaine, , , , ,

symbolization, , , , , , ; vs. representation, ,

theodicy, , ,

theologians/theology: analytic, ; Arminian, ; Catholic, ; contemporary, , , , , , , , , , ; German, , , , ; liberal, , , , , , ; Lutheran, , ; Molinist, , ; Protestant, , ; Reformed, , , , , , , , ; systematic, ,

theories of the atonement: Anselmian, , ; “Anselmian,” , , , , ; canonical approach toward, , ; Christus Victor: see ; criteria of adequacy for, , , , , , ; vs. doctrine of, ; eisegetical treatments of, , ; governmental: see ; medieval theories of, , ; moral influence: see ; necessitarian, , , , , , , , , , , , ; non-necessitarian, , , , , , , , ; paganized, ; penal substitution: see ; punishment-forbearance, , ; ransom: see ransom; Reformers’, , , , , , ; and relationship to biblical doctrine, ; satisfaction: see ; Socinian, , ; summary of philosophical reflections on,

time and timelessness, ; see also

Torah, ,

torts, , , ; see also

Turretin, Francis, , , , , , , ,

Versöhnung, , , ; see also

vicarious liability, , , , , , ; see also ; ;

vicarious suffering: see

vicious circularity,

Vidu, Adonis,

vigilantism,

von Harnack, Adolf,

Warmke, Brandon,

Weiss, Alexander,

Wenham, Gordon, ,

Whybray, R. N.,

Williston, Samuel, , , ,

wrath of God, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; Augustine’s account of, ; and moral influence theory, ; and Reformation theories, ; see also ;

Wright, N. T., , , , , , , ; see also

Yom Kippur: see