Index of Subjects 1057

Index of Subjects 1057

Index of Subjects courtesy of, cultural, and belief statements, abolitionism, 225 abstract thinking (including abstract mathematics),

804n104, 829n284, 837n337 East Africa, 313n20, 314, 433n33, 792, 796n59, 174, 701n337 accommodation 803n96, 825n251, 835, 847n412, 875n51 emphasis on healing and health, 217–19, 312, to contemporary opinion, Jesus, 176, 632n161 divine, 695n305 acculturation, 821n219 Acts, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 16, 30n55, 31n62, 32, 52, 67,

617n67, 639, 640n212, 804n103 miracle reports, ancient, 359, 362–65, 523n126 miracle reports, modern, 241, 256n256, 259,

310–38, 330n132, 333, 514–18, 526, 530–31, 550–63, 589n540, 747, 748, 813, 847 (see also exorcism/deliverance) Southern Africa, 218n40, 323–24, 333n149,

71, 79, 82, 85–86, 91n40, 93n59, 100, 220, 240, 261, 262, 264, 268, 306, 329, 332n145, 506, 510 dating, most common, 31, 71 historiography, as ancient, 32n70, 35–36, 95n78,

368n62, 524, 586n529, 595, 792, 807n117, 813, 845, 847n412, 851n443, 875n51 traditional civilizations, 223n67 visions and dreams, 875–76 West Africa, 313n20, 321–23, 515, 792, 796nn58–

736n140, 858 miracle stories in, 9, 29, 31, 32–33, 509n5, 858, 876 (see also Luke-Acts, and miracle reports) models for ministry, construed as, 99, 523, 543 acts of God, 178n52, 589n541 acupuncture, 627n133 addiction 59, 803n96, 847n412 worldview different from Enlightenment, 315n36

See also specific countries Africa Inland Church, 218n42, 312n15, 316 African American churches, 204, 392, 393, 414, cured, 287, 401, 473, 493n409, 642, 840 prevention, 622 recovery, 622, 624 Adelaja, Sunday, 491n389 Adventists, 392, 393n298, 394n314, 399n353,

445n94, 456, 534n226, 622, 692n283, 795n50, 833n312 African Initiated Churches (African Independent

451–52, 623n106, 624 Afghanistan, 512n26 Africa Churches, AICs), 217, 218, 227n98, 228n104,

236n148, 238n, 312, 313n24, 326n116, 551–52, 641n215, 641n217, 794n40, 795n47, 798n73,

805n109, 813, 817n190, 827–28n270, 847n412, 875n51, 877nn64, 66 valued for health functions, 218n39, 220n54, 639

African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.), accounts of supernatural activity (besides

Christian practice), 791n23, 792, 794n41 beliefs in supernatural activity, 205, 216–19,

242n172, 311–13, 313n17, 327, 807n118, 807– 8, 809, 826n261, 836, 837nn337, 340 Central Africa, 313n20, 329n126, 514, 525,

444n90, 448 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (A.M.E.

551n335, 589nn541–42, 597, 878n70, 880 charismatic churches, 252n241 (see also Zion), 444n90, 447n102 African readings of Scripture, 15n29, 216–17n34,

Pentecostalism: African) Christianity, twentieth-century spread of, 734n132 221n58, 225–26

Index of Subjects sociological/modern, 6, 15, 36, 185, 187, 189, 209, agency, 126, 134, 159n317, 169, 182, 183–84, 257,

213, 222, 866 analogy argument regarding miracles, 6, 15, 28, 608, 633, 700n333, 704, 709, 740 agnostics, agnosticism methodological, 26n36, 107, 113, 140, 143, 185,

104, 105, 159, 162n337, 185, 186n102, 187, 188, 192n142, 209, 213–14, 259, 260, 263, 306,

381n189, 397n334, 403, 426, 545n294, 651, 761 ancestors, 312n15, 802n91, 808, 827, 828n270,

195, 439n71, 609, 712 religious, 112n22, 113, 140, 352, 476, 527, 629, 645, 676n163, 681n202, 682n207, 690n275,

692n286, 696n313 Akamba people, the, 792n27 Akan people, the, 792n32 Aladura churches, 217n39, 218nn39, 42, 220n54,

847n409, 848 healing and, 311n8, 531n208, 540, 641n216 possession and, 791n21, 809n133, 815n180, 827,

839, 840 sickness and, 803n96, 803n99, 816n186, 821n222 André, Brother (Alfred Besette), 384–85, 511 anesthesia, 244, 365, 391n284, 631n149 angels, 196n162, 282, 404nn385, 391, 453, 487n364,

396n328, 487n360, 552n341, 617n67, 641n217 alcoholics anonymous, 239n156, 623n100, 875n47 alcoholism, deliverance from, 271. See also addiction alien abduction claims. See UFO claims Allen, A. A., 424n570, 842n378 Allen, Ethan, 130n122, 142n204 Allen, Ethan O., 393n298 Alpha course, 535 already/not yet, 262, 398, 484–85n346, 606, 665,

585–87, 590n544, 743n166, 849, 864, 876n55, 877n62, 879 belief in, 204n210, 555n363, 586n527 healing and, 416 non-Christian reports, 586n526, 879 Anglicans, 225n81, 535, 589n543, 626n128

698n323, 700n333, 721n68, 736, 767 altered states of consciousness (ASC), 239n157,

Africa, 314n33, 315n43, 316–17, 394n313, 524, 385n233, 581, 630, 631n153, 638, 789n7, 791,

792n24, 794nn40, 43, 798n73, 799n76, 821, 822, 826n257, 828, 871, 875n50 alternative healing practices, 242n171, 257, 392n291,

629n142, 808n122 Asia, 273, 274, 499n460, 530, 814, 880n79 charismatic movement/renewal movements, 315n43, 320, 404n384, 460n158, 490, 501,

589n542 Latin America, 357 Majority World, 216n31, 226 miracle reports, 267, 273, 274, 316–17, 357, 379,

427, 466–67n214, 614n48, 636, 675n156 altruism, 625n115, 667n124 American Baptist Convention, 440, 444n90,

734n131. See also Baptists Amin, Idi, 524 Anabaptists, 171n1, 372n109, 374n132, 380,

379n165, 394n313, 404–10, 413n466, 426n3, 442–43, 460, 473–74, 489, 512, 524, 589n542,

718n46, 728, 879–80 views regarding miracles and the supernatural, 386n236, 484n344. See also Mennonites analogies human with divine, 115nn34, 36, 126, 127n109,

126, 173n3, 196, 215n22, 245n191, 274n62, 374n128, 386n244, 390n280, 405, 409n431,

422, 812n155, 814n173 See also Episcopalians Angola, 551n336, 847n416 animal miracles, reports of, 281n113, 302, 587n532,

128n115, 155n294, 180n66, 182, 183–84, 633, 662n103, 685n232, 700n333, 740 analogies for miracles from Africa, 310–38, 514–18, 524–26, 530–31,

550–63, 594–98 ancient, 15, 33, 35–82, 581–83, 721 from Asia and the Pacific, 264–308, 514, 518–20,

588n535, 595, 636n178, 739n152, 850n432, 861, 865. See also snakes, snakebite animal spirits or possession, in traditional religion,

524, 528–30, 563–70, 592–94 cross-cultural, 30n59, 36, 216n32, 220n51, 227– 796n55, 800, 809n133, 813, 814, 827n267, 840

Annacondia, Carlos, 340, 877n66 anomalous experiences, reports of, 248, 256, 440,

29, 231, 232n131, 254, 263, 742 demand for precise, 105, 150, 156n296, 259, 260–61, 404, 506, 576, 680, 729 Greco-Roman, 36–58, 61–62, 579 608, 609–10, 632nn158, 160, 616, 663, 673,

674, 687, 689n269, 690, 699nn327–29, 703, 710, 799n78, 800n82, 822n226, 834n322, 872.

See also healing, unexpected Anselm, 134, 182n76 Anthony, Saint, 362 anthropic principle, cosmic, 115n35, 128–29n115 anthropology differences, 41–42, 51–58, 67–71, 78–82, 582,

583–84 hagiographic, 865–66 Jewish, ancient, 33n75, 56–61, 63–64 differences, 71–82 from Latin America and the Caribbean, 267,

338–58, 520, 532–34, 536, 570–72, 598 psychic healing, analogies with (see psychic ethnocentrism in earlier forms of, 225n79, 249,

830, 831n295, 870n2 healing or other claims)

Index of Subjects

experiences reported in, 2, 78, 159n315, 250, 256, argument, the book's primary and secondary, 1–4,

664n112, 713, 733, 852–53 healing, anthropological studies of (see healing, 6–9, 13, 16–17, 33–34, 208, 210, 250, 254–55,

257, 260, 267, 361, 430, 457, 478n290, 495, 508, 522–23, 537, 541, 601, 606, 644, 713, 742,

762–63, 767–68 Arianism, 141n202 Aristotle, 81n108, 92n55, 180, 693n293, 695n305. religious, anthropological studies of) learning from Majority World supernaturalism/ paranormal experiences, 230, 248, 589n543,

690, 830–32 medical (see medical anthropology) neutrality in, 48n113, 190n129, 455, 664n112,

See also this book's index of other ancient sources Arsenios, Saint, 413, 591n552 Asbury, Francis, 591, 641n218, 805n108, 874n46

Asbury Theological Seminary, 1:xvi, 61n231, 742, 791, 828, 829, 831n295, 834 practice of spiritual healing among, 245–47 readings of the nt, 229 spirit possession accounts (see possession) witchcraft/sorcery studies, 248 (see also

259n270, 502n485, 564n401, 846n406 ascetics, 367, 370 Asclepius witchcraft) antisemitism, 223, 696n309, 825n248 antisupernaturalism myth of, 38, 45, 76n73 shrines of, 5, 29, 31, 38–42, 48, 61, 62, 80, 98, 259,

862, 863 Asia, 640n212, 792, 799n76, 801n88, 847n413 as an authenticity criterion, 77n82, 85–86, 93n59,

96, 100, 101, 114n28, 214, 219n46 declining, 202–3, 207 definition of, 110n11 historical context, 97, 114–15, 118–23, 130–31,

Christianity as an initially Asian faith, 360n4 indigenous healing movements, 218n39, 290–91 miracle reports, 241, 264–308, 366, 399n347,

518–20, 528–30, 563–70, 576, 592–94, 637–38, 745n187, 747, 748, 845n398, 847 visions and dreams, 875–76 worldviews different from the Enlightenment, 264

See also specific countries and regions Asian outreach, 297n222, 298 Asian readings of Scripture, 15n29, 215, 225–26, 280

Asia Pacific Research Center, 1:xvi, 272 Asia Pacific Theological Seminary, 1:xvi, 294n204

Asimov, Isaac, 133n147 Assemblies of God, 236n147, 238n, 253, 282, 152–53, 167–68, 172–79, 185, 200, 201, 205–6 minority view, 203–7, 222n62, 263, 409n431, 429 not neutral, 96–97, 100–105, 113–14, 140, 161,

172, 187, 190–91, 194–95, 198, 202, 250n234, 644, 652, 697, 742, 743, 763 not-yet-discovered explanations, appeal to, 114–

15, 134, 187, 652–53, 657, 676n164, 679n185, 685–86, 698–703, 711 as a reading strategy, 97 as a religious/theological commitment, 100–101,

106, 171, 179n62, 190, 194, 199, 689, 699n330 anxiety and health, 620, 621nn92–93, 624, 626,

292, 294, 315n42, 323n92, 342n209, 352–54, 436n54, 474–75, 517, 534n229, 565, 568, 705n358 Assemblies of God Theological Seminary, 1:xvi,

627n131, 633n163, 635n173 Apache people, the, 547 Apollonius of Tyana, 30, 31n60, 46, 48, 50–56, 66,

266n9, 282, 457n136, 475, 282 astonishment 579, 782–83 apologetic, antimagical, 46, 46–47n96, 53–54, 70, 89 apologists, Christian, use of miracle claims in following ancient miracle experiences, 28, 32 following modern miracle experiences, 28n46, contemporary use of, 120n67, 194–95 detractors toward, 119, 141, 145n221, 163n339,

214–15n20, 246n197, 268, 272, 280, 282, 286, 291, 304, 320, 321, 326, 331n139, 343, 346, 347,

350, 355, 410, 415–16, 417n495, 418, 419n523, 420–21, 422n553, 442, 449, 450, 451n112, 452,

473, 476, 489, 491, 495, 496, 499, 501, 502, 503n497, 510n12, 516–17, 526, 529, 532, 533,

536, 556, 560, 565, 569, 571n439, 576, 578, 655, 667, 676n163, 682n207, 683, 688, 705n358,

708n378, 717, 728, 732, 737–38, 816n187, 842 astrology, 62, 694, 809n127 atheism 166, 172, 194 historic use of, 30n54, 62, 64n270, 120–21,

131n135, 194, 362, 363, 376n145, 378 Apostolic churches (note: a wide range of churches employ this label), 218n42, 229n110, 809n132

Apostolic Faith Mission, 323, 419n522 Apostolic Fathers. See patristic sources Appalachia, 302n265, 415n478, 641n218 apparitions, 804, 830, 834, 835n323, 874, 875n50 of saints, 384–85, 412, 864 Aquinas, Thomas. See Thomas Aquinas Arabian peninsula, 828. See also Saudi Arabia aretalogies, 31n60, 51, 61, 95n71 Argentina, 255n253, 334n159, 341n207, 827n267 author's former, 113n23, 117n43, 208, 674n153,

733, 742, 766, 853 conversions from, 299, 304, 318, 353, 484, 677n171 diversity among, 695n305 methodological, 179 healing reports, 339–40, 419, 520, 571, 706n364

Index of Subjects open-minded, 447, 537, 644 philosophers of religion and, 111, 740 presupposing, 113, 117, 139–40, 152n269, 159,

373, 379n165, 380, 383n207, 393n304, 411–12, 414n473, 426n3, 434, 437, 440, 444–45, 445–46, 446–47, 448n107, 495, 496n426, 497,

501, 504, 514n47, 515, 532, 533, 552n339, 568, 569–70, 573, 669, 816n187, 846, 881 Latin America, 260n271, 343, 345, 349–50,

179, 184n85, 186n103, 187, 190n129, 195, 196n162, 202, 558, 700n334, 712, 743 scientists and, 111–12, 689, 692 atonement and healing, theology of the, 307n299,

351–52, 354–57, 571n436 medical missionaries, 45n85 visions or dreams, 875n47 Barth, Karl, 115n36, 206, 389, 843 Baxter, Elizabeth, 391n283, 392 Baxter, J. Sidlow, 472 Baxter, Richard, 378 Bayes, Thomas, 153 Bayesian probability calculations, 152n274, 153–54

Baylor University, 112n22, 870n3 Beattie, James, 224n77, 225 Bede, the Venerable, 368n65, 523, 544, 590n547,

390–91, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 405n398 attention seekers, 251n235, 252, 459n153, 460,

466n209, 614 audible voice, auditions (or non-audible voices when related to healings or other miracles, etc.), 323,

379, 382, 415, 440, 450, 462n181, 475, 504, 529, 588n538, 589n542, 590–91 hallucinatory cases, 872n10 from other spirits, 841 when related to callings, 589n542, 878 Augustine of Canterbury, 367 Augustine of Hippo, 130, 359, 364–65, 511, 523,

879n73 Belgium, 527, 684n225, 801n88 Belize, 345 Benedict, Pope, 8 Benedict, Saint, 366, 544 Benedictines, 44n84, 372n107, 479, 482, 484n344

Bengel, Johann Albrecht, 367n53, 373n113, 544, 620, 695n305, 726n94, 786, 872n12, 874 as eyewitness, 359, 364, 365 Australia, 1:xvi, 295, 319, 406, 416n484, 421n545,

422n546, 451, 472n256, 476n276, 480, 485n347, 505n513, 524, 527n171, 793n35, 880 awe, in definitions of miracles, 130, 131n131, 178,

378n161, 388n251 Benin, 840n360, 847n416 Bennett, Dennis, 474, 605n10, 606n11 Bennett, George, 409 Bernard of Clairvaux, 368–69, 373n118, 544n289

Bhengu, Nicholas, 323n92, 416n488, 524n134 big bang, the, 105, 110n14, 115n35, 116–17, 126,

679n185 Aymara people, the, 810n135 Azande people, the, 824n245 Aztecs, 223n67 Azusa Street Mission and revival, 408n427,

414n472, 415, 419, 547, 548, 876n60 156n296, 182 Bingham, Rowland, 398, 400 biographies, Gospels as, 14, 32n70, 35–36, 45,

Babalola, Joseph, 552n341, 847n412 Babbage, Charles, 152, 168 babies. See infants, healings of Bacon, Francis, 81n108, 121, 693n292, 739–

69n23, 858, 865 biographies of saints, 31n61. See also hagiography bioinformatics, 184 bites, 739n152. See also snakes, snakebite black holes, 136 bloodletting, 391n284, 637, 811n142 Blumhardt, Johann Christoph, 390n274, 726n93

40n153. See also Baconian induction, Baconian probability Baconian induction, Baconian probability, 136,

154n285 Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich, 176 Bain, Richard, 468n223, 487n360 Baker, Rolland and Heidi, 330–32, 556, 669, 716

Balcolme, Dennis, 329n126 Banneker, Benjamin, 224n76 Bantu peoples, 795n52 baptism and healing, 299n242, 363, 364, 641n217, healing and other extranormal reports, 177, 388–

89, 391, 392, 461n170, 511–12, 524, 545, 592, 604n4, 709n378, 726n94, 843, 845 Boardman, William, 391–92, 394 Boddy, Alexander, 395n319, 397n335 Bohr, Niels, 174n17 Bolivia, 230n116, 340, 357n307, 810n135 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 389n273 Boniface, 368, 844 Bonnke, Reinhard, 232n131, 323–24, 458, 555–56,

785, 812n155, 844n38 Baptists, 393n304, 421n541, 734n131 Africa, 320, 323, 515, 552n339, 669, 809n133,

813, 816n187 Asia, 240, 275, 276, 277, 281n116, 458, 563 healing, views on, 227n96, 298n231, 393,

655n71, 671n138, 875n47 Booth, William, 875n47, 877n66 bori cults, 792n26, 794n40, 796n58 Borneo, 530, 852 Bosco, Saint John, 588n536 Bostock, Bridget, 380–81 424n578, 649 healing and reports of supernatural experiences,

240, 260n271, 267, 275, 276, 277, 281n116, 303n270, 306n288, 343, 345, 349–52, 354–57,

Index of Subjects

Bosworth, F. F., 420, 422 Botswana, 240n158, 458n143 boundary conditions, implicit for natural laws, 134,

Cameroon, 240n158, 515, 557, 595, 809n133, 813, 816, 848n418, 849 Campos, Margarita, 355 Canada, 384, 387n249, 393, 401, 419n526, 462n178,

135n159, 182, 183 Boyle, Robert, 121–22, 140n191, 141n202, 194, 486, 488–89, 521n108, 527n171, 534n226, 562,

625n118, 670, 730–32, 744, 793n36 Candomblé, 795n45 Cane Ridge revival, 876n60 Cape Verde Islands, 312n13, 591n552 Capro, 327 Carey, William, 240n162 Caribbean, 225, 352, 514, 546, 571–72, 592n561,

196n162, 820n212 Braide, Garrick Sokari, 228, 312n13, 591, 846, 849 Branham, William, 424n570, 618n73, 842n378

Brazil, 818n201 healing and other reports of supernatural experiences (Christian movements), 255n253,

266, 339n182, 342–43, 379n164, 400n360, 520, 571, 878n70 Pentecostals, 236n147, 237, 292n191, 341n205,

640n212. See also specific countries Carloman, death of, 111 Carrel, Alexis, 681n202, 683, 685, 699n327

Carter, R. Kelso, 397–98 case study methodology, value of, 152, 255–56, 257, 342–43, 400n360, 671n139, 794n41, 817n190 spiritist healers, 244, 246n201, 342, 614n48,

793n36, 794, 795n45, 796n58, 812, 817n190,

Brethren, 444n90 Brethren, Plymouth, 390n280 Brown, Michael, 324 Bryan, William Jennings, 696n312 Buber, Martin, 872n11 Bucer, Martin, 373n118, 374 Buddhism, 124n90, 197n164, 205, 245n191,

292, 434, 455, 467, 495, 687n250, 710 Casey, Solanus, 412 Castaneda, Carlos, 830n286 catharsis, 823n234, 871n7 Catherine of Siena, 375n133, 544n289 Catholics, 217n37, 233n136, 641n217, 692n283,

693n293, 695n305, 795n47, 803n99, 806n112 African, 311n9, 313n24, 315n41, 316n48, 317n56,

285n130, 290, 565, 582–83n503, 627–28n135, 789n7, 792n34, 793n34, 802nn90, 92, 808n124,

810n135, 814, 828, 843n383, 850, 858n1, 881n82 Bulgaria, 498n451, 799n76 Bultmann, Rudolf, 8, 11, 23n12, 26n34, 27n38, 36,

326n116, 333n149, 516, 808n122, 813, 850, 877 Asian, 265n6, 277nn77, 83, 278, 617–18n73,

817n189 Caribbean, 352 charismatic movement, 29n50, 214n17, 216n29, 230n116, 233, 237, 273n56, 277n83, 278, 326n116, 333n149, 342n209, 396n328, 400n360, 480–81, 482, 485n347, 505n514, 617n67, 643n226, 824nn242, 244, 841 hospitals, 45n85 Latin American, 260n271, 340–41, 342n209, 343,

178, 179, 180n67, 201, 203, 205–7, 214, 215, 389, 707n370 Buntain, Mark, 529 Bunyan, John, 875n47 burden of proof (and bar of evidence for it), 26, 108,

110–11, 144n217, 148–49n245, 167, 187, 213, 250, 255, 470, 601, 603, 604–5, 607, 625n116,

647, 653, 658n82, 662, 667, 675, 676, 686, 699, 700–704, 722, 739, 742–43, 838 Burkina Faso, 315, 878 Burton, William, 398–99, 551 Bush, Luis, 265n6 Bushnell, Horace, 390n282, 394n310 Butler, Joseph, 158n313 357, 379n164 Majority World, 226 miracle beliefs, 204, 233, 237, 256n261, 352n279,

357–58, 385, 386n243, 560, 617n67, 685, 812n155, 813nn161–62, 843n381 miracle dossiers, 4n5, 253, 543, 713 miracle reports, 204, 259, 265n6, 267, 275n68,

277n77, 285n130, 340–41, 352, 357n305, 379nn164–65, 384–87, 412, 449, 461n165, 468–70, 476n277, 479–84, 505n514, 516, 522,

573n449, 590, 675–87, 713, 718n45, 745n181, 819n210, 845 Pentecostals and Protestant charismatics, callings, and healing, 410, 419n520, 447, 527n171,

533, 534, 535. See also audible voice, auditions; dreams: callings and; visions: callings and Calvary Chapel, 706n362 Calvin, Calvinism, 111n19, 114, 131n132, 175n24, relationship to, 341n206, 459, 461, 484n344

See also Lourdes; saints causation, agnosticism about, Humean, 136–37, 373, 377, 382n197, 421n541, 622n94, 693n293,

812n155, 823n238, 877n63. See also sovereignty of God Cambodia, 276, 563n392 Cambridge University, 109n10, 127, 128, 169n379,

147–48, 151, 607–8, 719n56 causation or causality, levels of, 129n117, 137n170, 180n66, 183n81, 184, 647n10, 693n292, 702n337 Celestial Church of Christ, 552n341 178n52, 224, 247, 420n532, 518

Index of Subjects celestial prodigies, 80–82, 613 Celsus, 25, 54n177, 94, 362, 782 Celtic traditions, 85n2, 366n45 Central African Republic, 318 Cerullo, Morris, 469n240 cessationism, cessationists, Protestant, 204n210,

China, Chinese culture, 296, 393n300, 627n135 ethnic Chinese believers outside China, 290 healing reports, Christian, 236n149, 264, 266,

296–308, 368n60, 406, 407, 418, 471–72, 514, 518, 529, 566–67, 646n3, 728n105, 757 history of, 37n11 house churches, 266, 296, 301, 303n272, 518 indigenous churches, 305n285, 306, 878n70 indigenous medical missionaries in, 45n85 interpretations of illness, 98n89 non-Christian historic Chinese culture 209, 237n150, 259n269, 260–62, 290–91, 296,

357n308, 364, 376, 393n304, 424n578, 441, 452, 514n47, 522, 707n369, 878n68, 882n86 accounts of miracles in heyday of cessationism,

373, 377–79 hard cessationism, 260nn272–73, 261, 287n140, paranormal beliefs in, 223, 296n213, 300n250,

288, 297n218, 313n23, 316, 352n279, 360n5, 376n140, 377, 558n377 hard cessationism and the argument against 301n252 paranormal reports in, 296, 587n530, 798n65,

799–801 practices addressing spirits in, 801–2, 810, biblical miracles, 376–77 moderate cessationism, 260n273, 261, 377, 400,

811n142, 828 rural, 264, 297n222, 298, 300, 301n250, 302, 304 supernatural experiences besides healing,

403n379, 729n113 reaction against perceived extremes, intelligible, 261n276, 262, 352n279, 374, 395, 882n86 chance, 116n37, 117n43, 123n87, 182n75, 251,

Christian accounts of, 329n126, 586, 589nn541–42, 590n544, 595n583, 813n161, 815, 835, 876, 878n70 Three-Self Church, 264, 266, 296–97, 301,

374n131, 467n214, 609n25, 631–32, 647, 687n251, 741n160. See also coincidence, as explanation; randomness charismatic Catholics. See Catholics: charismatic

301n255, 567 urban, 301n250, 304, 305 China Gospel Fellowship, 296n216 China Inland Mission, 298n231, 393n300, 420n532 chiropractic, 727n98 movement charismatics, charismatic churches, 204, 232–35,

414n471, 881n82 in Africa, 217–18, 311n11, 312n15, 322 in Asia, 285n129, 289, 303n272 diverse, 842n378 healing reports, 232, 289, 456, 484–94, 615nn51, early, 636n178, 649 Cho, David Yonggi, 292, 877n66 Christ Apostolic Church, 399n348 Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA),

55, 640 in mainline denominations, 273, 313, 402, 433n32, 226n88, 322n85, 393–94, 398, 422, 524n138

Christian assemblies, 346 Christian Broadcasting Network, 232n131, 238n154 Christian Medical and Dental Associations, 620n88

Christian Pentecostal Church of Cuba, 347, 348, 532 Christian Science, 197n164, 258n267, 397n334,

437n59 (see esp. specific denominations) scholars, 470n244 (see also Pentecostalism,

Pentecostals: academic Pentecostalism) See also Pentecostalism, Pentecostals; specific denominations (e.g., Anglicans: charismatic movement/renewal movements; Catholics: charismatic movement) or movements (e.g.,

Vineyard movement) charms, 284, 318, 603, 614, 780, 799n74, 630n146. See also mind sciences Christlieb, Theodore, 262n278, 288n153, 367n53,

373n113 Christology and Jesus's miracles, 26–27, 61n232, 64n269, 76n76, 203n203, 261, 579, 611–12,

633n163 Chubb, Thomas, 165, 166n361 Church Army, 409n437, 572n443 church history and miracle reports, 359–425, 762n1

807nn117–18, 810, 814, 846n405, 849, 851,

Chavda, Mahesh, 457, 553 chelation therapy, questionability of, 466 chemistry, chemists, 129n115, 141n202, 183, 194, reason for greater focus on particular eras, 360

Church of God, 268n10, 286nn132–33, 316n49, 336n169, 337n172, 559, 641n216, 692n286,

820n212, 853 Chesterton, G. K., 214n12, 386n243, 401n365 chi gong, chi, 301n250, 627n135, 791n23, 802n91 children praying for the sick, 306n288, 406,

349, 398n346, 435–36, 532n213, 553, 571n441, 592n561, 593n569, 595n577, 605n9, 847 Church of God in Christ, 413n469, 546, 548–49

Church of Pentecost, 313n24 circularity of argument against any miracles, 187, 417n504, 500, 520n97, 796n55 seeing visions, 876 Chile, 237, 260n271, 339n182, 354–57, 524n134,

188, 300n249, 425, 455–56, 509, 541, 579, 605n8, 609–10, 616n58, 636, 644, 646, 656,

661, 664n113, 674, 676, 677–78, 685–86, 533, 571, 597n588

Index of Subjects

complexity, levels of, 110n14, 111n20, 115n36, 690–91, 698, 699, 700, 702, 705–6, 707, 711,

739–40, 742, 758, 763. See also Hume, David: circularity of argument regarding miracles

Clark, Randy, 343n217, 489 Clarke, Samuel, 131n129 class prejudice in evaluating healing/supernatural

124–25n94, 126n104, 126n108, 135, 136, 152, 181n70, 183, 184, 199n180, 646n3, 687n249,

700n333, 701–2n337, 703n345 compounding of improbabilities. See coincidence, as explanation: and cumulative improbabilities confessing despite symptoms, belief in, 397, 398, reports, 103, 146n225, 147n232, 172, 205–6,

215n24, 217n36, 225n83, 235, 301n252, 402, 403, 405, 409, 414, 426–27n5, 454–55,

456n132, 485n347, 577n469, 652, 677n168, 689n269, 743, 761–62, 831, 833n312. See also status, social, and healing/supernatural reports cognitive dissonance, 248, 540n270, 737n143,

420–21n537, 613n43. See also denial; standing in faith Confucianism, 197n164, 297n218, 306n285,

802n91 Congo (Brazzaville), 227n98, 266, 310, 315–16, 319n70, 332–38, 517, 557–63, 596, 597n588,

675, 734, 766, 767, 805n110, 850, 853–55 Congo (Kinshasa), 227, 316n46, 398n345, 830n290 coherence, criterion of, 24n19, 580n484 coincidence, as explanation, 86, 90n38, 117, 130–

399n348, 408n427, 516–17, 553, 718, 758n235, 766, 805n111, 806n116, 847n416, 849, 850n432 consciousness, as philosophic argument, 117n43,

31n129, 271n36, 327, 443, 486, 509n3, 510n12, 537n247, 537–38n249, 539, 540, 563, 575,

576–77, 580, 583n505, 586n526, 591, 597n588, 646, 662n105, 678n177, 703, 708, 854, 855,

870n4, 871n4, 881n82, 883 and cumulative improbabilities, 541–42, 556, 126n104, 179n61, 700n336 consensus, as epistemic method, 109n9, 113,

125n99, 199n181, 200, 203, 691, 733, 761 Constantine, 874n44 contextualization, 217–18, 221n57, 231n125,

558, 561, 575, 592n558, 599, 609, 610, 631–32, 643n227, 646, 647, 657–58, 662–63, 666, 668,

674, 686, 687, 699n327, 701n336, 711, 718n46, 719n56, 736, 737, 739, 742, 757–58, 762, 839,

855–56, 882–84 and hypothetical statistical estimates, 758n233, 289n169, 290n173, 301n250, 312n15, 334n159,

794nn40–41, 808n122, 860 contingency miracles, 110n11 controlled studies, 257n266, 467n214, 608n23,

658n82, 665–67, 678n175, 704–5, 708–11 conversions in relation to healing or other

Collins, Bruce, 320, 489, 517 Collins, Francis, 123n87 Colombia, 340n194, 343, 344, 396n328, 457, extranormal experiences, 232, 241nn164, 168,

253n243, 265, 268, 271–74, 276–79, 281, 284, 286, 287, 289, 290, 292n185, 296n216,

297nn221, 223, 298–302, 304, 306n285, 315, 317, 318, 322, 323, 328, 332, 340, 343, 344,

346, 348, 353, 356, 362, 363, 366, 368n59, 418, 422, 488, 510n6, 512n29, 516, 518n84, 519,

524, 527, 528, 529n184, 530, 535, 553n355, 554, 565, 567, 570, 575, 590nn544, 547, 594,

595n577, 657n79, 684n230, 724, 748, 756, 798n65, 802n93, 813n165, 814n170, 815, 816,

840n360, 844–46, 847n408, 848, 849–52 Cooke, A. E., 399n351, 648 Cook Islands, 588n539 Copernicus, 201n186, 693, 694n297 coping mechanisms, and religion, 343n219,

458n143, 532, 570–71, 597n588, 726–27, 775n57 colonialism, 212n9, 223–24, 227, 228, 240, 249,

395n321, 399n348, 506n520, 829n281 Columba, 367, 509n5, 544, 844, 858 Columbia Biblical Seminary, 320n77 commands, spiritual, 70, 421n544, 424, 486–87,

526, 531, 539, 540, 544, 565, 574, 587n532, 592n558, 596, 646n4, 726n93, 785n177, 786–

87, 812, 814. See also name of Jesus, commands in the Comoro Islands, the, 795 compassion and healing, 68, 258, 297n221, 301,

374n132, 389n274, 421n543, 459n153, 479n295, 626n126, 628n140, 643n227, 767,

competition, interand intrareligious, 244n177, 586n526, 622, 625–26, 630n143, 637n180,

1 Corinthians, 58n209 cosmological argument, 120n64 Costa Rica, 346, 350, 812n154 Côte d'Ivoire, 228n102, 322, 518, 553 Council of Trent, 375n136. See also Counter

258, 259, 290, 300n250, 339n188, 342, 361n10, 363, 509, 530, 561, 594, 595, 617n73, 672n146,

793n38, 817n189, 831n300, 843, 846, 848n418, 849–52, 859n10, 864. See also polemic:

Protestant against Catholic miracle claims; power encounters complementarity, 174n17 Reformation Counter Reformation, 375 course in miracles, 397n334 Cox, Harvey, 232, 426n5

Index of Subjects miracles in Scripture and, 23n13, 54n176, 118–19, Crandall, Chauncey, 429n18, 531, 577 creationists, young earth, 696nn311–13. See also

miracles or supernatural and, 130, 132, 142n204, design arguments, divine; evolution: theistic

Cree people, healers among the, 247, 834–35n323 critical evaluation of paranormal reports, 601–711

165, 166, 175, 202, 376nn140, 142, 145, 379n166, 537, 558, 820n212 natural law and, 130n122, 131nn132–33 as a new religion, 101n109, 118nn50–51 not initially emphasizing determinism, 121n74 view of natural law (later), 122n80 weakness, philosophic, 141n195 demonization. See possession demons by ancient historians, 89–95 importance of, 101n109, 105n127, 109, 187, 372,

374, 592n563, 609, 690n272 (see also fraud/ fabrication; gullibility) other paranormal reports differ from faith beliefs,

429n270 critical realism, 607n16, 704n348 Crosby, Fanny, 512n26 cross, sign of the, 412 Crossway College, 1:xvi crucifixes, paranormal reports about, 369n77, 840, ancient Jewish views of, 773–76 ancient Mediterranean views of, 769–76 ancient Near Eastern views of, 770n5, 774n44 attribution of miracles to, 163n339, 196n162,

260n273, 373n118, 374, 386n236 attribution of paranormal activities to, 567n412,

Cuba, 214, 266, 310, 335n165, 345–48, 385–

belief in, 204n210, 309, 362n13, 780, 837 (see also 86n234, 532, 533, 571, 589n540, 757, 812n154,

816, 852 Cuban Council of Churches, 346 Cullis, Charles, 391, 394n311, 397, 398n341, spirits: belief in) demonizing earlier spirits, 216n32, 278nn98–99,

772, 803nn96, 100, 809n132, 817n190 encounters with, reports of, 586n527, 850, 861 extreme demonologies, 291n173, 613n41, 819n209,

401n366 cumulative improbabilities. See coincidence, as explanation: and cumulative improbabilities curses, 49, 50n138, 595, 775n57, 782n148,

836n336, 839n357, 841n375, 842, 852, 855 haunts, 775, 783 (see also haunting claims) protection against, in antiquity, 779–81 resistance against religion, reported, 840–41 sickness and, 364, 567n416, 775n57 (see also

798nn65, 67, 805, 807, 808nn125–26, 816, 819n203, 827n269, 836, 840, 845, 847 Cuthbert, 369n77 spirits: sickness and) specialist demons, 774–75 See also daimones; spirits demythologizing, 203, 205–6n218, 221 denial, 434, 461n170, 619, 639n203. See also daimones, 770–72, 776–77, 778, 782 Dallimore, A. H., 302n265, 396n322, 408n427,

648n14 dance epidemics, 790n11, 828n271 dancing confessing despite symptoms, belief in Denmark, 368, 624n108 dentists, 293, 349, 351, 354, 468n227 depression, 381, 621–22, 624, 625nn118, 120, to induce trance states, 793–95, 799n74 to remove spirits, 810 Daniel, Christopher, 285–86, 518, 529 Daoism, 296n213, 798n65, 802n92, 811n142, 828

Dartmouth, 121 Darwin, Charles, 168, 173n5, 214n12, 693n293, 627nn130–31 cures of, 309, 328, 354, 622n94, 717 Descartes, René, 97, 102, 114, 122n80, 131n132,

695–96n308 Dawkins, Richard, 117n42 Day, Albert E., 410 death, psychological coping with, 621n93, 622, 624,

148n238, 607n16, 694 design arguments, divine compatibility with evolution in some formulations, 116n37, 124n89 Darwin's approach, 696n308 general, 123n87, 128–29n115, 199 historic approach, 116n37, 142n203, 182n75

Hume's approach, possibly, 142n202 Kant's approach, 179n58 Kepler's approach, 693–94 Newton's approach, 141n202, 693 in physical sciences and cosmology, 117, 129n15 in theology and philosophy, 11n18, 140–41n195,

627n131 deconstructionism, 219n48 deductive approach, 126n105, 134n153, 135n159,

161, 166, 175, 694n303 Deeper Life Bible Church, 326–27, 487n361 deferred explanations. See antisupernaturalism: notyet-discovered explanations, appeal to deism, deists, 696n309 apparent effects on Western Christianity, 240n159,

260, 312n15, 376 contrast with early scientists, 122, 141n202, 162

See also fine tuning

Index of Subjects

determinism, 114, 121 dreams, 870–84 mechanism rejected by Newton, 122n81 rejected by modern physics, 123, 124, 135 self-defeating philosophically, 123n86 development of miracle stories, 31, 69n20, 79n91, 360, ancient, 872–74 anthropology and, 870n2 callings and, 877 conversion and, 289, 586, 849–50, 852, 878–79 healing and 369n74, 548, 580–81, 764, 857–59, 863, 865, 866

Dictionary of African Christian Biography, 255n255 DiOrio, Ralph, 352, 468–70 disabled in cult of Asclepius, 39 in history, 383, 416, 862 today, 289, 322, 334, 335, 503, 655n71, 705n358, empowerment of, 603n2, 643 mistreatment of, 305n281, 603n2 Disciples of Christ, 437 dispensationalism, 395n320 dissection, anatomical, 367n53 dissimilarity, criterion of, 24n19 dissociative identity disorder (DID), 789n8, 818,

730, 849, 879–80 historic (after antiquity), 372, 383nn210, 214, 874–75 Majority World, 240, 247, 249, 288, 289, 875–76 natural explanations, 873–74 neurological state, 821n223, 871–72 paired visions or dreams, 873, 878n70 predictive (see predictions) psychology and, 870n2 relics and, ancient, 364n35, 371n91 spiritual attacks involved in, 853, 854, 854n456,

840n360 dissociative states, 631, 793n38, 795n50, 821, 823n234. See also trance experiences distant intercessory prayer successful, 295, 411, 478n290, 514n45, 708,

875n50 drums, 245–46n195, 540, 793–94, 798n73, 822n225, 708–9n378, 840 unsuccessful, 708–9 (see also prayer, efficacy of,

871n7 dualism, 628n140 controlled studies) divination, 55, 218, 248n218, 312n15, 640nn211– anthropological, 100n102, 102, 114n31, 179n61,

12, 774, 795, 806, 817n190, 840, 845n399, 881n82, 882n82 divine man paradigm, 51–58 DNA, 124, 184, 620n87, 666 doctors 219n45 cosmic, 203n197, 243n173 Duke Center for Spirituality, Theology, and Health,

620n88 Duke University, 447, 548, 620, 742, 837n342, 839 Duma, William, 323, 551, 551–52n339 Durham, William, 423n560 Durkheim, Émile, 190n129, 646n7, 690n274

Dyson, Freeman, 129n115, 881n82 beliefs, 427–28, 650, 652–53, 658n86, 721 (see also health professionals and spiritual healing; medicine: compatibility with faith in healing) doctors' personal testimonies, 310–11, 317, 326,

333n150, 345, 351–52, 353, 354n290, 391–92, 401, 404, 422, 434, 435, 439, 453, 461–62, 463–

64, 468n229, 469, 471–72, 482, 490, 503n493, 505n514, 513–14, 515–16, 521, 527, 528, 531,

532, 534, 546n307, 575–79, 650n38, 656, 660–61, 673–74, 680, 683, 712, 714, 717–18,

718–19, 727, 733n130, 836, 849 often not informed of their patients' prayers, 673 prayer with or for patients, 427, 428, 453, 527, earthquakes or shaking, 587, 589n541, 590

East African revival, 314, 875n51 Eastern University, 1:xvi Ecuador, 339n182, 352–54, 534, 598n591 ecumenicity/interdenominational (transdenominational cooperation), 279, 313n23, 353n284, 357,

387n248, 390, 392n291, 395, 412, 413, 414n471, 414–15, 423, 437, 461, 596, 676, 877n62 Eddy, Mary Baker, 397n334. See also Christian

528, 576–78, 621n91, 650n38, 719, 720, 721 Dominican Republic, 339n182, 351, 449 Dones de Reyes, Marilú, 351–52 Donne, John, 131n129 double standard Science Edwards, Jonathan, 379n166, 381 Église Évangélique du Congo, 332–33, 557–63,

880n80 Église Évangélique SIM au Burkina Faso, 878n68 Egypt (modern), 406, 627n131, 628n139, 792n28, early modern vs. modern healing claims, 260, 376,

632n162, 654 in evaluating cures, 650, 697–99 Dowie, John Alexander, 42, 228n103, 386n243,

Einstein, Albert, 116n38, 128, 199, 253n249 electricity, feeling of, 307, 318, 478n295, 527. See

394n308, 395–96, 402n376, 414, 726n91 downward causation, 115n36. See also top-down also heat, feeling of Elijah and/or Elisha, as models, 15, 37n10, 51, 57, information input and cosmology Draper, Minnie, 524n138 drawing out illness, 411n448, 795 58n213, 59, 60, 71–73, 76, 78, 79n97, 96, 262,

538n250, 581n490, 590–91, 767

Index of Subjects Elim, 399n352 El Salvador, 457n143, 520 Embassy of God, 491 emergence, 109n8, 115n36, 123n87, 179n61, epistemic miracles, suggestion of, 878n70 of Hume, 136–38 open approaches, 791 presuppositions, 8, 93 scientific method not the only accepted method

687n249 Emmanuel movement, 408n426 emotion, 253n242, 306n289, 383, 384, 400, 402, in other disciplines, 151–52, 173, 174, 184–85,

187, 219n48, 831n293 skepticism in, 114n31, 607, 608, 663, 687 (see also 414, 459, 468, 524, 527, 529, 530n202, 531, 533,

554, 617–19, 626, 630n143, 635n169, 637n190, 639n203, 642, 871n7, and passim empiricism, 126n108, 136, 149, 162 Hume, David) Erskine Theological Seminary, 840n363 escape/rescue miracles, reports of, 178n52, 181, early empiricists supporting miracles, 143 (see also

280n112, 378n155, 587. See also sea deliverance stories eschatology, realized, 61n233, 262, 485n346

Eskimos, 832, 877n65. See also Iñupiat people, the Esses, Michael, 615n50 Estonia, 490, 521n108 ethics, exclusion of, 173 Ethiopia, 792n28, 841n369, 863–65 Locke, John) not the sole epistemic method for all disciplines,

151–52, 173, 174, 184–85, 187, 219n48, 608–9, 646n3, 664, 665–67, 693n292, 695n304,

699n328, 703, 705n355 self-defeating epistemologically if treated in isolation, 174, 199 value and limitations, 697n318 encephalitis, 469n233 England, 44n84, 120–21, 178n52, 392, 409, 433n33, miracle reports, 275n68, 318–19, 320–21,

361n7, 370, 439, 517–18, 524nn131, 134, 531, 550, 552, 553, 669, 715, 749n219, 757, 813,

837n337, 855 ethnic reconciliation, 274, 395n321, 406, 414n472, 472n256 healing or miracle reports, 379, 390, 391n286,

407–8, 415–16, 421–22, 435, 462n181, 522, 527–28, 590n547, 685 See also Scotland; United Kingdom Enlightenment 419n522, 877n62 ethnocentrism, 2, 166, 213, 214n20, 216n31, 219,

222–25, 290n173, 454–55, 743, 762, 828, 829–30 Eucharist and healing. See sacramental healing

Europe, 828n271 claims to objectivity criticized, 99, 102, 221 (see also postmodernism) French, 131n135, 366n49, 691, 696 historical precedents, 867, 869 influence on Protestantism, 260, 280, 375–77 miracles, openness toward, 108 (see also Locke, and healing, 229n115, 387–90, 392, 393, 405, 406

(see also specific countries) status of evangelization (medieval), 367n54, 368 Evangelical Brethren, 516 Evangelical Church Fellowship of Ethiopia,

John; scientists: early English scientists, and theism) miracles, skepticism toward, and, 5, 66–67n5, 85,

552n343 Evangelical Church of India, 277 Evangelical Church of SIM in Burkina Faso,

216, 705n356, 743, 762, 766 (see also Hume, David) political abuse of, 99n95, 172–73n3 reaction against, 99n95, 174–75, 378–79,

878n68 Evangelical Church of West Africa, 259, 327, 594n572 Evangelical Free Church, 314n33 Evangelical Missionary Church of Canada, 732

Evangelicals, 233n135, 234, 381, 387–94, 415n478, 386n241, 429n20 valuable insights in the, 99n95, 102n112 enthusiasm, religious, criticism of, 225n83, 376, 401,

824n241, 842n378 Epicureanism, 116n37, 119n56, 182n75 epidemics, 313n19, 362n12, 605n10, 704n351,

424, 472, 577n469, 692n283, 695–96n308, 875n48 miracle beliefs, 260n272 miracle reports, 204, 240n161 See also specific denominations Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 589n543, 804n105 evil eye, 49n124 evolution, 609, 705n355 804n106 Episcopalians, 405, 406, 408n426, 409, 428n16,

437, 442, 452, 472, 474, 476, 501, 533–34n224, 614n49, 725, 841. See also Anglicans epistemology authority approach, widespread in challenges to compatibility with design in some formulations, religion, 109n9, 113, 125n99, 165, 179–80,

199n181, 200, 676n161 competing approaches, 104, 109n9, 607, 608n19 of Descartes, 97, 607n16 116n37, 124n89 theistic, 11n18, 116n37, 117, 693n293, 695–

96n308, 701n337

Index of Subjects

evolution of religion paradigm, 193n143, 820n215, psychiatrists' and psychologists' reports of 830n288 exaggeration, 16, 239n155, 251, 253n248, 260, 267, experiences with spirits, 837–41 psychological factors, 814, 817, 822n228, 852, 855

288, 297n223, 324n97, 385, 419n521, 445n93, 455, 581, 592–93n563, 597–98, 613, 646, 648,

654, 664, 678n175, 679n182, 845n399 exercise, 399n353, 624, 627n133 existentialism, 206n220 exorcism/deliverance, 421n541, 613 (see also projection) psychological and psychiatric approaches, 817,

818, 820n216 syncretistic elements cited, 617–18n73, 817n190, 819n206 traditional societies, 786n195, 810–11, 848 experience Africa, 313, 314, 315, 316n48, 317n57, 318, 364,

786n195, 794n41, 810, 811, 813–14, 816, 819, 826, 843n382, 847, 850, 851n443 ancient, 780, 781–87 Asia, 273n54, 277, 278n98–99, 280, 296, anthropological and sociological use of, 2, 246–50,

256, 455, 828n280 in charismatic epistemology, 198n172, 256n260 dependence on, 137, 147–48 limitations of dependence only on one's own, 104,

297n218, 298, 304n273, 306n285, 307n291, 567n416, 798n65, 810, 811, 814, 815, 817, 835,

848, 849 centrality of in the Gospels, 24n14, 769n1 Christians in late antiquity, 221n57, 362–64,

141n199, 147–49, 156, 162, 167n368, 187, 188, 192–93, 205–6, 217, 426–27, 736, 853 nonexperience used to criticize others' experience, problematic, 200, 311n7, 399, 436n53, 509,

648, 649, 653, 657n76, 664, 758, 763–64, 852 (see also eyewitnesses: preferable to nonwitness opinions) philosophic argument, 117n43 subjective vs. objective evaluation, 13n22,

367n53, 785–86, 812, 844 Christians today, 812–16, 834 contortions during, 809n133, 813, 814, 833n309

(see also spirits: moving objects or persons [or other such phenomena], reportedly) conversion and, 289, 315, 362, 363, 785 culturally relevant therapy, as, 817–18, 819n207,

226n93, 250n234, 372n109, 581, 614, 616n63, 664nn111–12, 681, 697, 735n133, 833n310,

870, 875n47 subject to interpretation, 107, 608 (see also 820n215 early modern, 383nn210, 214, 388n251, 394,

729n114 effectiveness of, 810, 814–16, 818nn197, 202, 819, interpretation, dependent on worldview) experimentation and epistemology, 174, 608,

833n309, 856 eschatology and, 775, 784n176 eyewitness reports of, 786, 813–16, 830–31, 837,

681n203, 705n355 extracted substances in traditional healing practices, 244n187, 245nn195–96, 803n96, 831, 832n300 eyewitnesses 838–39, 845n395, 849n424, 856 frightening the spirits, 810 (see also fumigation, accounts from, 1–5, 36, 80, 160, 250, 251, 260, as an ancient exorcism technique or protection against demons) healing and, 775n57, 803n96, 814, 816 interpretation of, 817–43 Islam, practices in, 784n170, 786n195, 809n132,

263, 267, 287n140, 293, 298, 307, 310, 326, 331, 332, and passim author as an eyewitness, 732–39 Gospels and Acts and, 14–16, 30, 33, 82, 99, 219,

733n129, 764–65, 856 Hume's approach to (see Hume, David) massive numbers of, 209–10, 212, 226n91, 232,

810–11, 833 Jesus as exorcist, 784–85, 788 (see also Jesus, historical, as a healer) Jewish and Middle Eastern origins, 33n75,

236–40, 241, 255n253, 264, 265, 277, 279, 284, 288, 297, 405, 407, 423n563, 436, 444, 505–6,

522, 533, 550n330, 743, 762, 764 patristic claims, 29, 359, 362, 363n29, 364, 365,

60n224, 78, 772, 781–82, 783, 784, 786n196 and Karl Barth, 389, 843 Latin America, 341n206, 816 magical connections, 74n56 Majority World, 812 (see also specific regions) medieval, 369, 729n114, 819n210, 844 moving objects or persons (see spirits) nomenclature, 812n154 non-Christian, 786n195, 802n92, 810–12, 814 pain compliance techniques, 810, 811, 812n151,

376n145 preferable to nonwitness opinions, 200, 311n7, 491n388, 721, 732, 734, 736, 758, 763–64 (see also experience: nonexperience used to criticize others' experience, problematic) rejecting claims based on philosophic a prioris,

103, 108, 144, 154, 161–62, 219n46, 239, 250n234, 465n207, 579, 610 reluctant (or risking reputation), examples

814, 843n381 patristic reference to, 62, 362, 363, 785–86 practice of Apollonius, 55, 782–83 of, 231, 249, 288, 460, 471, 577, 597n587,

Index of Subjects 657n80, 690, 706, 719, 722, 732, 733, 836n333, 838 sincerity of, probable, 253, 267, 303n273, 305n278, fire from heaven, or lightning, 580–81, 595, 807n118,

fire walking, 713n2, 798n70, 799 fish jumping into nets, 588 Fleetwood, William, 196n162, 225n81 Flew, Antony, 123n87, 132n142, 150n257, 152n269,

310, 319n73, 324, 325n105, 465–66, 469n239, 470–71, 488n368, 506, 548, 563, 570, 575n461,

615, 618, 658, 664, 730, 742n164, 751, 762, 763 157n301, 169n378. See also this book's index of authors, interviewees, and correspondents

Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center, 1:xvi, 512n26 folk healers, folk medicine, 30n59, 42, 43, 75–76, 80, faith (or its absence), and some miracles belief's health values in a secular sense, 619–20,

in the Gospels, 23, 634, 709n378, 710n393, 785 in history after the Gospels, 364n35, 367n53,

212n9, 220n53, 246n201, 300n250, 327n120, 388, 415n478, 637, 639, 640, 641n218, 780

Foote, Julia, 495n420 forced choice logic, 141, 647, 803n98 Forgione, Pio, 412 forgiveness, 272, 346, 436n55, 438, 451 Foursquare churches, 268n12 Foxe, John, 378, 844n392 fox spirits in traditional religion, 796n55, 800

France/French, 368, 372n107, 375, 379, 380n177, 368n60, 370, 372n111, 373n113, 378, 392, 393,

395, 397, 411n448, 415, 421n543, 591 today, 258, 270, 294, 304, 306n288, 318, 319–20,

344, 357, 387, 403n379, 415n478, 449–50, 461n169, 468, 474, 491, 496, 501n473, 513n40,

514, 529, 531, 535–36, 596, 603n2, 604n2, 669, 710n393, 728, 741n160 See also healing, unexpected; sovereignty of God faith healers. See healing evangelists/ministers faith missions, 398 falling 385, 429, 480, 677n171, 681, 683, 691, 696,

805n108, 853, 883 Francis, Saint, 369, 373n118 fraud/fabrication during exorcism, 617n73, 811n147, 815, 842 during possession experiences, 839 during prayer, 346, 384, 421n541, 824nn241–42, in non-Christian circles, 48–49, 243n173, 244,

413n466, 614, 691n282, 706n364, 799n75 in postbiblical Christian circles, 94, 217,

during spiritual confrontations, 851 false analogy generalizations, 166, 195n158, 456,

218–19n44, 226, 232, 239n155, 251, 253, 258, 259, 319, 342, 356n296, 360n5, 387n245, 400,

409n434, 433n32, 454–55, 464, 466, 469n239, 520n102, 614–16, 651, 653, 671n137, 672–73,

678, 705, 727n98, 743n166, 758 reality or accusations of, 12, 30, 33, 146–47, 197,

485, 615–16, 702, 758 falsifiability, 155, 162, 377n152, 608, 703, 882 fantasy, 190n126 Faraday, Michael, 215n23 fasting, 68, 280n112, 291n178, 292–95, 323, 346,

226, 232, 251, 252, 257, 399n351, 436n55, 537, 540n271, 612, 657n80, 698, 727n99, 730 freedom, divine, 155n289, 182n78 freedom, human, 111n19, 124, 141n197, 184,

380, 418, 514n53, 794n40, 849, 854, 873, 876n55 Father Divine, 605n10, 614n49 feeding miracles, 176, 580, 587–88 fees, for cures, 296n214, 380, 540n264 fetishes or other traditional religious objects,

741n160 Freeman, Hobart, 605–6n11 Free Will Baptists, 393n304 Freud, Sigmund, 190n126, 191, 408, 789n8, 826n258, abandonment of, 561, 724, 748, 756 destruction of, 514, 567, 844n390, 846n407, 847,

875n49 Friends, Society of, 373, 380 Frodsham, Stanley, 648n16 Fulani people, the, 811, 843n383 Fuller School of World Mission, 231, 241

Fuller Theological Seminary, 476 fumigation, as an ancient exorcism technique or 848n419, 850, 851, 852 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 177 Fichte, Immanuel Hermann, 389n271 fideism, 121n69, 175n24, 183n81, 199n179, 376,

699n330 Fife, Sam, 605n10, 612–13, 838n345 Fiji, 294–95, 324n97, 489n376, 793n35, 808

Filadelfia movement, 275n68, 278–79, 510n7, protection against demons, 770, 780n117, 783,

785, 786n195 functionality of an organ when impossible, 438n68, 519n89, 798n65 fine tuning, 129n115 Finney, Charles, 391n286, 875n47 fire, protection from, 593, 595, 862 fire, seeking, or immunity from, 798, 814 fire, tongues of, 589–90 fire, wall of, visionary, 846n405 501, 510n12, 512, 520, 522n114, 528, 597n588,

677n174, 688, 706n366, 744 fundamentalism, 215n20, 309n2, 376, 377n151, 395, 400n357, 401, 409n429, 414n473, 415n478 Galapagos Islands, 593 Galen, 87

Index of Subjects

Galileo, 121, 141n202, 201nn186–87, 693, of, miracle stories in; Matthew, Gospel of, miracle stories in) models for ministry, view that their miracle

693n293, 694, 695 Gallup polls, 204 gambler's fallacy, 883 Gantry, Elmer, 454, 456n132, 482 Ga people, the, 809n131 Gee, Donald, 399, 648n16 gender accounts are, 64n269, 99, 543 more miracles than typical biographies, 15–16,

36, 93 Gould, Stephen Jay, 121n73, 620n87, 695n304, 696n313 Graham, Billy, 260n272, 287n144, 298n231, 454, gender prejudice and healings, 400–401 and marginalization, trance experiences, 824 and religion and health, 628 spirit beliefs and, 833n312 genius (Roman sense), 771; genie (Middle Eastern

455n129 Grant, W. V., 615n52 Gray, Asa, 695–96n308 Great Awakenings, 381, 386n236 Greatrakes, Valentine, 378 Green, Keith, 473 Green, Michael, 231, 273 Greenland, 368n62 Gregory Thaumaturgos, 363n23 grief recovery, 622n95, 626n125 group (vs. individual) experiences involving trance sense), 825n246 Georgia (in Central Asia), 368n59 Germany, 235n146, 305n280, 323, 368, 378n155,

388–89, 399n352, 524, 527n171, 529, 545, 586n529, 589n540, 592, 813, 819n208, 819n210, 827n268, 830n290, 844, 853n455,

Gersonides, 114n30 Ghana, 215n26, 228n102, 310–11, 312n12, 313–14, states or visions, 789–90, 792n27, 795n50,

799n76, 819, 823, 879 growth of churches through healings, exorcisms, or 321–22, 383n209, 394n313, 515–16, 540, 551n334, 656, 706, 747n198, 792n32, 794,

796n58, 799n74, 805n111, 813, 824n241, 836, 847n412, 881n82 ghost dance, 799n74 ghosts other extranormal experiences in antiquity, 221n57, 362, 363, 509 today, 225, 226, 230–31, 232, 240n161, 241, 255,

265, 268, 269, 273, 274, 276–78, 281, 284, 285, 286, 287n140, 288, 289n169, 292, 297, 298,

299, 303, 304, 311, 313, 316, 322, 323, 330n129, 339, 340, 343, 344, 353, 356, 357, 374n130, 498,

509–10, 530, 532, 546, 551, 552, 565, 597n587, 704n350, 812, 835, 840n360, 843, 847 growth of miracle stories. See development of ancient Mediterranean views, 770n7, 771nn12, 14,

775n67, 777, 782 reports of or beliefs about, 3, 88n23, 429, 801–2, 813n164, 827nn267–68, 834, 835n324,

844n392, 853 Gikuyu people, the, 803n96 Giraud, Jacques, 322 Gladstone, William, 109n8, 158n313 Glanvill, Joseph, 140n191, 196n162, 820n212 global awakening, 489–90, 716 global south. See Majority World God miracle stories Guatemala, 237, 350, 457n143, 598, 845n398

Gui-Im Park. See Park, Gui-Im guilt by association. See false analogy generalizations gullibility ancient criticisms of, 82, 89, 92 assumptions of, 193, 609 dangers of, 157, 187, 360, 430–31, 638 Hume's association of religion with, 163n339, 193 limits, 193n145 Guyana, 247, 807n118, 811n146, 881n82 allowing hypothesis of, as neutral, 139, 141, 187,

542n275 character of, 128, 139, 155, 258, 259, 318, 382n204, and passim nature, means of working in, 180–84 (see also nature and theism) popular views of, 128n113 God of the gaps, 187, 700 Gordon, A. J., 393–94, 396, 397, 487n360

Gordon College, Gordon-Conwell Theological hagiography, 63, 360, 363n26, 366, 368n57, 369,

413n466, 544nn288–89, 729n114, 857–66 Haiti, 230n116, 558n376, 571–72, 641n217, 790n14, 793n36, 794n40, 799, 801n88, 821n223, 823–24, 827n268, 843n384, 847, 875n50 hallucination, as explanation, 540, 616, 743n166,

Seminary, 393, 813 gospels (and acts), apocryphal, 15n27, 54, 56, 79, 95n71, 859 Gospels (canonical) 794n43, 830, 831, 834, 841, 870n2, 872n10,

881n82 halos, 860n18 handkerchiefs, 408. See also proxy, prayer or ministry miracle accounts in, 9 (see also Jesus, historical, as a healer; John, Gospel of, and miracle reports;

Luke-Acts, and miracle reports; Mark, Gospel by; relics

Index of Subjects Hanina ben Dosa, 35, 59, 63–64, 72n41, 75, 79, 590 Harnack, Adolf von, 178, 736n140 Harris, William Wadé, 98, 227–28, 312n13, healing claims, particular illnesses reported (among Christian groups unless otherwise specified) abscesses, 335, 350n265, 365, 393, 503, 512 allergies, 353, 468n229, 501 amputations canceled, 272, 282, 303, 326, 409–

640n215, 846, 847n408 Harvard University, 232, 426n5, 479, 637, 701n337 Harvey, William, 141n202 Hasidim, 205n213 haunting claims, 429n20, 782, 801–2, 840n364

Hausa people, the, 792n32, 801n88, 825n245, 879 Hawaii, 418 Hawking, Stephen, 105n128, 116n42, 117nn42–43,

10, 480, 490, 503, 513, 525, 526, 527, 578n475, 655n74, 674n151, 720, 726n94, 731–32 anal abscess, 365 anemia, 493 severe, 354 aneurysm or its effects, 492n394, 499 angina, 281, 285, 471, 501 ankles 127n110, 128n113, 175n19 healing, ancient Near Eastern, 57n207, 95n70 healing, gradual/progressive, 268n16, 282, 301, 307, broken, 423, 440, 716 severed tendon, 501 twisted, 485, 533, 687n248, 738 ankylosing spondylitis, 317, 483, 680, 717 anorexia, 639n203 appendicitis, 273n48, 298, 419, 421, 436, 474 arm problems (besides hand problems), 492 arthritis, 353, 406–8, 411, 420, 451n114, 458n152,

352, 355, 378, 405n396, 407n421, 408n427, 411, 417, 443–44, 447, 449, 452–53, 467n218,

468n229, 469n233, 473n262, 477, 483, 500, 501n474, 503, 504, 505n508, 514, 521, 525,

526n160, 528, 531, 534n226, 567n414, 677n174, 682n208, 683, 684, 718n43, 720, 722,

725n86, 726–29 healing, Greco-Roman. See analogies for miracles:

464, 468n229, 475–77, 479, 486n355, 489n369, 501, 526, 531n208, 534, 536, 651, 698n322,

709–10n388, 714, 715, 852 among non-Christians, 246n203 asthma, 244, 292, 316, 318, 501n478, 717

Greco-Roman; Apollonius of Tyana; Asclepius; healing shrines/sanctuaries healing, non-Christian religions, 242–49, 811, 832.

See also psychic healers; specific religions healing, nonoccurrence, often, 10–11, 254, 255n253, among non-Christians, 246n203 atrial septal defect, 430–32 (see also under this

265, 267, 271–72, 287n144, 294n206, 296n216, 304n273, 308, 314n35, 315, 317n57, 319, 330,

341n205, 352, 378n162, 381, 383, 388n254, 389, 396–99, 406nn404, 413, 411n448, 414n474,

415, 418n515, 420, 421n543, 422n547, 423, 424, 432, 445, 455, 457n143, 460, 461, 462nn177,

181, 464–65, 465–66n208, 467, 469n242, 472–73, 477, 478n290, 480n299, 483n338, 487,

488n368, 512n26, 530, 551n337, 562n386, 574, 603–6, 618n74, 643, 648–52, 665, 678, 685,

698n323, 700, 719, 720, 721n68, 725, 728, 736, 738n148, 739, 741n160, 749, 758, 767, 768. See also sovereignty of God healing, ot/ancient Israelite, 57n207, 58, 95n70 healing, religious, anthropological studies of, 12n20, heading hole in heart) autism, negative effects of, 492n394 back problems, 319, 320, 347, 353, 356n298, 384,

436, 451, 482, 486n355, 491, 492n393, 499, 502n488, 503, 504, 525n141, 637–38, 648n14,

671–72n141, 687n248 among non-Christians, 245n194, 247 bedridden, 270 bladder, 496, 499, 502, 527 bleeding, 316, 325, 346, 348, 415n478, 551 non-Christian, 630, 799n78 blindness, 163, 210, 227, 237n152, 252, 268n16,

269, 270, 274, 279n101, 285, 286, 288, 291, 294–95, 299n242, 307, 316, 317n53, 318–20,

323, 324, 325n104, 330n132, 332, 340, 344, 345n233, 349, 351n267, 353, 358, 359, 364,

366, 368n60, 370n78, 371, 376n145, 379, 380, 383, 384, 386, 388, 401, 406, 407, 411, 412,

416–18, 420, 422, 434, 436, 442, 446, 451, 458, 460–61, 462n178, 464, 465, 477, 478n290, 480,

481, 486, 488n366, 489, 490, 492n393, 509–23, 546, 633, 639n200, 651–52, 654, 657, 663–64,

668, 674, 682, 683, 698, 710n390, 713, 716, 725, 727, 732, 748–49, 752, 753, 755, 756, 758n235,

761, 816, 845, 852 blisters, 282, 483n326 blood condition, 343, 578n475 97n87, 232, 244–49, 285n128, 384, 455, 485,

534n226, 539–40, 581, 713 social explanations, 633n163, 646–47 treating Christian healing alongside other traditional religious practices, 232, 640 healing, religious, historical studies of, 173n6 healing, religious, reports of in history. See miracle reports: in church history healing, unexpected, 273, 333n150, 334, 343–44,

353n284, 357, 378, 411n448, 419n523, 442, 452, 464, 474–78, 482, 484n343, 487–88, 496,

499, 503n499, 510n12, 514, 530, 556, 677, 677n171, 681n197, 716–17, 720, 737–38, 748.

See also astonishment; faith (or its absence), and some miracles; skeptics, healing of

Index of Subjects

blood clots liver, 299n242, 319, 468n227, 490, 569–70, 753 lung, 350, 437, 438, 439, 462n178, 475, 719–20, in the brain, 356, 473 in the lungs, 493n409 on the optic nerve, 514 blood in urine, 278n93, 346, 531n208 boils, 382n201, 745n186, 862 bones, broken, 299n239, 300, 309, 325n104,

lymphatic, 500 melanoma, 435 prostate, 498 rectal, 656 skin, 346, 351, 477 spine, 437, 468n227, 482, 504 stomach, 422, 731 thorax, 342–43 throat, 299, 549, 744 uterine, 282, 298, 348, 356, 451, 483, 505, 655 carpal tunnel, 488, 492n394 cataracts, 251, 331, 417, 486, 498, 509n3, 512,

328, 364, 391–92, 401, 417, 420, 423, 438, 440, 463–64, 473, 478n290, 483, 492nn393–94, 500,

503, 529, 530, 533, 533–34n224, 535, 681n203, 684n225, 705n356, 716, 732, 744, 746 (see also under this heading vertebrae) among non-Christians, 246n199 bones, disintegrating, 532, 685 bones, dislocated, 268, 347, 364, 476, 500, 505n508 bones, other diseases or unspecified problems,

513, 515, 517–19, 522, 620, 666, 668, 673n149, 724, 748n209, 749, 752, 759, 762 (see also under this heading blindness) celiac sprue disease, 502 cerebral palsy, 464, 501, 504 cholera, 330n129, 512n26, 556 chorea, 421, 452 clubfoot, 348, 410, 461, 463, 492, 525, 658, 685 colitis, ulcerative, 726n95 color blindness, 486 coma, 311n6, 350, 355, 383, 411, 429, 449, 452,

411, 433n31, 436, 445–46, 467, 481, 492n393, 493, 535, 620, 666, 683, 684, 705n358, 726n96

(see also under this heading cancer: bone; osteopetrosis; osteoporosis) bowel obstruction, 338, 354 other serious bowel problems, 446 brain damage, 237n152, 322, 330–31, 336n169,

348, 355, 411, 436n51, 438, 449–50, 451n112, 452, 474, 477n283, 491, 505, 541, 542, 558,

568, 571–74, 578, 652, 665n116, 705n358, 727–28, 744 brain infection, 344 brain problems, unspecified, 347, 655 brain tumor, 268n16, 300, 315, 391, 410, 428, 444,

474, 475, 483, 497, 543, 714n8, 715 convulsions, 337, 348, 355, 380, 419n518, 754 crossed eyes, 422, 458n150, 489n374, 514n53,

517, 519n89 cysts, 316, 330n136, 354n289, 464, 493, 738, 752 deafness, 163, 252, 264, 269, 272–76, 279–80,

467, 468, 469, 504, 505, 714, 715 breast inflammation, 364 breast problems, other, 478n290 bronchiectasis, 482 bronchitis, 501 burns, 321–22, 340, 345, 415n478, 438, 440–41,

279n101, 285, 286, 288, 293, 297n222, 299n242, 307, 314, 318, 323–25, 327, 330–32,

339n183, 340, 345n232, 349, 351n267, 353, 355–58, 367, 376n145, 378, 388n258, 401, 406,

407, 411, 416, 419, 420, 422, 423, 434, 442, 446, 458, 462, 463, 477, 478n290, 481, 482,

486nn353, 356, 489, 490n382, 492, 493, 501, 515, 516, 520, 546, 654, 668, 669, 682, 710n390,

716, 719, 720, 722n73, 727n101, 728, 732, 747–48, 756, 762, 861n27 deathbed recoveries, 230, 269, 273–76, 278, 283–

498, 500, 533, 717, 746, 753 non-Christian, 799 bursitis, 465n203, 468n227 cancer, 226n91, 237n152, 268, 272, 274, 277,

297n222, 299, 309, 318, 328, 340, 342, 349, 352–54, 380n180, 412, 417, 428n16, 435–37,

442, 452, 458, 461n168, 468n229, 474, 480, 489n374, 492n393, 493, 495, 498– 501, 503n493, 504n505, 505, 604n5, 605n8, 650,

674, 682, 684, 726n96, 732 bladder, 489n374, 725 blood, 286 bone, 437, 438, 468, 489n374, 500, 682, 684,

84, 285n128, 290, 291n178, 292–95, 296n216, 298, 300, 301, 302n265, 304, 306n285, 310,

314, 323, 325, 335–38, 343, 344, 345n236, 347–50, 352, 356–58, 373, 375, 386, 388,

391n286, 394, 401, 404–5, 407n421, 408n427, 409n436, 412, 416, 418, 421, 436n51, 437, 447,

462, 472, 473, 475, 476, 480, 489, 490, 495, 497, 499, 501, 502, 504, 505, 546, 548, 604n4,

641–42, 677n171, 682n207, 714n8, 715, 720, 726, 730, 744, 754, 767, 816, 850, 879n74 non-Christian, 245–46, 401n370 delirium, 354 diabetes, 237n152, 292, 337, 348, 404, 422, 484,

685, 714, 746 brain stem, 304 breast, 271n38, 356, 378, 401, 435 cervical, 652 colon, 348 esophageal, 492, 744 kidney, 715 lip, 422 490, 492nn393–94

Index of Subjects digestive problems, 302, 726n91, 732n126 diphtheria, 393n303, 417 disks hand problems, 418n506, 458n152, 483, 503n496,

706n361 headaches, 246n197, 250n233, 344, 346, 347, herniation, 722n73 ruptured, 490, 534 slipped, 347, 500 dislocated shoulder, 319 dizziness, 651 Down syndrome symptoms, 463, 489, 706n365 dropsy (edema), 417, 726n94 dysentery, 279 dyslexia, 330n129, 488n366 eardrum, deteriorated, 460 ear problems, 384, 395, 418, 485–86, 503, 519 (see

358, 668 among non-Christians, 246 heart conditions, 268, 271, 274, 281, 284, 295n210, 299, 305, 317, 320–21, 325, 336n169,

340, 346, 347, 348, 354, 410, 416, 422, 424, 427, 434, 435, 438, 458, 461, 462, 469, 471, 483, 492,

493n409, 495, 500, 501, 503n492, 504, 573, 651, 715, 717, 719, 816, 879–80 (see also under this heading angina) hemophilia, 291, 296n216 hemorrhaging, 354, 410, 411, 424, 438, 715 hemorrhoids, 364 hepatitis, 278, 298, 629n142, 731 also under this heading deafness) eczema, 307n292, 417n493, 462n178, 483n326,

497, 677n171 among non-Christians, 246n203 electrocution, 271–72 emphysema, 460, 476 epiglottis, malformed, 502 epilepsy, 270–71, 285, 325n104, 330, 336n169, among non-Christians, 246n202 hernias, 278, 325n110, 342, 477n279, 485, 496,

503n492 high blood pressure, 304n277 hip problems, 319, 390, 462n178, 463, 467n218,

483, 485, 500n471, 503 HIV/AIDS, 294n206, 319, 320n75, 330, 337, 380n176, 388, 417, 453, 527, 655, 717 Ewing's Sarcoma, 682n208 eye conditions, 164, 304, 316, 351, 405, 406, 407,

478n290, 489, 493, 559, 744, 754, 804n106 Hodgkin's disease, 479, 682 hole in heart, 286, 471, 492n394 (see also under 416, 422, 436, 468n229, 489n374, 491, 497,

504, 512n25, 513nn39, 43, 514n53, 518n82, 521n107 (see also under this heading blindness; crossed eyes; vertical heterophoria) eyes, silver nitrate poisoning of, 412 eye scarring, 433–34, 460–61, 501, 719 eye wounds, 451, 725 fever, 282, 283n123, 284, 311, 335, 345n236, this heading atrial septal defect) hunchback, 307n297, 526, 745n186 hydrocephalus, 461n168, 478n290, 489, 496, 505 hypertension, 492n394 among non-Christians, 246n203 immune disorders, 344–45, 443, 446–47 (see also under this heading HIV/AIDS) impetigo, 349 inability to speak, 282, 317–18, 477, 495, 500,

347, 349, 350, 364, 367, 383n210, 388, 418, 419n518, 431, 448 fibromyalgia, 503 fibrosing alveolitis, 666 fibrous dysplasia, 433n31 fistula, 164 flu, 417n505, 605n10, 739 foot problems, 318, 406n406, 464, 500 (see also

549, 652 (see also under this heading muteness) inability to walk, 227, 231, 269, 270, 272, 274,

275, 283–85, 291, 292n191, 296n216, 298, 299, 302–4, 307, 314, 318, 320, 324, 334, 339,

351n267, 353, 355–57, 364, 366, 378, 379, 381–84, 390, 392–93, 401, 404, 405n396, 407,

423, 434, 436n51, 442, 451, 457n135, 458, 462, 468, 477, 479, 483, 484n343, 489, 492n394,

499, 501, 503, 509, 511, 520n97, 523–56, 633, 639n200, 650, 666n119, 683, 687–88,

717–18n43, 719, 720, 722n73, 728, 737–38, 744, 752, 755, 761 (see also under this heading paralysis) nomenclature for, 523n125 non-Christian examples, 523n125, 617 infantile paralysis, 422, 423n563, 503n499, 527, under this heading clubfoot) gallbladder stones, 354, 405, 504 other gallbladder problems, 417 gangrene, 307n294, 319, 409–10, 474, 525,

683–84, 731–32 gastric enteritis, 411n456 gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 496 glaucoma, 292n185, 499 goiters, 268, 269, 270, 272, 296n216, 307n300,

319, 401, 406, 416, 417, 423, 531, 650, 745–46,

gonorrhea, 325n110 gout, 364, 482 growths, 273, 307n292, 327, 401n370, 410, 416,

infection, 499, 717n35 explicitly dangerous, 496, 578n475 infertility or inability to bear, 286–87, 305, 316,

Guillain-Barré syndrome, 468n229, 493, 669, 715 321, 326n116, 328, 338, 346, 354, 401n370,

468n229, 469n233, 708n376, 715

Index of Subjects

injuries, 292, 293, 320, 324, 347, 350, 401, 404, muscular dystrophy, 436n51 muteness, 264, 269, 270, 272, 285n130, 286, 287,

417, 468n229, 472, 485, 489, 499, 503, 504, 512n26, 517, 519, 523, 525, 526, 527, 529, 533,

535n234, 574n457, 717n35, 745 internal injuries, 290, 401, 449–50, 474, 483, 502 intestinal problems, 549n326 jaw problems, 490n382 (see also under this heading

291, 304, 307, 323, 324, 331, 345n232, 349, 367, 376n145, 407, 419, 420, 423, 458, 492n394,

520, 727n101, 815, 849 (see also under this heading inability to speak) neck temporomandibular joint syndrome [TMJ]) keratoma, 513n43 kidney damage, failure, or other problems, 286, broken, 329–30, 344, 438, 487–88, 498, 746 other problems, 492, 503, 687n248, 746 nephritis, 416n487, 497 (see also under this heading

292, 294, 345n235, 346, 411, 418, 436, 479, 492n394, 494, 496, 502, 715, 717, 725n84, 738,

744, 752, 816 kidney stones, 382n201 knee problems, 354, 420, 422, 489n376, 503n492, kidney damage, failure, or other problems) nerve damage, 434, 436, 461, 492, 493, 512, 521,

527, 534, 643n225, 654, 655, 670, 719, 728 nerves, pinched, 504 nervous breakdown, 277, 474 neuropathy, 468 osteopetrosis, 445–46, 756 osteoporosis, 445n95, 715 palsy, 326 pancreas problems, 493, 501 paralysis, 163, 265n6, 286, 287, 291–93, 297n222,

519n94, 526n160, 651, 732 knuckles, crushed, 488 leg growth, 314, 356, 461–62, 493n409, 520n102,

525–26, 726–27, 756 leg problems, 317, 318, 341n203, 380, 485, 500, 523n130, 525n151, 532 leprosy, 71, 227, 287, 289, 307, 369, 418, 458, 472,

302, 304, 307, 311, 318–20, 322, 323, 325n104, 332, 333, 340, 343, 345n232, 353, 354, 365, 368,

375, 378–80, 384, 386, 388, 394, 396n323, 406, 407, 411, 415, 418n506, 420, 422, 423, 433, 436,

438, 450, 458n147, 462, 464, 474, 477, 480, 481, 483, 489n376, 491, 498, 499n452, 504, 510,

523n131, 524n131, 525, 526, 528–31, 533–36, 652, 668, 670, 677n171, 682, 717n35, 851n443,

852 (see also under this heading inability to walk) Parkinson's disease, 477, 493, 716, 746 peritonitis, 474, 683 pharyngitis, 353 phlebitis, 464, 469, 480 pneumonia, 307, 330n129, 350, 411, 418, 433,

633, 635, 639n200, 726 leukemia, 299n242, 315, 460, 468, 477, 480, 504, 675, 708n376 light sensitivity, 441, 525n142, 756 liver problems, 292, 325n104, 333n150, 342, 350,

460, 479, 493, 498, 731 longevity extended, 303 low blood sugar, 501 lumps, 271, 487, 493n409, 500n462, 706–7,

745–46, 753 (see also under this heading goiters; growths; warts) lung problems, 265n6, 351–52, 354, 416, 421,

431, 502, 604n4, 651, 722, 723n76, 738 lung scarring, 502 lupus erythematosis, 349–50, 461n168, 468n229,

438, 491, 493n409, 503n492 among non-Christians, 246n199 poisoning, toxins, 302, 422, 436, 479, 513 polio, results of, 443n88, 478n290, 493n409, 498,

492n394 macular degeneration, 316, 317n53, 510n12, 521, 715, 725 malaria, 307n300, 309, 328, 350, 399n350, 556,

499, 526, 528, 646 pregnancy after hysterectomy, 326n116, 334,

measles, 502 meningionoma, 428 meningitis, 294, 295, 335–36, 355, 404n385, 410, 336–37, 419, 744, 754 pregnancy after tubal ligation, 326 pregnancy problems, 319n70, 354 prenatal problems, 489n374, 502 prostate problems, 483 psoriasis, 482 411, 431, 436n51, 495, 496n423, 719, 755 meningoencephalitis, 348 menstruation, 325n110, 493n409 metastasized cancer, explicitly, 435, 438, 468, 490, among non-Christians, 247 rabies, 283n124 rash, 473, 499 reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, 502n488 respiratory problems, 271, 458n152, 499,

493, 498, 500, 504, 652, 661n100, 714, 715, 719–20, 745 microstenosis of the heart, 278 migraines, 324, 364, 441, 715, 756 502n487, 852 restored limbs (or other body parts), 163n342, among non-Christians, 246n203 mouth sores, 293, 335, 755 multiple sclerosis, 416, 462, 468, 497, 504, 715,

252n239, 352, 478n290, 489, 493, 498n440, 499, 501, 503, 512n26, 513, 516, 519n95, 521, 522,

529, 574n457, 654n69, 705–6, 716, 729, 746–47 730–31

Index of Subjects Reye's syndrome, 475 rheumatic fever or its effects, 452, 504 rickets, 476n277 rosacea, 499n461 salivary glands, ineffective, 716 sarcoidosis, 486n353 scars gone, 282, 462n180 sciatica, 486n353 scoliosis, 501n478 secondary renal collection unit, 488 shingles, 480 sinusitis, 343n222 390, 393n300, 398n342, 401n370, 404, 410, 416, 421, 424, 435, 454, 476, 478n290,

484n343, 526, 546, 604n5, 637, 650, 678n175, 681–82, 714, 722, 725n86, 726n96, 745, 839 tumors, 30n57, 163, 301, 307, 330, 384, 412, 417,

439, 462, 468n229, 489, 490, 492n394, 499, 503, 549n328, 687, 717, 720, 745n181 abdominal, 410, 477 breast, 477n278 fibroid, 284, 417n493, 474–75; liver, 345–46 ovarian, 448n106 uterine, 103 (see also under this heading brain tumor) typhoid fever, 295 ulcers, 268, 316n51, 335n164, 353, 433, 434, 436, among non-Christians, 246n203 Sjogren's syndrome, 716 skin conditions, 295, 307n292, 343, 364, 376n145,

388, 411, 417 (see also under this heading impetigo; rash) skull fractures, 388, 445, 451n112, 474, 491, 500,

525n151, 533, 678n180, 731 uterus, other problems, 354 uterus misformed or unconnected, 305, 346 varicose ulcer, 474 varicose veins, 465 vertebrae 534n229 other skull healings, 419, 573, 745 sleep problems, 283–84, 343, 486n353, 732n126 smallpox, 379, 388, 401n370 sores, 300, 378, 380, 409, 418–19, 420, 462n178, broken, 453, 487–88 fused, 505 vertical heterophoria, 441, 715 warts, 448, 477n278 withered limbs, 369, 418, 489n376, 498, 500, 526,

468n229, 479, 482n326, 683–84 (see also under this heading mouth sores) spinal cord, injuries, 487–88, 722n73, 725–26 severed, 438, 755 spinal problems, 269, 307, 325, 395, 409n437,

529, 536, 747, 861 wounds, 268, 278n94, 293, 302n265, 317, 318, 411, 420, 458, 464, 477, 481, 482, 485, 489n374,

490, 495, 501, 504, 525, 529, 531, 534, 535n234, 649–50, 654, 714, 717n35, 746 (see also under this heading ankylosing spondylitis) spleen removed, 491–92 spleen ruptured, 286 stomach, removed, 498 stomach problems, 302, 323, 417 stroke, effects of, 270, 283n123, 315, 354, 448,

326, 483, 501, 502n487, 503n497, 504n505, 527, 532, 674n151, 717, 720, 726–28, 745 (see also under this heading eye wounds) See also raising reports healing evangelists/ministers, 204–5n211, 252,

253, 257–59, 299, 313, 317, 322–24, 327, 348, 364, 403–9, 419–25, 454–70, 480n310, 482,

499n461, 506, 519–20, 522, 653–55, 672 not healed themselves, sometimes, 308, 384–85,

449, 492n394, 524n131, 531, 652, 660–61, 727 swelling, 325n110, 417, 420n527 388n254, 389n274, 396n323, 414n476, 461,

477, 604n3, 642, 725n82 healing homes/healing rooms, 409, 413, 424, 492 healing movements, academic studies abdominal, 503 foot, 286, 527, 533 leg, 317, 497 throat, 726n94 swelling reduced, in traditional healing, 245 teeth restored, 326, 365, 418, 478n290, 485, of Christian movements, 226, 266n9, 387, 424,

458, 478, 485–86 Majority World, 226 of non-Christian movements, 242n169, 244–48,

492n394, 549n328, 643n225, 705n356 temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ), 453 tendon, severed, 496, 501 tendonitis, calcified, 722 testicular problems, 862 throat condition, 356, 393, 495, 502 tongue condition, 411n456 tonsillitis, 268, 274 tooth fillings, 293, 351, 353, 354, 744 toxemia, 319n70 tuberculosis, 268, 269, 292, 294, 299, 306,

811n146 See also African Initiated Churches; charismatics, charismatic churches; Pentecostalism, Pentecostals healing shrines/sanctuaries ancient Christian, 359, 365 non-Christian, 37–42, 511 medieval, 369, 370n77, 375 modern, 259, 277–78n77, 285n130, 341, 384,

385–87, 479n296, 678n175 (see also Lourdes; Marian shrines) 307nn299–300, 330, 340, 380n180, 389n274,

Index of Subjects

health, religious practice and, 424, 619–30, 637 health professionals and spiritual healing, 232n128,

HIV/AIDS, 606n11, 623n106, 626n122, 639n203 Hmong people, the, 803–4 Hodge, Charles, 696n308 holiness churches, 232n129, 236n147, 291n174,

242n171, 424, 464n192, 609, 621, 639 health and wealth teaching. See prosperity teaching heat, feeling of, 353, 356, 401, 478, 482 heaven experiences, 550n333, 553, 555n363,

306n285, 413, 414, 420, 421n542 holiness emphases, 308n313 holiness movement, 390–91, 392, 413–14 holistic approaches, 212n8, 217, 219, 368n64, 370 holy sites, 258 homeopathy, 257, 639n203, 674n155 Honduras, 345n233, 597n588 Hong Kong, 290n171, 297n222, 299–300, 301n255,

563nn390, 394, 564n396, 568nn419, 423, 572n443, 573n450, 871, 874n42, 875n47 Hebrides revivals, 421n541, 589n542, 590n545, 877

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 173 Heidegger, Martin, 206 Heisenberg, Werner, 128, 201n190 Helena, Saint, 860–61 Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm, 389n271 herbalists, 243, 640–41, 674n155, 794n40, 799n74,

330n129, 567n413, 623n100, 646n7, 732n123, 792–93n34, 801n90, 802n90 Honi the Circle Drawer, 63, 64, 72n41, 73n47, 75,

803n100, 804n103 herbs, 246n195, 334, 336n169 Herodotus, and extraordinary reports, 91

Herzog, Johann Jakob, 389n271 Hesse, Hermann, 393n302 Hickson, James Moore, 405–10, 524, 617n67,

78, 79, 590 Hort, F. J. A., 178n52 hospitals, ancient, and Christianity, 44 Hoyle, Fred, 117n44, 123n87 Huguenots, 823n238, 825n248 miracle claims among, 165, 379, 382n201 Hume, David, 107–72 642n223, 650–51, 875n51 Hinduism, Hindus (in the religious sense), 197n164, argument from conflicting religions' claims,

204, 205, 242n172, 245n191, 323, 407, 528, 564–65, 617, 774n47, 784n169, 800n85, 808n124, 811, 811n147, 817n191, 840n360,

843n383, 879n71 historiography 80n99, 164–65, 172, 193–98, 249 argument from new religions' apologetic use of miracles, 163n339 arguments problematic today, 134–38, 166, 171,

646n4, 695, 739, 762, and passim basis for most of the modern argument, 119–20, ancient different from modern, 98 causation, exploration of in, 34, 87, 111–13, 127–

168, 169, 201, 222, 509, 543, 558, 635, 645 Christianity, attitude toward, 54n176, 141, 166 circularity of argument regarding miracles, 108,

28, 187, 189, 608 criticism regarding the paranormal by some ancient historians, 89–90 difficulties of reconstructing anomalous events

112, 125n98, 134, 138–42, 144, 156, 157, 161– 66, 168n372, 169, 515n56, 647, 665n115, 667,

677n174, 690, 705n356, 707, 742, 747 claim that miracles contradict human experience, in, 708 early Christian miracles and, 21–22 genre remaining historical regardless of anomaly

1, 144, 148, 360, 434 (see also uniformity of human experience, appeal to) competing interpretations of, 108, 154 consistency or inconsistency with his own reports, 15, 36, 86, 93–94, 101, 150, 765 historical context of, 189 influence of Hume in, 185–86 influence of logical positivism in, 175 methodology differs from that of physical sciences, epistemology, 136–38, 143, 155, 162, 224n74,

543, 685n232, 719n56 critics, early, 145, 152–53, 162, 166, 167–68, 196 definition of miracles in, tendentious, 129–34,

125–26, 174, 184, 187, 188, 219n48 neutrality, ideal of theological, 98, 113n26, 185,

186, 191, 608 possibility of miracles and, 186, 376, 508, 579, 146, 169–70 deism and, 118–19, 131n133, 155, 166, 172, 175,

644, 743, 765 propriety of ruling on miracles as divine acts in, 176n27, 193, 195, 378 design in nature and, 119n56, 179n58 epistemic probability interpretation, 142–43 epistemology, 136–38, 148, 734 epistemology and science 25–26n29, 26n30, 34, 95, 608, 612n38, 635, 690 reporting claims without resolving causation, 86, 98,

99, 111, 113, 160, 186, 189, 198, 227, 254, 608 theology and (see theology and historiography) tragic-pathetic (or sensationalist), in antiquity, conflicts with scientific method, 136n165, 137,

148, 149–50, 162, 719n56 difference from science, 124, 142, 146, 168 ethnocentric bias, 166, 222–25 excluding miracles by definition, 108, 128n114,

89n33, 93n60, 96n81 history, definitions of, 186, 189 history and theory, 190 Hitler, 796n58. See also Nazism

Index of Subjects historical context of his miracles argument, incorruption, 369nn75, 77, 385–86n234, 479n296 incubation, 862, 863, 873 Incubi, 783n156 India, 218n42, 223, 230n116, 296, 398n340,

118–19, 148n238 historiography of, 118 inconsistent in defining miracles, 130n122, 144 inconsistent with personal practice, 151 king of Siam/Indian prince illustration, 104–5 noninductive approach to miracles (against 418n515, 818, 828 diaspora, Indian, 274, 407, 846 healing and other reports of supernatural experiHume's claim), 156, 161, 166–67, 168n373, 170,

196, 250n232 philosophers' criticisms of, 109–10, 138, 139, ences, Christian, 238, 240, 264, 265nn5–6,

275n68, 276–85, 306n287, 408n427, 461n165, 510, 519, 526, 528, 557n375, 564–65, 581n490,

589nn540, 542, 594n571, 617–18, 716n32, 732n123, 784n169, 798n65, 800n85, 803n96,

812n154, 816n183, 819, 845n398, 847, 849, 852, 876, 877n66, 878–79 earlier Christian reports generally, 368nn60, 62,

168–69 polemical approach toward contemporary theology, 119, 131, 138, 140–41, 145n221, 166,

political views, 175n23 prejudice against religious persons and their 406–7, 408, 418, 813n161 earlier indigenous Christian movements, 280, testimony, 139n187, 141, 148n245, 150n257,

161, 162n331, 163n339, 165, 193, 194, 211, 615n54, 742n162 presupposes a theological stance, 138–42 testimony, arguments regarding, 143–55, 426

284n125, 418, 590n544 indigenous medical missions in, 44–45n85 indigenous revival movements, 278–79, 280,

564n399, 590n544 medical treatment and Christians, 45n85, inconsistency with normal standards of evidence, 145–53, 209, 213, 377n147, 380,

543, 734 qualitative and quantitative requirements, 209– 396n328, 803n100 supernatural reports (non-Christian), 242n172,

243, 276n76, 511, 582, 582–83n503, 782n148, 784n169, 792n34, 799, 882n88 views about supernatural or extrahuman matters,

11, 250, 430, 470–71, 510, 577 ruling out witnesses a priori, 145–47, 155, 162–63, 165, 852 Hungary, 416, 544n292 Hussites, 373 Huxley, T. F., 144n213, 699 hypnosis, 239n157, 245, 401, 541, 616, 630–31,

276, 312n15, 774n47, 807n118, 811n144, 817n190, 819n209, 825n246, 827n269, 842n376, 843–44 Indonesia church, 306n287, 399n350 earlier periods, 288 healing and other reports of supernatural experi636–39, 643, 649, 651n43, 691, 719, 743n166,

795n45, 797n62, 799nn76, 78, 821nn219, 223, 822, 828, 871n9 hysteria, 400n362, 515n62, 524, 649–50, 681n203, ences, Christian, 265n5, 266, 275n68, 287–90,

295n210, 306n287, 330n129, 407n417, 457, 472, 520, 529, 563–64, 581n490, 586n529,

587, 588nn537–38, 589nn540–42, 590n544, 592–94, 596n586, 704n350, 814, 845n398, 847,

849n428, 851, 876, 877n66, 878nn68–69, 879 indigenous relevance, 287 Islamic healing practices, 246n201 traditional practices, 245n189, 793n34, 799,

683n216, 719, 790, 822n228, 826, 835 Iboe people, the. See Igbo people, the icons, 370 Igbo people, the, 311n11, 839n357, 847n412

"ignorant and barbarous" peoples, 166, 173n5, 211, 222–25, 426 Ik Doo Kim. See Kim, Ik Doo illness, viewed as sometimes providential, 605n9 illnesses, culturally shaped conceptions of,

807n118, 847, 851 inductive approach, 105, 108, 126, 134n154, 135n159, 136, 137, 152n270, 156, 161, 166,

167, 196, 198, 200n183, 250n232, 255 infants, healings of, 268n10, 270, 278, 294–95, 335,

791n17, 802, 803–4, 847n409. See also medical anthropology illness vs. disease, nomenclature, 634–35 immanence, 181, 182n78, 183n81 immigrant populations, 242n171, 305n280, 313n19,

345, 357, 386, 388, 417, 428, 433n31, 440, 448, 458n152, 461n168, 463, 469, 478n290, 481,

489, 491, 492, 498, 502–5, 531, 541, 544n292, 545–47, 558n376, 560, 562, 569, 571–74, 638,

644, 646, 684, 729, 730n116, 754, 755 inference, in science, 149n244, 150, 187n109 information content, in universe, 115nn35–36,

339n186, 340, 384n218, 819n208 immortality, claims of (or not), 568n424, 604n4, 605–6, 736. See also Manifested Sons teaching inconsistency in evaluating early modern vs. modern healing claims. See double standard: early modern vs. modern healing claims 181n70, 184n96 Inquisition, 695n305, 806n112, 859n10

Index of Subjects

Inskip, John, 391n287, 392 International House of Prayer, 493, 622n94 International Institute for Christian Studies (IICS),

Jaramillo, Don Pedrito, 76n74, 228 Jefferson, Thomas, 224n76 Jeffreys, George, 399n352, 513n38, 525 Jeffreys, Stephen, 417n504, 513 Jenkins, Leroy, 615n52 Jesuits, 163n339, 341n203, 379n164, 480, 545n294,

217n36, 325, 440 interpretation, dependent on worldview, 80, 97, 99, 100, 107, 110–11, 125, 136, 150, 198, 200, 202,

221, 247, 250, 369, 413, 428n13, 442n82, 456, 457n134, 470, 601, 606–7, 609, 612, 647, 649–

56, 662, 679n185, 688, 697, 699, 718, 724, 737, 743, 764, 791, 800, 802, 831, 834n322, 855 interpretation, in science, 126n103. See also science

InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, 598 intervention, divine, as miracle definition, 110n14,

695n305 Jesus, historical, as a healer ancient critics' acknowledgment of, 25, 26, 361,

bearer of numinous power, not just petitioner, 75–76 centrality of healings, 23–24, 26, 197n164 eschatological significance, 66, 76 (see also

131–32, 179, 183 Iñupiat people, the, 242n170, 245, 246n201, kingdom of God, miracles and) Josephus's testimony, 25 scholarly consensus about, 6, 19, 21, 22–26, 33,

803n96, 807n118, 832 invisibility claims, 49, 735 invulnerability claims, 799n74 Iran, 574, 627n133, 792n33, 828, 878n70 Ireland, 384, 544n288, 545, 834, 844 Ireland, Northern, 503n492 Irving, Edward, 390, 395n321 Isis, 38, 39n25, 61, 62, 70, 511, 584 Islam, 627, 628nn137, 139, 805n111 111, 634, 784–85, 788 Jesus, historical, research, presuppositions in, 99n94,

403, 635. See also presuppositions in scholarship Jesus Film, 240n158, 279, 289–90, 293–94, 344, 501,

516, 588n539, 849, 851n443, 878n70 Jesus Seminar, 103 Jewish Theological Seminary, 428n12 John, Gospel of, and miracle reports, 9, 15n31, 22,

Christianity and, 315n45, 317, 322, 325n105, 327, 407, 461n165, 575n464 Jesus as miracle worker in, 25n24, 315n45 medicine and science in, 44n83, 327n120,

23n11 Johnson, Bill, 492–93 Jones, E. Stanley, 474 Jones, Jim, 196n161, 614n49 Josephus, and miracles, 56, 59n218, 60, 74, 80–81,

639n203, 641n215 medieval miracle traditions, 369n75, 861n26 miracles associated with the Prophet Muhammad,

95, 764 journalists, journalist reports, 174, 253, 319n72, 25n24, 133, 197n164, 205n215 miracles or supernatural in, 7, 8, 25n24, 197n164,

406, 407, 408, 420n532, 421, 423, 427, 428, 433, 456, 460, 462, 464, 469, 470n249, 472, 475,

479, 500n468, 503, 505, 510, 512n27, 516, 522, 524n140, 526–27, 535, 548, 572, 573, 577, 578,

623–24, 648n14, 657n77, 658–59, 674n152, 684, 706, 714, 719, 842n379, 848n421 Ju, Kil Sun, 291 Judaism (excluding biblical and Second Temple

205, 222n62, 242n172, 246n201, 575n464, 879n75 mysticism, 242n172, 245n191, 289 (see also Sufism) spirits, possession, in (see spirits; possession) syncretism among some followers of, 312n15,

796n59, 808n124, 851n440 (see also syncretism) Italy, 498 IURD (Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus, Brazilian period, treated in other indices), 627 Christians and, 328n126, 435n44, 479, 676n163,

Pentecostal denomination), 236n147, 342n212, 671n139 683n222 miracles or supernatural in, 8, 114n30, 205,

Jamaica, 224, 352, 418n506, 435, 436n50, 589n540, 242n172, 243n172, 689n269, 721n72, 780n117,

784n169, 812, 819n210, 827n269 (see also miracle reports: rabbinic) Judd, Carrie. See Montgomery, Carrie Judd judgment miracles, 589, 595, 849 727n101, 747n203 James, Letter of, and miracles, 15–16n31

James, Saint, hagiography concerning, 862–63 James, William, 180 Jansenists, 163–66, 223n66, 377n147, 379–80, interpretation of, 363n28, 378n155, 385,

705n357 Japan, 418n515, 442n86, 587n530, 626n125, 638, 589n541 non-Christian, 843n384 Judson University, 331 Juju, 313n19, 540n264, 554, 847n412, 849

Julian of Norwich, 879n74 Jung, Carl, 361n9, 826n258, 870n2, 875 justice, 11, 24n20, 562n386, 665, 767 793n34, 795n50, 796n55, 828–29 healing or miracle reports, Christian, 319n70,

329n126, 406, 534, 565–66, 593, 728n107, 813n161, 815–16, 879 non-Christian, 37n11, 242n172, 243n172, 401n370, 565, 593, 640n212, 815

Index of Subjects Kabbala, 114 Kalabari people, the, 801n88 Kankana-eys people, the, 268, 269, 848 Kant, Immanuel, 136n165, 151n265, 174–75n17,

Pentecostals in, 216n32, 341–43, 604n3, 628n140, 812n154 See also specific countries Latinas, 214, 309, 351, 871n4 Latino churches, 214, 339–40, 351 Latino/a readings of Scripture, 214, 225–26, 309 latitudinarianism, in Anglicanism, 121n69, 121n75 laws of nature, 100 179n58, 225, 607n17, 697 design and, 179n58 miracles and, 142n204, 175, 206, 376n145

Karanga people, the, 594n574, 641n217, 795n47, 798n73, 805n110, 811n142, 832n300, 875n50

Karen people, the, 275, 278n91 Kelabits, 273n54 Kelvin, Lord, 215n23 Kenya, 218n42, 220, 312n15, 329n126, 413n468, averages, generalizations or flexible norms,

131n129, 133n150, 168 definitions, diverse modern, 136, 202 descriptive, 134, 135, 136n160, 183, 699n329, 703 even in Hume, 137 divine legislator and, 121–22, 701–2n337 functioning with different complexity on different

805n107, 877–78 healing and miracle reports, 237, 313, 315, 319– 20, 332n148, 418, 517, 531, 589n540 possession reports, 790n10, 798n73 Kenyon, E. W., 397n333 Kepler, Johannes, 121, 141n202, 693–94 Kerin, Dorothy, 404–5, 546 Kerr, Graham, 878n70 Kikuyu people, the, 881n82 Kil Sun Ju. See Ju, Kil Sun Kim, Ik Doo, 291, 835n330 Kimbangu, Simon, 227, 312n13, 327n120, 465n205, levels, 110n14, 111n20, 126n108, 135, 136, 152,

183–84, 199n180 Hume's understanding defective, 134–38, 162n331, 168n373 miracles and, 129–31, 139, 255, 699n329, 703 as outmoded language, 136 political background of the image, 131n132

Spinoza's pantheistic approach to, 114 subject to deity and not the reverse, 122n76,

127–29, 130–31, 133–34, 142, 161n326 See also natural law; violation of laws of nature laying on hands, 405, 408n424 514, 604n4 Kimpa Vita, Dona Beatriz, 227n96 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 549 kingdom of God, miracles and, 11, 24, 61, 66, 76, for healing, 246n201, 296n216, 301n251, 307,

328, 373, 390n274, 405, 408n427, 409, 437, 446, 473, 476, 482, 513, 540n263, 549n328,

551, 552, 571, 574, 642, 697–98n322, 709, 784, 786n197 leading, spiritual, 294n206, 306n288, 421n543, 450,

96, 262, 389, 484, 485n346, 506n519, 511, 606, 736, 767, 785 Knox, John, 545, 806n112 Koch, Kurt, 287n140 Koenig, Harold, 620 Kolenda, Daniel, 324, 554–55 Korean revival, 291 Korekore people, Valley, 795 Koresh, David, 196n161 Kuhlman, Kathryn, 229n112, 459–68, 514, 617n67,

452, 475, 476, 478, 488, 490, 491, 495, 498, 504, 534n226, 535, 546, 551, 604n3, 655n71,

665n116, 721n68, 736n142, 737n142, 795n47,

Lee, Jarena, 878n68 Lee, Yong Do, 291 Leeuwenhook, Antony van, 141n202 legal liability, 304n273 legends or folk tales 618, 684n230, 687n251, 718, 725n89, 727n102

Kuhn, Thomas, 199, 607n16 Küng, Hans, 120n61, 543n280 !Kung people, the, 640n212, 792n30, 798, 811n146

Kuwait, 518–19, 628n137, 811n143, 818n196 miracles or miracle workers in, 26n34, 36, 63n257,

197, 360, 368n65, 369n74, 389n269, 508, 511n17, 540n271, 835, 837, 860–61, 865, 866 view that the miracles reported in the Gospels and L'Abri, 589n540 Lake, John G., 396n328, 419, 510n6, 513, 524n131,

Acts are legendary, 4, 15, 26, 27n43, 30, 68n10, 69n20, 79n91, 82, 85, 177, 212, 225, 358, 361,

506, 508, 522–23, 538, 579, 581–82, 632n163, 635n174, 763, 769n1, 856, 857–58, 859n13,

Legios, 233n136 Leibniz, Gottfried, 122n80, 127n109, 137n170 Le Roux, Pieter, 419n522 Letwaba, Elias, 591, 845 levitation claims, 413n466, 594n571, 816

Lewis, C. S., 710, 741n158 545–46, 819n203 Lambeth Conferences and healing, 274n62,

409n398 Laos, 273 Larson, David, 620 Latin America, 240, 792 beliefs in supernatural activity, 205, 214n17 dreams or visions, 877n66, 878n70 miracle reports, 267, 338–58, 520, 532–34, 536,

570–72, 598, 747, 748

Index of Subjects

anthropological approaches to, 803n97 (see also liberalism, old, 175, 178n53, 206n220, 390n282,

403n378, 426n5 liberation theology, 24n20, 214n19, 227n96, witchcraft) comparison of Jesus's miracles with, 21, 25, 26,

236n148, 710n392, 767 Liberia, 322, 393n298, 399n347, 447, 604n3 Lightfoot, J. B., 178n52 lights, supernatural, 589, 862. See also fire, tongues

69–70, 79, 94, 361n10, 782, 784–85 comparison of other miracle reports with, 409n434 erotic spells or magic, 49, 68 Judaism, ancient, and, 58–59 papyri, 52, 69, 70, 88n25 (see also PGM in this of; visions: light, visions of lilith or liliths, 774–75 limitations in the author's approach, 241–42, 249– book's index of other ancient sources) religion and, 47–48, 69–70 reputed danger of, 47, 49, 54 (see also witchcraft) secrecy of ancient, 48 secrecy of some modern witchcraft practices,

54, 266–67 Lindsell, Harold, 260n272 Livingstone, David, 308n311 Locke, John, 26n36, 104nn123–24, 120, 130n122,

153nn275, 279, 225n81 Loewen, Jacob, 230 logical positivism, 114n31, 118, 136n166, 173–75,

807n119, 808n124 social class and, 49 spirits and, 50, 540n264, 810 (see also witchcraft:

830n290, 831n297, 832 logical possibility, 135, 137n167, 139, 140n192, spirits and) magnetism, 123n85, 614n49, 630, 691n280, 636. See

161n326, 165, 182n78, 644 Lourdes, 147n237, 214n13, 385–87, 400n360, also hypnosis; Mesmerism Maimonides, Moses, 114n30 Mainline Protestants, 310, 313–15, 332, 336,

408n427, 438n68, 466n211, 467n218, 481, 483, 484n341, 496n431, 500n470, 512, 512n32, 527,

536, 618n80, 650n36, 653n58, 654n66, 658n83, 661n98, 664, 675–87, 688nn252, 259, 699n327,

700, 713, 714, 723, 725, 726n96, 741n158, 745, 764n2, 790n11, 824n244 rigor of verification process, 678–81 Lozano, Neal, 482 Luke, Gospel of, 32, 90 Luke-Acts, and miracle reports, 15n31, 22, 23n11,

433n32, 437, 438, 444, 459, 476n276, 534, 557, 692n283, 813, 840. See also Anglicans; Episcopalians; Methodists; Presbyterians

Majority World Christianity in the Majority World academic focus on, 4n4, 12n20 numerically dominant, 215 health needs, 232, 240n159, 277n83, 283n124,

297n222, 299, 328, 341n205, 342, 352, 402, 514–15, 529, 557, 559, 562n386, 574n458, 639,

649, 704–5, 766–67 miracle accounts, 2, 4, 6n8, 12n20, 264–358, 457, 765, 769n1, 874n43 Luther, Martin, 227n99 reaction against medieval miracle claims, 372, 374 recognition that some miracles could continue,

514, 704, 748 (see specific countries) miracle and other supernatural beliefs, 207, 214–

372–73 testimony of healings, 373 Lutheran medical missions, 45n85 Lutherans, 1:xvi, 693nn291, 293, 801, 812n155

19, 229, 231–41, 668, 764, 835, 836–37 readings of Scripture (including miracle accounts),

15, 29, 99, 214, 216, 220, 221, 241, 523, 835, 852 Makushi people, the, 247 Malachy, 369, 544n289 Malawi, 231, 315, 515n59, 524, 598n592 Malaysia, 216, 264n1, 273, 274, 306n287, 307n291, healing reports, 297n221, 315, 318, 345–46, 388–

89, 410, 433, 437, 442, 514n48, 524, 534n228, 545, 566, 566–67n412, 589n542 other reports of miracles or supernatural experiences, 586, 589n542, 591n548, 813n164, 845, 879 other supernatural beliefs, 835, 845 Luther Seminary (St. Paul), 1:xvi 790n10, 793n34 Mali, 792n31, 824n245 Mana, 632n160 Manchurian revival, 876n54 Mande people, the, 7n11, 875n50, 882n82 Manifested Sons teaching, 605n10, 811n142. See

Maasai people, the, 220, 851, 877n66 Mabiala, Jeanne, 336–37, 558–60 Macedonia, 589n540 Mackie, J. L., 169n378 MacNutt, Francis, 230n116, 481, 686–87 Madagascar, 240n158, 315, 317, 790n10, 792n30, also Fife, Sam Mapuche people, the, 571n438 Maranke, Apostolic Church of John, 641n215,

803n100 marginalization and trance states, 823n234, 824–25 marginalized, healing and, 24n20, 220n53, 414–15,

801n88, 813, 839 magic ancient, 45–51, 53, 327n120, 582, 603, 771, 780, 704n350, 710n392, 824n241. See also poor, healing and

ancient vs. modern, 79n96, 615n51

Index of Subjects Marian shrines, 258, 681. See also Lourdes Mark, Gospel of, 23n11, 31n64, 32 medical missions, 12–13, 44–45n85 medicine miracle stories in, 5, 14, 15n31, 22, 23, 24, 31, 53,

Christian tradition and, 44, 370, 862 compatibility with faith in healing, 42–45,

57–58, 62, 93n59, 582, 707n370, 769n1, 836, 858, 861, 880 marketing, 397n334, 403, 455 Marshall, Catherine, 435n47, 875n47 Martin of Tours, 366, 544, 588n536, 590n544, 858 martyrs, 363n29, 364, 366n48, 371n91, 860n18. See

142, 217n37, 230n116, 254, 282, 308n310, 325n104, 328, 330, 336n169, 337n172, 352,

370, 389n267, 389–90, 391, 396, 397–99, 401, 402n376, 409n434, 427, 461, 463, 469,

570n427, 573, 575–76, 578, 617, 619n85, 620, 628–29, 640n211, 643 (esp. 643n225), 647n10,

651n40, 656, 662, 665, 673n149, 680, 720, 721– 23, 725, 736, 767–68 (see also doctors: doctors' personal testimonies; health professionals and spiritual healing) earlier medicine, 44, 365, 370, 391n284, 392, 396, also relics massage, 245, 246, 334, 428 materialism, ontological, 100n102, 103, 140n195,

179, 202, 690n275, 820n217, 826n256, 829, 833 (esp. 833n312), 839, 855 mathematics, 174, 175, 607, 658n83, 693–94

Mather, Cotton, 379, 805n108 Mathews, Thomas, 278–79 Matthew, Gospel of, miracle stories in, 9, 23n11,

415, 539–40n262, 636n178, 637, 642n220 empirical vs. traditional, 219n48, 220n49 expertise and nonexpertise, areas of, 656 (see also

769n1 Matthews, Dale, 620 Maxwell, James Clerk, 199n180, 215n23 Mayan people, the, 344, 875n50, 877n65 Mayotte, 792n30, 796 McKenna, Briege, 479–80 McPherson, Aimee Semple, 414n471, 419, 423, science: subjects outside nature's norm outside scientific expertise) religious practice and healing, 427 religious practice and health, 424, 619–30, 637 resistance to medicine among some radical faith healers, 393n299, 395–96, 397, 398–99, 605,

641n215, 803n100 medicine, ancient, 42–45, 220n53 medicocentrism, 219 medieval accounts of miracles, 366–71, 544,

605n10, 614n49 meaning, distributed over systems, 124n94 meaning, questions of, 113n25, 116n37, 174n15 medical anthropology, 98n99, 211, 219–20, 634,

859n10. See also hagiography medieval world, 366n42 meditation, 243n172, 401n370, 627, 627–28n135,

803, 834n317 medical documentation, 266, 656–68 cases reporting, 279–80, 321, 332, 349, 384, 433–

637, 821n224 mediums, spirit, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797nn61, 63, 34, 439, 441–42, 459n154, 460–62, 466–67,

473, 478n290, 482, 484, 491–92, 498, 500n464, 501, 503–5, 512, 515, 518n82, 527n174, 531,

532, 533–34n224, 534nn229, 231, 546, 548, 550n330, 570, 714 demand for large-scale controlled studies, 256n261,

798, 799, 800n86, 809n128, 811, 823n236, 833n309, 840, 882n88 Mekane Yesus churches, 318 Mekonnen, Daniel, 318 Melanchthon, Philipp, 373 Melanesia, 827n268 memory, 251n237, 555n362, 557, 616, 733, 858. See

658n82, 665–67, 678n175, 704–5, 708–11 (see also case study methodology, value of) difficulties of securing, frequent, 657–62, 708 historic, 164, 401 historical context of more skeptical or narrow also eyewitnesses Mendel, Gregor, 141n202 Mennonites, 276, 315, 318, 319n69, 444n90, approaches to, 675n161, 685, 704n351, 710,

724–25n81, 733n130 (see also skepticism: about miracles, historic and philosophic context of) limits of, 4, 250, 256–57, 436, 439–40, 445n95,

459n152, 839n357, 841n375 mental illness, healing, 276, 281n113, 287, 315, 389n274, 436, 472n252, 533n220, 840n360 mental illness and religion, views of, 172, 193n144,

470, 551n335, 558, 660, 664, 674, 679–80, 686, 690, 705, 708, 713, 723, 724 (see also scientific method not the only epistemic method in other disciplines) need for, 4, 8, 12, 28n46, 257, 318, 352, 459n154,

648. See also possession (for some cultures' connections with possession experiences) mentally challenged, the, 308n309, 408n427, 477,

484n343, 533n220, 680 Meserete Kristos churches, 318 Mesmerism, 397n334, 643, 691 messianic figures and miracles 656, 657, 658, 659n89, 668, 713, 723 problems with limiting genuine cures to, 657–66,

690, 714 published (or in my possession), 440, 441–42, 515, in antiquity, 24n19, 26–27 today, 312n15, 552n341 528, 553, 555, 660–61, 682–84, 714–22, 748

Index of Subjects

metaphor forms, 27–28, 40–42, 77, 785n177 Jewish and Middle Eastern origins, 33n75 from Latin America and the Caribbean, 267,

Jesus's miracles and, 28–29, 62, 177n42 Western reading of anomalous reports as,

248n218, 818, 826n258, 832–33, 835 metaphysics, exclusion of, 173, 180, 184, 191 metaphysics, character of many belief systems, 190,

338–58, 520, 532–34, 536, 570–72, 598 not all of equal value, 3, 167, 186n105, 187n110,

197–98, 250, 266n8, 520n102 objection to the Gospels' historical accuracy, 4, 426n3 meteorites in the history of science, 691

Methodia, Saint, 412 Methodists, 444n90, 466n211, 643 6n8, 7, 85–86 rabbinic, 59–60, 63–64, 72–73, 372n109 (see also

Hanina ben Dosa; Honi the Circle Drawer) theological diversity of, 257–59, 387nn247–48,

African, 314, 513, 591, 847n412 Asian, 264n1, 291, 814 charismatic movement, 313nn22, 24, 314, 479, 484 transcultural phenomenon, 214, 508 See also doctors: doctors' personal testimonies;

383nn209, 210, 424, 475 early Methodists, 172, 383–84, 391n287, 392, Gospels: miracle accounts in; Jesus, historical, as a healer miracles 398, 421n541, 511, 801n88, 805n108, 824, 845,

874, 875n48, 878n70 early twentieth century, 228n102, 314, 386n243, argument from alleged modern consensus against,

410, 411, 649 Latin American, 260n271, 340 Majority World, 215, 216, 228n102 reports of miracles or other supernatural experi8, 185, 191, 200, 201, 203, 205–6, 212, 214–15,

239–40, 426, 427, 721, 761, 763, 764 authenticating function, 61–64, 259, 362n13 benevolence function, 68, 73, 182n77, 258, ences, 267, 291, 314, 392, 437, 438, 447–48,

448, 475–76, 513, 525, 527, 534, 536, 591, 684, 717, 725, 801n88, 814, 878n70 Mexican Americans, 348, 423n560 Mexico, 76n74, 104n122, 640n212, 793n36, 878n70

297n221, 389n274, 421n543, 459n153, 479n295, 768 biblical figures, association with in early Judaism,

58n212, 59, 64, 286, 784, 786, 873 (see also Elijah and/or Elisha, as models; Moses) conversion to belief in, 291, 296, 301–2, 307n306, healing reports, 339, 348–52, 520, 532, 571,

659n91, 660n92, 727, 803n99, 845n398 Meyer, F. B., 875n47 Micronesia, 849 Middle East, 406, 526, 792, 801n88 Middleton, Conyers, 119, 165, 260n273, 377

Mill, John Stuart, 129, 132n138, 169n378, 187n109 mind, human, 126nn104, 108, 166n357, 179n61,

316, 357n308, 364, 390n277, 426–27n5, 452, 460, 476, 478, 491, 498, 522, 527, 551 definitions, 109–11, 127, 129n117, 130–33, 180,

181, 306n289, 605n8, 655, 673n148, 677n169, 679n185, 722n72 events that may be extraordinarily cumulatively improbable naturally rather than impossible,

134n151, 255, 592, 643n227, 658n82 evidence for any miracles undercutting Hume's

183n81 mind over matter/mind power, 630n146, 632n160, 642, 687n249, 739–40n153 mind sciences, 229n112, 258n267. See also Christian larger argument against, 167, 213, 261, 603,

608n23, 616, 724 excluding by fiat of definition, 108, 128n114, 132, Science; New Thought minimalism and maximalism vs. neutral probabili134, 146, 169–70, 610, 645, 679n185, 690,

701n336 excluding by presupposing atheism or deism, 113, ties, 154n284, 656, 675n161, 678n176, 679,

680, 685, 686 miracle reports 138–39, 187, 558, 579, 700n334, 712 issue not of science, but of philosophy of science, from Africa, 310–38, 514–18, 524–26, 530–31,

550–63, 594–98 in ancient historiography, 15, 90–93, 95 from Asia and the Pacific, 264–308, 514, 518–20,

124, 215 more dominant in some periods than others, 261–62, 287n144 in new evangelism settings, 30, 260n273, 262,

524, 528–30, 563–70, 592–94 bias against, 647–56, 674, 690, 733–34, 742 (see 274, 306, 332–34, 367–68, 383, 384n218, 407,

418, 523, 652, 687n250, 704, 710, 729n113, 741n160, 748, 837n341, 839n357, 845 nonoccurrence, often, 10–11, 254, 255n253, 265, also circularity of argument against any miracles) central in Christianity, 197n164 (see also Jesus, historical, as a healer) Christian, range of, 257–58 in church history, 359–425, 436n54 comparing ancient with modern, 214 exclusion when replicable by medicine, problem

267, 271–72, 287n144, 294n206, 296n216, 304n273, 308, 314n35, 315, 317n57, 319, 330,

341n205, 352, 378n162, 381, 383, 388n254, 389, 396–99, 406nn404, 413, 411n448, 414n474, with, 542, 698, 724

Index of Subjects 415, 418n515, 420, 421n543, 422n547, 423, 424, 432, 445, 455, 457n143, 460, 461, 462nn177,

181, 464–65, 465–66n208, 467, 469n242, 472–73, 477, 478n290, 480n299, 483n338, 487,

488n368, 512n26, 530, 551n337, 562n386, 574, 603–6, 618n74, 643, 648–52, 665, 678, 685,

698n323, 700, 719, 720, 721n68, 725, 728, 736, 738n148, 739, 741n160, 749, 758, 767, 768 in philosophy of religion, 86, 108–9 (see also

Mozley, James B., 168 Müller, George, 589n540 multiculturalism, 212, 214–22, 414n472, 832 multiple attestation, and miracles in the Gospels, 6, 22n6, 26n30, 26n36, 145n220,

511, 538, 579n480, 580, 588, 633 in reports not limited to the Gospels, 13, 80n101,

146n229, 147, 149, 152–54, 159nn314, 318, 509, 515, 518, 540, 544, 557 multiple personality disorder, 789n8, 818. See also

Hume, David) probable given particular conditions, 139, 160–61, dissociative identity disorder multiple universe theory, 116–17, 141n195

Murray, Andrew, 393 Muslims. See Islam Mutendi, Samuel, 396n326, 552 Myanmar, 274–76, 368n62, 529, 563, 593, 793n34,

167n368, 183, 712 theological context for, 139–40, 155, 159n315, 160–61, 180, 258, 539, 543, 575n461, 610,

646n5, 679, 705n356 views of today, 202–7, 375, 427–29, 505–6, 617n67 misdiagnosis as explanation, 342, 404, 415, 476,

850, 876, 877n65 myasthenia gravis, 467n220, 468n229 myelofibrosis, 469 mystery of why some are healed and not others,

521, 563, 645, 650–51, 652, 653, 655, 656, 661, 661–62n101, 667, 668, 681, 716n27, 717, 719 missiologists, missiology, 12n20, 230–31, 265n6,

312n15, 374n132, 388, 530, 807, 832n303, 835, 843, 844, 845 missionaries, 190n129, 800n81, 806n113, 832n303,

487n360, 700, 741n160 mysticism, 245n191, 280, 609n25, 713n2, 821, 838n347, 871, 875n47, 877n65. See also Islam: mysticism myth 876nn52, 54, and passim Mission Covenant Church, 438 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), applied to all supernatural claims, 8n12 applied to biblical accounts, 206n220 (see also

128n113, 174n14, 694n303 Mix, Sarah, 392, 393n298 modernist approaches, older, 98n91, 402n373, demythologizing) distinction from other genres, 45, 69, 80, 197

David Friedrich Strauss's approach, 176–77 409n429, 419, 633n166, 642, 829n282 Moïse, Ngoma, 334 Molalegn, Dawit, 320 Moltmann, Jürgen, 292, 389 monarchs, healing touch of, belief in, 371, 614n49

Mongolia, 265, 298, 415n479, 550n330, 812n154 monism, 115n35, 116n37, 179n61, 203n197 monks, monasticism, 363, 367, 368n66, 370, 372

Montgomery, Carrie Judd, 392–93, 397, 413n469 Moody, D. L., 393n305, 394n308, 397 Moody Bible Institute, 393n305 Mooneyham, Stanley, 298 Moravians, 380, 438 Mormons, 204n210, 627n131 Morocco, 242n172, 792n31 mortality and religious practice, 623–24, 625n118,

Naga people, the, 278n91 name of Jesus, commands in the, 314, 477, 524, 546, 566, 576, 593, 596n586, 737, 745n186, 752,

785, 802, 816, 839, 843n381, 853 narratives, 77n85, 251, 265, 847n407 National Baptist Convention, 444n90, 734n131. See also Baptists National Council of Churches, 437, 734n131. See also specific denominations; World Council of Churches Native Americans, 223n67, 329n126, 368n62,

420, 502–3n492, 505, 527, 547, 792, 793n36, 794nn40, 43, 804n103, 805n111, 830, 878nn68,

traditional healing practices, 217n37, 242n172, 627n130 Mosaic eschatological prophet, 60n225, 72n40, 76n75

Moses 244, 247, 248n225, 637n185, 639n204, 640n212, 784n168, 793n36, 795n52, 810, 831n297, 881n82 natural and supernatural explanations, often compatmagic and, 58n214 model for miracles, 71, 76, 262 signs and wonders and, 60, 404n383 Motilone people, the, 344, 642n220 Mount Sinai Holiness Church, 421n542 Moussounga, Jacques, 333n154, 334–36 Mozambique, 218n40, 266, 330–32, 510, 523n131, ible, 601, 603. See also nature and theism naturalism of the gaps, 187, 700–702, 743n167 (see also antisupernaturalism: not-yet-discovered explanations, appeal to)

530, 556, 640n207, 710n390, 747–48, 795, 805n110, 813

Index of Subjects

metaphysical, 109, 110n11, 127n10, 171, 173n8, Niger, 792n32 Nigeria, 217, 230n116, 232n131, 236n147, 238,

180, 190, 211n4 methodological, 7n9, 101n109, 109, 110n11, 187, 259n270, 311n8, 312n13, 313nn19, 22, 396n328, 440, 773n34, 792n32, 796n58, 805n111, 807n118, 808n122, 809n133, 836 miracle reports, 310, 311n7, 315, 324–30,

690, 699n328 naturalistic explanations, ancient, 87–88, 95n79 natural law, 87, 129, 867–69. See also laws of nature natural phenomena construed differently, 82,

394n310, 408n427, 515n58, 516, 530, 531, 550, 552–54, 591n552, 594, 596, 598, 659n91, 671,

672, 717, 719n58, 735, 747n199, 748n209, 757n230, 812n154, 813n158, 819, 827n267,

839n357, 846n405, 847n412, 848n418, 849, 851n445, 852, 878n70, 882n87 night/all-night prayer, 290n173, 335, 388, 401, 476,

619–44 natural selection, 168, 173n5, 214n12 natural theology, 115n36 nature and theism God often working through nature, 588n536,

592, 601, 603, 617, 620, 628, 633n166, 642–44, 645–47, 662, 679n185, 701n336, 704, 741, 743,

759, 872 God working through or above nature, 122n79,

Nishi people, the, 278, 510n7, 564 Nobel Prize winners, 117, 128n113, 683, 688 nocebo effect, 808–9n127 Nommensen, Ludwig, 288 noncharismatics, 299n237, 734 180–84 nature miracles, 30, 110n11, 579–99, 643, 750, 762 objections against, 178, 213n11, 402n372, 579–

81, 633n163, 635n174, 642n223, 707 reports of, 213n11, 307n291, 310, 366, 587–99

Navajo people, the, 505, 784n168, 793n36, 795n52, healing and other extranormal reports, 239,

287n140, 303, 323, 423n565, 505–6, 531, 546, 594n572, 596, 880n80 non-Christian supernatural claims, 241–49, 257. See

Nazarenes, 312n13, 340n195, 418n506, 500n463, also particular religions non-ordinary reality, 242 nonsupernatural causes, 612–44 non-Western. See Majority World Northumbrian saints, 366 Norway, 526 not healed, many. See healing, nonoccurrence, often not healed, mistreatment of or support for, 305,

505n514, 522, 534, 547–48, 571n435 Nazism, 196n161, 205n213, 225n79, 472, 588n537,

607n16, 695n305, 837 Ndoundou, Daniel, 227n98, 328n126, 333–34, 874n42, 883 near death experiences, 550 (esp. 550n333), 575,

878n70 Nee, Watchman, 307n299, 595n583, 835n325 neo-orthodoxy, 178n52. See also Barth, Karl

Neoplatonism, 31n61, 770n6, 830n290, 874n45 Nepal, 286–87, 510, 528, 565, 792n34, 814–15

Netherlands, 472, 624, 808n126 neutrality, as academic ideal, 48n113, 98, 113n26, 172,

341n205, 477, 512n26, 603n2 not-yet-discovered explanations, appeal to. See antisupernaturalism novels, ancient, 15, 45, 47, 49n126, 55–56, 69,

79n93, 90n34, 92n56, 225, 361, 539n260, 857, 859n8, 859–60n14 Nuer people, the, 809n131 Numbere, Geoffrey, 325–26, 516, 849 Nuñez, Ruth, 355–56 nuns and miracle or other extranormal accounts,

185, 186, 191, 194, 195, 644, 690, 831n295, 834 new creation, 110n14, 133n148. See also kingdom of God, miracles and New Guinea, 793n35, 827n268. See also Indonesia;

Papua New Guinea Newman, John Henry, 132n141, 154n287, 376n143 New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 1:xvi,

368n66, 412, 433, 462, 468n224, 479–80, 481, 482, 681n201, 801n88, 805n108, 806n112, 861n27, 865 nurses, nursing, 329n127, 433, 435, 468n224, 483,

303n270, 380n179 New Thought, 243n173, 709n383. See also mind 491, 513, 522, 539n262, 550n330, 562–63,

565, 571, 573n445, 576, 577–78, 620n88, 717, 720n68, 815n180 sciences Newton, Isaac, 121–22, 130–31, 141n202, 150n255,

Newtonian physics vs. quantum physics, 135, 199, Occam's razor, 103n114, 116, 117n42, 140, 601,

201n190 Newtonians, and active God, 122 New Wine (renewal group), 320, 490–91 New York Theological Seminary, 426n5 New Zealand, 295, 396n322, 406, 499n460,

636, 676n164 occult, the, beliefs concerning, 229n112, 340n191, 421n541, 429n20, 536, 640n212, 800n86, 807n118, 833n309, 837, 839, 840, 842n379,

845, 852, 853, 800nn85–86, 833n309, 836, 838, 839–40, 845n399, 852, 853. See also power encounters 551n335, 708n378, 728 Nicaragua, 571

Index of Subjects Papua New Guinea, 295, 529, 565, 593, 747n202, Octavianus, Petrus, 306n287, 593, 877n66

Ogilvie, Lloyd John, 472 oil, anointing with, 289, 295, 363n25, 367, 380, 412, 804n103, 805n111 paradigm shifts, 97n84, 99, 135–36, 150n255, 199,

199n181, 200–201, 693–94 resistance to, 174, 201, 691 Paraguay, 532 parallelomania, 67n6, 583 paranormal 415, 438, 472, 473, 482, 559, 604n4, 641n216,

649, 683, 860n19 Olazábal, Francisco, 339, 400n359, 650n37 omens. See prodigies Oppong, Samson, 314n30 oral historiography, 32, 309, 311n11, 555 origin of the book, 4–6 Oriol, San José, 379n164 orphanages, orphans, 269n20, 320, 327, 330, 418, definition of, 3, 99, 429n20 parapsychology, paranormal, 614nn47–48, 633n167,

676, 739, 800n86, 830n290, 841, 871–72n9, 873n32, 881n82 Parham, Charles, 413n471, 414n476 Park, Gui-Im, 291 partial healings, 308, 388, 408, 411, 438–39, 481,

499, 517, 518, 528, 590n544, 876 Orthodox, Eastern, 44, 204, 229n111, 237, 259, 267,

276–77n77, 352n279, 370, 412–13, 460n158, 591n552, 641n217, 813n161 orthopedics, 440, 451, 453, 462, 649–50, 659, 683,

485, 512n24, 518n82, 521, 682n208, 725–26 participant observer, traditional anthropological ideal, 830n290 Pascal, Blaise, 121, 141n202, 154n285, 164, 693n292,

716n28 Osborn, T. L. and Daisy, 255n254, 457–59 osteopathy, 257 out-of-body experiences, reports or evaluations of,

732, 852 Pascal's wager, 207n228 Patrick, Saint, 544n288, 844 patristic sources, 29, 57, 62, 359, 361–66, 785–86,

486n354, 575n460, 872n9. See also near death experiences Owen, Richard, 693n293 Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, 268, 282, 327

Oxford University, 128, 169, 170, 226, 231, 273, 813n161 patterns, discerning. See coincidence, as explanation

Paul, and miracle accounts, 15–16n31, 22, 29–30, 64, 86 Paulus, Heinrich, 176 Pelendo, Isaac, 314, 525, 551 Penrose, Roger, 117n43 Pentecostal Holiness Church, 357n305, 397n335,

419, 690n271, 765 Oz, Dr., 718 Pacific Garden Mission, 573n445 Pacific region, 266, 293–95, 792, 793, 814. See also

451n112, 495 Pentecostalism, Pentecostals (note that the specific countries "pagan" wider academic definition of Pentecostalism, sometimes employed here, includes charismatic

Christians beyond Pentecostal denominations) academic interest in, 4n4, 215n20, 226, 232, nomenclature, 36n6 pain, lack of during hypnotism, 631n149 during possession trance, 617n73, 798, 799, 814 in Spiritist surgeries, 244 pain, reduction, 725n85 pain control, and prayer, 204n206, 309, 364,

246n201, 330n129, 347n243, 424, 457n136, 458, 648n14 academic Pentecostalism, 103n112, 474–75,

485n347, 552n342 African, 217–18, 233, 234n140, 236n147, 388n252, 428, 494, 497, 499 Paine, Thomas, 376n140 Pakistan, 230n116, 240n159, 285n128, 529n188,

259n270, 313, 314n24, 315n41, 396n328, 417–18, 639n203, 808n122, 809nn132–33, 817,

843n382, 851n445, 855 antecedents, 383n210 Asian, 230n116, 233, 234n140, 268, 274n65,

563n390, 721 Palau, 795–96 paleontology, 126n103 Paley, William, 125n98, 167 Palmer, Phoebe and Walter, 392 Palmer Theological Seminary, 1:xv, 1:xvi, 331n142,

276n77, 277, 281n115, 289, 291, 292, 294n204, 305n285, 396n328, 617–18, 803n96, 817 Catholicism, relationship to, 341n206 comparisons with Gospels and Acts, 216n32,

352, 440, 444, 566n412, 594, 595, 717n35, 735n135, 746 Panama, 230 panentheism, 103n118, 141n201, 181n70 Pannenberg, Wolfhart, 120n61, 140n193, 202 pantheism, 114–15, 116n37, 140n195, 141n201,

229n110, 232n131 continuities with or adaptations to local cultures, 212n9, 216n32, 217–18, 290n173, 231n125,

232n129, 341n206, 819n206 different from fundamentalism, 309n2, 395, 199n177 400n357, 401, 414n473

Index of Subjects

diversity, 233n136 early Pentecostalism, 397n335, 398–99, 408, philosophy of religion, 86, 108–9, 111, 175, 186–87,

philosophy of science, 135n157, 168n372, 180, 200, 413–25, 513, 524n138, 547, 565, 566, 604n5,

606n14, 619n82, 705n358, 812, 839n357, 877n62 global, 222n62, 233, 234n140, 237–38, 414n472

201, 697 physicians, ancient, 42–45 physics, and theology, 184n90, 646n3, 695n304. See

(see also Majority World) growth, 215–16, 232–34, 330n129, 340n195, 342, also theology and science physics, appeals to newer approaches, 104, 108, 115,

350n263, 353, 817n192 healing emphasis, 217–18, 231n125, 237–39, 343, 123, 135 physics, physicists, 1:xv, 199n180, 405, 674n153,

395, 413n469, 454, 456 healing reports, 235–39, 253, 264, 268, 277, 685n232, 695n304, 696n311, 735n139 Pierson, A. T., 394n308 Pietism, Pietists, 172n3, 341n206, 374n132, 380,

281n115, 289, 291–93, 317–18, 334n156, 339, 341–43, 346–49, 350n263, 351, 353–54,

357, 435–36, 446, 447, 473, 474–75, 552n342, 553, 571n441, 666, 811n149 (see also specific denominations) Latin American, 216n32, 233, 234n140, 236n147,

388n251 placebo effect, 342, 630, 635, 636–38, 639n206, 654n63, 808n127, 819 Planck, Max, 128 Plato, Platonism, 100n102, 116n38, 117n43,

260n271, 292n191, 340, 341–43, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350n263, 357, 396n328, 400n360, 598,

628n140, 812n154 Latino/a, 214n17, 339n183, 348 Majority World, 226, 229n110, 231–39, 417 (see

129n115, 181n70, 368n64, 693n293, 739n153, 740n154, 741n158, 770n6, 772, 774, 777, 780n129. See also Neoplatonism plausibility structures ancient Mediterranean, 93–96 culturally and historically conditioned also specific continents) miracle reports (in addition to healing reports), assumptions and, 179–80, 211–12, 221, 226 epistemic frameworks and, 98, 109n7, 115,

204, 291, 596n586, 598, 840n360 the poor, and, 24n20, 235, 236n148, 275–76, 125n98, 198n173, 579, 653, 692, 699, 700 poison, protection from, 288, 302 Poland, 546, 586n526 polemic 330n131, 343n219, 396n328, 402, 414, 415 postmodernism and, 103n112, 256n260 socially progressive, 24n20, 236n148 See also Assemblies of God; charismatics; Church

Catholic against other miracle claims, 163n340, of God Pentecostal Methodist Church, 357 Pentecostal Theological Seminary, 552n342

Penzias, Arno, 117 people movements, 278n91, 509, 510 persecution, 299, 300, 308n313, 379, 390n277,

376, 377n147, 379, 380, 387 discrediting of all miracles through Protestant polemic against Catholics, 163n341, 164–65,

173n3, 193n144, 195, 209, 376–77, 430n22, 543n282 Protestant against Catholic miracle claims, 102,

564n399 personal agents, 126, 134, 159n317, 169, 182, 121n75, 122n78, 133n144, 164, 362n16, 373n118, 374, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 387,

399, 479 transcending polemic, 386 use of witchcraft accusations for sectarian polemic,

183–84, 257 Peru, 345, 357n307, 835–36 Pew Forum surveys, 204, 236–39, 342n210 Philippines, 217n37, 230n116, 430, 587n530, 640,

374n127 politics of knowledge, academia, 87, 201, 215n26, 793n34, 795n47, 796n59, 798n65, 801n89, 846n406, 876 ethnic Chinese there, 306n287 healing reports, 238, 265, 266, 268–73, 278n93,

688–92, 695 ecclesiastical, 201n187, 380, 402, 681, 695 Polkinghorne, John, 126–27, 433 poltergeists, 429n20, 841n373. See also ghosts;

297n220, 302n265, 406, 510n6, 519–20, 530, 569–70, 576, 704n350, 745n187, 753, 757,

814n168, 848 psychic healers, 242n172, 244, 614n48, 638n196, haunting claims Polybius, and ancient critical historiography, 89–91,

187n108 polytheism, 141n201, 193n143, 196n162, 223n69,

Philo of Alexandria, 74n54, 96n82 philosophers' reports, 690, 728, 730–32 philosophy and theism, 112, 740 philosophy of history, 186–87. See also

poor, healing and, 24n20, 271, 301, 305, 308n313, 340n200, 343n219, 368n59, 402, 408, 415,

704–5, 710n392, 731, 824n241 Popoff, Peter, 615n52 historiography

Index of Subjects popular religion, 2, 5, 78, 93n59, 232n131, 255–56, distinctions, 789n8, 791n19, 793n38, 811n146,

235, 361, 403n378, 413, 456n132 Portugal, 839n358 positivism. See logical positivism possession 815n180, 818, 819n210, 823n234, 836n336,

neurological studies, 713n2, 789, 821–22 nomenclature, 770n2, 791 political explanations and factors, 833n311, airplane possession (in one traditional society),

791n17 ancient approaches, 770, 776–79 anthropological approaches, 791nn18, 21, 792n26,

842–43n380 (see also under this heading social explanations and factors) positive and negative associations, varying

820, 828, 829–33 anthropological reports, 4n4, 173n6, 256n258, culturally, 826 psychiatric and psychological approaches and 788, 790–99, 802–9, 829 anthropologists' participation in possession trance, factors, 789n8, 790n14, 817, 820, 823n238,

825n249, 826, 828, 829, 838, 839 similarities or analogies between modern and 790n13, 830, 832 behavior, different, 779, 796–97, 800 (see also

Gospel accounts, 788n2, 789, 796–98, 800n80,

social explanations and factors, 633n163, 791n21, possession: voices, different) in Christian and quasi-Christian movements,

312n15, 386, 841n375, 844n388 class factors, 823–25 complementary approaches to causes, 829, 838,

817n189, 818n200, 819n209, 820nn214, 216, 822–25, 828–29, 833n311 strength, superhuman, reported, 797–98, 799,

841, 856 conflict between anthropological and 814, 841n375 (see also pain, lack of: during possession trance) trance and, 791n17, 792–96, 797n61, 798, 799, psychological approaches, partial, 828–29 cultic contexts, often, 777, 794n43, 828 cultural variations, 791n17, 794–96, 823, 826, 832 degrees of, 770n2 epilepsy, association in some cultures, 777, 821n222

800n86, 811, 821n218, 823, 826n266, 828, 830 violence and, 797–98, 801, 814, 825, 835, 839,

voices, different, 778n95, 796–97, 800, 801n88, distinctions, 821n222, 840, 841 neurologically based, 777n82, 821, 871 experiences fairly transcultural, 772n28, 788, 789,

813, 815, 816, 839, 842 postmodernism, 219n48, 256n260, 265, 607n16 790–93, 800n83 explanations, 789, 791n21, 800n80, 821n222, critique of modernism, 98–99, 102, 182n78, 189,

212, 219, 829n282 historiography and, 192, 219n48 miracles or supernatural and, 98n91, 99, 207, 761,

822–43; in early modern science, 692n282 group or mass experiences of, 789–90, 792n27,

795n50, 799n76, 819, 823n236, 828n271 healing and, 795n45, 811, 823n234, 840n360 historical reports, 221n56, 363n20, 377n151,

829n282, 831n295 power encounters, 232, 269n19, 284n127, 318n62, 561, 586n528, 590, 809n133, 813n165, 836,

839n357, 842, 843–55, 856 prayer, 290n173, 292–95, 296nn216–17, 297, 298, 790n11, 799–802 illness and, 775n57, 802–7, 820 (see also spirits: sickness and) induced by alcohol, tobacco, or drugs, 794nn40,

300, 301, 303, 305, 306n285, 311, 341, and passim intense, or desperate, 365, 412, 441, 508, 554, 473,

45, 822 induced by drumming, music, or dancing (see 533, 553, 597 logical on theistic premises, 624n106 pain control and, 204, 388n252, 428 simple, 277, 319, 320, 335, 342, 344, 347–48, dancing; drums) Islamic views and practices, 776nn74–75 isolation, 798 Jesus and, 800n85, 835, 840, 842, 843, 844n38,

388n257, 528 prayer, efficacy of, controlled studies 853 (see also name of Jesus, commands in the) knowledge, superhuman, reports of, 797n61, limitations of the studies, 629–30, 658n82, 704–5,

800–801, 841n375 lack of recollection, subsequent, 776, 778, 797, 835 languages, different, claims of, 329n126, 779, 800,

708–11 origins of, 704n351 studies with mixed or negative conclusions, 427, 801, 839 mental illness or disturbances and possession or

studies with positive conclusions, 427, 428, trance experiences associations in some cultures, 772n29, 776–77,

697–98n322, 708 predestination, predetermination, 111n19, 182n75, 789n8, 811n146, 815, 818, 823n234, 825, 840n360, 849n424 693n293

Index of Subjects

prediction miracles or supernatural predictions, probability reported, 158n306, 729n114, 870–71n4, 875n49, 876nn51, 55, 882. See also prophecies predictions calculations regarding Hume's argument about miracles, 152–54, 157–59 degrees of, 12, 110, 137n168, 138n178, 139, of behavior (human and/or divine), 126n104,

152n273, 607, 647, 703 faith and, 120n67 general vs. special events, probability of, 157 history and, 120n67 infinitesimal, 154n283 prior factors conditioning calculations of, 111,

126n108, 182, 247, 255, 257, 608–9, 668, 685n232, 700n333, 704, 713, 739–41 in medicine, 610 prophetic, viewed as conditional or preventive,

873, 881, 882 in science and history, 111n20, 123, 126, 127, 129, 139, 159n315, 160–61, 607, 647n11 process theology, 135n159, 180n67, 182n75 prodigies 150, 155, 188n114, 608–9, 700, 702n337 in sociology, 191–92, 426 pregnancy, fantasy, 79n91, 631n148 prejudice against anomaly reports in parts of in ancient sources, 37, 80–82, 89, 91, 92nn48–49,

94, 96, 101, 144n213 in later sources, 691n281 projection, 190n126, 770n7, 825, 855 prophecies academia, 249, 256, 256n258, 656, 665n115,

688–92, 732–34, 742, 829, 831, 832n303, 834,

prejudice against religion in parts of academia, Christian and quasi-Christian, 280n109, 284–85,

113nn25, 27, 175, 190, 191, 194, 195, 202, 206n219, 688, 689, 691–92, 697n314, 702,

704n351, 711, 742 Presbyterians, 175n24, 194n149, 273n55, 291, 394, 288, 294, 295, 313, 314n33, 334, 342n209,

357n308, 364n34, 372n109, 453n121, 486, 488, 498, 499n461, 501, 534, 535, 590–91, 593,

613n43, 629n142, 672n141, 735, 736nn141–42, 755, 777, 806n114, 850, 854, 855, 870, 874n46,

875, 876nn52, 60, 880–82 non-Christian, 687n249, 809, 815, 875, 881n82, 421n541, 462n184, 495 in Africa, 314, 315, 322, 808n122 in Asia, 277, 288n146, 291, 296, 458, 835 miracle reports 882n88 prophets, eschatological, 27, 60, 76, 414n477. See before the twentieth century, 378, 381, 391–92 twentiethand twenty-first centuries, 277, also Mosaic eschatological prophet prophets, sign, 30n59, 60, 66, 72n40, 74, 611, 614 prophets of national deliverance, 74 prosperity teaching, 235–36, 258, 280n108, 290–

288n146, 291, 296, 298n231, 313–15, 408n427, 437, 444, 452, 462, 472–73, 522, 534, 572, 577n469, 589n542, 590n545, 716n32, 732n123, 802n93, 812n154 visions and dreams, 877 presuppositions in scholarship (esp. regarding

91n173, 308n313, 313n23, 314n24, 330n131, 343n219, 467n216, 489n373, 704n350, 807,

842n378 protection miracles, reports of, 274–75, 282, 288, miracles), 7, 8, 13–15, 33–34, 67n8, 77n82,

80n98, 83, 93, 101, 102, 107, 113, 114, 120n61, 138–40, 154, 156, 173, 194, 198, 199, 206n222,

212, 215, 256n258, 300–301, 402, 403, 425, 459–60, 579n479, 635, 644, 656, 688, 697,

820n213 treating only supporters of miracles as biased, 341, 368n62, 428, 524, 586, 587n532, 588n535,

589n542, 593n568, 597n588, 849, 850n432, 855, 880. See also escape/rescue miracles, reports of; fire, protection from; poison, protection from Protestant polemic against Catholic miracles. See

615n51, 652–53, 662, 664, 665, 674n153, 676, 688–92, 702, 732–33, 742, 762–63, 842n380,

852 (see also antisupernaturalism: not neutral; prejudice against anomaly reports in parts of academia) See also epistemology; interpretation, dependent polemic providence, 109, 110n14, 122, 123, 131n129,

181, 184n90, 377n152, 382, 587n533, 605n9, 679n185, 737n142, 741, 872n11 providences, special (relation to miracles), 122–23,

377, 378, 382 proving a negative, 105, 167, 250n232, 255 provision, 475, 589, 591 proxy, prayer or ministry by, 307n292, 314n34, on worldview preternatural, 130n126, 131n129, 196, 838, 844 development of Western views, 81n108, 196n162

Price, Alfred, 409 Price, Charles, 399n351, 400n359, 419–20, 408n427. See also handkerchiefs; relics psychiatrists, 252n241, 317, 633, 659n87, 717, 742,

461n169, 648–50 Price, Richard, 104n123, 153, 158, 168 Prince, Derek, 842n378 Princeton University, 128n113 801n87, 817, 820, 829, 837. See also psychiatric conditions psychic experiences, 3, 253n249, 404n383, 815–16,

853, 881n82

Index of Subjects racism, 223–24, 401n365, 414, 419n522, 695n305, psychic healers, 229n112, 242n172, 244, 614n48,

696n309. See also ethnocentrism radical strategy in missions, 394 rain miracle reports, 73, 75n62, 307n291, 383,

638, 669n131, 811 psychic healing or other claims, as analogy for Jesus or Christian healers, 464n195, 466n211,

486n354, 542n275, 588n536, 614n46, 632, 676n162 psychoanalysis. See psychotherapy or psychoanalysis psychogenic illnesses, 405n394, 509n3 psychoimmunology, 11, 619n83, 626, 630, 631, 635,

582n499, 590–91, 593, 595, 845–46, 848n418 raising reports, 436n51, 445, 458n152, 489n374,

536–79, 718 Africa, 309, 310, 315, 323, 328, 333, 338, 508, 510n9, 551–63, 735, 749, 752–57, 850 Apollonius and, 53n167, 55, 537n248 Asia, 563–70, 749 (see specifically China, Chinese

636n178, 637, 638 psychological (as opposed to physical) healing, 409, culture; India; Indonesia; Philippines) China, 301, 307n291, 566–67 earlier history, 383, 537–39, 543–49, 705n358,

486n355, 622n94, 626n128, 633n166, 639n203, 643, 678n175. See also health professionals and spiritual healing; spiritual healing psychological health, 621–22. See also depression psychology, 111n20, 126n108, 217, 251n238,

India, 278, 564–65 Indonesia, 288, 879n74 interpretations of, 111–12, 155, 199, 267, 537,

275n68, 346, 430, 471, 472, 478n292, 586n526, 613, 615, 619, 642–43, 690, 697, 741–42n160,

791n19, 815 psychopathology, lack of in mystical and anomalous 541–43, 574–75, 579, 609, 635n174, 638, 643,

644, 646, 657, 665–66, 674n153, 698, 701, 713, 729–30, 739, 750, 752, 759, 762 Latin America, 343, 344, 749, 757 Majority World, in the, 210, 227, 761 (see especially experiences, 871–72 psychosomatic cures, explanations of, 30, 38n12,

46n92, 111, 180n67, 250n233, 378, 385, 389, 402, 405n398, 408, 410, 430, 438n66, 465, 467,

497n434, 509, 536, 542, 603, 630–33, 646, 651–52, 676–77, 678n175, 681, 683n216, 684,

685, 688, 698n322, 705, 710n388, 719, 727–29, 738, 746, 751–56, 759, 839 Jesus/early Christians and, 30, 33, 77n82, specific countries or regions) Mesopotamia (Central Asia/Middle East), 366,

non-Christian accounts, 539–40 Philippines, 270, 753, 757 unsuccessful, 551n334, 554n359, 575, 721n68,

757n230 in the West, 210, 302n265, 383, 436, 444–45, 453, 103n117, 176, 376n145, 402, 459n153, 507,

508, 509, 618, 630n146, 632–34, 635, 639n203,

psychotherapy or psychoanalysis, 220n49, 633, 492n393, 505, 572–74, 717, 744–45, 749–50,

Ramabai, Pandita, 280, 590n544, 876n60 Ramsay, James, 225 randomness, 111n19, 155, 182, 540, 607n17, 610,

636n178, 639, 684n230, 817, 818n202, 820n214, 826n258, 831n296 public meetings, reports from, 252–53, 257, 400,

643n225, 696n308, 701n337, 702n337 Rasputin, 228 rationalism, 99n95, 177n45, 199 Ratuwalu, Johannes, 287 readings, sympathetic, 98, 102, 309n2, 829n284,

403, 409, 424, 438, 454, 455, 459n153, 470, 478n290, 614, 615n55, 668 Puerto Rico (U.S.), 351, 536, 631, 793n36, 828n273

Puritans, 378n157, 381–82, 875n48 Pyrrhonian skepticism, 121, 148 Pyrrhonistic fallacy, 166n363 Pythagoras, Pythagoreanism, 52, 68, 93, 362n15,

830n290, 831, 832n303, 832n308 readings from other social locations, 15, 214. See also

Majority World redactional analysis, 32, 523n124, 555n362, 582, 594n571, 693 729n114, 784 Redeemed Christian Church of God, 326, Q document, 22–23, 29, 58n208, 60, 511, 861 qigong, 614n48 Qua Iboe Mission, 311n8 Quakers. See Friends, Society of quantum indeterminacy, 111n19, 115n34, 124n90,

326–27n117 reductionism, charge of, 102, 103–4n118, 109n8, 168, 173n5, 179, 190–91, 203n197, 217n37,

558, 631n153, 642, 645–47, 675, 690n275, 711, 712, 759, 762, 823n231, 829, 832, 833n311

Reformed Christians, 287n140, 289, 373, 393. See 135, 182n75, 694n303 quarks, 148n244 quest for the historical Jesus, 23n13. See also Jesus, also Calvin, Calvinism; Presbyterians reformers historical, as a healer; Third Quest Qur'an, the, 133, 197n164, 627n131, 810–11, 833, reaction against medieval miracle claims, 367n53,

851n440 371–75

Index of Subjects

refugees, 251n235, 379, 574, 735, 880, 882 regularity of nature, 141–42, 144–45, 149n253, 151,

Rogers, Adrian, 437n56 Roman Catholicism. See Catholics Romania, 329n126, 807n118 Romanticism, 99n95, 176, 510n11 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 176, 696n309 Russell, Bertrand, 118n47, 151n264 Russia, 228n105, 246n201, 291n180, 457, 780n117,

181, 741. See also laws of nature Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, 176 reincarnation, 244n182, 568, 822n226 relativism, 13n22, 99, 607n16 relativity, 199n180 relevance theory, 219n48 relics 784n169 Rwanda, 317–18, 333n150, 595n579 abuse of, 371–72 reaction against, 372–74, 375n136 reports of healing through, 164, 258, 363, 364–

Sabbatai Zevi, 538n251 sacramental healing, 340–41, 363n25, 367n53, 369, 65n35, 366nn48–49, 369, 370, 373, 408n427,

861n26 religion permissible in public discourse, 192 religions all the same, argument that, 194–97

Renan, Ernest, 510n11 repeatability, replication, 159n315, 187, 190n126, 370n78, 384, 404n385, 430n22, 477n279, 495,

sages, not incompatible with miracle workers, 23n13, 30n58, 62 saints canonization and healings, 681n201, 745n181,

192n142, 246–47, 256, 608, 636n178, 667, 685n232, 690, 705 reporters. See journalists, journalist reports repressed desires, 825, 826n257 rest (therapeutic), 399n353, 428, 824n242 restorationism regarding miracles

healings through, 11, 164n345, 258, 285n130, 362n13, 366, 384, 385–87, 412, 479, 480, 543,

544, 545, 688, 861 other miracles through, 588n536, 590n544, 861n27 syncretism and, 795n47, 806n114 veneration of, 362n13, 367n53, 369n75, 370n80, eschatological, 379, 389, 390n281, 413–14n471,

414n475 through renewal of faith, 367n53, 373n113, 372, 860 Salmon, Elsie, 411, 513, 525, 604n4 Salvation Army, 424n569, 571, 875n47 Samburu people, the, 539, 875n50 Samford University, 276 Samoa, 294, 825n247 Sanday, William, 178n52 Sanford, Agnes, 503n499, 614n49 Santeria, 245, 816n186 Sardar Birsa, 276n76, 540n263, 587–88n535,

383n209 resurrection of Jesus in Christian understanding, 110n14, 111n20, 120n61, 133n148, 140, 145nn220, 222, 148n239, 159n315, 160, 181n71, 182n77, 213n11, 538, 581n493, 607n16, 611nn34–35 in Hume and others who reject supernaturalism,

111nn19, 21, 162n337, 635 resuscitations. See raising reports Revelation, book of, 220 revivalistic style, as historically conditioned cultural

588n536, 877n64 Saudi Arabia, 805n111 Schaeffer, Francis, 472–73 schizophrenia, 318, 625n120, 839, 840n360

Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 24n14, 115n36, 177–78 Schweitzer, Albert, 403n378 science form, 454, 455n129 revival movements, 216n33, 235, 315n43, 386n236,

421n541, 566–67n412, 590, 616, 790n11, 824n242, 871n7 and miracle claims, 16, 280, 352, 367n55

See also Great Awakenings; Pentecostalism, complementary with religion, 123n87, 128,

Pentecostals; Welsh Revival rhetoric, ancient, 31n67 Richey, Raymond T., 512n26 rings, use of, 785, 786 Rip Van Winkle, 68n15 Ritschl, Albrecht, 115n36 robber barons, 194 Roberts, Evan, 873n32, 875n47 Roberts, Oral, 229, 236n147, 287n144, 396n328,

693nn292–93, 695, 696n313 dependent on interpretive structures, 124n94, 198–99, 201, 607n16, 608, 688, 691–94, 697 diversity of views within, 696 explanations for causation vary, 125 exploration of causation in, 127–28 fideist/religious element, 199, 692 history of, 199n181, 691, 693–96, 739n153 limitations of method, 200n183, 206n222, 256,

424, 457n136, 464n194, 465n207, 572n443, 604n3, 617n67 Robertson, Pat, 396n328, 571n434, 598n590

Robinson, Ida, 421n542 439–40, 608–9, 629–30, 695n304, 699n328, 701n337, 703, 705n355 metaphysical claims, 109n8, 173, 190, 689,

690–92, 693–94

Index of Subjects openness to new discoveries, 135–36, 149–50, Shandong (Shantung) revival, 305n285, 394n314,

162, 198, 200, 207, 609, 694–95, 697, 704n348 resistance to paradigm shifts, 150n255, 174, 201,

590n544 Sheffey, Robert S., 591n555 Shembe, Isaiah, 312n16, 875n51 Shona people, the, 552, 792n30, 794n40, 797n61,

206n222, 691, 694, 697 subjectivity in, 174, 198–99, 691, 693–94, 695n305, 697 subjects outside nature's norm outside scientific

809n128, 827–28n270 Siberia, 794n41, 811n146 Sierra Leone, 418n507 sign prophets. See prophets, sign signs, 741n160 expertise, 125, 127 (esp. 127n110), 128,

129n116, 152, 173, 174nn14, 16, 180, 217, 646n3, 656, 703, 743, 762 war between religion and, as propaganda, vs. gifts, 403n379, 454, 629, 710, 724 and Moses, 60, 404n383, 852n451 SIM, 878n68 Simpson, A. B., 361n9, 386, 393–94, 395, 397n333,

44nn83–84, 131n135, 695–97 science fiction, 133 scientific method not the only epistemic method in other disciplines, 151–52, 173, 174, 184–85,

187, 219n48, 608–9, 646n3, 664–67, 693n292, 699n328, 703, 705n355, 831n293 scientism, 174nn14–15, 179n62 scientists, 1:xv, 337n172, 559, 607n16 398, 414, 524n138 Sinclair, Upton, 253n249 Singapore, 273, 306n287, 307n292, 876 Singh, Sadhu Sundar, 216n33, 280–81, 306n287,

570n430, 586n526, 587n533, 876n55, 879n71 Sinhalese people, the, 792n34, 810n135, 828n277

Sioux people, the, 799n74 skepticism early English scientists, and theism, 101n109, 109,

121, 131n135, 141, 162 religious prejudices of some, 689, 692 views regarding miracles, 215n26, 301, 594, 609, epistemological, 114n31, 687, 766 (see also

690–91, 728 views regarding theism, 112–13n23, 688n260, epistemology: skepticism in) about miracles, historic and philosophic context

689, 692, 696n309 Scotland, 310, 311n6, 367, 421n541, 437, 513–14, of, 15, 97, 99, 101n109, 114–15, 118–23, 130–

31, 152–53, 167–68, 172–79, 185, 689n269, 733n130 Pyrrhonian (see Pyrrhonian skepticism) Western researchers, 248, 301, 436n55 Western teachers, earlier, 311–12 skeptics, healing of, 343–44, 352, 468, 474, 477–78,

527n171, 844, 877n63. See also United Kingdom Scots Reformers, 373, 545 Scottish Covenanters, 378, 881n82 Scripture Union, 315 sea deliverance stories, 584–85, 591 Secret Mark, 26n35 secularism, differing definitions of, 171n1 secularization, 191 Segeju people, the, 809n132, 810 self-defeating epistemologies, 123n86, 165n357,

480, 484, 677, 684 slavery, slave trade, 224–25, 414, 792n27, 823 Smith, Amanda Berry, 393n298, 878n68 Smith, Stanley, 420n532 snake handling, 587n532, 799n74, 852n451 snakes, snakebite, 364, 557n375, 587, 796n55,

173n8, 174, 199 Senegal, 242n172, 792n32 Sesharatnam, 278 Seventh Day Adventism. See Adventists Seymour, William, 397n335, 423n559, 512n26 shadows, healing by contact with, 325 Shakarian, Demos, 476n277, 597n588 shaking of locations. See earthquakes or shaking shamanism, shamans, 11, 48n110, 50n134, 78,

809n133, 813, 814, 853, 861n27 Sobel, Jordan Howard, 169n378 social support, 297, 620, 625, 639 Society of Biblical Literature, 6n8, 246n200, 310,

552n342, 594n573, 757n230 sociologists, sociology, 101, 103, 190n129, 354, 436, 451, 485, 564, 686, 689 neutrality regarding theology, 98n88, 191,

229n111, 242n172, 243n172, 244, 247, 248, 401n370, 418, 516, 530, 540, 614n48, 630,

638, 639, 791n20, 793, 794n40, 795n45, 797n61, 798n70, 799n78, 800n86, 801n88, 802,

803nn96, 99, 807n118, 810n135, 811, 816, 822, 825n251, 826, 827n267, 828n277, 832n308,

833n310, 843n381, 847–48, 850, 851, 871, 875n50, 877n65 comparisons with, 212, 229, 290, 631 as a field of study, 246, 830n286, 833n311

See also traditional healers and healing 829n283, 831n295 reporting experiences in sociology, 2n1, 250, 713 sociology of religion, 101n105, 190, 277, 426,

541n274, 689n264, 706n361, 833n311 sociology of science, 201n187 soldier/military accounts, 513–14, 527, 572n443,

586nn526, 529, 591n557, 597n588, 613n45 Solomon and exorcisms, 784, 786–87 Solomon Islands, 293–94, 590n544, 793n35, 810,

845n398

Index of Subjects

Somalia, 776n74, 786n195, 792n28, 794n40, 795, by most cultures, 242, 791–93 by some anthropologists, 713n2, 791n21, 829,

810–11 Songhay, 248, 833 Son of God, 51n148 Soubirous, Bernadette, 385–86 South Africa, 218–19n44, 228n103, 241, 274,

830–33 contagious character of, 812 culture-specific conceptualizations, 794–96 dangers of, 248n218, 809, 810, 814, 836, 843n381,

295n211, 312n15, 398, 794nn40–41, 796n58, 805, 806, 825n251, 827n267, 828n270 miracle reports, 238, 323, 368n60, 393, 406,

diagnosis of or by means of, or involving witchcraft, 795, 803n100, 806 disbelief in, 817, 835–36 distinct from supreme creator, in traditional

407n418, 408n427, 411, 416n488, 419, 500n468, 510n6, 512nn28–29, 513, 516, 518, 523n130, 524n134, 525, 531, 551, 553, 554,

575n464, 586n526, 586n529, 591nn549–50, 595n583, 639n203, 846, 849, 851 possession reports, 790n10, 792n30, 815 South Asia, 265, 276–87 Southeast Asia, 265, 273–76, 530, 814, 880n79

Southern Baptists, 317, 394n314, 437, 452, 489, African beliefs, 809 error, spirits of, 774 healing by means of, seeking, 346, 640nn211–12,

795n45, 811 higher spirits to thwart or exorcise lower ones, 786, 787, 798n73, 811 local ties, 796n59, 812n150, 834, 837n341 monotheists' frequent acknowledgment of, 258 moving objects or persons (or other such

514n47. See also Baptists South Korea, 809n132, 819n209, 825n251, 828n277, 835 healing reports, 238, 266, 290–93, 297n220, 568, phenomena), reportedly, 801, 816, 833n309,

835n329, 840, 841, 846, 848 multiple in an individual, 776n75, 797n64,

Korean language, 328n126 reports of other supernatural experiences besides 818n200, 841 neutrality of healing, 588n535, 812n154, 850, 878n70 sovereignty of God, 628, 687n250, 720, 731, 776 in African tradition, frequently, 48n112, 789,

803n99, 809, 809–10n134, 814, 827, 828n279 in Mediterranean antiquity, 770–72 not neutral in some monotheistic traditions, belief negatively correlated with anxiety, 622n94 distinguishable from micromanaging all details,

124n89 as explanation for non-healings, 267, 269n18, 774, 809, 814, 828n279, 837 odor, reports of, 815n180 pervasiveness of belief in, 772n28, 790–96 posthumans, deceased spirits, disembodied souls,

283, 294n206, 303, 304n273, 306n288, 319, 335, 389, 390n274, 397, 398, 415n479, 461,

468n222, 478n290, 487, 488n368, 604n3, 605n9 in Islam, 627n134 Sozomen, 362n13, 844n388 space miracle reports, 68, 73, 581n492, 594, 871n9

Spain, 862–63 special divine action vs. general divine action, 770, 772, 773, 774, 794, 796n55, 797n61, 800,

819n209, 827, 834, 842n378, 871n5 protection against, 786n195, 812, 846n405, 853–55

(see also demons: protection against, in antiquity) sexual activities and, 782, 783n156, 798n70,

818n200 sickness and, 245, 247n215, 802–4, 816, 820, 836 "unclean," 774

Westerners' conversion to belief in, 291, 831–33, 110n14, 182 specialization, epistemological limitations imposed by, 87, 125n96, 127nn110–11, 174n14, 201,

257, 647n10, 692n288, 699n328, 702, 765 Spinoza, Benedict de, 114–15, 118, 131n133, 177–

836, 838, 843–44, 853n455 See also exorcism spiritual gifts, 273, 303n273, 304n277, 306n288,

78, 199n177, 201 spirit energy, explanation in traditional religion, 246, 333n149, 338, 383n209, 389, 390n281, 392n291, 394, 403n379, 407, 485n346, 485n350, 629, 687n250, 735n134 spiritual healing, 479–80, 481, 515–16, 643 spiritualism, 123n85, 168n376, 243n173, 615nn51–

248n225 spirit guides, spirit helpers, 239n157, 247, 791n20, 793n38, 797n61 spiritism, Spiritists, 205, 244, 246n201, 342, 794,

52, 840 spiritual mapping, 231n120 spiritual warfare, 231n120, 311n7, 852 spitting, spittle, 327 spontaneous remission, 198, 250, 267, 326n113,

812, 828 spirits bargaining, 786, 787, 800n84, 810n142, 811–12, 815, 819n203 belief in, 789, 791–92, 800nn80, 83, 802, 817,

376n145, 405, 428n16, 434n41, 442n87, 461n168, 462n181, 465, 467, 480, 482, 510n12,

833n312, 836, 853

Index of Subjects 456–57n134, 506–7, 607, 615n57, 698, 705n358, 706n362, 722, 743, 860 superstition 618, 631–32, 632n162, 636–37, 643n227, 646,

652, 673–75, 678, 679, 682, 818n202 estimated frequency of, 632 as nonexplanation at times, 653, 656, 657, 663, ancient medicine and, 43 ancient views concerning, 88–89, 780–81 diverse views in Christendom, 370n77, 381 modern charges of, 300, 304n273, 309n2, 409,

666, 685n232 springs, healthy, 39 Spurgeon, Charles Haddon, 393n304, 424n578, 640n212, 652, 690, 691, 704n351, 789n4 suprahuman but natural entities, 99–100 Suriname, 343–44, 438, 510, 792n24 surveys of popular opinion regarding miracles and 881n82 Sri Lanka, 281n114, 285–86, 385n231, 406, 510n6,

518, 529, 568, 590, 617–18n73, 792n34, 804n103, 808, 814, 825n247, 840n360, 843n381, 845n398, 849 St. Lucia, 352 St. Vincent, 793n36, 828 standing in faith, practice of, 397, 513n40, 531, supernatural healing, 204, 238n surveys of those claiming to have experienced or witnessed supernatural healing, 205, 236–39 survivors' tales, principle of, 495, 610n28

Swaziland, 595 Sweden, 342n209, 349, 574, 877n62 Switzerland, 243, 312n12, 315, 389–90, 393n303,

619n82 Stanford University, 128n113, 428 Star Trek, 133 statues, reports of active, 92, 369n77. See also icons status, social, and healing/supernatural reports,

628n139 symbolic import of Jesus's miracles, 28–29, 62 Synagogue Church of All Nations, 671 syncretism, 218nn39, 42, 230n116, 245n195,

42, 49, 89, 94, 301n252, 380, 402, 405, 408, 485n347, 824n241, 828 Steelberg, Wesley, Jr., 431 stereotypes, 128n113 stigmata, 369–70n77, 630–31n148 Stockmayer, Otto, 391, 393n303 Stoicism, Stoics, 57, 91n42, 93, 116nn37–38,

297n223, 300n250, 301n250, 312nn15–16, 370n77, 386, 395n322, 588n536, 780, 795n47,

796n59, 803n99, 804n103, 807–8, 817n190, 819n206, 828n270, 854n455, 875n51 Syria, Syrians, 276–77n77, 359, 366, 367, 526n162,

544, 812n156 138n178, 182n75, 770n6, 772n21, 867–69 stoning, surviving severe, 735 storms, stilling, 582, 590, 591–92, 595–96, 638,

Tacitus, and extraordinary reports, 91–92, 94, 145n221. See also Vespasian, healing claims regarding Taiwan, 42n59, 587n530, 627n134, 639n200,

702n339, 737 straight rule, 109n10 Straton, John Roach, 306n288, 414n473 Strauss, David F., 71n38, 173, 176–77, 206n220,

659n89, 717, 722n73, 726n91, 799, 843n383 Takla Hâymânot, 863–65 Tanzania, 230n116, 315n37, 317, 595, 745n186,

584n506 stress, 622n95, 626, 627n130, 822n228, 871n7, 880 stuttering, 323n92 Sudan, 314n33, 792n28, 795, 812n150, 828 suffering, 11, 258, 297n219, 308, 368, 391, 392,

790n10, 796n58, 801n88, 810, 811n149, 813n164, 835 Taoism. See Daoism Tarot cards, 881n82 Taylor, Hudson, 605n9 Taylor University, 441 televangelist scandals, 236n147 temperature control and religion or spirit claims,

400, 477, 606n12, 692n286, 700, 741–42n160, 758–59, 767, 875n50. See also healing, nonoccurrence, often Sufism, 205n215, 242n172, 796n59, 799n74

Sumrall, Lester, 801n89, 848n421 Sunday, Billy, 424n569 Sung, John (Shang-chieh Song), 216n33, 266,

597n588, 628n135, 789n7, 815n180, 840 temporary cures (or not), 252, 292, 307, 378n162,

381, 406n413, 411n448, 413, 416, 436, 437n58, 456, 459n154, 468, 519n89, 531n208, 533n222,

567n413, 571n436, 604–5, 617, 677n171, 714, 726, 736, 767 Ten Boom, Corrie, 472, 588n537, 877nn62, 66

Teresa of Avila, 375, 421n541, 726n93 testimony, for miracle claims 305–8, 384–85, 514, 524, 567n413, 590n547,

813n161, 875n51, 881n82 superconductivity, 136, 150 supernatural definition of, 7, 10, 99, 826n256 (see also suprahuman but natural entities) dichotomy between supernatural and natural, 7, anthropology and sociology, 2, 250, 256, 455 appeal to public testimony, 276, 510, 517, 520,

78n89, 110 diversity in sorts of reports, 15, 45, 78, 51, 65, 527, 529, 534, 544, 548, 551, 565, 590n545, 594,

647n12, 655, 731, 748, and passim 67–68, 78, 167, 239n157, 429, 430, 445,

Index of Subjects

in historiography, 148–49, 150, 151, 174, 192 Hume's view, 143–55 inconsistency with normal standards of evidence, tombs, 164n345, 363n29, 370n77, 379–80, 860, 861

Tonga, 550n330 Tonga people, Valley, the, 792n30, 827n268 tongues, 274n59, 280nn109, 111, 287–88n144, 288,

145–53, 213, 380, 543, 601, 603 legal, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153n275, 664, 665 Locke's view, 120n66 multiple independent, 152–54 (see also multiple

303n272, 306, 311n8, 312n15, 314, 325n107, 328, 328–29n126, 333n152, 357, 364, 381, 413,

422, 423n559, 475, 504, 547, 623n100, 734n131 top-down information input and cosmology, attestation, and miracles) in science, 149–50, 151 value of public testimony, 365, 510, 616

See also eyewitnesses testing hypotheses, 201n186 textbooks and simplified paradigms, 199n181

Thailand, 243n172, 273, 275n68, 306n287, 457, 115n36, 181n70, 184n86 Toronto Blessing, 384n216 Torrey, R. A., 391n283, 395, 398n340 traditional healers and healing, 243n172, 244, 323,

327n120, 639, 802, 805n110 Christians and, 218n42, 334n159, 530, 561, 567, 458, 530, 563, 818n201, 849n428, 850 Theodore of Sykeon, 229n111 theology 640–41n215, 849–50, 851 competition with doctors, 639n204 effectiveness, 97n87, 523n125, 540, 614n48 exorcism, 786n195 pervasiveness, 212n8 usefulness for health care, 220n54, 639–40 traditional tribal religions, 205, 245, 322, 509, 575, biblical divine vs. "supernatural," 10 polemic against polytheism, 110n12 and creation. See design arguments, divine; downward causation; evolution: theistic; panentheism; top-down information input and cosmology and historiography, 28–29, 87, 95n78, 98, 113,

586n528, 594, 733n128, 806n113, 831n295, 848, 877n65 trance experiences, 280, 379n166, 385n233,

186, 191, 202, 608 as integrative, 127n111 modern 421n541, 540n270, 541, 631, 779n107, 791n17,

792nn24–25, 793–96, 799, 812, 821, 822, 826n266, 827, 830, 831n300, 871, 877n63 trances, in traditional healing practices, 244n184, demythologizing and, 203n203 miracles and, 172, 175–81, 402n373, 436 nature and, 180–81, 592 philosophic, 175 prejudice against, 173, 202, 686, 689, 692,

630n147, 638, 639, 794n40 transcendence, 182n78, 183n81 transcultural readings, 220 translocation experiences. See space miracle reports transmutation in ancient magic, 50, 68, 70, 827n267.

697n314, 702 and science, 127, 693n292, 695, 696n313 See also witchcraft: animals and Trinidad, 326, 822n228, 834n317, 881 Troeltsch, Ernst, 104n122, 105, 185, 610n29

Trout, Jenny Kidd, 401 Trudel, Dorothea, 389–90, 391, 392 Truth, Sojourner (Isabella Baumfree), 878n70

Tubman, Harriet, 275n68 tumbura cults, 792n26, 794n40 Tunisia, 792n31 Turkey, 462n181 Turner, Edith, 230n116, 245, 248n226, 540n263, addressing different questions, 127, 693n292,

696n313 theories, limitations as constructs, 173n8, 174, 198–99, 201, 607n16, 697 theosophy, 614n48 therapy, 488, 504, 720–21n68 Third Quest, 23n13, 26n37 Third Wave, 233n135, 484–94, 841n375. See also charismatics, charismatic churches;

Pentecostalism, Pentecostals; Vineyard movement Thomas Aquinas, 110n14, 116n38, 130, 152n273

Tibet, 7n10, 280–81n112, 628n135, 735n135, 690n274, 733, 810, 829, 830–33 Turner, Victor, 245, 589n543, 690n274, 830

Tuskegee Airmen, 878n70 Tyndall, John, 168, 699n324, 704n351 789n7, 792n34, 815n180, 828, 850 Tikopia people, the, 795n51, 797n63, 799n79

Tillich, Paul, 180n67 Tillotson, John, 121n75, 147n236 Time magazine, 460 time miracle reports, 68, 581n492, 594 Tindal, Matthew, 119n53, 195n158 Togo, 509n6, 551n334 Toland, John, 118n49, 119n53, 166, 176, 222n65,

UFO claims, 104n122, 239n157, 429, 616 Uganda, 442–43, 626n122, 796n58, 798, 806n114,

849n424 miracle reports, 311n7, 316–17, 457, 515n59, 524, 530–31, 553, 595, 629n142, 813, 847n412 revivals, 314n32 Ukraine, 491, 718 Umbanda, 242n172, 774n44, 793n36, 847n408

430n22, 820n212

Index of Subjects visible (generally instantaneous) healings (of Underwood, Horace G., 291n178 uniformity of human experience, appeal to, 112, directly visible, unquestionably organic conditions), 269, 270–73, 301n251, 302n265,

307, 314, 318, 319, 330n135, 331, 349, 358, 416, 417, 420, 436, 440–41, 463, 464, 476, 478n290,

487, 488, 492, 497n434, 517–18, 525, 526, 533, 534, 650, 678n180, 680, 683, 684n227, 685,

705–7, 719n58, 725n85, 726–28, 745. See also healing claims, particular illnesses reported: cataracts; restored limbs (or other body parts) visions, 870–84 127n109, 144, 148, 156, 167, 210, 224n74, 360,

376, 408, 427, 434, 509, 558, 758, 761, 762, 764 Union Theological Seminary, 426n5 unique events, 105, 125–26, 148n239, 152n269,

154n283, 159n315, 188, 608, 611, 612, 674, 685n232, 694n303, 705 United Kingdom, 243n173, 321, 421n543 healing reports, 352, 408n427, 426n3, 472, 490,

514, 527–28, 546, 666 See also England; Scotland United Mission to Nepal, 286n136 United States, passim, but esp., 204, 237, 406, callings and, 287, 290n173, 877 conversions and, 281, 289, 300, 851, 876n55,

878–79 cross-cultural experiences, 220–21, 247, 249 group experiences, 790n10 and healings, 290, 296n216, 314n35, 342,

428nn12–13 United Theological College, 1:xvi unity, 709n383 urban churches, 264, 291n184, 340, 362n12,

342n214, 368, 404, 433, 447, 448n107, 477n283, 483, 497, 499, 501, 504, 505n508,

519, 522, 529, 565, 567, 572, 573n445, 879–80 historic, 372, 383nn210, 214, 385–86, 587n531 light, visions of, 324, 448n107, 505n508, 533, 568,

396n326, 414, 435–36, 481, 877n62 Ussher's chronology, 693n290 utilitarianism, 207, 607n16 Utley, Uldine, 306n288 590, 878n70 (see also fire, tongues of; lights, supernatural) Majority World, 240, 280, 288, 298n225, 314,

Valton, John, 383 vampires, 55, 783 Vancouver study of religious healing (1925), 648–50

Vanderbout, Elva, 269, 519, 530 vehicle miracles, 307n291, 590n545, 596–98 Venezuela, 344–45, 727n101 ventriloquism, 615n51, 777–78, 844 Venturini, Karl Heinrich, 176 Vernaud, Jacques, 315–16 vertebrae 325n107, 586n526, 588n537, 854n456, 875–76 neurological connections, 789n7, 871–72 paired visions or dreams, 873, 879n71, 882n89 of saints, 404n391 (see also apparitions: of saints) seeing spirits, 794, 795n45, 802n91, 830,

831n300, 833n310, 841, 850, 851, 875n50 See also apparitions; audible voice, auditions

Voliva, Wilbur Glenn, 414n476 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 376, 696n309 voodoo, Vodun, 242n172, 571, 794n40, 795n47, broken, 453, 487–88 fused, 505 Vesalius, Andreas, 141n202 Vespasian, healing claims regarding, 45–46, 61n234,

828, 840, 843n384, 847, 875n50 "voodoo death," 47n98, 256n260, 798n69, 808 votive offerings and healings, 42n60, 79–80, 341

62, 91, 94, 145n221, 327n120, 786 video recordings, 324, 331, 493–94, 549–50, 556,

Wagner, Peter, 230–31n120, 604n3 Waldensians, 373, 859n10, 874n44 Wales, 303n270, 417n504, 433, 462n181, 490n385,

654–55, 668–73, 706n361, 721n70, 727n103 Vietnam, 273, 586n529, 811n146 Vineyard movement, 484–89, 494, 536, 751 violation of laws of nature, 107, 120, 129–30, 169,

512n26, 544–45. See also Welsh Revival walking on water, 508, 581, 582–84, 610–11, 735,

377n152, 382n199 definition contested, 130–33, 181 definition irrelevant to most biblical miracles,

858n1 reports of, outside ancient sources, 288, 587, 611n32 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 168n376, 214n12 Wangari, Margaret, 313 war, 251n235, 275n68, 287, 734n133, 735, 799n74,

110n13, 133, 140, 181, 254n251, 677n169 definition irrelevant to traditional theism, 110n13,

129, 130–34, 141 definition irrelevant when personal agents are 806n111, 879n72, 880 Warfield, B. B., 60n231, 132n141, 163n342, involved, 132n136, 134, 159n315, 169, 182–83,

740n157 deliberatively provocative language, 131 exceptions in principle possible (logically

260n273, 364n35, 365nn36–37, 371n93, 377nn148, 151, 382, 386n244, 389n267, 389n274, 390n281, 394nn308, 310, 399n351,

678n181, 681n203, 696n308, 705nn356–57 Warneck, Johannes, 288n153 possible), 125, 135, 159n315 virgin birth, 305n278

Index of Subjects

water, provision of, 593, 598. See also rain miracle Wilkerson, David, 473, 623n100, 736n142 Wilkinson, Ed and Brad, 430–32 Williams, Don, 478n291 Williams, Frances, 224 Willibrord, 368 Wilson, Bill, 875n47 Wimber, John, 231, 482, 484, 535, 813n161, 816n184, reports water, use of in spiritual healing, 408n427, 514n53,

516, 641, 681n197, 684, 700, 845 water spirits, belief in, 803n99, 809n133, 828n279 water turned to wine, 288, 588, 657n76, 735

Watson, David, 605n10 Weatherhead, Leslie, 643 Weber, Max, 8n12, 191, 203n200, 367n55 Welsh Revival, 404n382, 421n541, 873n32, 875n47

842n376 wind, audible, reported in some revival settings, 590n544 Wink, Walter, 85, 103–4, 427n6 witchcraft other Welsh revivals, 421n541 "we" narratives, 33, 219n46, 856 werewolf beliefs, 827n267. See also animal spirits or accusations, 244n187, 374n127, 804–6, 845n399 animals and, 50, 68n16, 587n532, 796n55, possession, in traditional religion Wesley, Charles, 252n241, 383, 586n526, 879n75

Wesley, John, 172, 224n76, 421n541, 821–22n225, 807n118, 827n267 anthropological approaches to, 803–7, 823n232,

844n392, 871n7 Hume, critique of, 173n3, 377 Jansenists, view of, 380 miracle claims, 383–84, 545, 586n526, 641–42, 732

Primitive Physick, 641n218 spirits and, 844–45 visions and, 874n46 Wesley Institute, 1:xvi West Africa Theological Seminary, 671n137

Westcott, B. F., 178n52 Western culture 832n308, 833 Christian belief in, African, 311n7, 312, 316n48,

595, 804n104, 812n153, 837n337, 840n360, 845n399, 853–54n455 dangers or abuses of beliefs in, 804n103, 805–6,

841n375, 855 definitions, 804, 805n107, 810n134 disbelieved, 166n361, 312, 853–54 flying, 68n11 gender associations vary with culture, 824–25n245 intent to kill in, 47nn98, 103, 48, 49, 248, 807–8, admissions of bias in, 203, 564n398 belief in miracles in, 203–5, 237–39, 361, 402,

809n127, 851–55, 875n50 inverting curses, 851n443, 854n455 jealousy and, 49n122, 774, 805n107, 853n455 paranormal activity attributed to, 589n543,

617n67 insights, 11, 102n112 learning from Majority World with respect to supernaturalism, 230–31, 241n164, 313, 341,

349, 735n133, 830–33, 836, 843–44, 855 limitations in defining the extent of the Western

838n347, 851 sacrifice of relatives in, 807n118, 853n455 sickness and, 315, 520n101, 803, 804–7, 827n268, world, 359–60 limitations of, 202, 205–6, 212, 213 miracle reports, 237–39, 359–507, 511–14, 521–

853n455, 854 spirits and, 774, 804, 839 traditional African beliefs concerning, 218n42,

22, 526–28, 534–36, 572–74, 747, 748 openness to non-Western reports, 200, 229 prejudices against non-Western reports, 2, 102,

229n107, 540n264, 804–7, 819nn203–4, 825n251 Woldu, Gebru, 319, 517–18, 531 Wolof people, the, 792n32 Woodward, Josiah, 379 Woodworth-Etter, Maria, 420, 545 Woolston, William, 118, 155 Word of Faith teaching, 24n20, 235n146, 341n206,

216–17, 222, 249, 761, 831, 876n55 syncretism of some Christians, 312n15 views on miracles idiosyncratic, 36, 67, 78, 207,

215n21, 216, 229n111, 300n250, 585, 647, 866 views on religion not universal, 191 Westminster Confession of Faith, 377n152

Wheatley, Phillis, 224 Wheaton College, 1:xvi, 475, 668n126, 878n68 Wheeler, Mercy, 381–82 White, Andrew Dickson, 367n53 Whitefield, George, 172, 224n76, 306n287,

397, 452n117, 604n3. See also prosperity teaching word of knowledge, meaning in Paul, 470n244

Word of Life Church, 303n272 World Christian Doctors Network, 722–23 World Council of Churches, 522 World Health Organization, 336n169, 515n54, 640 worldviews, 7n9, 100–105, 240 308n311, 822n225 Whitehead, Alfred North, 199n180 Wigglesworth, Smith, 408n427, 414n477, 421, 422, experience and, 100n102, 103–4, 247–48 World Vision, 298 Wyandot people, the, 878n68 435n47, 524–25, 546, 604n3 Wilberforce, Samuel, 699n325

Index of Subjects Zaire. See Congo (Kinshasa) Zambia, 230n116, 246n201, 639–40, 792n30,

Xavier, Francis, 375, 545, 581n492 Xhosa people, the, 228n103 819n204, 824nn241–42, 831 Zanzibar, 805n111 zar cults, 792nn26, 28, 33, 796n58, 811n143,

Yale University, 128n113, 185n99, 221, 577n469 Yanomamo people, the, 809n131, 843n381 Yemen, 321n80, 774n44 Yeomans, Lilian, 394n308, 396n328, 401, 416n482,

812n150, 818n196, 825n246, 828 Zimbabwe, 326n116, 406, 798n73, 805n107, 805n110, 809n133, 811n142, 813, 827nn267–

68, 832n300, 875n50 Zionist churches, 217n39, 218nn39, 42, 396n326,

Yong Do Lee. See Lee, Yong Do Yoruba people, the, 217n38, 218n42, 792n32, 828, 419n522, 552, 639n203, 641n217, 794n40, 808n122, 875n51, 877nn64, 66 Zulu people, the, 217n38, 323, 400n360, 512n28,

Yu, Dora, 307n299 Yuko people, the, 878n70 YWAM (Youth with a Mission), 295, 331 516, 531, 640n212, 796n58, 803nn99–100, 813,

816, 824n244, 846n405, 876n52

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