Abbreviations
Abbreviations
General Abbreviations
A.D.
anno Domini, in the year of our Lord
Aram.
Aramaic
b.
Babylonian (Talmud)
bar.
baraita
B.C.
before Christ
bib.
bibliography
bk.
book
ca.
circa, around
cf.
confer, compare
ch.
chapter
cm.
centimeter
col.
column
comm.
commentary
DSS
Dead Sea Scrolls
ed.
edition
e.g.
exempli gratia, for example
Ep.
Epistle
fig.
figure
fr(g).
fragment
ft.
feet
Gk.
Greek
i.e.
id est, that is
incant.
incantation
inscr.
inscription
intro.
introduction
KJV
King James Version
lit.
literally
LXX
Septuagint
Mishnah
Midr.
Midrash
MSS
manuscripts
MT
Masoretic Text
n.
note
NIV
New International Version
NRSV
New Revised Standard Version
NT
New Testament
OT
Old Testament
p.
Palestinian (Talmud)
par.
paragraph
pp.
pages
pq.
pereq.
pref.
preface
prol.
prologue
Q
Quelle (“sayings” source for the Synoptic Gospels)
Rec.
Recension
rev.
revised
t.
Tosefta
trans.
translated by
UBS
United Bible Societies
v.
volume
vs.
versus
Apocrypha
Bar
Baruch
1-2 Esdr
1-2 Esdras
4 Ezra
4 Ezra
Jdt
Judith
Ep Jer
Epistle of Jeremiah
1-2-3-4 Macc
1-2-3-4 Maccabees
Pr Azar
Prayer of Azariah
Pr Man
Prayer of Manasseh
Sir
Sirach
Sus
Susanna
Tob
Tobit
Wis
Wisdom of Solomon
Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
Ahiqar
Ahiqar
Apoc. Abr.
Apocalypse of Abraham
Apoc Elijah
Apocalypse of Elijah
Apoc. Ezek.
Apocalypse of Ezekiel
Apoc. Mos.
Apocalypse of Moses
Apocalypse of Sedrach
Apoc. Zeph.
Apocalypse of Zephaniah
Asc. Isa.
Ascension of Isaiah
Ass. Mos.
Assumption of Moses
2-3-4 Bar.
2-3-4 Baruch
1-2-3 Enoch
1-2-3 Enoch
Ezek. Exag.
Ezekiel Exagōgē
Jos. and Asen.
Joseph and Aseneth
Jub.
Jubilees
Mart. Is.
Martyrdom of Isaiah
Odes Sol.
Odes of Solomon
Ps-Philo
Pseudo-Philo
Ps-Phocyl.
Pseudo-Phocylides
Pss. Sol.
Psalms of Solomon
Sib. Or.
Sibylline Oracles
Test. Abr.
Testament of Abraham
Test. Adam
Testament of Adam
Test. 12 Patr.
Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
Test. Reub.
Testament of Reuben
Test. Sim.
Testament of Simeon
Test. Levi
Testament of Levi
Test Jud.
Testament of Judah
Test. Iss.
Testament of Issachar
Test. Zeb.
Testament of Zebulun
Test. Dan
Testament of Dan
Test. Naph.
Testament of Naphtali
Test. Gad
Testament of Gad
Test. Asher
Testament of Asher
Test. Jos.
Testament of Joseph
Test. Benj.
Testament of Benjamin
Test. Mos.
Testament of Moses
Test. Jacob
Testament of Jacob
Test. Job
Testament of Job
Test. Sol.
Testament of Solomon
Tr. Shem
Treatise of Shem
Early Christian Literature
Acts of Jn.
Acts of John
Acts Thom.
Acts of Thomas
Apoc. Pet.
Apocalypse of Peter
Apocr. Jn.
Apocryphon of John
Apost. Const.
Apostolic Constitutions
Athen.
Athenagoras
Barn.
Barnabas
1 Clem.
1 Clement
Clem. Alex. Strom.
Clement of Alexandria Stromateis
Didache
Ep. Arist.
Epistle of Aristeas
Ep. Diogn.
Epistle to Diognetus
Epiph. Haer.
Epiphanius Haereses
Euseb.
Eusebius
H.E.
Historia Ecclesiastica
Onom.
Onomastica
P.E.
Praeparatio Evangelica
Gos. Nic.
Gospel of Nicodemus
Gos. Peter
Gospel of Peter
Gos. Thom.
Gospel of Thomas
Herm.
Hermas
Com.
Commands (Mandates)
Sim.
Similitudes
Vis.
Visions
Ign.
Ignatius
Eph.
Ephesians
Magn.
Magnesians
Rom.
Romans
Trall.
Trallians
Iren. Haer.
Irenaeus Adversus Omnes Haereses
Jerome Com. in Ep. ad Eph.
Jerome Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians
Justin
Justin
1 Apol.
First Apology
Comm. Matt.
Commentary on Matthew
Dial.
Dialogue with Trypho
Mart. Pol.
Martyrdom of Polycarp
Origen De Princ.
Origen De Principiis
Pol. Phil.
Polycarp Letter to the Philippians
Sent. Sext.
Sentences of Sextus
Tert.
Tertullian
Apol.
Apologeticus
Spec.
De Spectaculis
Theoph.
Theophilus to Autolycus
Classical and Hellenistic Literature
Ach. Tat. Clit.
Achilles Tatius Clitophon and Leucippe
Ael. Arist.
Aelius Aristides
Or.
Orations
Plat. Disc.
Discourses against Plato
Anacharsis Ep.
Epistle to Tereus
Appian
C.W.
Civil War
R.H.
Roman History
Ap. Rhod.
Apollonius Rhodius
Apuleius Metamorphoses (= The Golden Ass)
Arist.
Aristotle
De An. Hist.
De Historia Animalium
E.E.
Ethica Eudemia
Gen. Anim
De Generatione Animalium
N.E.
Nicomachean Ethics
Pol.
Politica
Rhet.
Rhetorica
V.V.
On Virtues and Vices
Aristophanes
Acharn.
Acharnians
Lysist.
Lysistrata
Arrian
Alex.
Alexander
Ind.
Indica
Artem. Oneir.
Artemidorus Oneirocriticon
Athenaeus Deipn.
Athenaeus Deipnosophistae
Aul. Gel.
Aulus Gellius Noctes Attica
Babrius
Babrius
Char. Chaer.
Chariton Chaereas and Callirhoe
Cic.
Cicero
De Divin.
De Divinatione
De Leg.
De Legibus
De Nat. Deor.
De Natura Deorum
De Offic.
De Officiis
De Orat.
De Optimo Genere Oratorum
De Re Publ.
De Republica
De Senec.
De Senectute
Lael.
Laelius de Amicitia
Par. Stoic.
Paradoxa Stoicorum
Tusc. Disp.
Tusculanae Disputationes
Verr.
In Verrem
Cod. Theod.
Codex Theodosius
Columella Rust.
De Re Rustica
Corn. Nep.
Cornelius Nepos De Viris Illustribus
Crates Ep.
Crates Epistles
Curt.
Curtius Rufus
Demosth. 2nd Olynth. Or.
Demosthenes Second Olynthiac Oration
Dig.
Digest
Dio Cassius R.H.
Roman History
Dio Chrys. Or.
Dio Chrysostom Orations
Diod. Sic.
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History
Diog. Ep.
Diogenes Epistles
Diog. Laert.
Diogenes Laertius Lives of Eminent Philosophers
Dion Hal.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus Roman Antiquities
Epict.
Epictetus
Discourses
Encheir.
Encheiridion
Eurip.
Euripides
Androm.
Andromache
Bacch.
Bacchae
Hippol.
Hippolytus
Iph. Taur.
Iphigenia Taurica
Gaius Inst.
Institutes
Greek Anthol.
Greek Anthology
Herod. Hist.
Herodotus History
Hesiod
Theog.
Theogonia
W.D.
Works and Days
Op.
Opera et Dies (= Works and Days)
Hom.
Homer
Il.
Iliad
Od.
Odyssey
Hor.
Horace
Carm.
Carmina
Ep.
Epodes
Sat.
Satirae
Iamb. V.P.
Iamblichus De Vita Pythagorica
Isoc.
Isocrates
Demon.
Demonicus
Nic./Cypr.
Nicocles/Cyprians
Paneg.
Panegricus
Jos.
Josephus
Ant.
Antiquities of the Jews
Apion
Against Apion
Life
Life of Flavius Josephus
War
The Jewish War
Justin.
Justinian
Dig.
Digest of Roman Law
Inst.
Institutions
Juv. Sat.
Juvenal Satires
Livy
Livy Annals of the Roman People
Lucan C.W.
Civil War
Lucian
Alex.
Alexander the False Prophet
Dial. of the Dead
Dialogue of the Dead
Lucretius Nat.
Lucretius De Rerum Natura
Macrob. Sat.
Macrobius Saturnalia
Malal. Chron.
Malalas Chronographia
Marc. Aur. Med.
Marcus Aurelius Meditations
Mart. Epig.
Martial Epigrams
Mus. Ruf.
Musonius Rufus
Oros.
Orosius
Ovid Metam.
Ovid Metamorphoses
Romantic Love (Erōtika Pathēmata)
Paus.
Pausanias Description of Greece
Persius Sat.
Satyra
Petron. Sat.
Petronius Satyricon
Philo
Abr.
De Abrahamo
Aet.
De Aeternitate Mundi
Agr.
De Agricultura
Cher.
De Cherubim
Conf.
De Confusione Linguarum
Cong.
De Congressu Quaeredae Eruditionis Gratia
Decal.
De Decalogo
Det.
Quod Deterius Potiori Insidiari Soleat
Ebr.
De Ebrietate
Flacc.
In Flaccum
Fug.
De Fuga et Inventione
Gig.
De Gigantibus
Immut.
Quod Deus Immutabilis Sit
Jos.
De Josepho (On Joseph)
Leg. Alleg.
Legum Allegoriae
Leg. Gai.
De Legatione ad Gaium
Migr. Abr.
De Migratione Abrahami
Mut.
De Mutatione Nominum
Omn. Prob. Lib.
Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit
Op. Mund.
De Opificio Mundi
Plant.
De Plantatione
Post.
De Posteritate Caini
Praem.
De Praemiis et Poenis
Q. Ex.
Questiones et Solutiones in Exodum
Sac.
De Sacrificiis Abelis et Caini
Som.
De Somnis
Spec. Leg.
De Specialibus Legibus
Virt.
De Virtutibus
Vit. Con.
De Vita Contemplativa
Vit. Mos.
De Vita Mosis
Philost.
Philostratus
V.A.
Vita Apollonii
Pindar Olym.
Pindar Olympic Odes
Plato
Alcib.
Alcibiades
Apol.
Apology
Crit.
Crito
Phaed.
Phaedo
Rep.
Republic
Symp.
Symposium
Tim.
Timaeus
Plaut.
Plautus
Mostell.
Mostellaria
Trinummus
Pliny N.H.
Natural History
Plot.
Plotinus Enneads
Plut.
Plutarch
Alex.
Alexander
Brut.
Brutus
Cato Min.
Cato Minor
Educ.
The Education of Children
Fortune of Alex.
Fortune of Alexander
G.Q.
Greek Questions
Mor.
Moralia
Plat.Q.
Platonic Questions
Pomp.
Pompey
Praec. Ger. Deip.
Praeceptae Gerendae Republicae
R.Q.
Roman Questions
T-T
Table-Talk
Uneduc. Ruler
Uneducated Ruler
Polyb. R.R.E.
Polybius Rise of the Roman Empire
Polyc. Ep.
Polycrates Epistles
Porphyry
Life of Pyth.
Life of Pythagoras
Vit. Plot.
Life of Plotinus (Vita Plotini)
Propertius Eleg.
Propertius Elegies
Ps-Demosthenes Or.
Pseudo-Demosthenes Orations
Ps-Philo
Pseudo-Philo Biblical Antiquities
Ps-Phocyl.
Pseudo-Phocylides
Pub. Syr.
Publilius Syrus
Pythag. Sent.
Pythagorean Sentences
Quint. Inst. Or.
Quintilian Institutes of Oratory
Rhet. ad Herenn.
Rhetorica ad Herennium
Sall.
Sallust
Catil.
Bellum Catilinae
Jug.
Bellum Jugurthium
Sen.
Seneca
Apocol.
Apocolocyntosis
Consol.
De Consolatione
De Benef.
De Beneficiis
Dial.
Dialogues
Ep. Lucil.
Epistles to Lucilius
Sext. Emp. Pyrrh.
Sextus Empiricus Outlines of Pyrrhonism
Socratics Ep.
Epistles
Sopatros Rhet. Gr.
Greek Rhetoric
Soph.
Sophocles
Antig.
Antigone
Oed. Col.
Oedipus Coloneus
Oed. Rex
Oedipus Rex
Philoct.
Philoctetes
Women of Trachis
Strabo Geog.
Strabo Geography
Suet.
Suetonius
Aug.
Augustus
Calig.
Caligula
Claud.
Claudius
Dom.
Domitian
Gramm.
De Grammaticis
Tib.
Tiberius
Vesp.
Vespasian
Syr. Men. Epit.
Syriac Menander Epitome
Syr. Men. Sent.
Sentences of the Syriac Menander
Tac.
Tacitus
Ann.
Annales
Hist.
Histories
Theon Progymn.
Theon Progymnasmata
Val. Max. Fact.
Valerius Maximus Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Libri
Varro Agric.
Varro Agriculture
Virg.
Virgil
Aen.
Aeneid
Ecl.
Eclogues
Georg.
Georgics
Orph.
Orpheus
Priapea
Priapea
Xen. Mem.
Xenophon Memorabilia Socratis
Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Texts
CD
Cairo Damascus Document
1QapGen
Genesis Apocryphon from Qumran Cave 1
1QH
Thanksgiving Hymns (Hôdāyôṭ) from Cave 1
1QM
War Scroll (Milḥāmāh) from Cave 1
1QpHab
Pesher (Commentary) on Habakkuk from Cave 1
1QS
Manual of Discipline (Serek hayyaḥad) from Cave 1
1QSa
Appendix A (Rule of the Congregation) to 1QS
3Q
Cave 3
4QBeat
Beatitudes from Cave 4
4QFlor
Florilegium (Eschatological Midrashim) from Cave 4
4QpIsa
Pesher on Isaiah from Cave 4
4QMMT
Miqsat Maʿaseh ha-Torah from Cave 4
4QPBless
Patriarchal Blessings
4QpHos
Pesher on Hosea from Cave 4
4QpNah
Pesher on Nahum from Cave 4
4QpPs
Pesher on Psalms from Cave 4
4QPrNab
Prayer of Nabonidus from Cave 4
4QTest
Testimonia Text from Cave 4
Melchizedek from Cave 11
11QTemple
Temple Scroll from Cave 11
Orders and Tractates in Mishnaic and Related Literature
ʾAbot
ʾAbot
ʿArak.
ʿArakin
ʿAbod. Zar.
ʿAboda Zara
B. Bat.
Baba Batra
Bek.
Bekorot
Ber.
Berakot
Beṣa
Beṣa (= Yom Ṭob)
Bik.
Bikkurim
B. Meṣ.
Baba Meṣiʿa
B. Qam.
Baba Qamma
Dem.
Demai
ʿEd.
ʿEduyyot
ʿErub.
ʿErubin
Giṭ.
Giṭṭin
Ḥag.
Ḥagiga
Ḥal.
Ḥalla
Hor.
Horayot
Ḥul.
Ḥullin
Kelim
Kelim
Ker.
Keritot
Kil.
Kilʾayim
Kip.
Kippurim (= Yoma)
Maʿaś.
Maʿaśerot
Maʿaś. Sh.
Maʿaśer Sheni
Mak.
Makkot
Maksh.
Makshirin
Meg.
Megilla
Meʿil.
Meʿila
Menaḥ.
Menaḥot
Midd.
Middot
Miqw.
Miqwaʾot
Moʿed Qaṭ.
Moʿed Qaṭan
Nazir
Nazir
Ned.
Nedarim
Neg.
Negaʿim
Nez.
Neziqin
Nid.
Niddah
Ohol.
Oholot
ʿOr.
ʿOrla
Para
Para
Peʾa
Peʾa
Pesaḥ.
Pesaḥim
Qiddushin
Rosh Hash.
Rosh Hashshana
Sanh.
Sanhedrin
Shab.
Shabbat
Sheb.
Shebiʿit
Shebu.
Shebuʿot
Sheqal.
Sheqalim
Soṭa
Soṭa
Sukk.
Sukka
Taʿan.
Taʿanit
Tamid
Tamid
Tem.
Temura
Ter.
Terumot
Ṭohar.
Ṭoharot
ʿUq.
ʿUqṣin
Yad.
Yadayim
Yebam.
Yebamot
Yoma
Yoma (= Kippurim)
Zab.
Zabim
Other Rabbinic Works
ARN
ʾAbot de Rabbi Nathan
DE
Derek Ereṣ
Der. Er. Rab.
Derek Ereṣ Rabba
Der Er. Zut
Derek Ereṣ Zuṭa
Mek. Bah.
Mekilta Bahodesh
Mek. Shir.
Mekilta Shirata
Mek. Vay.
Mekilta Vayassa
Pesiq. R.
Pesiqta Rabbati
Pesiq. Rab Kah.
Pesiqta de Rab Kahana
Pirqe R. El.
Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer
Sifra A.M.
Sifra Aharé Mot
Sifra Behar
Sifra Behar
Sifra Behuq.
Sifra Behuqoti
Sifra Lev.
Sifra Leviticus
Sifra Mes.
Sifra Mesora
Sifra Qed.
Sifra Qedoshim
Sifra Shir.
Sifra Shirata
Sifra Taz.
Sifra Tazria Negaim
Sifra V. D. Deho.
Sifra Vayyiqra Dibura Dehobah
Sifra V. D. Den.
Sifra Vayyiqra Dibura Denedabah
Sifra Zab.
Sifra Zabim
Sifre Deut.
Sifra Deuteronomy
Sifre Num.
Sifre Numbers
Yalq. Ex.
Yalqut Exodus
Targ. Neof.
Targum Neofiti
Targ. Onq.
Targum Onqelos
Targ. Ps-J.
Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
Targ. Yer.
Targum Yerushalmi
Papyri
P. Amh.
Amherst Papyri
P. Cairo Zen.
Zenon Papyri
P. Eleph.
Elephantine Papyri
P. Enteuxis
Enteuxis Papyri
P. Fay.
Fayyum Papyri
P. Flor.
Florentine Papyri
P. Giess.
Giessen Papyri
P. Grenf.
Grenfell Papyri
P. Hal.
Halensis Papyri
P. Hamb.
Hamburg Papyri
P. Hib.
Hibeh Papyri
P. Lond.
London Papyri
P. Mich.
Michigan Papyri
P. Oxy.
Oxyrhyncus Papyri
P. Par.
Paris Papyri
P. Ryl.
Rylands Papryi
P. Sikaon
Sikaon Papyri
P. Strassb.
Strassburg Papyri
P. Tebt.
Tebtunis Papyri
P. Théad.
Théadelphie Papyri
P. Tor.
Papyri graeci regii Taurinensis Musei Aegyptii
Modern Publications
ACCS
Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture: Mark (InterVarsity, 1998)
ANET
Ancient Near Eastern Texts (J. B. Pritchard, ed.)
BAGD
W. Bauer, W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
B.G.U.
Berliner Griechische Urkunden
CIJ
Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaicarum
CIL
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
CPJ
Corpus Papyrorum Iudaicarum
DJD
Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
ExpT
Expository Times
HUCA
Hebrew Union College Annual
Inscriptiones Graecae
IGRR
Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanes Pertinentes
ILS
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
JE
Jewish Encyclopedia
JSJ
Journal for the Study of Judaism
KUB
Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi
LCL
Loeb Classical Library
NHL
Nag Hammadi Library
NTA
New Testament Abstracts
OGIS
Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae
OPT
Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
PDM
Papyri Demoticae Magicae
PGM
Papyri Graecae Magicae
P.S.I.
Pubblicazioni della Società Italiana
SB
Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten
SEG
Supplementum epigraphicum Graecum
SIG
W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum
SNTS
Society for New Testament Studies
W.Chr.
= B.G.U.
WO
Die Welt des Orients