1 Clement 60:2–61:2. ‘Who would have grudged the Church of Rome her primacy,’ asked J. B. Lightfoot, ‘if she had always spoken thus?’ (The Apostolic Fathers, I. 1, 21890, p. 384.
A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century (1928), p. 132.
According to O. Cullmann, the ‘authorities’ here are the ‘invisible angelic powers that stand behind the State government’ (Christ and Time, E.T., 1951, p. 195; his italics).
The State in the New Testament, pp. 55f.
Sir T. M. Taylor, The Heritage of the Reformation (1961), pp. 8f. (the closing reference is to Acts 5:29).
A. R. Vidler, Christ’s Strange Work (1944), p. 28. See also C. E. B. Cranfield, The Christian’s Political Responsibility according to the New Testament’, SJT Supp 15 (1962), pp. 176–192.
Against Heresies 5.24.1.
Behind this statement (1 Cor. 6:2) lies Daniel 7:18, 22, 27. But if it is argued that this apocalyptic outlook is incompatible with that of Romans 13:1–7 (cf. J. Kallas, ‘Romans XIII.1–7: an Interpolation’, NTS 11, 1964–65, pp. 365–374), let it be borne in mind that, according to that same book of Daniel, pagan monarchs like Nebuchadnezzar owe their authority to the Most High God and are responsible to him for the way in which they exercise it.
