Notes
NOTES
ARTICLES
1. The article appeared in the Copenhagen newspaper Fædrelandet, no. 904, June 12, 1842. In a journal entry from 1848, Kierkegaard interprets this article: “As early as the article ‘Public Confession’ there was a signal shot . . . suggesting that Professor Heiberg was the literary figure I wanted to protect; he and Mynster both were mentioned there and as unmistakably as possible” (JP V 6201; Pap. IX A 166).
2. The People’s Press, a paper published by the Society for the Proper Use of Freedom of the Press (1835-1848) and edited by F. C. Olsen and C. F. Allen.
3. A schoolbook edited by D. Seidelin Birch (10 ed., Copenhagen: 1842).
4. While writing the pseudonymous works, Kierkegaard fostered the impression that he was an idler by being seen often on the streets, by appearing at the intermission of a play or concert, and by frequenting cafés.
5. See “A First and Last Declaration,” Postscript, KW XII (SV VII, unnumbered pages following text).
6. Strangely enough, The Corsair did not quote or otherwise use this line later. See Supplement, p. 96.
7. Throughout, “system” refers to Hegelian philosophy and the claims of some Danish Hegelians even to have gone beyond Hegel in systematizing thought and existence. See, for example, Fragments, KW VII (SV IV 175-77).
8. Rasmus Nielsen (1809-1884), Den speculative Logik i dens Grundtræk, fasc. 1-2 (Copenhagen: 1841-42, incomplete). Fascicle 1 begins with ¶11 and ends with ¶21. The overleaf reads: “This outline is to be regarded as a fragment of a philosophical methodology.”
9. Volumes I–XXVIII were published between 1751 and 1772. In 1776-1777, five supplementary volumes were published, and in 1780 two index volumes appeared. The Encyclopedia is not included in ASKB.
10. The Danish Ark refers to a full printed sheet, which has eight leaves in octavo (sheet folded three times), four leaves in quarto (sheet folded twice), and two leaves in folio (sheet folded once).
11. Hans Bastholm (1774-1856), ed., Sophrosyne, et Tidsskrift for den populaire Philosophie, II, 1831, p. 295, has as a closing statement: “I still have a few words to say to the public after concluding this work, first of all to affirm that God is my witness that I have not written it with any ambitions in mind or for any temporal advantage, but I could very willingly have kept it in my desk along with so many other compositions.”
12. Dr. Andreas Frederick Beck (1816-1861), assistant professor of philosophy, University of Copenhagen, had just published Begrebet Mythus eller den religiøse Aands Form (Copenhagen: 1842). The preface reads: “The present work stands in about the same relation to Bruno Bauer’s and in part to Feuerbach’s works in criticism and philosophy of religion as Professor George’s treatise Mythus und Sage to Strauss’s famous work on the life of Jesus.”
13. At its meeting on February 4, 1842, the Royal Society agreed to keep in its custody a work submitted by a Sorø teacher, Johannes Japetus Steenstrup (1813-1897), later a prominent zoologist.
14. See, for example, Fear and Trembling, KW VI (SV III 57), on going beyond Descartes; ibid. (59), on going beyond faith; Fragments, KW VII (SV IV 181), on going beyond Socrates; Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 89, 320), on going beyond Hegel; ibid. (511), on going beyond Christianity.
15. Presumably a reference to Bishop Jacob (Jakob) P. Mynster. During the preceding nine months, Mynster had preached regularly once a month in Slotskirken (Palace Chapel). Mynster (1775-1854) had been a friend of Michael P. Kierkegaard, father of Søren, who himself had great respect and esteem for Mynster until the later years.
16. See note 17 below.
17. Presumably Kierkegaard refers here to the public acclaim given to the festivities in Rosenborg gardens arranged by Georg Carstensen (who also received permission in 1842 to begin Tivoli) and a decline of interest in J. L. Heiberg’s operettas. In a later journal entry (JP VI 6624; Pap. X3 A 99), Kierkegaard writes of a munificent offer (refused) made by Carstensen for an article against Heiberg.
18. Hans Bastholm, Sophrosyne, I, 1830, p. 1: “The aphoristic form will frequently be chosen.”
19. Peter M. Stilling (1812-1869), prompted by Rasmus Nielsen’s volume on speculative logic (see note 8 above), wrote Philosophiske Betragtninger over den speculative Logiks Betydning for Videnskaben (Copenhagen: 1842). The Danish for “to establish” is at stille, a pun on the name Stilling.
20. Cf. Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 154-57).
21. Presumably an ironic allusion to II Corinthians 5:7.
22. Frederik VI (1768-1839), King of Denmark and Norway (1808-1814), King of Denmark (1814-1839).
23. See JP IV 4092 (Pap. II A 378).
24. See p. 6 and note 12. Kierkegaard’s dissertation was reviewed by Dr. Andreas F. Beck in Fædrelandet, no. 890 and 897, May 29, 1842, and June 5, 1842.
25. See p. 6 and note 12. Kierkegaard’s dissertation on irony is cited a number of times, and similarities to Strauss (see note 26 below) are claimed.
26. David Strauss, Das Leben Jesu, I–II (Tübingen: 1834-35); Ludwig Feuerbach, Das Wesen des Christenthums (Leipzig: 1841); Johan K. W. Vatke, Die Religion des Alten Testaments (Berlin: 1835); Bruno Bauer, Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte des Johannes (Bremen: 1840) and Kritik der evangelischen Synoptiker (Leipzig: 1841).
27. See Supplement, p. 219, and note 434. The size of the edition of The Concept of Irony (1841) is not known. Either/Or (1843), Fear and Trembling (1843), Repetition (1843), and Fragments (1844) were printed in editions of 525 copies. The Concept of Anxiety (1844) was published in an edition of 250 copies. Dissertations, however, were published in smaller than usual editions. The retail price of Irony was 9 marks, or 1½ rix-dollars, or $7.50 (1973 money), for a paperback volume of 350 pages. If the usual 25% bookseller’s commission is reckoned, sales of 163 copies of Irony would have covered the costs of printing and binding. If the usual small dissertation edition was printed, and if from that one subtracts the free copies supplied to the university, Kierkegaard most likely lost money on the book.
28. Either/Or, I–II, under the pseudonym of Victor Eremita as editor, appeared February 20, 1843. The following article appeared in Fædrelandet, no. 1162, February 27, 1843.
29. See Horace, Ars Poetica, 78. Q. Horatii Flacci, Opera (Leipzig: 1828; ASKB 1248), p. 669; Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, tr. H. Rushton Fairelough (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1929), pp. 456-57.
30. The identity of author and publisher.
31. The rix-dollar (worth about $5.00 in 1973 money) contained 6 marks or 96 shillings.
32. A rich businessman and landowner in Altona, Slesvig-Holsten, at that time a duchy of Denmark.
33. See Genesis 4:8.
34. A tax on the proceeds of a trade or business.
35. A small, general parish tax for the local church.
36. Lauritz J. Fribert (1808-1855), from 1840 archivist at Sorø Academy and from 1842 editor and publisher of a newspaper.
37. The sentence states Kierkegaard’s main reason for using pseudonyms, five of them in Either/Or: (1) Victor Eremita, the editor, (2) Mr. A., author of Volume I, except for the portion by (3) Johannes, author of “The Seducer’s Diary,” although the editor thinks that Mr. A. may have been the author, (4) Judge William, author of most of Volume II, and (5) William’s friend in Jutland, the author of “Ultimatum” at the end of Volume II.
38. Published in Fædrelandet, no. 1168, March 5, 1843, a few weeks before Kierkegaard left Copenhagen for his second visit to Berlin (May 8-30, 1843). Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1791-1860), Danish poet, dramatist, philosopher, and editor, was the foremost literary critic in Denmark at the time.
39. In “Litterær Vintersæd” (Literary Winter Grain), in Intelligensblade (ed. J. L. Heiberg), no. 24, March 1, 1843, J. L. Heiberg reviewed Either/Or: “One closes the book and says, ‘That’s enough [Basta]! I have enough of Either; I do not want any of Or.’ . . . The reader whose approach to the book I have described is ‘one’ . . .. Some individuals may, however, be curious to learn what sort of Or the author contrasts to such an Either, and they will begin at least to page through the second volume” (p. 291). For Kierkegaard’s response, see, for example, in addition to the present article, JP VI 6201 (Pap. IX A 166) and Prefaces, KW IX (SV V 23, 28).
40. Heiberg, “Litterær Vintersæd,” p. 288: “like a lightning bolt out of a clear sky, a monster of a book has suddenly plunged down into our reading public; I mean the two big, thick volumes of Either/Or, by Victor Eremita, consisting of fifty-four full, closely printed sheets . . .. The book may be called a monster, for it is impressive by its very mass . . ..”
41. Page reference is to the first edition. See Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I, p. xv).
42. Title page of Either/Or, I. The epigraph, in Danish, is from Edward Young, The Complaint; or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, and Immortality, IV, 629: “Are passions, then, the pagans of the soul? / Reason alone baptized?” Kierkegaard owned Einige Werke von Dr. Eduard Young, I–III, tr. J. A. Ebert (Braunschweig, Hildesheim: 1767-72; ASKB 1911). There were two Danish translations: Dr. Edward Youngs Klage eller Nattetanker, tr. Barthold J. Lodde (Copenhagen: 1783), and Forsøg til en Oversættelse af Dr. Edward Youngs Klager eller Nattetanker, tr. Emanuel Balling (Helsingør: 1767). The Danish translation in Either/Or does not follow Ebert (p. 95), Lodde (p. 108), or Balling (p. 112).
43. Heiberg, “Litterær Vintersæd,” p. 289.
44. Cf. James 1:19.
45. Attributed to A. by the editor, Victor Eremita, Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I, p. xvi).
46. Attributed to B. by the editor, Victor Eremita, Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I, p. xvi).
47. See p. 17 and note 39.
48. Fædrelandet, no. 1236, May 16, 1843.
49. Delivered January 12, 1841. See JP III 3915 (Pap. III C 1).
50. Either/Or, II, KW IV (SV II 306-18).
51. See Aristotle, De Generatione et Corruptione, I, 2, 315 b; Aristotelis Latine ex recensione Immanuelis Bekkeri, I–IV (Berlin: 1831-36; ASKB 1076), I, p. 315; The Works of Aristotle, I–XII, ed. J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1908-52), II; JP V 5617 (Pap. IV A 61).
52. Two Upbuilding Discourses, by S. Kierkegaard, appeared May 16, 1843. See Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, KW V (SV III 7-52).
53. See Horace, Odes, III, 3, 1; Opera, p. 149; The Odes and Epodes, tr. C. E. Bennett (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1930), 1. 179.
54. See Fragments, KW VII (SV IV 236).
55. Published in Fædrelandet, no. 1883, May 9, 1845, just before Kierkegaard left Copenhagen on his third trip to Berlin (May 13-24, 1845). The article is in response to the first published attribution of any of the pseudonymous works to Kierkegaard. The occasion for this divulgence was a review of Kierkegaard’s Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions (April 29, 1845) and Stages (April 30, 1845).
Berlingske Politiske og Avertissements-Tidende, no. 108, May 6, 1845, col. 3-4:
Literature
Mag. Kierkegaard: Three Discourses; Stages of Life. It is well known that the hero in the old oriental fairy tales usually has some magic means to make his wishes come true in the real world. One would think that Mag. Kierkegaard possessed a kind of magic wand by which he instantaneously conjures up his books, so incredible has his literary activity been in recent years, if we dare believe the rumor that presumably is correct in claiming him to be the author of Either/Or and the series of books that apparently comes from the same hand. Productivity of that kind is not always a clear recommendation, since very often it signifies hasty, superficial work, but this is so far from being the case here that, on the contrary, each of these works is remarkable for a depth of thought that pursues its object to its most minute thread and in addition unfolds a rare beauty and elegance of language, and particularly a fluency that surpasses that of any contemporary Danish writer. When we consider also that an authentic poetic genius is manifest in many places, we cannot refrain from wishing that the author would also venture in directions other than only philosophical hypothesizing that until now has been dominant in his writings. The Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions, which he has recently presented to us, are entirely in the same spiritual family as the author’s earlier published discourses and are marked by the same beauty of form and richness of content. The discourses are a confessional sermon, a wedding ceremony, and a graveside meditation; in the first one he tells what it means to seek God, in the second he develops the beautiful theme that love in marriage will overcome everything, and, finally, in the third discourse he poignantly portrays death’s culmination as the final end of our earthly existence. Life’s Stages, a collection of three longer sections, which a “Mr. Hilarius Bookbinder has had the kindness to have published,” reminds us not a little of Either/Or. In the first section, entitled “In Vino Veritas,” we meet our earlier acquaintances, Victor Eremita and Constantinus [sic] Constantius, in the company of Johannes the Seducer, a fashion designer, and a young man whom the author as yet has not named. Over brimming glasses, they discuss the old question of the significance of woman but do not arrive at the same conclusion as the poet who declared her to be the creator’s most perfect masterpiece; one of them even declares fashion to be a woman because of its nonsensical fickleness that knows no other consistency than to become more and more starkly mad. The next section contains a piece by Judge William (also an acquaintance from Either/Or), in which he furnishes new contributions to the proper conception of marriage. The third section contains a tale of woe or, rather, the story of an engagement in the author’s well-known style. If we have any negative criticism of these works, it is that the author seems to us to take almost too much time elaborating his reflections, with the result that they sometimes become somewhat prolix; however, we do thank him for the pleasure he has given us through these fine books, and we are happy that he will let us hear from him again soon.
–n.
A sequel to the B. T. review appeared the same month in The Corsair, no. 245, May 23, 1845, col. 13:
Transcript
of
The Corsair’s Record of the Testimony
in the case of
Magister S. Kierkegaard
versus
Berlingske.
In the present action that the honorable Magister Kierkegaard has brought against Berlingske because the latter has respectfully praised one of the plaintiff’s unwritten books and for having represented his language as being just as flourishing as our finances and our butter production, for which reason the plaintiff seeks appropriate satisfaction and to have nullified the expression used—the judgment of the court is:
The alleged praise by the defendant Berlingske of the unwritten book by the plaintiff ought to be null and void and in no imaginable and unimaginable way to harm his good name and reputation. —For its manifest part in this case, the defendant is sentenced to a sound thrashing to be divided equally between its own and Aftenbladet’s fund for the intellectually indigent.
The conduct of the case has been legal.
Accuracy of transcript certified.
The Corsair.
The Corsair’s Witness Chamber. May 16, 1845.
56. Kierkegaard wrote pseudonymous works but never wrote anonymously. By this time, May 9, 1845, he had published pseudonymously: From the Papers of One Still Living, ed. S. Kjerkegaard (1838); Either/Or, ed. Victor Eremita (1843); Fear and Trembling, by Johannes de Silentio (1843); Repetition, by Constantin Constantius (1843); Philosophical Fragments, by Johannes Climacus (1844); The Concept of Anxiety, by Vigilius Haufniensis (1844); Prefaces, by Nicolaus Notabene (1844); and Stages on Life’s Way, ed. Hilarius Bookbinder (1845). During the same period he had published under his own name: The Concept of Irony (1841); Two Upbuilding Discourses (1843); Three . . . (1843); Four . . . (1843); Two . . . (1844); Three . . . (1844); Four . . . (1844); and Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions (1845).
57. See note 55 above. “Pronoun” is used in the elemental meaning, that is, a word “for a noun,” and refers to the expression “same hand.”
58. See note 55 above.
59. The reviewer attributes to the author a beauty, elegance, and versatility of language unmatched by any other Danish writer.
60. Ludvig Holberg, Den ellefte Junii, III, 6.
61. In Ludvig Holberg’s Mester Gert Westphaler, II, 4, Gert drinks with his executioner the toast pledging lifelong friendship.
62. A patron of the arts, derived from Caius Maecenas (73?-8 B.C.), Roman statesman, patron of letters, and friend of Horace and Virgil.
63. See note 38 above.
64. Johan N. Madvig (1804-1886), a classical philologist who occasionally wrote reviews for Maanedsskrift for Litteratur.
65. The pseudonym of Bishop Jacob (Jakob) Peter Mynster, formed from the initial consonant of the second syllable of each name. In Intelligensblade (ed. J. L. Heiberg), no. 41-42, January 1, 1844, Mynster had praised Fear and Trembling, by Johannes de Silentio, and Kierkegaard’s upbuilding discourses.
66. Published in Fædrelandets Feuilleton, no. 1890-91, May 19-20, 1845. See Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 29-113) for an essay on Mozart.
67. After November 1840, Mozart’s Don Giovanni was not presented at the Royal Theater until February 1845. The fifth and last performance was on May 8, shortly before the publication of the present article. The Danish version used was by Laurids Kruse (Copenhagen: 1807).
68. Diogenes Laertius, II, 22. Socrates said of Heraclitus that what he had understood of his writings was good, and therefore he assumed the same of that which he had not understood. Diogenes Laërtses filosofiske Historie, I–II, tr. Børge Riisbrigh (Copenhagen: 1812; ASKB 1110-11), I, p. 66; Lives of Eminent Philosophers, I–II, tr. R. D. Hicks (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1925), I, p. 153.
69. Jørgen C. Hansen (1812-1880) played the role of Don Giovanni for many years from 1839.
70. Mozart’s Opera Don Giovanni (New York: Ditson, n.d.), I, 2; Danish version by L. Kruse (Copenhagen: 1807), I, 2, pp. 4-5.
71. See Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 81-82).
72. Boline Abrahamsen Kragh (1810-1839) played the role of Zerlina, 1833-1839.
73. I, 13 (I, 9, p. 33).
74. I, 3 (I, 6, p. 18); see Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 109).
75. Presumably a reference to the concept of nemesis, retributive justice.
76. I, 21 (I, 13, p. 42).
77. I, 28 (I, 20, p. 63).
78. I, 18 (I, 14, pp. 43-45).
79. II, 7 (II, 11, p. 96).
80. II, 4 (II, 4, pp. 78-82).
81. See Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 110).
82. See Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 78-83).
83. Cf. Proverbs 25:11.
84. See Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 79).
85. The serenade, II, 5 (II, 5, p. 83).
86. I, 8 (I, 6, p. 17).
87. Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 100-02).
88. I, 14 (I, 10, p. 35).
89. See Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 47-53), on music and language as media.
90. I, 13 (I, 9, p. 34).
91. The piece on Don Giovanni was written a half-year before The Corsair began its prolonged ridiculing and caricaturing of Kierkegaard’s legs and clothes. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
92. Presumably the young Mr. A. who was the pseudonymous author of Either/Or, I, which contains the long essay on music and on Mozart’s Don Giovanni in particular.
93. Published in Fædrelandet, no. 2078, December 27, 1845. Peder Ludvig Møller (1814-1865) contributed to Gæa (Copenhagen: 1846 [actually published in December 1845]), which he edited, a long piece entitled “Et Besøg i Sorø” (A Visit in Sorø), in which he includes a lengthy but superficial consideration of Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous works, particularly Stages (see Supplement, pp. 96-104). The present article by Frater Taciturnus is a reply to P. L. Møller’s article and at the end (p. 46) contains Kierkegaard’s public initiation of the Corsair affair. See Supplement, pp. 108-12, for the first reply by The Corsair to Kierkegaard’s article.
94. Carsten Hauch (1790-1872), Danish poet and novelist and at the time a teacher at the famous Sorø Academy.
95. A character in J. L. Heiberg’s Recensenten og Dyret.
96. Stages on Life’s Way, with emphasis on “ ‘Guilty?’/‘Not Guilty?’ ” See Supplement, pp. 96-104.
97. Stages, KW XI (SV VI 371-72). On the Danish Experiment etc., see Repetition, KW VI, note on subtitle.
98. See Supplement, p. 100.
99. Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Ueber Physiognomik wider die Physiognomen, Vermischte Schriften, I–IX (Göttingen: 1800-06; ASKB 1764-72), III, p. 479. The line is used as the motto of “In Vino Veritas,” Stages, KW XI (SV VI 14).
100. Kierkegaard did not know that P. L. Møller had made use of oral and written comments by Hauch. In a letter (November 1, 1845) to Møller, Hauch wrote: “The observations I have expressed regarding Kierkegaard I readily turn over to you for your use, since I am convinced that you will use them with discretion; meanwhile, you will bring upon yourself a hard battle with Denmark’s most subtle dialectician” (quoted by Helge Toldberg, “Goldschmidt og Kierkegaard,” in Festskrift til Paul Rubow [Copenhagen: 1956], p. 235, ed. tr.). Later (January 1870), in a letter to H. P. Barfod, Hauch wrote: “Whatever expressions I may have used in private conversation [and letters], these occurred under the spontaneous influence of the moment and very definitely should not have been made public, all the more so because my views of S. K. and his significant work have become very much modified over the years” (Søren Kierkegaards Efterladte Papirer, III, 1844-1846, p. 221).
101. An expression used by a host after the guest has thanked him for the meal. Literally, may it be of good to you, may it “become you well.”
102. See Supplement, pp. 99-102.
103. See Stages, KW XI (SV VI 415-20).
104. See, for example, Fear and Trembling, KW VI (SV III 57-58); JP I 772-80.
105. See, for example, Fragments, KW VII (SV IV 205, 271); JP II 2277 (Pap. III A 211).
106. Stages, KW XI (SV VI 438 fn.).
107. Jean Paul, Des Feldpredigers Schmelzle Reise nach Flätz, Sämmtliche Werke, I–LX (Berlin: 1827; ASKB 1777-99), L, p. 33. See Supplement, p. 104.
108. Lærerige Fortællinger af Cervantes, I–II, tr. Charlotte D. Biehl, (Copenhagen: 1780-81), I, pp. 309 ff. See Supplement, p. 101.
109. The protagonist in “The Seducer’s Diary,” Either/Or, I, and, in Stages, one of the speakers at the banquet in “In Vino Veritas.”
110. Feminine form of quidam. See note 103 above.
111. Cf. redintegratio in statum pristinum, Repetition, KW VI (SV III 185).
112. See Supplement, p. 102.
113. Hans Christian Andersen. See Supplement, p. 99.
114. See Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 546); JP I 617-81; V 5865 (Pap. VII1 A 83).
115. See Erasmus Montanus, IV, 3, in which Per Degn answers in broken Latin Erasmus’s learned question and makes a great impression on the others, who are incapable of entering into the conversation.
116. An allusion to Socrates’ mode of conversing. See, for example, Plato, Gorgias, 490 c; Platonis quae exstant opera, I–XI, ed. Fridericus Astius (Leipzig: 1819-32; ASKB 1144-54), I, pp. 370-71; Udvalgte Dialoger af Platon, I–VII, tr. C. J. Heise (Copenhagen: 1830-55; ASKB 1164-66 [I–III]), III, p. 110; The Collected Dialogues of Plato, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), p. 272; Fragments, KW VII (SV IV 195).
117. See Supplement, p. 208 (Pap. VII1 A 98), and note 390, also pp. 213, 239 (Pap. VII1 A 99; X1 A 254).
118. Stages, KW XI (SV VI 371).
119. Stages, KW XI (SV VI 452).
120. The Corsair, no. 251, July 4, 1845, col. 3. See Supplement, p. 96.
121. Victor Eremita, editor of Either/Or, is praised in The Corsair, no. 269, November 14, 1845, col. 14. See Supplement, p. 96.
122. See Supplement, pp. 143, 191 (Pap. VII1 B 55). The relationship between Møller and The Corsair referred to in the two Latin phrases was already known in literary circles, not least through Møller’s own sketch supplied for Erslew’s Forfatter-Lexicon, II, K-R (title page dated 1847, but the fascicles had been appearing periodically since 1843), p. 406. Fascicle no. 7 (fascicle no. 2 of vol. II, K-R) had already been advertised in Adresseavisen, no. 37, February 13, 1845. See Historical Introduction, p. xxviii.
123. In the latter portion of his article in Gæa, P. L. Møller names a number of the teachers at Sorø and makes sarcastic observations about them. Kierkegaard’s brother Peter, however, is respectfully recognized.
124. Published in Fædrelandet, no. 9, January 10, 1846, in reply to the long article ridiculing Taciturnus-Kierkegaard in The Corsair, no. 276, January 2, 1846, col. 2-6. Although Kierkegaard’s acknowledgment of the pseudonymous works had not yet appeared (Postscript, February 27, 1846), Goldschmidt knew of the relationship. See p. 24 and note 55; Supplement, pp. 97-100, 112-15, 146.
125. Meïr Goldschmidt (1819-1887), writer and editor of The Corsair (1840-1846) and of Nord og Syd (1847-1859). On Goldschmidt and Kierkegaard, see Historical Introduction, pp. vii-xxix, and Supplement, pp. 138-52.
126. En Jøde (A Jew) (Copenhagen: 1845), published pseudonymously with Goldschmidt’s name on the title page as editor. The book offended many Danish Jews because it was impolitic to separate the Jews as a special group and a profanation to portray their intimate family and religious life. On the other hand, it was well received by many reviewers and by Kierkegaard, who distinguished between Goldschmidt as an author and as the editor of The Corsair.
127. The reference is to the last paragraph of “Diapsalmata,” Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 27).
128. See Supplement, p. 213 (Pap. VII1 A 9).
129. See pp. 46, 172 (Pap. VII1 B 38).
130. For over six months, The Corsair ran pieces ridiculing Kierkegaard, particularly his physique and his dress. The attack lasted longer, was of a different kind, and had a public response different from what Kierkegaard had anticipated. See Supplement, p. 209, and note 398. Therefore this article, Kierkegaard’s second, was the last one he published on the Corsair affair.
131. See Historical Introduction, pp. xxiii-xxiv.
132. The “responsible editor” named on the title pages of The Corsair was one or another of a series of fronts for legal purposes. Goldschmidt remained in the background as active editor and publisher. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 80.
133. See p. 46 and notes 120, 121.
134. See Stages, KW XI (SV VI 281).
135. See Supplement, p. 190 (Pap. VII1 B 55), and note 327.
136. See Historical Introduction, pp. xxxvi-xxxviii.
137. On Kierkegaard’s two-track authorship, see “A Glance at a Contemporary Effort in Danish Literature” and “A First and Last Declaration,” in Concluding Unscientific Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 212-56, [545-49]), and The Point of View, KW XXII (SV XIII 529-43).
138. Throughout his life, Kierkegaard steadfastly stayed clear of party affiliations of all kinds. Here the reference is particularly to the Grundtvigians, with whom Rudelbach was associated. The primary basis of Kierkegaard’s aversion to parties and factions was his emphasis upon the authentic single individual in the context of the universally human and upon Christianity as addressed to every man.
139. Georg Frederik Ursin, Regnebog eller Anviisning hensigtsmæssigen at udføre Huus- og Handelsregning (Copenhagen: 1824). On the overleaf of the title page, one rix-dollar is promised for the first reporting of an error. The book was published when Kierkegaard was in his fourth year of school.
140. In Greek mythology, Tantalus was a Phrygian king who for his crimes was punished by confinement in water that receded when he tried to drink and near a tree whose fruit always eluded his grasp—hence the word “tantalize.” Here the phrase has a more direct reference to any situation or activity with unfulfilled and unfulfillable promises.
141. Acts 5:29.
ADDENDA
1. For a discussion of the status of the items in the Addenda, see Historical Introduction, p. xxxv fn.
2. The occasion for the three letters in the Addenda was an unsigned article in Fædrelandet, no. 1139, February 4, 1843, col. 5-6:
An old fable relates that here in Denmark there is supposed to be a most excellent legal system; this has been believed for many years by many good-natured, superstitious people in the upper classes. We are convinced that it is extremely important that the superstition be eradicated, and therefore we believe that a small, but very characteristic, contribution to the portrayal of our legal system, an event that recently took place here in Copenhagen, merits publicizing, because it shows how very easily and without any protest people here in Denmark can be brought up for criminal interrogation and subjected to all the resulting suspicions and injury. The story is as follows: some papers, which, as far as we know, related to an embezzlement of an estate, disappeared from the Department of Justice. His Excellency Stemann searched and did not find them either. It was thought that the court bailiffs who had handled the papers must have misplaced them, and a criminal interrogation of the bailiffs was held. The interrogations yielded no information, which was quite natural, for shortly afterward the papers were found on a shelf in the office of His Excellency Stemann or of another Justice Department official. Can something like this happen in any other civilized country where there is any guarantee of personal rights? Is this a desirable legal climate, one in which criminal interrogation is made even though there is not a shred of evidence that any offense, to say nothing of a crime, has taken place? Cannot this legal system be called wholly devoid of guarantees, and cannot men’s most sacred rights be said to be improperly safeguarded in any sense, when a high-ranking person’s unverified and, as we learn, unverifiable and unjust charge is sufficient to bring down upon a poor simple man a criminal interrogation with all its consequences? And yet we are supposed to listen to big Danish lawyers and their parrots saying that we have a desirable legal system. We are forced to believe that such persons either do not know what a well-ordered legal system is or that they are speaking contrary to their better judgment.
Poul C. Stemann (1764-1855) was a Danish statesman and supporter of the monarchy who served as presiding officer of the Board of Justice and Interior Department, 1827-1848.
3. Published in Berlingske Tidende, no. 33, February 5, 1843. See p. 61 and note 1.
4. Henrik Stampe (1713-1789), Danish jurist, professor, statesman, and Attorney General (1753-1782).
5. Christian Colbjørnsen (1749-1814), Norwegian-Danish jurist, statesman, and lawyer of the Exchequer (1780-1785).
6. Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1778-1860), foremost Danish jurist, professor, writer, and Attorney General (1825-1848).
7. See p. 13 and note 31.
8. Published in Berlingske Tidende, no. 35, February 7, 1843. See p. 61 and note 1.
9. See p. 63 and notes 4-6.
10. See Holberg, Erasmus Montanus, III, 2.
11. Virgil, Aeneid, I, 135.
12. A landmark in central Copenhagen, finished in 1642 as an observatory and as the tower of Trinitatis Church.
13. Published in Fædrelandet, no. 1143, February 8, 1843. See p. 61 and note 1.
14. See p. 63 and note 2.
15. See pp. 63-65.
16. Fædrelandet, no. 1141, February 6, 1843; a reference to and comments upon “A Letter,” pp. 63-65. See p. 66, fn.
17. See pp. 66-68.
18. See p. 63 and notes 4-6.
19. Published in Ny Portefeuille, I, 7, February 12, 1843, col. 198-216. See p. 78 and note 1.
20. Cf. The Battle between the Old and the New Soap-Cellar, in KW I (Pap. II B 3, 5); Fragments, KW VII (SV IV 211); Stages, KW XI (SV VI 391); JP II 1581 (Pap. II A 808): høiere Galskab, also translated as “higher lunacy.”
21. Lucid intervals. In a journal entry from 1839, the expression lucida intervalla appears; see JP V 5434 (Pap. II A 576).
22. Oehlenschläger, Tragødier, I–IX (Copenhagen: 1844; ASKB 1601-05), IX, p. 36.
23. Cf. Sophocles, Antigone, 620-24; Sophokles’s Tragoedier, I–II, tr. P. G. Fibiger (Copenhagen: 1821-22), II, p. 40; The Complete Greek Tragedies, I–IV ed. David Grene and Richard Lattimore (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959-60), II, p. 180; Stages, KW XI (SV VI 251).
24. Attributed to Democritus. Cf. Cicero, De divinatione, I, 37; M. Tulli Ciceronis Opera, I–VI, ed. J. A. Ernesti (Halle: 1756-57; ASKB 1224-29), IV, pp. 636-37; De senectute, De amicitia, De divinatione, tr. William A. Falconer (Loeb, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 313.
25. See Jerome, Chronicle, 171, 2.
26. A road from the West Gate (Vesterport) of old Copenhagen.
27. Henrich Steffens, Malkolm, I–II (Breslau: 1831).
28. A reference to Hegel’s philosophy. See System der Philosophie, Werke, I–XVIII, ed. Ph. Marheineke et al. (Berlin: 1832-40; ASKB 549-65), VII, 1, p. 695; Jubiläumsausgabe [J.A.], I–XXVI, ed. Herman Glockner (Stuttgart: 1927-40), IX, p. 721; Hegel’s Philosophy of Nature, tr. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), para. 375 Zusatz, p. 444: “Nature has become another to itself in order to recognize itself again as Idea and to reconcile itself with itself.”
29. See Jens Baggesen, Ja og Nej, Danske Værker, I–XII (Copenhagen: 1845; ASKB 1509-20), I, p. 198.
30. See Genesis 37:9.
31. Not a direct quotation. See Werke, X1, p. 4; J.A., XII, p. 20; Hegel, Aesthetics, I–II, tr. T. M. Knox (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), I, pp. 1-2.
32. Philine to Wilhelm in Goethe’s Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, Werke, I–LVI (Tübingen: 1828; ASKB 1641-68), XIX, p. 57; Wilhelm Meister, I–II, tr. R. O. Moon (London: Foulis, 1947), I, p. 202.
33. See Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logic, I, Werke, IV, pp. 177-83; J.A., IV, pp. 655-61; Hegel’s Science of Logic, tr. A. V. Miller (London, New York: Allen & Unwin, Humanities Press, 1969), pp. 523-28. See Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I, pp. v-vi); Stages, KW XI (SV VI 350).
34. Barère de Vieuzac, in his Mémoires, I–IV (Paris: 1842-44), recounts that in 1807 Talleyrand gave this reply to the Spanish ambassador, who reminded him of promises made in the interest of Charles IV of Spain. See The Concept of Anxiety, KW VIII (SV IV 376); Stages, KW XI (SV VI 317).
35. Cf. Romans 12:15.
36. See Genesis 4:1-9.
37. See Genesis 4:17.
38. Genesis 4:10.
39. Cf. street violinist, Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 14-15).
40. Henrik Hertz, Sven Dyrings Hus (Copenhagen: 1837), I, 8, p. 36.
41. In Norse mythology, Forsete, the son of Balder and Nanna, is the god of justice and peacemaking. Literally, the name has the same root as “providence”: to see forward.
42. The old lady who wrestled Thor to the floor at Utgard-Loki’s in the tale “Thor, Uller, and Tyr.” See N.F.S. Grundtvig, Nordens Mythologi (2 ed., Copenhagen: 1832; ASKB 1949), p. 435.
43. Amors Geniestreger (Copenhagen: 1830), a play by Henrik Hertz.
44. Daniel F. E. Auber, Den sorte Domino, III, 4 (Cavatine).
45. Presumably sycophants or talebearers, who at times were paid to be silent.
46. Peter Wessel Tordenskjold (1691-1720), Norwegian-Danish naval hero.
47. Odyssey, XII, 166-200.
48. Den danske Krønike af Saxo Grammaticus (Copenhagen: 1851; ASKB 2008-10), Book IV, p. lxviii (p. 159 in Müller and Velschow’s edition).
49. Cicero relates this about Cato the Elder. De divinatione, II, 24: M. Tulli Ciceronis Opera, IV, p. 678; Loeb, p. 429.
50. See Matthew 27:24.
51. Herodotus, II, 172. Die Geschichten des Herodotos, I–II, tr. Friedrich Lange (Berlin: 1811; ASKB 1117), I, pp. 212-13; Herodotus, I–IV, tr. A. D. Godley (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1921), I, p. 485.
52. A popular vote whereby leaders could be exiled for a time. The votes were scratched on pieces of earthenware.
53. Delicate, refined, classical wit.
54. See Deuteronomy 32:35; Romans 12:19.
55. See John 3:1-2.
56. Cf. Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 162).
57. See Ludvig Holberg, Jean de France, V, 2.
58. Cf. Matthew 12:36.
59. The demagogue Hyperbolos. See Plutarch, Alcibiades, 13; Plutarchs Levnetsbeskrivelser, I–IV, tr. Stephan Tetens (Copenhagen: 1800-11; ASKB 1197-1200), II, pp. 331-33; Plutarch’s Lives, I–XI, tr. Bernadotte Perrin (Loeb, New York: Macmillan, 1914-26), IV, pp. 30-31.
SUPPLEMENT
1. On September 29, 1841, 10:00 A.M.–2:00 P.M., 4:00–7:00 P.M., Kierkegaard, in accordance with long-established custom in European universities, made public defense of his published dissertation, The Concept of Irony, with Constant Reference to Socrates (Copenhagen: September 16, 1841).
The Magister degree was the highest postgraduate degree in the Philosophical Faculty and corresponded to the doctor’s degree in other faculties of the University of Copenhagen. In 1854, those with M.A. degrees were declared to be Doctors of Philosophy.
For a review of the dissertation, see The Corsair, no. 51, Supplement, pp. 92-93.
2. Part of the method of The Corsair was to encourage the funneling of gossip and the betrayal of the private lives of employers, statesmen, and others by their servants, barbers, secretaries, etc. See Supplement, p. 178 (Pap. VII1 B 54).
3. See Supplement, p. 91, and note 1. On Goldschmidt’s estimate of the review, see Supplement, p. 139.
4. The Concept of Irony, KW II (SV XIII 326).
5. Ibid. (SV XIII 112-13).
6. Ibid. (SV XIII 250-51).
7. Ibid. (SV XIII 142-43).
8. Ibid. (SV XIII 250-51).
9. Danish Mellemhverandre, a special term devised by Kierkegaard. See The Concept of Irony, KW II (SV XIII 262 fn.), and note.
10. Ibid. (SV XIII 115).
11. Ibid. (SV XIII 118-19).
12. Ibid. (SV XIII 212).
13. Ibid. (SV XIII 151)
14. Ibid. (SV XIII 113).
15. Ibid. (SV XIII 117).
16. Ibid. (SV XIII 225).
17. Ibid. (SV XIII 150-51). “Weigh salt” refers to a game in which two persons stand back to back, lock arms, and then tip back and forth as a kind of human teeter-totter.
18. On the review of Irony in The Corsair and the added postscript, Elias Bredsdorff writes: “it was not unfriendly toward Kierkegaard but ironized in a friendly way over his mannered language. Goldschmidt, however, who in the meantime had read The Concept of Irony, felt that the review had passed lightly over the contents of the book itself, which had made an impression upon him, and therefore he himself added the following postscript . . ..” Goldschmidts “Corsaren” (Copenhagen: Sinistra-Klubben, 1962), p. 92 (ed. tr.).
19. Either/Or, I–II, ed. Victor Eremita (Copenhagen: Feruary 20, 1843).
20. See p. 17, note 38. In order to help remedy what he regarded as the Danish public’s need for esthetic-artistic education, J. L. Heiberg had established Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post (1827-30) and its successor, Den flyvende Posts Interimsblade (1834-37). In his Intelligensblade (1842-44), Heiberg appeared to be even more critical and intellectually aristocratic than formerly. In En Sjæl efter Døden (A Soul after Death; 1841), there is a brilliant and devastating satire of Danish society.
In an article, “Smaa Skjermydsler” (Little Skirmishes) (Intelligensblade, no. 9, July 15, 1842), Heiberg attacked the Copenhagen papers one by one for having carried “dishonest reports” of the public’s reception of Hertz’s Perspektivkassen when it was performed in the Royal Theater. Heiberg maintained that “the public’s acclaim of the entire performance was overwhelming” and that “the few booers consisted of such subjects as Lt. Carstensen and similar nullities.” Subsequently, Carstensen (remembered now as the founder of the amusement park Tivoli) initiated an exchange of letters with Heiberg and then printed selections from the correspondence in his journal Figaro.
21. See Supplement, p. 211, and note 406.
22. See p. 24 and note 55.
23. Mendel Levin Nathanson (1780-1868), businessman and editor of the Berlingske Tidende, 1838-1858. The works attributed to him here were fictitious.
24. Danish: Tankeexperiment. See note 92 below.
25. Editor of Stages on Life’s Way (Copenhagen: April 30, 1845).
26. Presumably Adolph E. Boye (1784-1851), editor of Nyt Aftenblad and of Ludvig Holberg’s and Johan Herman Wessel’s works.
27. Peter Orla Lehmann (1810-1870), popular Danish politician, lawyer, orator, and writer. Although he was better known at the time than Kierkegaard, The Corsair’s prediction has been substantially fulfilled.
28. Editor of Stages. See p. 46.
29. See p. 38 and note 93.
30. Sorø, in southwest Sjælland, about forty miles from Copenhagen, was and still is the home of Denmark’s most famous school, Sorø Academy, which at that time was also an academy in the strict sense, an assemblage of learned persons with provision for pursuing their own interests.
31. Eventually the approach to Kierkegaard made by The Corsair. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
32. See p. 38 and note 94.
33. Slottet ved Rhinen (Copenhagen: 1845).
34. See Supplement, p. 96, and note 25.
35. See p. 24 and note 56.
36. P. L. Møller’s highest esteem (see p. 100 below) was for “The Seducer’s Diary,” Either/Or, I, for which Kierkegaard may have used Møller as the model. See Frithiof Brandt, Den unge Kierkegaard (Copenhagen: 1929), pp. 160-304. For high praise of Either/Or, see Supplement, pp. 93-95 (The Corsair, no. 129).
37. On this discussion of Kierkegaard’s works, see pp. 39-40.
38. Langelinie, the fashionable promenade along the Copenhagen harbor.
39. Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875). See p. 44 and note 113.
40. See Fear and Trembling, KW VI (SV III 85, 106, 147-48, 164).
41. A drama, Nie-boska Komedja (Paris: 1832), by Zygmunt Krasinski (1812-1859).
42. Prefaces, KW IX (SV V 21-30, 51-53).
43. See Supplement, p. 96, and note 27. The piece about Lehmann may be the one in The Corsair, no. 231, February 21, 1845, col. 1, that ends: “Our view is that if one is to be a dog, whose dog one is is a secondary question. As far as designations are concerned, we make only this observation: when one licks spit for Christian VIII, one is servile, but when one licks spit for Drewsen and Lehmann, one is liberal.” Lehmann and Johan C. Drewsen (1777-1851) were leaders of the Liberal party.
44. See pp. 24-27.
45. Frederik Christian Sibbern (1785-1872), professor of philosophy, University of Copenhagen.
46. Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 273-412). See Goldschmidt’s observations on this theme, Supplement, p. 144.
47. Stages, KW XI (SV VI 175-459). On the term “experiment,” see note 92 below. Møller understood the term in the Baconian sense of the “vexation of nature.” Therefore “experiment” is used here.
48. See pp. 39-40 fn.
49. See p. 42 and note 108.
50. See Stages, KW XI (SV VI 193-94).
51. Ibid. (SV VI 259-70).
52. Cf. p. 43.
53. Stages, KW XI (SV VI 13-83).
54. Ibid. (SV VI 85-174).
55. Ibid. (SV VI 437-38).
56. See p. 42 and note 107.
57. See pp. 38-46.
58. In the preface to Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I, p. xvi), the editor, Victor Eremita, commissions the book to seek out “a single reader.”
59. See p. 40.
60. See Supplement, p. 97; Møller’s statement about Hauch’s house and his participation in the conversation is not substantiated. See also p. 40 and note 99. For Goldschmidt’s idea of the impression given by Møller’s article in Gæa, see Supplement, pp. 144-45.
61. See Supplement, p. 199 (Pap. VII1 B 69).
62. The entire piece (Ny kongelig Samling 3217, 4°), especially parts I and II, is patterned on Genesis 1. The quoted terms and phrases are from the article by Frater Taciturnus in Fædrelandet, no. 2078, December 27, 1845 (see pp. 38-46 above).
Møller’s article was not published. The manuscript bears the marks of initial editing in Goldschmidt’s hand, according to Helge Toldberg, who gives the following interpretation of Møller’s exclusion from the Corsair-Kierkegaard controversy: “It is probable that he [Goldschmidt] looked at the article with a view to its use and attempted an accommodating editorial revision, but he had to give this up, because Møller’s self-preoccupation showed through so strongly that the article could have substantiated Kierkegaard and others of like mind in their false supposition that Møller was the driving force in The Corsair. Goldschmidt had been punished once [see Supplement, p. 108, and note 80] and had continued in the spotlight. Now all that was lacking was that he should be cheated out of the honor of being the sole editor; now, as later, it was to him a matter of honor that The Corsair be regarded as his work. Therefore, he wanted to take up the fight without Møller’s help . . ..” “Goldschmidt og Kierkegaard,” in Festskrift til Paul Rubow, p. 226 (ed. tr.).
Although Goldschmidt and others launched and continued the attack on Kierkegaard, the line of attack had already been suggested by Møller in Gæa. See Supplement, p. 96.
63. See Supplement, p. 104, and note 58.
64. See pp. 39-40, 42-43. On the Danish Experiment, see note 92 below.
65. See p. 46.
66. See p. 44.
67. See p. 46.
68. See pp. 41, 45.
69. See pp. 38, 40 and notes 94, 99.
70. See p. 45.
71. See p. 44.
72. Cf. p. 46.
73. A conflation of Frater Taciturnus (author of Part Three of Stages) and Hilarius Bookbinder (editor of Stages).
74. See p. 47 and note 127.
75. See p. 46.
76. See pp. 38-46.
77. The philologist Israel S. Levin (1810-1883) had been Kierkegaard’s amanuensis and proofreader for the early pseudonymous manuscripts—hence, one reader.
78. The Corsair’s reply to Frater Taciturnus’s article, “The Activity of a Traveling Esthetician . . . ,” in Fædrelandet, no. 2078, December 27, 1845. See pp. 38-46.
79. Michael Leonard Nathanson (1795-1862), Danish hippologist, businessman, and horse dealer, by some called Crazy Nathanson. On the instigation of relatives, he was placed a number of times in an asylum in Randers and later in a Copenhagen mental hospital (Bidstrup). Between August 8, 1845, and January 15, 1846, he published twenty-two issues of Corvetten-Politivennen, in which there were attacks on The Corsair. After trouble with the police in Jutland, he was declared insane and was sent with his family to Brazil in 1847.
Nathanson’s name was originally Isaak; it was changed at baptism (Hamburg, 1843). Because the initials are the same as those of Mendel Levin Nathanson, editor of Berlingske Tidende, readers have sometimes confused the two men.
80. Goldschmidt spent twenty-four days in jail in June 1843 for violation of press regulations. See p. 49 and note 132.
81. Police and Justice Department officials.
82. Cf. p. 66.
83. See p. 46.
84. Ibid.
85. Kierkegaard was Copenhagen’s “greatest peripatetic,” as Villads Christensen has called him in Peripatetikeren Søren Kierkegaard (Copenhagen: 1965). Andrew Hamilton, in the earliest English account, Sixteen Months in the Danish Isles, I–II (London: 1852), II, pp. 268-70, wrote:
There is a man whom it is impossible to omit in any account of Denmark, but whose place it might be more difficult to fix; I mean Søren Kierkegaard. But as his works have, at all events for the most part, a religious tendency, he may find a place among the theologians. He is a philosophical Christian writer, evermore dwelling, one might almost say harping, on the theme of the human heart. There is no Danish writer more in earnest than he, yet there is no one in whose way stand more things to prevent his becoming popular. He writes at times with an unearthly beauty, but too often with an exaggerated display of logic that disgusts the public. All very well, if he were not a popular author, but it is for this he intends himself.
I have received the highest delight from some of his books. But no one of them could I read with pleasure all through. His “Works of Love” has, I suppose, been the most popular, or, perhaps, his “Either—Or,” a very singular book. A little thing published during my stay gave me much pleasure, “Sickness unto Death.”
Kierkegaard’s habits of life are singular enough to lend a (perhaps false) interest to his proceedings. He goes into no company, and sees nobody in his own house, which answers all the ends of an invisible dwelling; I could never learn that anyone had been inside of it. Yet his one great study is human nature; no one knows more people than he. The fact is he walks about town all day, and generally in some person’s company; only in the evening does he write and read. When walking he is very communicative, and at the same time manages to draw everything out of his companion that is likely to be profitable to himself.
I do not know him. I saw him almost daily in the streets, and when he was alone I often felt much inclined to accost him, but never put it into execution. I was told his “talk” was very fine. Could I have enjoyed it, without the feeling that I was myself being mercilessly pumped and sifted, I should have liked [it] very much.
86. See Supplement, pp. 96-104.
87. Nov. 25, 1845, col. 16445.
88. A repetition of phrases in a review of Either/Or in The Corsair, no. 129, March 10, 1843. See Supplement, pp. 93-95.
89. See p. 46.
90. Ibid.
91. Cf. p. 46.
92. See pp. 39-45; Either/Or, II, KW IV (SV II 149, 174); Fragments, KW VII (SV IV 179); Stages, KW XI (SV VI 35, 376). On the Danish Experiment, see Repetition, KW VI, note on subtitle. For P. L. Møller’s use of the term, see Supplement, pp. 100-02, 106-08.
93. See p. 46; Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 22-23).
94. January 13, 1846, was the feast day of St. Hilary. Hilarius Bookbinder was the editor of Stages. Horse meat is a reference to Michael Leonard Nathanson. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 79.
95. J. L. Heiberg. See p. 17 and notes 38-40.
96. See Supplement, p. 147.
97. J. L. Heiberg. See p. 17 and note 38. Heiberg was an accomplished mathematician and had considerable interest in astronomy. He had an observatory in his house and from 1843 to 1845 published a number of pieces on astronomy in his yearbooks Urania, which name he took in modified form from that of Tycho Brahe’s observatory. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 106.
98. Christian F. R. Olufsen (1802-1855), Danish astronomer, professor of astronomy, and director of the Copenhagen observatory.
99. P. L. Møller’s Gæa. See p. 38 and note 93.
100. Den Frisindede (The Liberal-minded), a general newspaper (1835-1846) founded by Caspar Claudius Rosenhoff (1804-1869). J. L. Heiberg, in En Sjæl efter Døden (A Soul after Death), had pilloried the paper for its preoccupation with trivia that all could comprehend and its exclusion of reflection and all large issues. Nevertheless, the paper was confiscated and Rosenhoff fined so often that in 1846 he closed the paper.
101. Kierkegaard was born in his father’s house, Nytorv 2 (now 27), and together with his brother Peter inherited the house in 1838.
102. See Supplement, p. 111, and note 92.
103. See p. 45.
104. In 1843 and also in 1844, Kierkegaard published Two . . ., Three . . ., and Four Upbuilding Discourses. The remainders were purchased in 1845 by Philip G. Philipsen (1812-1877), who bound the first lot under the title Atten opbyggelige Taler (Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses; 1845) and the second short lot under the title Sexten . . . (Sixteen . . . ; 1852). Philipsen was the seller of most of the discourses but was publisher of none (see Supplement, p. 211, and note 406), except as purchaser and distributor of the remainders. The reference to “nineteen” may indicate the inclusion of Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions (April 29, 1845).
105. See Supplement, p. 112, and note 97.
106. A small island between Sjælland and Sweden that Tycho Brahe used for his important astronomical work, 1576-1597. The main building there was named Uranienborg, hence Heiberg’s Urania. During the summer of 1845, Heiberg had spent some time on Hven preparing pieces on the island and on Sophie Brahe for Urania . . . 1846 (pp. 54-169, 171-240). The Heibergs’ home, in which a small observatory had been arranged, was in the garden house of the old naval hospital on Christianshavn.
107. Here and in the following lines is the beginning of The Corsair’s repeated ridicule of Kierkegaard’s clothes and physique, resulting in his being taunted by children and others when he appeared on the streets of Copenhagen. See Supplement, pp. 208-09, 217-18, 220, 222-23, 225-27, 229, 237-38.
In 1877, thirty-one years after the Corsair affair, Georg Brandes wrote: “My earliest memory of Kierkegaard is that when as a child I did not draw down my trousers carefully and evenly over the long boots customary at the time, the nursemaid said warningly to me: ‘Søren Kierkegaard.’” Søren Kierkegaard, Samlede Skrifter, I–XVIII (Copenhagen: 1899-1910), II, p. 25 (ed. tr.).
108. The Danish reads efter sit eget Hoved—literally, “according to his own head.” In English, the play on “head” and “trousers” (and “legs” in the next line) is lost.
109. Professor Torkil Baden (1765-1849), philologist and art historian, was the son of Professor Jacob Baden (1735-1804), philologist and translator. The latter’s translations, especially of Horace, came under considerable criticism. A parody by one von Schmidten of Jacob Baden’s translation of Horace (Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post, no. 21, 1828) prompted a defense by Torkil Baden in Kjøbenhavnsposten (no. 27, 1828). Then J. L. Heiberg defended the parody in an article (Kjøbenhavns flyvende Post, no. 27, 1828). A little later, the same paper (no. 42, 1828) printed a malicious piece on “the natural history of ducks,” which included a description of the “Anas Torkillus (in Danish: Torkil-And [Torkil-duck], also Bade-Torkil because it refreshes itself by bathing, but only in dirty water, distinguishable by its rather long legs, which are blue-striped below the knee and black down to the ankle.” J. L. Heiberg, Prosaiske Skrifter, I–XI (Copenhagen: 1861), X, pp. 435-36 (ed. tr.).
110. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 79. Information on the beer bottle allusion has not been located. One suggestion is that Nathanson, after being struck on the head with a beer bottle, claimed to have seen nonexistent stars.
111. See Supplement, p. 94, and note 20.
112. Urania Aarbog for 1846, ed. J. L. Heiberg (Copenhagen: 1845), pp. 144-45. The title page carries the line “with title-page vignette and 14 lithographs.”
113. In the center of Kongens Nytorv there was and still is l’Amoureux’s equestrian statue of Christian V. Variations on the themes of horses and riders appear in words and cartoons in succeeding issues of The Corsair.
114. Johan S. Schulin (1694-1750), Danish statesman, foreign minister, 1735-1750.
115. See Supplement, p. 96, and note 27.
116. Not identified.
117. Jonas Collin (1776-1861), Finance Department deputy, 1841-1848.
118. See p. 63 and note 2.
119. A reference to Frater Taciturnus (Taciturn or Silent Brother), who wrote the piece in Fædrelandet about P. L. Møller and The Corsair. See p. 46.
120. See Supplement, p. 126.
121. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 79. S.T. is the abbreviation of salvo titulo (title omitted), used ironically here, inasmuch as Nathanson had no title.
122. Part of The Corsair’s method was to assassinate by association: Kierkegaard with Nathanson, Tøxen, et al. Jorgen Karstens Blok Tøxen (1776-1848), Danish writer, had been charged by The Corsair with participation in seditious activities and with acceptance of an annual pension in return for the betrayal of his alleged co-conspirators. Tøxen brought legal charges against The Corsair. Throughout 1844, Tøxen was repeatedly ridiculed in The Corsair (no. 175, 181, 183-85, 205) as a reckless writer and ludicrous character. Gustav Michelsen (1800-1846), a veterinarian, cooperated with Nathanson in trying to introduce the “Nathanson stallion” as the provincial breed in Jutland. Jens V. Neergaard (1775-1864), a veterinarian, severely criticized both Nathanson and Michelsen for their endeavors.
123. Article by Frater Taciturnus, pp. 47-50, where F.T. does not use the extensive language attributed to him here. See, however, Kierkegaard’s journal entries and unpublished drafts of articles, for example, Supplement, pp. 161-66 (Pap. VII1 B 10-11).
124. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 79.
125. Presumably an adaptation of Petronius’s bargaining over writing poetry for two marks. Cf. Holberg, Jacob von Tyboe, I, 7.
126. See p. 46.
127. See Supplement, p. 96, and note 26.
128. See Supplement, p. 96, and note 28.
129. “ ‘Guilty?’/‘Not Guilty?’ ” Stages, KW XI (SV VI 175-459).
130. The specious designation of Crazy Nathanson as the subject of the article does not obscure Kierkegaard as the intended and actual subject. The crudity and rawness of this section must have been particularly painful to Kierkegaard, for whom the Regine relationship was profoundly private and deeply cherished.
131. Pagination from first Danish edition of Stages on Life’s Way. See KW XI (SV VI 359).
132. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 79.
133. Stages, KW XI (SV VI 211).
134. The Danish indesluttet and other forms of the word (used by Kierkegaard particularly in Either/Or, Fear and Trembling, The Concept of Anxiety, and Stages), usually translated as “inclosed” or “inclosing reserve,” literally mean, mutatis mutandis, “shut in” or “shut up.”
135. See Supplement, p. 104, and note 58.
136. Pagination of first Danish edition of Repetition. See KW VI (SV III 212).
137. Pagination of first Danish edition of Prefaces. See KW IX (SV V 7).
138. See Supplement, pp. 96-104.
139. Cf. p. 46.
140. Cf. p. 44.
141. Cf. p. 49.
142. Ibid.
143. Ibid.
144. See Supplement, pp. 108, 117, and notes 79, 122.
145. See pp. 47-50.
146. Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754), Norwegian-born Danish dramatist and scholar. The reference has not been located.
147. John E. Leerbeck (1805-1860), after 1841 police lieutenant and chief clerk of the police magistrate’s office. The reference is to the title “The Dialectical Result of a Literary Police Action.” See p. 47; Supplement, p. 108.
148. See p. 46; Supplement, p. 96.
149. See p. 46.
150. See Supplement, pp. 96-104.
151. See p. 47.
152. See Supplement, pp. 121-22.
153. See Supplement, p. 211, and note 406.
154. See Supplement, pp. 91-93.
155. See Supplement, pp. 121-22.
156. See Supplement, p. 121, and note 141; p. 125.
157. Reference to title on p. 47.
158. See p. 46.
159. See p. 49; Supplement, pp. 121, 124.
160. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 79.
161. See Supplement, pp. 122-23, and note 147.
162. See p. 46.
163. See Supplement, p. 117.
164. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 79.
165. Ibid., and note 85.
166. See p. 68 and note 12. Sankt Petri Church, near the university, has an exceptionally high steeple.
167. See Supplement, p. 112, and note 97.
168. See p. 82 and note 46.
169. See Supplement, pp. 108, 117, and notes 79, 122.
170. Holofernes was an Assyrian general who was killed by his Israelite captive, Judith, as related in the Apocrypha (Judith 2:4).
171. See p. 46.
172. See Supplement, pp. 108, 117, and notes 79, 122.
173. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 79.
174. See Supplement, p. 96.
175. The subtitle of Concluding Unscientific Postscript, by Johannes Climacus, ed. S. Kierkegaard, published February 27, 1846. Upon completing the manuscript of Postscript late in December 1845, Kierkegaard wrote “The Activity of a Traveling Esthetician . . .” (see pp. 38-46), which initiated the Corsair controversy. See Supplement, pp. 208-10 (Pap. VII1 A 98).
176. Actually, the very opposite of this cordial wish was the case; about 100 copies of Concluding Unscientific Postscript, the central work in Kierkegaard’s writings, were sold during Kierkegaard’s lifetime. See JP VI 6458 (Pap. X1 A 584).
177. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
178. Concluding Unscientific Postscript, KW XII (SV VII [545-49]); see Supplement, p. 130, and note 175.
179. The pseudonymous authors or editors of the following works: Victor Eremita, Either/Or (1843); Johannes de Silentio, Fear and Trembling (1843); Constantin Constantius, Repetition (1843); Vigilius Haufniensis, The Concept of Anxiety (1844); Nicolaus Notabene, Prefaces (1844); Johannes Climacus, Philosophical Fragments (1844) and Concluding Unscientific Postscript (1846); Hilarius Bookbinder, Stages on Life’s Way (1845); William Afham, Stages; Judge William, Either/Or, II; and Frater Taciturnus, Stages.
180. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 79; pp. 117-21, 127, 128-30.
181. A reference to Henrich Ussing (1743-1820), known for his contentiousness, and his son Tage Algreen-Ussing (1797-1872), characterized as having “sharp critical powers and an energetic will, together with an amazing capacity for work.” Dansk Biografisk Lexicon, I–XIX, ed. C. F. Bricka (Copenhagen: 1887-1905), XVIII, p. 133 (ed. tr.).
182. See p. 46.
183. See p. 7 and note 15; Postscript, KW XII (SV VII [548]).
184. See Supplement, p. 116, and note 119.
185. With the rix-dollar reckoned at approximately $5.00 (1973 prices), the paperbound Postscript (482 pp. quarto) cost about $18.00. See p. 13 and note 31.
186. Cf. Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 191).
187. See p. 46.
188. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
189. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 85.
190. See Supplement, p. 133, and note 186.
191. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
192. Pseudonyms. See Supplement, p. 131, and note 179.
193. The Corsair’s attacks since January 2.
194. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
195. See Supplement, pp. 95-96, and note 23.
196. Danish: isabelfarvet (Isabella-colored), a term based on the color, according to legend, of the Spanish princess Isabella’s linen, which she vowed would not be changed during the siege of Ostend (1601-1604).
197. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
198. Ibid. Nyt Aftenbladet, December 14, 15, 17, 1847 (no. 291, 292, 294), carried a long review of Works of Love. See JP V 6098 (Pap. VIII1 A 496).
199. Should be 1838. The book mentioned below was published June 9, 1838.
200. In 1837, when Goldschmidt was 18 years old, he started a newspaper, the Næstved Ugeblad, primarily as a vehicle for his stories.
201. Peter Rørdam (1806-1883), pastor in Lyngby. Earlier he had been much admired by Meïr Goldschmidt when he taught at the Westenske Institut in Copenhagen.
202. Cathrine G. Teilmann Rørdam (1777-1842). It was also at the Rørdam residence in Frederiksberg that Kierkegaard had met Regine Olsen for the first time in May 1837.
203. Published June 9, 1838, with Ki[j]erkegaard named as editor. The book (in Early Polemical Writings, KW I) is mainly a criticism of Hans Christian Andersen’s novel Only a Fiddler.
204. Peter Rørdam’s sister Bolette (1815-1887) was engaged to Peter Købke, who died in 1839; she later married Nicolai L. Feilberg (1806-1899).
205. See Supplement, pp. 92-93.
206. Published 1841. KW II (SV XIII).
207. See Supplement, p. 93, and note 18.
208. See Supplement, p. 138, and notes 201, 202, 204.
209. See Supplement, pp. 141, 147.
210. See Supplement, pp. 105-37.
211. See Supplement, p. 91, and note 2.
212. Carl Holger Visby (1801-1871). His Bønnebog til Brug i Arrester og Straffeanstalter was reviewed in The Corsair, no. 113, December 18, 1842, col. 1-2, 8.
213. P. L. Møller (1814-1865), Danish literary critic, writer, and editor. See Historical Introduction, pp. x-xiii, xxiv-xxix; p. 38 and note 93; Supplement, pp. 198-99, and note 352.
214. Many of James Fenimore Cooper’s works had been translated into Danish and were widely read.
215. See Supplement, pp. 139, 147.
216. For an estimate of Victor Eremita in The Corsair, see Supplement, p. 96.
217. No. 129; see Supplement, pp. 93-95.
218. In a discussion of Goethe’s Werther, Goldschmidt said Werther should have gone away and in solitude resolved the love affair with Lotte. P. L. Møller exclaimed, “You are a child; you have misunderstood the book completely. It is a protest against society; society is always in the wrong.” Goldschmidt, Livs Erindringer, I, p. 321 (ed. tr.).
219. On this theme in the Papirer, see JP VII, pp. 31, 68, “Engagement,” “Regine Olsen,” and Kierkegaard: Letters and Documents, p. 516, under “Regine Olsen.” Here Goldschmidt entirely misconstrued Kierkegaard’s thought and act by identifying them with a romantic individualism intensified as a special artistic prerogative, modeled on Goethe’s love affairs. See Supplement, p. 144, for a later statement by Goldschmidt.
220. The most celebrated, and briefest, of Goethe’s affairs was with Friederike Brion, whom he met when he was studying law at Strasbourg in 1770-1771. She is celebrated in Goethe’s autobiography, Aus meinem Leben.
221. On Mozart and Don Giovanni, see pp. 28-37; Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 29-113); JP III 2785-91.
222. Either/Or, I–II, is a dialogue without a resolution, which is left to the reader. Goldschmidt has not only omitted volume II but has concentrated on the esthetic view of volume I and has understood that only on a superficial level, for even the young Mr. A., author of volume I, has reflectively seen through the esthetic way of life and become a sardonic ironist.
223. En Jøde (A Jew). See p. 47 and note 126.
224. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 85.
225. See p. 46 and note 122.
226. See Supplement, p. 148.
227. Later, Goldschmidt wrote a number of pieces on nemesis; volume II of Goldschmidt’s Livs Erindringer og Resultater is subtitled “Nemesis.” See Paul V. Rubow, Goldschmidt og Nemesis (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1968).
228. See Møller’s article in Gæa, Supplement, pp. 96-104, especially pp. 97-98.
229. See pp. 38-46.
230. In late December 1847, P. L. Møller left Denmark on a travel stipend and never returned. In 1851 he settled in France. See Supplement, p. 150.
231. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 85.
232. Gæa, ed. P. L. Møller (Copenhagen: 1846), pp. 110-29. Goldschmidt again used the pseudonym Adolph Meyer.
233. See pp. 38-46.
234. See p. 46.
235. In the context of The Corsair, this is an unexpected term.
236. See Supplement, pp. 105-36. Goldschmidt wrote the earlier pieces, and others wrote the later pieces in the extended attack on Kierkegaard. See Supplement, pp. 146-49.
237. See Supplement, pp. 139, 141.
238. See Supplement, pp. 108-12.
239. See Supplement, p. 112.
240. See Supplement, pp. 139, 141, 147.
241. See pp. 47-50, particularly pp. 47, 49.
242. “A First and Last Declaration,” Postscript, KW XII (SV VII [545-49]), published February 28, 1846. In no. 276 (January 2, 1846), The Corsair had already identified Frater Taciturnus with Kierkegaard through the cartoons, and in no. 277 (January 9, 1846) it linked the two names by using a cartoon of Taciturnus as a representation of Kierkegaard. See Historical Introduction, p. xx, and note 73.
243. See Supplement, pp. 146, 148.
244. A wooded, elevated area near Kolding in South Jutland, the site of folk festivals (1843-1859) in support of the movement to aid Danish interests in Slesvig-Holsten. Goldschmidt was one of the main speakers at the 1844 festival.
245. Fortællinger, by Adolph Meyer (Copenhagen: 1846).
246. Goldschmidt sold The Corsair and withdrew after editing no. 315 (October 2, 1846). On October 7, he departed for Kiel and travels in Germany and Italy. He returned in the autumn of 1847. See Livs Erindringer, I, p. 432.
247. See Supplement, p. 145.
248. See Supplement, p. 144.
249. See Supplement, p. 150, and note 246.
250. A reference to the introductory portion of the first issue of Goldschmidt’s new journal, in which Goldschmidt says: “Freedom came into men’s consciousness with Christianity . . . a revelation that showed men that their home was neither in a particular temple nor in a particular state . . ..” Nord og Syd, I, 1848, pp. 12-13 (ed. tr.).
251. P. L. Møller, Gæa (Copenhagen: 1846), pp. 323-30.
252. P. L. Møller, Billeder og Sange (Copenhagen: 1847), a volume of previously published and recent poems.
253. See Supplement, p. 145, and note 230.
254. See Supplement, p. 232, and note 461.
255. Not published.
256. “Public Confession,” by S. Kierkegaard, Fædrelandet, no. 904, June 12, 1842. See p. 5.
257. “Literary Quicksilver,” Ny Portefeuille, I, 7, February 1843, col. 198-216. See pp. 73-86; Supplement, p. 155 (Pap. IV A 141), and note 264.
258. “A Letter” and “Another Letter,” Berlingske Tidende, no. 33, 35, February 5, 7, 1843. See pp. 63-68.
259. [“A Letter”], Fædrelandet, no. 1143, February 8, 1843. See pp. 69-72.
260. Published pseudonymously (Victor Eremita), February 15, 1843, first advertised in Adresseavisen, no. 43, February 20, 1843.
261. Source not located. Cf. p. 104; see Stages, KW XI (SV VI 40).
262. The piece was intended for the Berlingske Tidende.
263. Peter Vilhelm Christensen (1819-1863).
264. See Supplement, pp. 73-86, and note 257.
265. Berlingske Tidende, no. 108, May 6, 1845. See p. 24 and note 55.
266. In legend, the name of the area in the Harz Mountains where the witches would meet on Walpurgisnacht. See Goethe, Faust, I, 6.
267. A reply to the immortalizing reference to Victor Eremita, editor of Either/Or, in The Corsair, no. 269, November 14, 1845, col. 14. See Supplement, p. 96. The piece, marked by the reckless flamboyance of the writing in The Corsair, was written before P. L. Møller’s article appeared in Gæa, December 1845. It was not published.
268. “My moral principle, at your service: my highest ethical maxim is to consider all existence as an old story or chronicle, in which, as the narrative proceeds, a person reads, with indescribable delight and sheer surprise, only about himself” (Pap. IV B 59). The postscript was not used in Either/Or.
269. See p. 46 and note 121.
270. See Supplement, p. 96, and note 25.
271. This and the following entries were not published.
272. Diogenes Laertius, II, 35; Riisbrigh, I, p. 72; Loeb, I, p. 165.
273. Cf. p. 46.
274. Ibid.
275. Ibid. “Would that I might only get into The Corsair soon.”
276. The Danish editors’ suggestion that det Forfærdelige (the terrible) should read det Tilfældige (the accidental) has been followed here.
277. Diogenes Laertius, VI, 8 and 26. Cf. ibid., II, 36; VI, 41. Riisbrigh, I, pp. 233, 240-41. Cf. ibid., I, pp. 72, 247. Loeb, II, pp. 9, 29. Cf. ibid., I, p. 167; II, p. 43.
278. Cf. Historiae, V, 8; Sämmtliche Werke, I–III, tr. Johann S. Müllern (Hamburg: 1765; ASKB 1283-85), III, p. 568. See also Cajus Cornelius Tacitus, I–III, tr. Jacob Baden (Copenhagen: 1773-97; ASKB 1286-88), III, p. 474; The Histories of Tacitus, I–II, tr. Clifford H. Moore (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1925-31), II, pp. 188-89.
279. Cf. Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 481).
280. See note 146 above. One version of the anecdote is as follows: One day on a Copenhagen street, Holberg met an officer and a dandy, who said to him, “We will not get out of the way for a fool.” “Then I will indeed get out of the way for two,” Holberg replied as he bowed to them and walked around them.
281. See pp. 47, 49.
282. Plutarch recounts (Marcellus, 19) that when a soldier commanded Archimedes to come to Marcellus, Archimedes said he wanted to finish working on some geometrical figures, whereupon the soldier killed him. Plutarchs Levnetsbeskrivelser, I–IV, tr. Stephan Tetens (Copenhagen: 1800-11: ASKB 1197-1200), III, pp. 283-84; Loeb, V, pp. 486-87.
283. Concluding Unscientific Postscript to the Philosophical Fragments, published February 27, 1846.
284. See Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 26).
285. Goldschmidt stated that The Corsair had a large circulation, but “never over 3,000” (Livs Erindringer, I, p. 264). “In the last year [1845], The Corsair had yielded 4,000 rix-dollars [ca. $20,000, adjusted to 1973 prices]” (ibid., p. 430). In The Corsair, no. 270, November 21, 1845, col. 14, the publisher stated: “Now only a few hundred subscriptions are needed to round out the number at 5000” (ed. tr.).
286. See Supplement, p. 91.
287. See p. 49 and note 132.
288. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
289. See Two Ages, p. 95, KW XIV (SV VIII 88).
290. See Supplement, p. 167, and note 285.
291. See p. 44.
292. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
293. A game in which the one who is “it” sits blindfolded on a stool within the circle of players. An interrogator quietly collects from them questions about the person on the stool, who then tries to determine who has asked each wondering question about him.
294. See Supplement, p. 167.
295. See p. 46.
296. Kierkegaard frequently used the phrase “without authority” for himself and his writings. See On My Work as an Author, The Point of View, KW XXII (SV XIII 494).
297. See Supplement, p. 211, and note 406.
298. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
299. The editors of Fædrelandet, to which Kierkegaard considered sending the article but did not.
300. Although Meïr Goldschmidt was the author of En Jøde (A Jew) (Copenhagen: 1845), the title page reads “by Adolph Meyer, edited and published by M. Goldschmidt.”
301. References to F. L. Høedt (1820-1885), a part-time teacher at Borgerdyds School, Christianshavn, 1844-1845, appeared in The Corsair, no. 208, 209, 211, September 6, 13, 27, 1844.
302. Baron Iver Holger Rosenkrantz (1813-1873), an official in the admiralty and a diplomat, appears in many issues of The Corsair, including no. 247, 258, 260, June 6, August 22, September 12, 1845. Later, upon the publication of Baron Rosenkrantz’s papers (1876), Goldschmidt wrote: “In the strict sense he was not a public personage, and insofar as a border was transgressed by drawing him into publicity, I am responsible and must regard it as entirely proper that now after thirty-one years he enters a complaint against me before public judges.” Livs Erindringer, I, p. 471 (ed. tr.).
303. See Two Ages, pp. 84-96, KW XIV (SV VIII 79-89).
304. Ibid., pp. 81-84 (SV VIII 76-79).
305. In Kierkegaard’s case, the main attack by The Corsair lasted six months. The last cartoon appeared considerably later (January 7, 1848). With some other persons, the attacks were not as intensive but lasted even longer.
306. Cf. Supplement, pp. 113, 126.
307. See Supplement, p. 119.
308. Cf. Fragments, KW VII (SV IV 241); Postscript, KW XII (SV VII, p. vi).
309. Cf. Goldschmidt’s later critique of P. L. Møller’s writing, Historical Introduction, pp. xxvi-xxvii.
310. See Two Ages, p. 91, KW XIV (SV VIII 85).
311. The main point of contrast between Goldschmidt and Kierkegaard was the nature and the art of the comic. See Supplement, pp. 139, 141, 147, 148. On the comic, irony, and humor, see JP II 1669-1769 and pp. 585-86.
312. See Plato, Apology, 25 a-b; Platonis opera, VIII, pp. 116-19; Collected Dialogues, p. 11.
313. Kierkegaard owned Franklin’s autobiography and writings in a German edition: Benjamin Franklin’s Leben und Schriften, I–IV, tr. A. Binzer (Kiel: 1829; ASKB 1871-72). The reference is to Der arme Richard, oder der Weg zum Wohlstand, IV, p. 105.
314. In a number of works, Kierkegaard ironizes over the extravagant claims made for the crucial importance of a new hymnal. See, for example, Stages, KW XI (SV VI 247, 281); Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 415-18, 486-87); Two Ages, p. 102, KW XIV (SV VIII 95); From the Papers of One Still Living, in KW I (SV XIII 83); The Moment, KW XXIII (SV XIV 170). Grundtvigians in particular pressed for a new hymnal, which did not come until after Martensen succeeded Mynster as bishop in 1854.
315. See p. 47; Supplement, pp. 139, 141, 143.
316. See Supplement, p. 143.
317. See p. 46.
318. See p. 47 and note 126.
319. See Supplement, p. 46.
320. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
321. See Supplement, p. 104, and note 58.
322. See Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 546).
323. This piece was written for possible publication in Fædrelandet, but it was not submitted. On circulation, see Supplement, p. 167, and note 285.
324. See note 311 above.
325. See Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 43, 70-71, 260, 306, 402, 434, 447); JP II 1737, 1741, 1747, 1750 (Pap. III A 205; V A 85; VII1 A 19; VIII1 A 478).
326. See p. 49 and note 132.
327. From January 31, 1845 (no. 228), The Corsair bore a pirate ship emblem as part of its masthead. The supplement to no. 227 displayed the emblem with the caption: “The Corsair assaults Cape Reiersen [Christian Reiersen (1792-1876), official censor of unlicensed papers] (whenever this picture is seen in the future, it is a sign that The Corsair has been published).”
328. In his journal Arena (Copenhagen: 1843, no. 1-6), no. 1-2, p. 9, P. L. Møller states that he wanted to write “as one does with books that are not to appear in bookstores, ‘Manuscript for Friends’ ” (ed. tr.).
329. See p. 46 and note 122.
330. See Supplement, p. 140.
331. See Adolph Meyer (Meïr Goldschmidt), En Jøde (Copenhagen: 1845), pp. 210-11, 214-15, 237, 340, 357-59, 376-78, 405, 439, 459.
332. In Arena, no. 3-4 (June 1843), p. 71, in an article on The Corsair and Goldschmidt, P. L. Møller writes of his first meeting with Goldschmidt, whom he expected to find “surrounded by daggers and pistols” (ed. tr.).
333. Source in Jean Paul (Richter) not located. Kierkegaard owned Vorschule der Aesthetik, I–III (Vienna: 1813; ASKB 1381-83), and Jean Paul’s sämmtliche Werke, I–LX (Berlin: 1826-28; ASKB 1777-99).
334. En Jøde, p. 208; see Supplement, p. 190, and note 327.
335. Aristophanes, The Knights; Des Aristophanes Werk, I–III, tr. J. G. Droysen (Berlin: 1835-38; ASKB 1052-54), II, pp. 313-431; Aristophanes, I–III, tr. Benjamin B. Rogers (Loeb, New York: Putnam, 1924), I, pp. 124-259. See Stages, KW XI (SV VI 383).
336. See note 311 above.
337. See Supplement, pp. 200, 207, 210, 218 (Pap. VII1 B 69, 72, A 98, 214).
338. See Historical Introduction, pp. xv-xix.
339. See Plutarch, Phocion, 8; Loeb, VIII, p. 143.
340. See Phaedrus, 249 a; Platonis opera, I, pp. 177-78; Collected Dialogues, p. 495. Cf. The Concept of Irony, KW II (SV XIII 119-20, 273-74).
341. Entry VII1 B 55 (Supplement, pp. 178-94) was not published, and consequently the challenge to Goldschmidt was not given. It may have been that the decisive, silent meeting of Kierkegaard and Goldschmidt on Myntergade took the place of the published challenge. It is not known precisely when entries VII1 B 57-58 were written, but most likely it was the end of February 1846, inasmuch as entry VII1 B 59 refers to Postscript, which was published February 27, 1846, and “immediately thereafter he met me on Myntergade . . ..” See Supplement, p. 149.
342. See p. 46 and notes 120-21.
343. No. 284, February 27, 1846. See Supplement, p. 130.
344. See pp. 38-46.
345. See Supplement, p. 141, and note 213.
346. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
347. Concluding Unscientific Postscript, published February 27, 1846.
348. See Supplement, pp. 96-104.
349. Cf. p. 45. The quotation is composed of two separated phrases, plus the concluding summary paraphrase.
350. See p. 46 and note 122.
351. See Supplement, pp. 104-05.
352. After his reply to Kierkegaard in Fædrelandet (see Supplement, pp. 104-05), P. L. Møller wrote a piece (see Supplement, pp. 105-08) for The Corsair that Goldschmidt did not use. He had received a state stipendium for foreign travel and study, and after publishing a volume of old and new poems, Billeder og Sange (Copenhagen: 1847), his reviews and articles from 1840-1847, Kritiske Skizzer, I–II (Copenhagen: 1847), he left Denmark in late December 1847 and never returned. In the meantime, relations between him and Goldschmidt had cooled and finally reached the point of antagonism (see Supplement, pp. 150-52).
353. See p. 46; Supplement, p. 96.
354. See Supplement, pp. 157-58 (Pap. VI B 192).
355. See pp. 24-27.
356. See Supplement, p. 194, and note 337.
357. Cf. pp. 105-12, the interpretation in The Corsair.
358. The elder Cato (234-149 B.C.) concluded his speeches in the senate with “Ceterum [or Præterea] censeo Carthaginem esse delendam” (Furthermore, I am of the opinion that Carthage must be destroyed).
359. See, for example, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, KW XV (SV VIII 116).
360. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
361. See p. 44 and note 114.
362. An allusion to J. L. Heiberg’s review of Either/Or. See p. 17 and notes 39-40.
363. See Supplement, p. 208, and note 390.
364. See Stages, KW XI (SV VI 454-55).
365. See p. 46.
366. In Kjøbenhavnsposten, no. 73-74, March 27-28, 1846, there appeared a review of Concluding Unscientific Postscript by Prosper naturalis de molinasky (P. L. Møller). Later it was included in Møller’s Kritiske Skizzer fra Aarene 1840-47, I–II (Copenhagen: 1847), II, pp. 253-69. See Historical Introduction, pp. xxiv-xxv.
367. See pp. 38-46.
368. See Supplement, pp. 105-36.
369. See note 347 above.
370. Christian Peter Bianco Luno (1795-1852), the printer who printed most of Kierkegaard’s books. The manuscript of Postscript was delivered on December 30, 1845. See JP V 5871 (Pap. VII1 A 2).
371. Two Ages, a review of To Tidsaldre, by Thomasine Gyllembourg (1773-1856), the mother of J. L. Heiberg.
372. Jens Finsteen Giødwad (1811-1891), editor of Fædrelandet and Kierkegaard’s middleman in the publication of the pseudonymous works.
373. See Supplement, pp. 38-46.
374. See p. 45.
375. Ibid. See Supplement, p. 198, and note 349.
376. See Supplement, pp. 38-46.
377. See p. 24 and note 56.
378. See Supplement, p. 167 (Pap. VII1 B 37), and note 285.
379. See Supplement, p. 203 (Pap. VII1 B 71).
380. See note 337 above.
381. See JP III, pp. 896-97.
382. See Supplement, p. 141, and note 213.
383. See p. 46 and note 122.
384. See Supplement, pp. 96-104.
385. See Supplement, pp. 104-05.
386. See Supplement, p. 199, and note 352.
387. See Supplement, p. 203, and note 370.
388. At the end of his Postscript (February 27, 1846), in three and one-half unnumbered pages, “A First and Last Declaration” acknowledges Kierkegaard’s relation to the pseudonymous works.
389. See Supplement, pp. 203-04, and note 371.
390. See The Point of View, KW XXII (SV XIII 543-44). To Kierkegaard, confronting The Corsair was an ethical, social act of general benefit. Loner though he always was, he nevertheless felt abandoned by the commoners on the streets, who, after the incessant ridicule by The Corsair, avoided or taunted him, and also by the literary-political elite, who, although now relieved as objects of The Corsair’s treatment, in turn gave Kierkegaard the silent treatment or criticized the action as rash or called the whole thing a trifle not worth thinking about.
391. The term Concluding in Concluding Unscientific Postscript signifies Kierkegaard’s intention to terminate his writing, except for occasional writing of reviews (Two Ages, Adler’s works).
392. See The Point of View, KW XXII (SV XIII 556-75).
393. See note 337 above.
394. See p. 44 and note 114.
395. See pp. 38-46.
396. See pp. 47-50.
397. See Supplement, pp. 104-05.
398. See note 390 above.
399. See The Concept of Irony, KW II (SV XIII 324-25).
400. See p. 46 and notes 120-21.
401. Ibid.
402. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 85.
403. See Supplement, p. 203 (Pap. VII1 B 71), and note 370.
404. Postscript, KW XII (SV VII, pp. vii-viii).
405. See Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 305-06).
406. At this time (1846) Kierkegaard was still his own publisher, defraying the entire cost of production of the 17 books already published, none of which had been sold out (1838-1846), in editions of 525 copies (The Concept of Anxiety, 250 copies). In 1845, the stock of Discourses was remaindered (see Kierkegaard: Letters and Documents, KW XXV, Letter 119), and when all other remainders were sold to Reitzel in August 1847 (see Letter 152), only Either/Or was sold out. Through honoraria in the later years, Kierkegaard eventually came out ahead on the book publishing but received almost nothing for his undiverted time and work as a writer. Fortunately, his inheritance made the phenomenal enterprise possible. See Supplement, p. 219 (Pap. VII1 A 229), and note 434.
407. See Supplement, p. 208 (Pap. VII1 A 98), and note 391.
408. With the exclusion of the dissertation on irony and From the Papers of One Still Living, the authorship proper began with Either/Or.
409. On this theme, see, for example, JP V 5873, 5947, 5961, 5966 (Pap. VII1 A 4, 169, 221, 229). Kierkegaard very seriously and over a long period of time considered halting all writing after the Postscript and taking a rural parish or a post at the pastoral seminary.
410. See p. 47 and note 125.
411. See Supplement, pp. 139-41, 143.
412. See p. 46 and notes 120-21.
413. See pp. 38-46.
414. See Supplement, p. 203 (Pap. VII1 B 71), and notes 347, 370.
415. See p. 46.
416. See Supplement, pp. 139, 143.
417. See Supplement, p. 211 (Pap. VII1 A 98), and note 405.
418. See Supplement, p. 208 (Pap. VII1 A 98), and note 391.
419. See pp. 38-46, 47-50.
420. See Supplement, pp. 203-04 (Pap. VII1 B 71), and note 371.
421. See p. 46 and notes 120-21.
422. See p. 17 and note 38.
423. See p. 7 and note 15.
424. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 85.
425. Søren Christian Barth (1803-1895).
426. Cf. H. J. Thue, Læsebog i Modersmaalet for Norske og Danske (Kristiania: 1846), pp. 486 ff. As a university student, Thue had spoken from the floor at Kierkegaard’s defense of his dissertation on September 29, 1841.
427. See Supplement, p. 208 (Pap. VII1 A 98), and note 391.
428. See Supplement, p. 211, and note 405.
429. See p. 46.
430. See note 337 above.
431. See Supplement, p. 150, and note 246.
432. See Supplement, p. 199, and note 352.
433. See Supplement, p. 212, and note 409.
434. Kierkegaard and his brother Peter each inherited a substantial sum (with part of which they bought the family house at the liquidation auction) from their father following his death on August 9, 1838. During the next 10 years, Kierkegaard lived, and fairly well, on this money and paid the full publication costs of his first 17 books (see p. 211 and note 406), only one of which sold out. F. Brandt and E. Rammel, in Kierkegaard og Pengene (Copenhagen: 1935), point out that Kierkegaard received a writer’s honorarium from Reitzel after August 1847 and reckon that Kierkegaard’s total net from sales and honoraria was an average of 300 rix-dollars per year over 17 years (1838-1855). This they calculate as equaling 1,500 D. kr. in 1935, or approximately $300 annually, which in 1973 would be roughly $1,500. In 1846, Kierkegaard entertained the idea of seeking a state grant (JP V 5881; Pap. VII1 B 211), which was not uncommon as patronage of the arts and letters. He did not pursue this notion. In December 1847, the brothers sold the house (Nytorv 2), and Kierkegaard kept part of his share of the proceeds in government bonds, which deteriorated badly in the war period, put some into shares, which he held through the bad times of 1848-1849, and kept some in cash, which also deteriorated because of rampant inflation.
In the later years of his life, Kierkegaard became more stringent about his expenses. He divided what funds he had into units, which were placed in the custody of his brother-in-law Henrik Ferdinand Lund of the National Bank. Shortly before his death he drew out the last portion.
435. See Supplement, p. 208 (Pap. VII1 A 98), and note 390.
436. For Kierkegaard, one of the results of the continued ridiculing and caricaturing of his physique and clothes was a change in the attitudes of people on the streets, where Kierkegaard loved to walk and converse (see Supplement, p. 108, and note 85). Therefore, during 1847 he made numerous carriage excursions, particularly to the wooded countryside north of Copenhagen, especially to Gribs Skov. For details, see JP V, note 1606.
437. See p. 17 and note 38.
438. See Supplement, p. 108, and note 85.
439. At the time, Kierkegaard was considering a journey to Stettin and a longer journey in the fall, but he did not go. See JP V 6035 (Pap. VIII1 A 227).
440. The tailor feared that The Corsair’s relentless caricaturing of Kierkegaard’s clothes might possibly affect his trade. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
441. Ibid.
442. See, in addition to the following entry, Supplement, pp. 139, 141, 147, 148, 179-79, on the comic task.
443. Jens Hostrup’s Gjenboerne was first presented in the Hofteater by the Studenterforening on February 20 and again on March 9, 1844. Among its characters is a theologian named Søren Kirk. Subsequently, the play was presented in Odense on December 19, 26, 1845, January 1, 11, 18, 28, February 23, and March 9, 1846. On June 27, 30, and July 2, 1846, it was presented in the Royal Theater in Copenhagen. Søren Kirk was then called Søren Torp.
444. No. 283, December 6, 1847, in which Rigstidenden of Norway is quoted: “Mr. Smith was somewhat absent-minded yesterday and got all confused in the Søren Kierkegaardian syllogisms” (ed. tr.).
445. See Supplement, p. 222 (Pap. VIII1 A 163), and note 436.
446. One of Kierkegaard’s favorite walks was to Otteveiskrogen (Nook of Eight Paths) in Gribs Skov, Denmark’s largest forest, north of Copenhagen.
447. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
448. By this time, Kierkegaard had abandoned his idea of writing no more and of going to a country parish. Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits was published March 13, 1847, Works of Love, September 29, 1847, and Christian Discourses, April 26, 1848. By the middle of 1848 he was working on The Sickness unto Death and Practice in Christianity.
449. The allusion is presumably to a crowd demonstration before Christiansborg on March 21, 1848, followed by a change in the form of government. See note 453 below.
450. Georg Brandes recalls a nursemaid’s pejorative use of Kierkegaard’s name. See Supplement, pp. 114, 238 (Pap. X1 A 177), and notes 107, 480.
451. See Supplement, p. 225 (Pap. VIII1 A 458), and notes 443-44. In the 1848-1849 Copenhagen theater season, three of the plays performed used the name Søren for ludicrous characters: Jens Hostrup, Gjenboerne, November 15; Hostrup, En Spurv i Tranedans, September 10, 15, 25, October 25, November 11; Johanne Luise Heiberg, En Søndag paa Amager, September 17, 22, October 29, November 4, 8.
452. See Supplement, p. 219 (Pap. VII1 A 229), and note 434.
453. On March 21, 1848, as the result of earlier events, movements, and an enormous demonstration at Christiansborg, King Frederik VII (King Christian VIII had died on January 28, 1848) agreed to the dissolution of the ministries. Thereupon the March government, the Moltke-Hvidt government, was formed, and Frederik VII declared that he now regarded himself as a constitutional monarch.
454. The two pieces by Frater Taciturnus in Fædrelandet. See pp. 38-50.
455. See JP VI 6202, 6217 (Pap. IX A 167, 186).
456. See Supplement, p. 208 (Pap. VII1 A 98), and note 390.
457. Jacob Mini’s restaurant, Kongens Nytorv 3.
458. Johan Gotfred Conradi-Päthau’s restaurant at the corner of Kongens Nytorv and Lille Kongensgade 3, on the second floor above “à Porta.”
459. See p. 204 (Pap. VII1 B 71) and note 372.
460. Carl P. Ploug (1813-94), poet, politician, and editor of the newspaper Fædrelandet from 1841.
461. In October 1847, Goldschmidt returned from Germany and began a new journal, Nord og Syd, quite different from The Corsair. See Supplement, p. 151, and note 250; see also p. 233 (Pap. X1 A 98).
462. 1848, I, pp. 223-24.
463. See Supplement, p. 224 (Pap. VIII1 A 420-21).
464. Knud C. Nielsen (1798-1872), rector of the Realskole in Aarhus, 1839-1853.
465. See p. 46 and note 121.
466. The piece in Gæa. See Supplement, pp. 96-104.
467. See p. 47 and note 126; Supplement, p. 176 (Pap. VII1 B 41), and note 300.
468. See pp. 38-46.
469. Ibid.
470. See Supplement, pp. 145.
471. See Supplement, p. 146, also p. 143.
472. Cf. Supplement, p. 203.
473. See p. 46.
474. Marshal Michel Ney (1769-1815), Napoleon’s most brilliant general and later general of the army against Napoleon after Elba, returned to Napoleon’s side, was condemned for treason, and was executed in Paris. He himself gave the order to the firing squad.
475. See p. 47 and note 125.
476. Cf. Supplement, pp. 139, 232-33 (Pap. X1 A 98).
477. See Supplement, pp. 96, 141.
478. See pp. 38-46.
479. Tausend und eine Nacht, I–IV, tr. Gustav Weil (Pforzheim: 1841; ASKB 1414-17), IV, p. 353.
480. After the first Corsair piece (Supplement, pp. 108-12) directed against Frater Taciturnus, Søren Kierkegaard’s name appeared frequently during the next two months. The name “Søren” lent itself to the taunting that developed in the streets, partly because it was a euphemistic term for Satan (for Søren: what the devil!). See Supplement, p. 229 (Pap. IX A 370), and note 107.
481. See Supplement, pp. 225 (Pap. VIII1 A 458), 229 (Pap. IX A 370), and notes 443-44, 451.
482. Tonne gaaer i Krigen, performed February 16, 17, 20, 21, March 4, 15, 1849.
483. An anonymous play, En Søndag paa Amager (1848), was supposedly by J. L. Heiberg but was actually by his wife, Johanne Luise Heiberg, the actress, whom Kierkegaard later celebrated in The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress, KW XVII (SV X 319-38). See Supplement, p. 229 (Pap. IX A 370), and note 451.
484. See Supplement, pp. 208-10 (Pap. VII1 A 98), 238 (Pap. X1 A 177), and notes 390, 483.
485. See pp. 28-50.
486. See note 337 above.
487. See Supplement, p. 209 (Pap VII1 A 98), and note 390.
488. See p. 46.
489. See Supplement, pp. 149-50, 232 (Pap. X1 A 69), and notes 246, 461.
490. See Supplement, p. 199 (Pap. VII1 B 69), and note 352.
491. Emilie Carlén, En Nat ved Bullar-Søen, a Swedish novel serialized in Berlingske Tidende, no. 43-206, February 20–September 4, 1847.
492. The last section of Either/Or, I, KW III (SV I 272-412).
493. The last section of Stages, KW XI (SV VI 175-459).
494. The Corsair affair.
495. See Supplement, p. 219 (Pap. VII1 A 229), and note 434.
496. See Supplement, p. 114, and note 107.
497. Andreas G. Rudelbach, Den evangeliske Kirkeforfatnings Oprindelse og Princip . . . (Copenhagen: 1849; ASKB 171).
498. See Historical Introduction, pp. xxxvi-xxxviii.
499. Niels Møller Spandet (1788-1858) was a judge and politician who was acquainted with N.F.S. Grundtvig as early as 1811 and remained closely allied with him and his work. In 1850, he proposed in parliament a law regarding Church affairs.
500. See p. 241 and note 497.
501. KW XX (SV XII 129-34).
502 “An Open Letter,” pp. 51-59.
503. Nicolai F. S. Grundtvig (1783-1872), prominent pastor, poet, hymn writer, historian, and politician.
504. See “An Open Letter,” pp. 51-59.
505. L. Holberg, Mester Gert Westphaler, II, 4.
506. F. Schiller, Des Mädchens Klage, st. 2, 1. 7, Schillers sämmtliche Werke, I–XII (Stuttgart, Tübingen: 1838; ASKB 1804-15), I, p. 232. The Poems of Schiller, tr. Edgar A. Dowring (2 ed., New York: Hurst, 1871), p. 109.
507. Cf. Fragments, KW VII (SV IV 178).
508. “The Accounting” is the major portion of a small work (which also includes “My Position as a Religious Writer in ‘Christendom’ and My Tactic”) entitled On My Work as an Author, dated March 1849 and published in 1851. In English translation, it is included with The Point of View for My Work as an Author, KW XXII.
509. Bishop Jacob (Jakob) Peter Mynster. See p. 7 and note 15.
510. The Corsair affair.
511. See Armed Neutrality, together with The Point of View, KW XXII (Pap. X5 B 107, pp. 288, 290-94, 298-99).
512. Fædrelandet, no. 37, 38, February 13, 14, 1851.
513. “An Open Letter,” Fædrelandet, no. 26, January 31, 1851.
514. Practice in Christianity, published September 27, 1850.
515. See note 509 above.
516. Alexander Vinet, Der Sozialismus in seinem Princip betrachtet, tr. D. Hofmeister (Berlin: 1849; ASKB 874).
517. See p. 51.
518. Hans Lassen Martensen (1808-1884), professor of theology, University of Copenhagen, Bishop Jacob (Jakob) Peter Mynster’s successor in 1854.
519. See Supplement, p. 253, and note 509.
520. Anti-Climacus, author of The Sickness unto Death (July 30, 1849) and Practice in Christianity (September 27, 1850).
521. J. P. Mynster, Yderligere Bidrag til Forhandlingerne om de kirkelige Forhold i Danmark (Copenhagen: 1851).
522. See p. 47 and note 125.
523. See “An Open Letter,” pp. 51-59.
524. Ibid.
525. Johannes Climacus. See Postscript, KW XII (SV VII 7, 537, 539).
526. See note 511 above.
527. See, for example, Plato, Symposium, 175 e; Platonis opera, III, pp. 438-39; Udvalgte Dialoger af Platon, I–VII, tr. C. J. Heise (Copenhagen: 1830-55; ASKB 1164-66[I–III], II, p. 10; Collected Dialogues, p. 530.
528. See “The Difference between a Genius and an Apostle,” in KW XVIII (SV XI 95-109).
529. See, for example, Practice in Christianity, KW XX (SV XII 217-35); JP II 1833-1940.