NOTES
NOTES
Chapter 1, The Arminian Conflict and the Synod of Dort
1. Joseph and Isaac Milner, The History of the Church of Christ . . . with a Further Continuation to the Present Times, Extracted from The Rev. T. Haweis’ Church History (London, 1840), p. 1024.
2. John Goodwin, Redemption Redeemed (London, 1651), p. 396. Augustus M. Toplady suggests that Goodwin intimated that the members of the synod “had before the commencement of their synodical business, taken an oath to condemn the Arminians at all events” (The Works of A. M. Toplady, new ed., 6 vols. [London, 1825], 2:237). Goodwin does not go quite so far, but says he sees the “Interest and Obligation of an Oath working much after the same manner.”
3. Richard Baxter, Reliquiae Baxterianae (London, 1696), 1.73.
4. William Cunningham, The Reformers: And the Theology of the Reformation (Edinburgh, 1862), p. 367.
5. H. Hensley Henson comments: “Perhaps the most striking indication of the closeness of the ties which the common dread of Rome created between the Church of England and the other Protestant Churches is the fact that Anglican divines took their places with the members from the United States at the national synod at Dort, summoned in 1618 with the scarcely concealed intention of crushing the Arminians” (Studies in English Religion [London, 1903], p. 28). And again: “When James I died in 1625, Calvinism was still the prevailing belief of religious Englishmen, but there was an anti-Calvinist movement among the clergy which had advanced with extraordinary quickness, and would drive a wedge between the mass of the laity and the more important clergy” (ibid., pp. 29–30).
6. Philip Schaff, A History of the Creeds of Christendom, 3 vols. (London, 1877), 1:509.
7. These may be found in Peter Y. De Jong, ed., Crisis in the Reformed Churches: Essays in Commemoration of the Great Synod of Dort, 1618–1619 (Grand Rapids: Reformed Fellowship, 1968), pp. 207–209; and also, abridged, in Schaff, A History of the Creeds, 3:516ff.
8. Schaff, A History of the Creeds, 3:514.
9. One Scot was included among the members of the synod, but not as a minister of the Church of Scotland: Balcanqual, son of a strongly Presbyterian father, was himself an Episcopalian. David Calderwood, the canonicus and historian of the early Scottish Reformed Church, in 1618 published a pamphlet under the name of Hieronymus Philadelphus, sharply critical of the fact that Scotland was not represented. This only aggravated his already strained relations with King James. David Calderwood, in F. W. Grosheide, G. P. Itterzon, and J. Overduin, eds., Christelijke Encyclopedie, 6 vols. (Kampen: Kok, 1956), 2:75.
10. H. Kaajan, De Groote Synode van Dordrecht in 1618–1619 (Amsterdam: De Standaard, 1918), p. 69.
11. Ibid., pp. 70–71.
12. H. Bouwman, “De bereeken’s van de Synode van Dordrecht,” De Dordtsche Synode van 1618–1619 (Geref: Traktaatgenootschap, 1918), p. 35; Kaajan, De Groote Synode, p. 52; De Jong, Crisis in the Reformed Churches, pp. 39ff.
13. Others were Bernardus Dwinglo, Johannes Arnoldi Corvinus, Eduardus Poppius, Henricus Hollingerus, and Carolus Niëllius. Kaajan, De Groote Synode, pp. 81ff.; De Jong, Crisis in the Reformed Churches, pp. 220–21.
14. John Hales, op. cit., p. 402.
15. Even A. W. Harrison, generally rather more than sympathetic toward the Arminians and perhaps excessively dependent on Arminian sources, is constrained to admit: “If we consider that the attitude of the Synod, and especially that of its President, towards the Remonstrants was overbearing and unfair we must remember that it was not without provocation. The Remonstrants challenged the validity of the synod itself, adopted an attitude of equality towards their judges and claimed the right to expound their own case in their own way in spite of all arguments and warnings.” The Beginnings of Arminianism to the Synod of Dort (London: University of London, 1926), pp. 329–30.
16. Harrison, The Beginnings of Arminianism, p. 329; Kaajan, De Groote Synode, p. 171; Hales, op. cit., pp. 461–62.
17. See the “Life” of Bishop Davenantg in his An Exposition of the Epistle of St. Paul to the Colossians, trans. and ed. Josiah Allport (London, 1831), pp. xviii–xix. Harrison gives further information about Tilenus. The Beginnings of Arminianism, pp. 83, 164, 391, 401.
18. Canons of Dort, 3, 4.8–9.
19. Ibid., 2.5.
20. Ibid., 1.7.
21. Ibid., 1.7, 15. Cf. A. D. R. Polman, “De leer der verwerping van eeuwigheid op de Haagse conferentie van 1611,”in G. C. Berkouwer, Ex Auditu Verbi: Theologische Opstellen Aangeboden aan Prof. Dr. G. C. Berkouwer ter Gelegenheid van zijn vijfentwintigjarig Ambtsjubileum als Hooglerar in de Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid van de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam (Kampen: Kok, 1965), pp. 176–93; and also the critique in De Jong, Crisis in Reformed Churches, pp. 33–37.
22. The literature on the Synod of Dort is vast, but in the main not easily accessible to English readers. The works cited above will provide an introduction. One may also refer to the following: William Cunningham, Historical Theology, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1864), pp. 371–513; L. H. Wagenaar, Van Strijd en Overwinning (Utrecht, 1909); J. J. van der Schuit, De Dordtsche Synode en het Supra-lapsarisme (Dordrecht, 1937); C. van der Woude, Sibrandus Lubbertus, Leven en Werken: In het Bizonder naar zijn Correspondentie (Kampen: Kok, 1963); H. H. Kuyper, De Post-Acta . . . van de Nationale Synode van Dordrecht (Amsterdam, 1899).
Chapter 2, Arminianisms
1. Compare my introduction to John Owen, The Death of Death in the Death of Christ (London: Banner of Truth, 1959).
2. W. R. Bagnall, in Jacobus Arminius, The Writings of Arminius, 3 vols., trans. James Nichols and W. R. Bagnall (1853; reprint ed., Grand Rapids: Baker, 1956), 1:iii.
3. John Owen, A Display of Arminianism, in The Works of John Owen, ed. William H. Goold, 16 vols. (1850; reprint ed., London: Banner of Truth, 1965), 10:6.
4. John Fletcher, First Check to Antinomianism (1771), in The Works of . . . John Fletcher . . . of Madeley, 2:232–34.
5. For the Remonstrance, see Henry Scowcroft Bettenson, ed., Documents of the Christian Church (London: Oxford University, 1943), 11.iv; Philip Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom, 1:516ff. (summary and discussion). The Latin canons are in Sylloge Confessionum (Oxford, 1827), pp. 405ff.; and Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom, 3:550ff., with a partial translation. No full English translation seems to exist.
6. A. W. Harrison, The Beginnings of Arminianism to the Synod of Dort (London: University of London, 1926), p. 93.
7. Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom, 1:509.
8. Ibid., 1:659.
9. For the Lambeth Articles, see Charles Hardwick, A History of the Articles of Religion (London, 1859), chap. 7 and app. 5; Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom, 1:658ff., 3:523.
10. The statement quoted from Bishop Bull is in Harmonia Apostolica (1670) (L.A.C.T., 1:57), and is cited from C. FitzSimons Allison, The Rise of Moralism: The Proclamation of the Gospel from Hooker to Baxter (New York: Seabury, 1966), p. 121. Allison’s book is an illuminating study of the corruption of the doctrine of justification in the seventeenth century.
11. Letter from Susanna Wesley to John Wesley (1725), in Luke Tyerman, The Life and Times of the Rev. John Wesley, M.A., Founder of the Methodists, 2d ed., 3 vols. (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1872–1875), 1:39–40; Harrison, Arminianism, pp. 189–90; Martin Schmidt, John Wesley: A Theological Biography (London: Epworth, 1962), 1.87–88.
12. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 3.2.7.
13. Compare this definition of faith, from the 1744 Minutes: “First, a sinner is convinced by the Holy Ghost, ‘Christ loved me and gave himself for me.’ This is that faith by which he is justified or pardoned the moment he receives it. Immediately the same Spirit bears witness, ‘Thou art pardoned; thou hast redemption in his blood.’ And this is saving faith, whereby the love of God is shed abroad in his heart.” Cited from Maximin Piette, John Wesley in the Evolution of Protestantism, trans. J. B. Howard (London: Sheed & Ward, 1938), p. 423.
14. John Wesley, Works (London, 1829), 8:336.
15. John and Charles Wesley, Hymns on God’s Everlasting Love, 2d ed. (1756). The phrase “horrible decree” is Wesley’s tendentious rendering of John Calvin’s description of God’s decree of election and reprobation as “horribile”—meaning something awesome, making one tremble, but not something repellent. Calvin, Institutes, 3.23.7.
16. Cited from Colin W. Williams, John Wesley’s Theology Today (London: Epworth, 1960), pp. 61–62; Wesley, Works, 8:337–38.
17. Harrison, Arminianism, p. 206.
18. William Ames, De Conscientia, 4.4, Q.4; cited in Latin by William Cunningham, Historical Theology: A Review of the Principal Doctrinal Discussions in the Christian Church since the Apostolic Age, 2 vols. (1870; reprint ed., London: Banner of Truth, 1960): 2:378.
19. For a demonstration of this, see Owen, The Death of Death.
Chapter 3, John Wycliffe: The Evangelical Doctor
1. Herbert B. Workman, John Wyclif: A Study of the English Medieval Church (Oxford: Clarendon, 1926).
2. Kenneth B. MacFarlane, John Wycliffe and the Beginnings of English Nonconformity (London: English Universities, 1952).
3. John A. F. Thompson, The Later Lollards, 1414–1520 (Oxford, 1965).
4. A. G. Dickens, Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York, 1509–1558, University of Hull Publications (London: Oxford University, 1959).
5. Margaret E. Aston, “Lollardy and the Reformation: Survival or Revival?” History 49 (1964): 149–70.
6. John Stacey, John Wyclif and Reform (London: Lutterworth, 1964).
7. Gotthard Victor Lechler, John Wiclif and His English Precursors (London, 1878).
8. R. Buddenseig, in John Wyclif, John Wyclif’s De Veritate Sacrae Scripturae, ed. R. Buddenseig, 3 vols. (London: Wyclif Society, 1905–1907).
9. J. C. Carrick, Wycliffe and the Lollards (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1908).
10. Lechler, John Wiclif.
11. Ibid.
12. Workman, John Wyclif.
13. Ibid.
14. Buddenseig, in Wyclif, John Wyclif’s De Veritate Sacrae Scripturae.
Chapter 4, Puritan Eschatology: 1600–1648
1. Norman Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London: Paladin, 1970).
2. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 3.25.
3. Martin Chemnitz (1522–1586) was a Lutheran theologian and the author of Examen Concilii Tridentini.
4. Robert Baillie, A Dissuasive from the Errours of the Time (London, 1645), p. 224.
5. Joseph Mede, The Key of the Revelation Searched and Demonstrated Out of the Naturall and Proper Characters of the Visions, in The Works of J. Mede (London, 1675), pp. 602ff.
6. J. Bass Mullinger, A History of the University of Cambridge (London, 1888), vol. 3.
7. John Archer, The Personall Reigne of Christ upon Earth (London, 1642), p. 2.
8. See Peter Toon, “Advice to the Churches in 1654,” Gospel Magazine (Dec. 1968).
9. For example, Caspar Olevianus, De Substantia Foederis (Geneva, 1585), pp. 154ff.
10. I am grateful to Professor R. Clouse of Indiana University, the Rev. A. Dallison of Aberdeen, the Rev. I. Murray of Dulwich Village, and Mr. Lewis Lupton of Chiswick for their kind help.
Chapter 5, John Fletcher: An Arminian Upholder of Holiness
1. F. L. Cross, “Fletcher, John William,” The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. F. L. Cross (London: Oxford University, 1957).
2. For further reading in secondary sources (in alphabetical order by author): Joseph Benson, The Life of the Rev. John W. de la Flechere . . . (London, 1804); Robert Cox, The Life of the Rev. John William Fletcher, Late Vicar of Madeley, Shropshire, 2d ed. (London, 1825); Thomas E. Gill, The Life of Mrs. Fletcher (London, 1845); Joshua Gilpin, Biographical Notes on Fletcher (1794); Wilfred M. Hopkins, Fletcher of Madeley (King’s Lynn, 1898); George Lawton, Shropshire Saint: A Study in the Ministry and Spirituality of Fletcher of Madelay (London: Epworth, 1960); Frederic William Macdonald, Fletcher of Madeley (London, 1885); Jabez Marrat, The Vicar of Madeley, John Fletcher: A Biographical Study (London: Kelly, 1902); Mary Bosanquet, The Life of Mrs. Mary Fletcher, Consort and Relict of the Rev. John Fletcher . . ., ed. Henry Moore (London, 1818); E. E. Phelps, The Power of a Holy Life (1870); [J. Randall], A Short but Comprehensive Sketch of the Lives and Usefulness of the Rev. J. W. and Mary Fletcher (Madeley, 1879); Abraham Scott, “The Life of John Fletcher,” in John Fletcher, Works of the Rev. John Fletcher, ed. Abraham Scott (London, 1830); T. A. Seed, John and Mary Fletcher: Typical Methodist Saints, Library of Methodist Biography (London: Kelly, 1906); Oswald J. Smith, The Lives of Brainerd and Fletcher (London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1965); Luke Tyerman, Wesley’s Designated Successor: The Life, Letters and Literary Labours of the Rev. John William Fletcher (London, 1882); John Wesley, Life of the Rev. J. W. Fletcher (London, 1786). See also the entry for Fletcher by J. H. Overton in Dictionary of National Biography (1889), 19:312–14; the obituary in The Gentleman’s Magazine 55 (1785); and the entry in Christian Biography (1853). For works by Fletcher, see The Works of . . . John Fletcher . . . of Madeley, 7 vols. (London, 1826); Christian Letters (1779); and Christ Manifested: or, The Manifestations of the Son of God, ed. David R. Smith (Letchworth: Garden City, 1968).
Chapter 6, William Williams and Welsh Calvinistic Methodism
1. William Williams, Drws y Society Profiad, ed. Edward Thomas (Caernarfon: Owen, 1906).
2. Henry Scougal, The Life of God in the Soul of Man (London: Inter-Varsity, 1961).
3. Augustus Montague Toplady, Diary and Selection of Hymns of Augustus Toplady (Leicester: Harpenden, 1969).
4. J. C. Ryle, The Christian Leaders of England in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1868); abridged reprint ed., Five Christian Leaders of the Eighteenth Century (London: Banner of Truth, 1960).
Chapter 7, German Pietism and the Evangelical Revival
1. E.g., H. F. R. Catherwood, The Christian Citizen (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1969), pp. 11–13.
2. E.g., Martin Schmidt: “Speners Pia Desideria,” Jahrbuch der Kirchlichen Hochschule Berlin 3 (1951); “Das Hallische Waisenhaus und England im 18. Jahrhundert,” Theologische Zeitschrift 7 (1951); “Speners Wiedergeburtslehre,” Theologische Literaturzeitung 76 (1951); “England und der deutsche Pietismus,” Evangelische Theologie 13 (1953); “Spener and Luther,” Luther-Jahrbuch 24 (1957). Erich Beyreuther: “Vom Ursprung des deutschen Pietismus,” Evangelische Theologie 11 (1951); “Augustus Hermann Francke und die Anfänge der ökumenischen Bewegung (Leipzig, 1957); Werden und Reifen des jungen Reichsgrafen (1957); Zinzendorf und die sich allhier beisammen finden (Marburg an der Lahn: Francke, 1959).
3. Cf. James I. Good, History of the Reformed Church in Germany, 1620–1890 (Reading, PA, 1894), p. 11.
4. F. Ernest Stoeffler, The Rise of Evangelical Pietism (Leiden: Brill, 1965), pp. 50–51.
5. See H. Heppe, Geschichte des Pietismus und der Mystik in der Reformierten Kirche namentlich der Niederlande (Leiden, 1879). The introduction contains a brilliant delineation and comparison of Pietism and Mysticism.
6. Stoeffler, The Rise of Evangelical Pietism, pp. 156–57.
7. Heppe, Geschichte des Pietismus und der Mystik, pp. 240–374; Stoeffler, The Rise of Evangelical Pietism, pp. 162–68; Albrecht Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus, 3 vols. (Bonn, 1880–1886), 1:194–268.
8. Stoeffler, The Rise of Evangelical Pietism, pp. 178–79.
9. See Andrew Landale Drummond, German Protestantism since Luther (London: Epworth, 1951); Horst Weigelt, Pietismus-Studien, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Calwer, 1965), pp. 27–28.
10. See August Tholuck, Das kirchliche Leben des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1862), pp. 41–83. This is the second and final volume in Tholuck’s monumental work Vorgeschichte des Rationalismus.
11. Stoeffler, The Rise of Evangelical Pietism, p. 236.
12. Cf. Ritschl, Geschichte des Pietismus, 2:144–50.
13. Schmidt, “Speners Pia Desideria,” p. 76.
14. See Beyreuther, A. H. Franke 1663–1727, chap. 10.
15. Drummond, German Protestantism since Luther, pp. 56–57.
16. Cit. Charles Stanford, Philip Doddridge, D.D. (London, 1880), p. 129.
17. Cf. Weigelt’s discussion of the origin of the term. Pietismus-Studien, pp. 19–20.
18. See E. Braund, “The Religious Societies,” Evangelical Magazine 12 (1961): pp. 23–24.
19. See Beyreuther, A. H. Franke und die Anfänge, passim. An English biography of Franke is Heinrich E. F. Guericke, The Life of Augustus Herman Frank (London, 1847). Two volumes by Gustav Kramer are standard works: (1) Beiträge zur Geschichte August Hermann Francke’s enhaltend den Briefwechsel Francke’s und Spener’s (Halle, 1861) and (2) August Hermann Francke: Ein Lebensbild, 2 vols. (Halle, 1880–1882).
20. John Wesley, John Wesley’s Journal, July 1738.
21. See J. H. Stringer, Seventeenth Century Influences on the Evangelical Revival of the Eighteenth Century (London Bible College Annual Lecture, 1955), p. 11; Richard Bennett, The Early Life of Howell Harris (London: Banner of Truth, 1962), pp. 85–86; John Richard Andrews, George Whitefield: A Light Rising in Obscurity (London, 1864), pp. 38–39, 72; George Whitefield, George Whitefield’s Journals (London: Banner of Truth, 1960), p. 334.
22. George Müller, The Diary of George Müller, ed. A. J. Rendle Short (London: Pickering & Inglis, 1954), pp. 21, 45–47.
23. See Schmidt, Das Hallische Waisenhaus, pp. 39–40.
24. See Kramer, August Hermann Francke, 2:58–59.
25. Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society, vol. 11, p. 3.
26. Wesley, John Wesley’s Journal, Aug. 1, 1742.
27. Stringer, Seventeenth Century Influences, p. 11.
28. A. G. Spangenberg’s biography of the Count appeared in 1772–1775; the English translation in 1838. Cf. J[oseph] E[dmund] Hutton, A History of the Moravian Church, 2d ed. (London: Moravian, 1909); Gerhard A. Wauer, The Beginnings of the Brethren’s Church (Moravians) in England: A Chapter of the Commerce of Thought between Germany and England (London: Moravian, 1901).
29. Cit. Kramer, August Hermann Francke, 2:106.
30. Beyreuther, A. J. Francke und die Anfäge, p. 209.
31. Hutton, A History of the Moravian Church, pp. 390–91.
32. Ibid., pp. 286–87.
33. Wesley, John Wesley’s Journal, Oct. 17, 1735, and onwards.
34. Hutton, A History of the Moravian Church, pp. 293–94.
35. Philipp Jakob Spener, Pia Desideria, ed. Kurt Aland (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1940), 34.1; Spener, Der hochwichtige Articul von der Wiedergeburt: Dero Ursachen, Mittel, Art, Pflichten, Wurden, Kennzeichen und ubrigen dahin gehorigen Materieu . . . in sechs und sechzig Wochen-Predigten . . ., 2d ed. (Frankfurt am Main, 1715), p. 153.
36. For a detailed analysis of John Wesley’s translation work from the German, see J. L. Nuelsen, John Wesley und das deutsche Kirchenlied, History of Methodism, vol. 4 (Historical Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church of America, 1938).
37. See Wesley, John Wesley’s Journal, June-August, 1738.
38. See Clifford W. Towlson, Moravian and Methodist: Relationships and Influences in the Eighteenth Century (London: Epworth, 1957), pp. 77–78.
39. Ibid., pp. 184–95, 236–38.
40. Wesley, John Wesley’s Journal, June 15, 1741.
41. Hutton deals at length with the so-called Battle of the Books. A History of the Moravian Church, pp. 332–66.
42. See Andrews, George Whitefield, pp. 123, 311–12, 321, 423.
43. Klaas Runia, Reformation Today (1968): 40–41.
44. Ibid., pp. 41–42.
45. Ibid., p. 43.
46. Hutton, A History of the Moravian Church, p. 252.
Chapter 8, The Doctrine of Justification among the Puritans
1. G. C. Berkouwer, Faith and Justification (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1954), p. 17.
2. Robert Traill, Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine Concerning Justification, in The Works of the Late Reverend Robert Traill, 3 vols. (Glasgow, 1795), 1:313.
3. Traill, Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine, p. 332.
4. “The forsaking of the doctrine of justification by faith in Christ’s righteousness, hath been the first step of apostasy in many, who have not stopped till they revolted from Christianity itself.” Ibid., p. 333.
5. Ibid., p. 332.
6. John Owen, The Doctrine of Justification by Faith (1677), in The Works of John Owen, ed. William H. Goold, 16 vols. (1850; reprint ed., London: Banner of Truth, 1965), 5:4.
7. Traill, Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine, pp. 313–314.
8. Ibid., pp. 321, 329.
9. Decrees of the Council of Trent, 6.7, cf. 5.5. Both are translated in C. F. Allison, The Rise of Moralism: The Proclamation of the Gospel from Hooker to Baxter (London: S.P.C.K., 1966), pp. 213–14. Allison has assembled much thought-provoking material about the doctrine of justification in the seventeenth century.
10. Among the Anglicans were Richard Hooker; Bishops George Downame, John Davenant, James Ussher, Robert Hall, Thomas Barlow, John Bramhall, William Beveridge, and Thomas Tuloly. Among the Presbyterians and later non-conformists were Anthony Burgess, John Owen, and Robert Traill.
11. “It is entirely by the intervention of Christ’s righteousness that we obtain justification before God. This is equivalent to saying that man is not just in himself, but that the righteousness of Christ is communicated to him by imputation, while he is strictly deserving of punishment. Thus vanishes the absurd dogma, that man is justified by faith inasmuch as faith brings him under the influence of the Spirit of God, by whom he is rendered righteous.” John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 3.11.23. See also Calvin’s discussion of session 6 of the Council of Trent, in his Tracts and Treatises, 3 vols. (1844; reprint ed., Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1958), 3:108ff., especially pp. 114–21.
12. Westminster Confession of Faith, 11.1.
13. Ibid., 11.2.
14. George Smeaton, The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit, 2d ed. (Edinburgh, 1889), pp. 327–28.
15. In the Westminster Confession, “Of Effectual Calling” (chap. 10) precedes “Of Justification” (chap. 11). The first two sections of chapter 10 read as follows: (1) “All those whom God hath predestinated unto life, and those only, he is pleased, in his appointed and accepted time, effectually to call, by his word and Spirit, out of that state of sin and death in which they are by nature, to grace and salvation by Jesus Christ; enlightening their minds spiritually and savingly to understand the things of God; taking away their heart of stone, and giving unto them an heart of flesh; renewing their wills, and by his almighty power determining them to that which is good; and effectually drawing them to Jesus Christ; yet so as they come most freely, being made willing by his grace.” (2) “This effectual call is of God’s free and special grace alone, not from any thing at all foreseen in man; who is altogether passive therein, until, being quickened and renewed by the Holy Spirit, he is thereby enabled to answer this call, and to embrace the grace offered and conveyed in it.”
16. Westminster Confession of Faith, 7.3.
17. Ibid., 11.4.
18. A clear if unsympathetic summary of Antinomian tenets, viewed as so many deviations from Reformed orthodoxy, is given in James Buchanan, The Doctrine of Justification (Edinburgh, 1867), pp. 171ff. The main Antinomian authors were John Eaton, Henry Denne, Robert Towne, John Saltmarsh, and (in the view of some) Tobias Crisp.
19. Westminster Confession of Faith, 11.5.
20. John Goodwin: Imputatio Fidei (London, 1642); An Exposition of the Ninth Chapter of the Epistle to the Romans (London, 1653); Redemption Redeemed (London, 1840); The Banner of Justification Displayed (London, 1659).
21. George Bull, Harmonia Apostolica, Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology (Oxford, 1842), 1:58; quoted in Allison, The Rise of Moralism, chap. 6, “The Theology of George Bull.”
22. A. W. Harrison, Arminianism (London: Duckworth, 1937), p. 111. Amyraldism is evaluated (under the name “Post-redemptionism”) in B. B. Warfield, The Plan of Salvation, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1935), pp. 90–96.
23. Cf. Peter Toon, The Emergence of Hyper-Calvinism in English Nonconformity, 1689–1765 (London: Olive Tree, 1967), chap. 3, for details of the story.
24. Robert Traill, Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine Concerning Justification, and of Its Preachers and Professors, from the Unjust Charge of Antinomianism: In a Letter from the Author, to a Minister in the Countrey (London, 1692).
25. George Whitefield, Sermons on Important Subjects: By the Rev. George Whitefield, A.M. (London, 1832), pp. 207ff.
Chapter 9, The Death of Presbyterianism
1. Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society, May 1965 and 1969. One of the articles is George Yule, “Some Problems in the History of Presbyterians in the Seventeenth Century” (May 1965).
2. A. H. Drysdale, History of the Presbyterians in England: Their Rise, Decline and Revival (London, 1889).
3. Herbert S. Skeats and Charles S. Miall, History of the Free Churches of England, 1688–1891 (London, 1891), p. 248.
4. C. Gordon Bolam et al., The English Presbyterians: From Elizabethan Puritanism to Modern Unitarianism (London: Allen & Unwin, 1968).
5. Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society, May 1965 and 1969.
6. Iain H. Murray, ed., The Reformation of the Church: A Collection of Reformed and Puritan Documents on Church Issues (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1965), p. 85.
7. Cited from Drysdale, History of the Presbyterians, p. 143.
8. Charles E. Surman, Classical Presbyterianism in England 1643–1660.
9. Thomason Tracts, E.371.
10. Richard Baxter, Reliquiae Baxterianae (London, 1696), 1.278.
11. Yule, “Some Problems in the History of Presbyterians.”
12. James Ussher, The Reduction of Episcopacy . . . (Edinburgh, 1689).
13. Robert Baillie, Letters and Journals, 2 vols. (Edinburgh, 1775), 1:286–87.
14. Ibid., 1:303.
15. Ibid., 2:117.
16. H.M.C. Portland, 1:296ff.
17. Baillie, Letters and Journals, 2:362.
18. John Bastwick, Independency Not God’s Ordinance (London, 1645).
19. Murray, The Reformation of the Church, p. 179.
20. William Bradshaw, English Puritanisme: Containening the Maine Opinions of the Rigidest Sort of Those That Are Called Puritanes in the Realme of England (London, 1605).
21. Thomas Goodwin et al., An Apologeticall Narration (London, 1643). [By the 5 independents present at the Westminster Assembly.]
22. Paul Baynes, The Diocesans Tryall (London, 1621).
23. Cf. Janet G. Macgregor, The Scottish Presbyterian Polity: A Study of Its Origins in the Sixteenth Century (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1926); and Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society, 2:128.
24. Thomas Goodwin, Apologeticall Narration (1643), cited in Bolam et al., The English Presbyterians, p. 41.
25. Baxter, Reliquiae Baxterianae, 1:3.
26. Robert Wodrow, The History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution, ed. Robert Burns, 4 vols. (Glasgow, 1828–1830), 1:54.
27. See Roger Thomas, “Comprehension and Indulgence,” in Geoffrey F. Nuttall et al., eds., The Beginnings of Nonconformity (London: James Clarke, 1964).
28. Cited from Matthew Henry, The Life of the Rev. Philip Henry, ed. J[ohn] B[ickerton] Williams (London, 1839), chap. 6.
29. Baxter, Reliquiae Baxterianae, 2:523.
30. Ibid., 1:110.
31. Richard Baxter, Aphorisms of Justification (1640), pp. 69, 72.
32. Daniel Williams, Gospel-Truth Stated and Vindicated (London, 1692).
33. Murray, ed., The Reformation of the Church, p. 301.
34. Edmund Calamy, A Defense of Moderate Non-Conformity: In Answer to the Reflections of Mr. Ollyffe and Mr. Hoadly on the Tenth Chapter of the Abridgment of the Life of the Reverend Mr. Rich. Baxter, 3 vols. (London, 1703–1705), part 11, pp. 87–89.
35. Benjamin Hoadly, The Reasonableness of Conformity to the Church of England (London, 1703), p. 528.
36. Cf. J. Brooks, The Prevalence of Arianism amongst English Presbyterians in the Early Part of the Last Century (1837), pp. 5, 8.
37. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (London, 1690).
38. John Locke, The Reasonableness of Christianity as Delivered in the Scriptures (London, 1696).
39. Heµ Kaineµ Diatheµkeµ: Novum Testamentum cum lectionibus variantibus . . . & in easdem notis . . ., studio et labore Joannis Millii (Oxonii, 1707).
40. Samuel Clarke, Scripture-Doctrine of the Trinity (London, 1712).
41. William Whiston, Primitive Christianity Reviv’d (London, 1711–1712).
42. Cited from Drysdale, History of the Presbyterians, p. 521.
Chapter 10, Joseph Alleine
1. Joseph Alleine, An Alarme to Unconverted Sinners (London, 1672).
2. Joseph Alleine, A Sure Guide to Heaven (London, 1675).
3. Joseph Alleine, “The Synopsis of the Covenant,” in part 3 of Richard Alleine, Vindiciae Pietatis (London, 1663).
4. Joseph Alleine, A Call to Archippus (London, 1664).
5. Joseph Alleine, A Most Familiar Explanation of the Assemblies Shorter Catechism (London, 1674).
6. Joseph Alleine, Christian Letters Full of Spiritual Instructions (London, 1673).
Chapter 11, Can We Learn from History?
1. William P. Haugaard, Elizabeth and the English Reformation: The Struggle for a Stable Settlement of Religion (London: Cambridge University, 1968).
2. John Calvin, Petit Traicté de la Saincte Cene de nostre Seigneur Iesus Christ: Auquel est demonstrée la vraye institution, profit & vtilité d’icelle . . . (Geneva, 1545). The first English edition: A Faythful and Moste Godly Treatyse Concernynge the Most Sacred Sacrament of the Blessed Body and Bloude of Our Saviour Christ . . ., trans. [Miles Coverdale] (London, 1549?).