To Mrs. Martin Luther Eisleben,1 February 14, 1546 Luther informs his wife that he hopes to return this week, that practically all the issues have been settled, and that today he will undertake the personal reconciliation of the counts. There is much joy and laughter among the children of the counts, Luther says, and Countess Anna (who gave some trout to Luther which he is sending on to Katie) rejoices about the accord which has been reached. Luther tells his wife that their sons are still at Mansfeld, that although he is healthy and well taken care of, Jonas' leg is not doing well. Luther also reports some rumors: he supposedly has been "led away," the Emperor is "nearby," the King of France and the Landgrave are hiring mercenaries.
Text in German: WA, Br 11, 300.2
To my kind, dear mistress of the house, Mrs. Catherine Luther3 von Bora, at Wittenberg: Personal Grace and peace in the Lord! Dear Katie! We hope to return home again this week,4 God willing. Here
God has demonstrated great grace, for through their councilors the lords have settled almost everything5 except two or three issues, among which is the reconciliation of the two brothers, Count Gebhard and Count Albrecht,6 which I am to bring about today. I shall ask them to be my guests so that they may talk with each other. For until now they have been silent, and in [their] writings have shown much bitterness toward each other.7 Otherwise the young lords8 are happy, and ride around together in sleighs decorated with fools bells,9 as do the young ladies; they all visit each other in carnival masks,10 and are of good cheer, even Count Gebhard's son.11 Therefore one is forced to grasp the fact that God is the "listener to prayers."12
I am sending to you the trout which Albrecht's Countess13 has presented to me; she rejoices from her heart about the accord.
Your little sons are still at Mansfeld,14 [and] James15 will take care of them well. We have plenty16 to eat and drink, [and live] like lords. We are well cared for, even too well, so that we might easily forget about you people in Wittenberg. Also the stone17 does not bother me, praise be to God.18 But Doctor
Jonas' leg really turned out to be bad because of the holes in the shin.19 But God will also help [in this].
You might tell all this to Master20 Philip,21 Doctor Pomer,22 and Doctor Cruciger.23
The rumor has arrived here that Doctor Martin has been led away;24 they are saying the same thing at Leipzig and Magdeburg. It is the wisenheimers, your fellow countrymen, who are dreaming up these stories.25 Some say the Emperor26 is thirty miles27 away from here, near Soest in Westphalia;28 some say that the Frenchman29 is hiring mercenaries and that the Landgrave30 is doing the same. But let them say and sing [what they wish]; we shall wait for what God will do. With this I commend you to God. Amen.
Eisleben, February 14, 1546 MARTIN LUTHER, DOCTOR To Philip Melanchthon [Eisleben,]1 February 14, 1546 Luther informs Melanchthon that he has received a letter from Elector John Frederick in which he is being called home; since he is disgusted with the negotiations among the counts of Mansfeld, he will hurry to leave Elsieben. He also asks that some medication be sent to him. Then Luther tells Melanchthon of the death of Pope Paul III, and of a pending meeting between the Archbishop of Cologne and the counts of On Philip Melanchthon, see LW 48, 77, n. 3.
Text in Latin: WA, Br 11, 301–302.2
To Philip Melanchthon, a most worthy brother in Christ Grace and Peace! Today I have received the most welcome letter from the Sovereign3 calling me home, my Philip, and I hurry to leave, since I am sick and tired of this affair.4 Notwithstanding this, I am asking
- 95 you to see to it that, if I should perhaps already be on the way, a messenger would at least meet me and bring some of that caustic with which my calf is usually kept open.5 For the wound which was opened at Wittenberg is almost completely healed, and you know how dangerous this might be.6 And they do not have any of this caustic here. My Katie knows where in my room7 this kind of caustic is, which is so necessary [for me].
Pope Paul III died on January 38 and has been buried; this was written to us as true news. The [Arch]bishop of Cologne has written a letter to Count Albrecht inviting him to Nordhausen for a meeting of counts on March l, in order to discuss there with them matters which concern them.9 For he thinks that the counts will be excluded from the diocese of Cologne by N.N.10 Other things shortly in person, God willing, for I want to tear myself away [from here].
Farewell in the Lord!
On February 14 Luther wrote two letters to Wittenberg, one to his wife (No. 324), and one to Melanchthon (No. 325). In Enders, Briefwechsel, and in WA, Br 11, the letter to Luther's wife precedes the one to Melanchthon; this fact suggests that Luther wrote first to his wife and then to Melanchthon.
Internal criteria tend to substantiate this suggestion. Luther reported to his wife details about the situation pertaining to the negotiations among the counts of Mansfeld and informed her that he expected to come home "this week," i.e., any time between February 14 and 20; see p. 311. He also told her that she could inform Melanchthon and others accordingly. There was, then, no need for a letter to Melanchthon, unless after the letter to Katie had been sealed, and perhaps also dispatched, "new business" arose. This was exactly the case when Luther received the Elector's letter, a fact about which Melanchthon had to be informed since he had been asked to procure this letter (see pp. 298, 314), and when Luther remembered that he needed the medication. Luther could and should have asked his wife for this medication; he obviously had forgotten to do so. It seems, then, that the letter to Melanchthon was indeed an afterthought.
To corroborate this suggestion, one could ask if Luther would not have informed Melanchthon about the successful developments in the negotiations, had he written first to Melanchthon. On the other hand, St. L.
21b and de Wette (Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe 5 [Berlin, 1828]) place the letter to Melanchthon before the letter to Katie; this would suggest that Luther wrote first to Melanchthon, and then to his wife, a suggestion which is somewhat romantic since thus Luther's last extant letter would be addressed to his wife. The letters do provide some basis also for such a sequence. Luther said to Melanchthon that he would hurry to leave Eisleben, that he wanted to tear himself away from there, and that he was sick and tired of the affair; see pp. 314, 315. Would Luther have spoken in this way if he already knew that almost everything had been settled? (See p. 311). One is tempted to answer negatively. But then one would be forced to demonstrate (a) that on February 14 a breakthrough in the negotiations did indeed occur; and (b) the role the Elector's letter did or did not play in this breakthrough. The breakthrough would have had to be so sudden that between the time of writing the letter to Melanchthon and the one to Katie all those things occurred of which Luther spoke in the first paragraph of his letter to Katie. This is, of course, possible—but is it probable? As long as no exact record of the negotiations is available, so that one would be in a position to say that on February 14 a breakthrough in the negotiations occurred, it is dangerous to toy with the idea (as does K. Aland, Luther Deutsch 10 [Stuttgart, 1959], 394) that the arrival of the Elector's letter influenced the negotiations in such a way that Luther (perhaps in the afternoon of February
14) could quite precisely tell his wife that he expected to be home "this week," after he had told Melanchthon (perhaps in the morning of February 14) that the Elector's letter had (just) arrived and then quite vaguely added that he, Luther, would hurry to leave Eisleben. On the basis of the presently available material the sequence of the February 14 letters cannot be precisely established. Since the tone of the letter to Melanchthon leaves one with the feeling that this letter was an afterthought the sequence of letters established in Enders and WA, Br has been retained.
The letters of February 14 are the last extant letters Luther wrote. They are a part of the very last materials extant from Luther's pen. While Luther was away from Wittenberg he preached, to our knowledge, five times: once in Halle on January 26, and then four times in Eisleben (January 31, February
2, 7, and 14 or 15, though February 15 seems to be the more probable date). It can no longer be - 96 established who recorded these sermons (except in the case of the January 26 sermon) but they were printed in 1546, soon after Luther's death. See WA 51, xii, xiv ff., 135 ff.; LW 51, 381 ff. These posthumous editions of Luther's sermons are of secondary value compared with the other material extant from these days, since it can no longer be determined whether and to what degree the editors used editorial license in their work. Similar care would have to be taken with the dedicatory sentences or paragraphs which Luther inscribed in books during these days. They have been preserved for posterity in the 1547 editions by John Aurifaber and by George Rörer, as well as in a manuscript written by Rörer. In some cases the text and date of these dedications can be exactly verified, in other cases questions remain which cannot be answered. See Enders, Briefwechsel 14, No. 3086, Introduction; 17, No. 3628; WA 48, ix–297, and WA, RN to loc. cit.
Of more primary value is the material that is extant from Luther's own pen, or at least in reliable copies.
Luther took along to Eisleben an unfinished manuscript of a work "against the asses of Paris and Louvain." He had started this work in September of 1545 (see p. 261), but in view of his involvement with the counts of Mansfeld and his declining health, he did not get far; and so he started over again in January of 1546. While in Eisleben, he supposedly kept the manuscript in the chest into which Jonas accidentally bumped (see p. 306), and he continued to work on it. He did not finish the manuscript, however, and the portion of it which he had completed disappeared; it was finally discovered in the nineteenth century, and is published in WA 54, 447 ff. See WA, Br 11, 177, 264, 265 f.; Strieder, pp. 34 f.
While in Eisleben, Luther planned to write something against the Jews (see p. 291). This plan was apparently not carried out, unless one wishes to see in the Admonition (see p. 303, n. 19) the result of this plan.
Some time during his stay in Eisleben Luther and Jonas drafted a brief on the ecclesiastical situation of the old and new town of Eisleben, esp. the various institutions, their relationships to one another, and the duties and privileges of the counts, the clergy, and the teachers. This was one of the sore areas in the relationship among the counts of Mansfeld, and in this brief Luther and Jonas made precise suggestions for a settlement of the problems. This brief became a part of the first document (WA, Br 12, No. 4300) in which the quarrels among the counts were settled. Luther had written this document, and he and Jonas signed it on February 16. On the same day also the very last of Luther's extant written statements was put on paper. This is a short paragraph which deals with the understanding of Holy Scripture, and in which the last line reads: "We are beggars. That is true." See LW 54, 476. (For this translation one should also see the text provided by Aurifaber [he stated that he had copied directly from the autograph; WA, TR 5, No.
5468], and the material provided in WA 48, 241 and WA, RN to loc, cit.) By February 16 Luther's strength was at an end. During his last sermon, he had suffered an attack of dizziness so that he had to end the sermon prematurely; see WA 51, 194; LW 51, 392. He pulled himself together for the negotiations on February 16, which must have exhausted him, for his friends urged him not to attend the session on February 17 (see Strieder, pp. 1, 7, 13, 26); on that day the long, second document (WA, Br 12, No. 4301) was finally adopted in which the many details which had been controversial among the counts were settled. In contrast to the document of February 16, this document of February 17 was formulated without Luther's assistance, though it is sealed with Luther's seal. Whether the Reformer personally signed the document could not be established.
With the letters of February 14, and the document and the short paragraph on the understanding of Scripture, both of February 16, Luther's own literary productivity ended. On February 17 (for the following, see the references cited on p. 285, n. 5) Luther's health fluctuated, with a steady downward tendency, and in the early morning hours of February 18, between two and three o'clock, Luther passed away. He was in pain physically, but contrary to all the wild stories which soon circulated, he was mentally alert, spiritually composed, and steadfastly confessing the faith he had come to embrace. Funeral services were held in Eisleben, and even though the counts of Mansfeld tried hard to have Luther's remains buried in Eisleben, Elector John Frederick insisted that the remains be interred in Wittenberg (WA
54, 493). The funeral procession reached Wittenberg in the morning of February 22 and proceeded to the Castle Church. After Bugenhagen's sermon and Melanchthon's eulogy, interment took place near the pulpit, where, again contrary to all the wild stories, Luther's earthly remains have rested throughout the - 97 centuries, "sown in dishonor in order to be raised on that day in eternal glory," as Jonas and Coelius, quoting I Cor. 15:43, state in the "official" report of the events (WA 54, 496).
Absentee practice, 116 Absolution, 40, 75 ff.
Acts of Supremacy (1534), 98, 206 Ad Dominici gregis (1536), 144 f., 155, 161, 163 Aepinus, John, 30, 150, 180 Albrecht, archibshop of Mainz, 22, 41, 44, 54, 56, 87, 95, 111, 115, 147, 160, 161, 224, 237, 249, 256, 257,
Albrecht, count of Mansfeld, 281 ff., 291, 295, 302, 311, 312, 315 Albrecht, duke of Mecklenburg, 147 Albrecht, duke of Prussia, 190, 222, 252 ff.
Albrecht, John, 285, 296 Alcala, University of, 27 Alesius, Alexander, 150, 180, 197 Alexander the Great, 156 Altenburg, 97, 142, 154, 156, 156, 169, 170
Amsdorf, Nicholas von, 29, 30, 38, 46, 53 ff., 72 f., 173, 216, 218, 220, 224, 226, 260, 262 ff., 264 ff., 269, Anabaptists, 16, 113, 198, 286
Anhalt, court of, 79, 149 dynasty of, 151, 175, 288, 309 territory of, 123 Anna, countess of Mansfeld, 312 Anne of Cleve, 136, 192, 194
Antinomian controversy, 183, 309 f.
Archbishop, evangelical, 97, 170 Aristotle, Athen. respublica, 228 Attic Law, 228 city of, 173, 264 - 98 Diet of (1530), 3, 9 f., 22, 41, 55, 81, 82, 140, 219
Augsburg Confession (1530), 3, 104, 106, 134, 140, 142, 219 August, duke of Saxony, 280 Aurifaber, John, 226, 227, 244, 246, 285, 317, 318
Austria, 101, 105, 108, 112, 120, 211, 253, 273 Bachscheisse, Lecks, 279 Bailiff, 24, 168, 295 Baptism, 13 ff., 21, 74 Barnes, Robert, 27 ff., 28 f., 30, 31, 101, 102, 142, 150, 202, 206 and the divorce of Henry VIII, 28 ff., 28, 98, 106, 137 first mission to Electoral Saxony (spring 1535), 98, 101 second mission to Electoral Saxony (fall 1535–spring 1536), 98, 100 f., 103 ff., 104, 106, 111, 113, 114 f.,
Basel, 3, 28, 145, 191, 227, 228 Baumbach, Louis von, 193, 200 Baumgartner, Jerome, 263 Bernard of Chartres, xv Berndt, Ambrose, 209, 212
Beskendorf, Peter, 123, 176 Beyer, Christian, 22, 80, 107, 112 Bishop, evangelical, 179, 188, 218, 220, 224, 247, 252, 262, 265, 271, 273, 280, 288, 309
Bishops' Book (1537), 180 Bitterfeld, 41, 42, 43, 285, 287 Bohemia, Bohemians, 208, 218, 228 Boineburg, George von, 178, 179
Bora, Florian von, 232, 233 f.
Bora, John von, 208, 232 Bora, Magdalene von, 50, 151, 153, 167 Brandenburg - Ansbach - Kulmbach, church ordinance of, 13, 61 ff. government of, 61 ff., 65
Brandenburg, Electoral, bishop of, 280 court and government of, 128, 214, 254 territory of, 146 Brenz, John, 63, 65, 67 Brethren of the Common Life, 190
Brück, Gregory, 48, 87, 89, 90, 108, 112, 274, 276, 285, 297, 298 and the negotiations with the Emperor, the Pope, and the pro-papal Estates of the Empire regarding peace and council, 22 f., 41, 42, 43, 44, 83, 145, 157 and the negotiations with England, 102 ff., 103, 104, 117, 196, 196
- 99 Brunswick, city of, 49, 55 Bucer, Dialogus (1528), 4 Bucer, Elisabeth, 228 Bucer, Martin, 168, 172, 187 ff., 188, 190, 191, 228, 230, 254 and the controversy on the Lord's Supper, 3 ff., 6 ff., 171, 173 and the negotiations with England, 28, 180, 190, 195 f., 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205 and Philip of Hesse, xix, 195 f., 203, 205
Budapest, 224, 228, 243 Bugenhagen, John, xix, 31, 33, 154, 159, 216, 250, 250 and Wittenberg University, 56, 63, 67, 102, 196, 204, 274, 275
Luther's friend and pastor, 110, 156, 168, 209, 221, 275, 281, 295, 312, 318 Burchart, Francis, 80, 112, 114, 123 f., 132, 138 ff. and Luther, 80, 130 f., 138 ff. first mission to England (summer 1538), 178, 179, 195, 198, 201, 203 second mission to England (spring 1539), 190, 193, 200 third mission to England (fall 1539), 194 f., 196, 200
Calvin, John, Calvinism, 189, 190, 191 Cambrai, peace treaty signed at (1529), 55 Cambridge, city of, 28 University of, 28, 150
Camerarius, Joachim, 11, 14, 134, 228 Canon Law, 32, 35, 36, 150, 199, 213, 248, 249 Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius, 171 ff., 188, 191, 228
Cappel, battle of (1531), 46, 55 peace treaty signed at (1531), 46 Castelnuovo, 183, 190 Cato, Marcus, Disticha de moribus, 104, 271
Celibacy, 133, 192, 193, 198, 199, 202, 204 Ceremonies, 38, 39, 63, 111, 131, 141, 201, 280 Chair-ed-Din, Barbarossa, 95
Chalcedon, council of (451), 156 Charles V, emperor, xiii, xviii, 41, 54, 147, 245, 251, 312 and the council and papacy, xiii, xviii, 54 f., 54, 55, 81 f., 82, 84, 95, 155, 165, 183, 216, 219, 248, 250, 251,
254, 265 f., 269 f., 272, 297, 312 and England, 98, 177, 192 and France, xiii, 55, 149, 164, 165, 183, 219, 243, 245, 248, 253 and the Protestants, xiii, 22, 41 f., 44, 54, 56, 58, 69, 84, 140, 155, 163, 190, 192, 207, 216, 219, 221, 245,
248, 250, 251, 254, 256, 260, 264, 265 f., 265, 267, 269, 297, 312, 315 and the Turks, xiii, 54, 55, 12, 68, 69 f., 72, 95, 95, 99, 155, 164 f., 164, 183, 183, 190, 216, 224, 229, 243,
245, 253, 267, 269 f., 269, 272, 312 Children, conduct of, 152 f., 231 f., 233 f., 237 f., 239, 240 Chilon of Sparta, 228
Choerilus of Iasus, 156 Christ, 19 ff., 53, 302 Christian III, king of Denmark, 147, 250 ff.
- 100 Christopher, duke of Württemberg, 83 Church, or congregation, 7, 15, 49, 74, 148, 170, 171, 188, 209, 227, 241, 242, 247, 262, 265, 271, 286, 288, discipline of, 24, 64 f., 75, 76 fellowship and unity of, 6 ff., 62 f., 171, 173 f., 188, 227 government, law, and ordinance of, xviii, 40, 61 ff., 69, 218
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, works:, Tusculan Disputations, 116 Verrine Orations, 116 Circuits of the Holy Roman Empac, 68 Clement VII, pope, 55 and the council, 81 f., 82, 84 and Henry VIII, king of England, 127
Cleve, duchy of, dynasty of, 192, 194 f.
Cochlaeus, John, 185, 269 Coelius, Michael, 291, 294, 318 Coloquy, religious, xii Cologne, archbishop of, city of, 41 Commonweal, 180, 245, 294
Conciliarism, 82, 254, 267 Confession of sins, 75, 135, 168, 198, 198 Conscience, 8, 9, 32, 38, 46, 77, 134, 197, 198, 201
Consensus catholicus, 209 Consilium de emendanda ecclesiae (1537), 158, 176, 191 Constance, council of (1414–1418), 163 Constantinople, 95, 228, 229, 269
Council, general, of the church, xiii, xv, xviii, 81 ff., 85, 162 f., 263, 267 called to Mantua (1536), transferred to Vicentia (1537), and indefinitely postponed, 82, 83, 83, 84, 128, 144,
145, 150, 154 ff., 157 ff., 158, 159, 176, 177, 184, 185 of the German nation, 82, 249 Counter-Reformation, 253 Court, Supreme, of the Holy Roman Empire, 68
Cranach, Lucas, the Elder, 264, 271 Cranmer, Thomas, 27, 104, 193, 199, 203 Crespy, peace treaty signed at (1544), 245, 269
Crodel, Marcus, 151, 230 ff., 231, 233 ff., 239 f., 240 Cromwell, Thomas, 29, 136, 136 ff., 177, 177, 192, 192, 193, 193, 203
Cronberg, Hartmuth von, 98 f.
Cronberg, Lorche von, 99 Cruciger, Caspar, 102, 117, 135, 173, 207, 218, 273, 273, 277, 277, 27, 295, 312 Death, theology of, 18 ff., 51 f., 234, 238, 246
Dessau, 78, 79, 80, 123, 123, 124, 148, 175, 235 Devil, 70, 96, 150, 175, 184, 215, 222, 238, 246, 296, 298, 300, 302, 303
Dietrich, Veit, xx, 10, 11, 12, 17, 52, 55, 112, 229, 248, 263 Diogenes, Laertius, Lives, 228 Dionysius the Elder, 116 Dobitzsch, Christopher von, 48
Dolzig, John von, 112, 194, 196 Dorothy of Solms, countess of Mansfeld, 302 f., 306 Eber, Paul, 210, 220, 280 Eisenach, 99, 207, 207, 212, 212, 39, 213, 216, 218, 221
Eisleben, Eisleben-Newtown, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291, 293, 295, 298, 304, 307, 812, 316, 317, 318 Electoral College, 41, 254
Elements, four, 278, 306 Empire, Holy Roman, 46, 54, 68, 73, 115, 183, 190, 219, 228, 245, 254, 263, 263, 270 England, 27 ff., 104, 127, 142, 179 f., 180, 198 cause of the gospel in, Luther's friends in, refugees, evangelical, from, 28, 95, 103 f., 137 f., 138, 150 f., 179 f., 180, 195, 197, 198, 200, 203 papal church in, 98, 127, 150, 179 f., 193, 195, 200, 206
Erasmus, Adagia, 94, 156, 202, 228, 230, 237, 249, 293, 296 Erasmus of Rotterdam, Erasmian, Erasmianism, xx, 136, 190, 203, 224, 243
Erfurt, city of, 99, 167, 194 Ernest II, count of Mansfeld, 302 Estates, Imperial, 68, 189, 190 Excommunication, 24, 63, 64 f., 163
Execrabilis (1460), 267 - 102 Exorcism, 209 f.
Expostulatio, 203, 204 Exsurge, Domine (1520), 219, 289 Faber, John, 186, 219 Farnese, Alessandro, cardinal, 265 Ferdinand I, Roman king, 41 f., 45, 59, 83, 112, 160, 211 and the Protestants, 54, 190, 216, 216, 219, 250 and the Turks, 54, 54, 55, 190, 219, 224, 253, 267, 269, 272
Fools, fools' bells, foolishness, 163 f., 311 Forest fires, 220, 222 Fox, Edward, 104, 114, 115, 117, 120, 133, 137, 138 f., 142, 177 ff., 180, 198
France, 55, 98, 162, 165, 171, 193, 206 Evangelicals in, 88, 190, 191 Francis I, king of France, 183, 199, 267, 269, 272, 312
Frankfurt/Oder, city of, 146 Frankfurt Trace (1539), 188, 190, 193, 219 Frederick II, elector of the Palatinate, 44, 254
Frederick I, king of Denmark, 147 Frederick, margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 150 Freedom, Christian, 63 Frundsberg, Caspar von, 150
Frundsberg, George von, 155 Gardiner, Stephen, 202 Gebhard, count of Mansfeld, 311 George III of Anhalt, 222, 280, 280, 288 f., 309 f.
George II, count of Mansfeld, 311 George, duke of Saxony, 72, 95, 128, 134, 135, 142, 150, 185, 214 George, margrave of BrandenburgAnsbach-Kulmbach, 62, 83, 145
Germany, customs, language, people, territory of, 54, 84, 104, 160, 180, 182, 192, 208, 218, 222, 229, 254, Gevatter, 73, 103, 125, 219
Glossator, glossing, 201 f.
- 103 Gnesio-Lutherans, 209, 210, 218 God, activity and nature of, 18, 60, 152 f., 175, 176, 184, 189, 209, 215, 225, 266
Goldstein, Kilian, 226 Gospel, function of, 76 f.
Gotha, 166, 168, 168, 22, 169, 170, 178 Government, authority of, nature of, 24, 36, 40, 62, 64 f., 66, 141, 200 f.
Grammar, 231,232, 233 Grimma, 154, 156, 156, 169 Grynaeus, Symon, 28, 28, 228 Günterrode, Appollonia, 135 Guinegate, battle at (1513), 206
Gulden, 49, 109, 213 f., 220 Gunther, count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 209 Hagenau, Colloquy of (1540), 190, 207, 207, 212, 215 f., 216, 218 f., 219, 221 f.
Halle/Saale, city of, city government of, people of, 41, 163, 226, 227, 237, 13, 275, 280, 284, 285, 286, 287, evangelical church in, 224, 225, 226, 236, 237, 247, 275, 317 papal church in, 95, 115, 147, 160, 224, 237, 249
Hamburg, 30, 150, 180, 197 Hamilton, Patrick, 150 Hapsburg, court in Vienna and dynasty, 41, 55, 83, 104, 107, 108, 112, 114, 128
Hausmann, Nicholas, 50, 122 ff., 148 ff., 174 ff.
Heath, Nicholas, 104, 114, 115, 119, 120, 133, 137, 138 f., 142, 179, 193, 198 Heidelberg Disputation (1518), 266 Heidelberg, University of, 213
Held, Matthias, 155, 163, 164, 189 Helding, Michael, 272 Helmstedt, University of, 178 Henry VIII, king of England, 136, 137, 142, 150, 179, 192, 194, 198 ff. and the council, 106, 114, 117, 162 and the religious situation in England, 101, 103 f., 115, 134, 138, 138, 150, 177, 179 f., 189 f., 192, 193, 193,
194, 195, 196, 198 ff., 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205 f. divorce and second marriage of, 27 ff., 31 ff., 98, 104 f., 104, 106, 114, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126 f., 131,
134, 134, 137, 142, 150, 177, 310 Henry the Pious, duke of Saxony, 73, 185 Henry the Younger, duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 222, 224, 225, 282
Himmel, Augustin, 111 Holy League (1511), 206 Holy League (1537), 183, 190 Homer, Odyssey, 228, 289 Humanism, Humanistic reform, Humanistic studies, Humanists, 28, 82, 83, 190, 191, 210, 224, 231, 264
Hungarians, Hungary, 219, 224, 228, 229, 243, 253, 269 Hutten, Ulrich von, Expostulatio (1523), 203 Incest, 32 ff., 37, 121
Indulgences, 55, 95, 270, 272 Injunctions (1536), 177 Italians, Italy, 183, 191, 206, 248 Jagow, Matthias von, 280 Jena, city of, 38, 85 f., 87, 88, 90, 91, 93, 103, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 112, 113, 114, 114, 117, 118, 118,
University of, 74, 213 Jews, 99, 145, 290, 291, 291, 302, 317 Joachim of Anhalt, 79 Joachim I, elector of Brandenburg, 69, 175
Joachim II, elector of Brandenburg, 68 ff., 69, 110, 149, 228 John, elector of Saxony, 3 ff., 22, 23 ff., 41 ff.,41, 43, 47, 48, 50, 56 ff., 160, 278
John of Jena, 129, 219, 292 John, margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin-Neumark, 149 John of Salisbury, xv John Frederick, elector of Saxony, 42, 45, 57, 80, 87, 93, 97, 99, 139, 144, 186, 197, 205, 214, 214, 215, 222,
224, 228, 237, 237, 255, 271, 274, 274, 275, 280, 294 and Ferdinand I, 104, 108, 112 and France, 88 ff. official contacts with Luther, 41, 46, 57, 81 ff., 89, 100 ff., 105, 114, 117 ff., 119, 121, 132 ff., 139, 140, 153 f., 156, 157 ff., 185 ff., 192 ff., 195 f., 197 ff., 203, 207, 224, 255 ff., 258 ff., 278, 297, 298, 314, 314, 316 personal contacts with Luther, 94, 95, 122, 130, 135, 156, 167 f., 204 ff., 210 f., 246, 275, 276, 278, 318
John George, count of Mansfeld, 282 f., 302 John Henry, count of Schwarzburg, 285 Jonas, Justus, xix, 47, 144, 154, 154, 159, 207, 225 ff., 236 ff., 269, 271 and Luther, 47, 80, 87, 14, 93 ff., 94, 95, 107 ff., 109 ff., 144 ff., 153 ff., 163, 168, 207, 210, 225 ff., 236 ff.,
237, 246, 20, 247 ff., 268 ff., 275, 280, 285, 289, 291, 294, 297, 306, 312, 317, 318 and Wittenberg University, 56, 63, 67, 93 f., 102, 144, 204, 248
Jonas, Justus, Jr., 237 f., 247 f.
- 105 Julius II, pope, 32, 121 Jurists, 11 f., 105, 248, 274 293 f., 299, 303 Justification by faith, 20, 67, 108, 131, 202, 204, 209
Karlstadt, Andrew, 55, 131, 227, 228 Kaufmann, Magdalen, 168, 209 Königsberg/East Prussia, 79, 218, 252, 299 Kunheim, Christopher Albert von, 253, 255
Kunheim, Erhard von, 253 Kunheim, George von, 79, 253 Last Day, 220, 245, 251 Latin school, 199, 209, 230 Law, divine, 12, 32, 35, 36
Law, man-made, 35, 39 Law, Mosaic, 34, 37, 38 Law, natural, 12, 37, 38, 39 Law of the church, 161 Law of the Holy Roman Empire, 9 ff., 12, 66
Legate, 84, 108, 110, 111, 115, 155, 163 Leipzig, city of, city government of, 111, 135, 135, 185, 186, 187, 208, 223, 273, 276, 278, 279, 284, 296, 312
Colloquy of (1539), 190 University of, 150, 226 Leipzig Disputation (1519), 185 Lepanto, battle of (1571), 183 Liberties of the German sovereigns, 41
Life, Christian, 24 f., 63 Lindemann, Caspar, 48 Link, Commentary on the Pentateuch (1543), 242 Link, Wenceslas, 10, 13 ff., 75, 241 ff.
London, 30, 102, 137, 150, 190, 192, 193 Lord's Supper, controversy of, xviii, 3 ff., 6 ff., 131, 171, 173, 260 Liturgy of, 66, 95, 133, 162, 192, 193, 198, 198, 254 theology of, 5 f., 7 ff., 17, 21, 24, 64, 65 f., 76, 108, 111, 119, 131, 133, 192, 193, 198, 201, 274
- 106 Lorenzo the Magnificent, 82 Louis V, elector of the Palatinate, 22, 44, 54, 56, 254 Louis XII, king of France, 206
Louvain, University of, 27, 31 f., 247, 251, 255 f., 256, 258 ff.
Lower Saxon Circuit, 68, 69 Lübeck, 29, 30, 31, 199 Lufft, Hans, 185, 186, 228 Luther, Catherine, xv, 21, 47 ff., 72 f., 74, 79 ff., 100, 109, 112 f., 117, 124, 147, 153, 165 ff., 168, 170, 174,
176, 180, 184, 207 ff., 209, 212 ff., 215, 218 ff., 221 ff., 223 ff., 225, 232, 239, 240, 246, 250, 273 ff., 278, 280, 284 ff., 287, 290 ff., 293, 297, 299 f., 300, 301 ff., 305 f., 307 f., 310 ff., 314, 316 f. manages the Luther household, 49, 81, 94 f., 108 f., 110, 113, 126, 167, 212, 213 ff., 216 f., 220, 221, 222,
223, 224 f., 278, 286, 312 Luther, Elizabeth, 73 Luther, James, 18, 128, 283, 312 Luther, John, 50, 73, 93, 129, 151 ff., 210, 28, 231 f., 234, 239, 240, 246, 273, 277, 285, 291, 300, 312
Luther, Magdalen, 50, 73, 234 f., 238, 239, 246 Luther, Margaret, 79, 184, 208, 210, 218, 221, 246, 246, 18, 20, 253, 299
Luther, Martin, xiv, 73, 84, 110, 128, 224, 269, 281, 285 f., 300, 301, 303, 312 and the council, 157 ff. and the Turks, 9, 46, 54, 55, 69 ff., 69, 72, 155, 164 f., 219, 224, 224, 225, 227, 228 f., 238, 243, 251, 270, enjoys food and drink, 48, 81, 87, 208, 218, 221, 287, 291, 300, 304, 312 evaluates himself and his work, 129 f., 137 f., 242 expects to die and longs for death, 184, 238, 242, 245, 246, 267, 278, 281, 284 f. family of, 26 f., 50, 151, 156, 167, 210 f., 222, 223, 231 f., 246, 287, 291 f., 300, 312 feels frustrated, old, tired, and useless, 79, 110, 182, 188, 245, 267, 281, 284 f., 290, 293, 294, 298, 300, 302 health of, 47, 48, 53 f., 79, 87, 125, 128, 153 f., 165 ff., 170, 179, 182, 208, 218, 242, 260, 267, 276, 284 f.,
290 f., 291, 293, 294, 302, 304, 306, 306, 307, 312, 314, 316, 318 home and household of, xv, 16 f., 51, 93, 96 f., 110, 122, 130 f., 149, 172, 175, 211 f., 214, 216, 223, 252,
273, 276, 279 f., 292, 302, 314 income and property of, 108, 167, 208, 208, 13, 212 ff., 218, 221, 222, 222, 223, 227, 250, 276, 277, 278,
278, 286, 290, 301, 305 is absent from Wittenberg, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 47, 48, 52, 79, 90 f., 135, 154 ff., 157, 165 ff., 169, 207 f., 235, 260,
273 ff., 282, 284, 285 ff. is overburdened with work, 16, 124, 182, 188, 227, 242, 284, 285 last days, death, and funeral of, xix, 284 ff., 285, 5, 294, 15, 312, 314, 317 f. linguistic ability of, 189, 294, 303 parents and relatives of, 17 ff., 17, 282, 282, 283, 291 preaches, 129, 135, 157, 275, 276, 279, 280, 296, 303, 317, 318 spiritual struggles of, 175, 182, 183, 184, 188, 234, 238, 291, 298
Luther, Martin, works, xvii, 171 ff., 218, 231, 303, 316 ff., Admonition Against the Jews (1546), 303, 317 Against Hanswurst (1541), 224
Against the Heavenly Prophets (1525), 37 Against the Papacy of Rome (1545), 162, 260 Against the Thirty-two Articles of the Louvain Theologists (1545), 255 ff., 317
Antinomian Theses (1538), 183 Appeal for Prayer Against the Turks (1541), 224 The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520), 75
Bible translation, 72, 143, 185 ff., 189 Brief on armed resistance to the emperor (1530), 9 ff.
Brief on the election of Ferdinand of Austria to be German king (1530), 43 - 107 Catechism, 170, 173, 302, 306 Dedications and Prefaces, 176, 242, 317
The German Mass and Order of Service (1525/26), 232 Heidelberg Disputation (1518), 266 Last writings (Jan./Feb. 1546), 317 f.
Lectures on Genesis (1535–45), 242 On the Bound Will (1525), 172 f.
On Confession (1521), 75 On War Against the Turk (1529), 69 Open Letter on the Harsh Book Against the Peasants (1525), 125
Opinion on the council (1537), 157 ff.
Opinion on the divorce of Henry VIII (1531), 27 ff., 121 Notes on the Decalog (1530), 52 Smalcaldic Articles (1536), 145, 153, 172
Theses on justification by faith (1535), 108, 131 Theses on private mass (1536), 108, 131 To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520), 267
Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved (1526), 69 Luther, Martin, Jr., 73, 232, 246, 285, 291, 300, 312 Luther, Paul, 74, 74, 232, 246, 285, 291, 300, 312
Magdeburg, Burggraf of, city of, 30, 31, 72, 209, 237, 249, 291, 309, 312 Major, George, 209, 209, 212, 271, 275, 275 Majoristic controversy, 209
Mansfeld, city of, 125, 282, 284, 284, 288, 289, 291, 292, 300, 312 county of, 125, 128, 281 ff., 289, 291, 295, 296, 302 f. dynasty of, 281 f., 283 f., 285, 285, 288, 289, 298, 295, 296, 298 f., 311, 314, 316, 317 f.
Margaret of Brandenburg, 175 Matrimony, 33 ff., 49, 309 f.
Maugis, Ferdinand von, 273, 277 Maximilian I, emperor, 73, 206, 311 Medler, Nicholas, 86, 103, 108 Meissen, margrave of, nobility of, 223, 224, 312 territory of, 97, 97, 170
Melanchthon, Philip, xix, 47, 68, 69, 76, 80, 86, 145, 154, 156, 156, 163, 207, 207, 4, 8, 209, 210, 211, 212, 216, 222, 229, 231, 248, 250, 253, 254, 263, 269, 288, 9 and England, 28, 28, 31, 33, 98, 101, 101, 10, 103, 103, 105, 106, 113 ff., 113, 118, 120 ff., 124, 133, 134,
142, 150, 150, 177, 178, 178, 179, 180, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 196, 198, 200, 203, 203, 205 and France, 87, 88 ff., 98, 101, 103, 106 and Wittenberg University, 56, 56, 61, 63, 67, 75, 78, 85 f., 87, 93, 103, 107, 108, 111, 112, 118, 196, 196,
- 108 personal relationship with Luther, 80, 87, 89 ff., 101, 105, 107, 108, 112, 113, 144, 166, 167, 167, 208 f., 210, 212, 215, 219, 222, 263, 269, 280, 281, 287, 288, 291, 292 ff., 295 ff., 297 ff., 300, 303, 304, 307 f., 312,
313 ff., 316 f., 318 professional relationship with Luther, 11, 14, 43, 111, 182, 258, 260, 274, 318 Answer given to the papal nuncio in Smalcald (1537), 128
Expostulatio (1539), 203 Instructions for the Visitors (1528), 63 Menius, Justus, 99, 212, 218, 218 Merseburg, city of, 275, 275, 276, 277, 280 diocese of, 280
Metzsch, John, 23 ff., 104, 168 Monluc, Blaise de, 269 Monstrosities, 146 f., 228, 262 f.
Mont, Christopher, 104, 18, 177, 192, 193 f., 195, 196, 198, 199, 205 Mühlpfort, Hermann, 50 Müller, Caspar, 124 ff.
Mulde River, 287, 307 Music, musician, 231, 232, 233 Myconius, Frederick, 178, 190, 195, 218 Mylius, Kraft, 189, 191 Nassau, territory of, 199
Naumburg, city of, city government of, 144, 207, 221, 291, 304 Necrosius, Konrad, 272 Neobulus, Joducus, 172, 173, 174 Netherlands, 251, 253, 254, 312
Neunburg/Upper Palatinate, 78 Nicaea, council of (325), 249 Nice Truce (1538), 183 Nimbschen, nunnery at, 278 Nobility of Germany, 98, 224 f., 225, 243, 245, 253
Nürnberg, city of, city government of, 9 f., 11, 14, 17, 54, 56, f., 58, 61 ff., 75 ff., 77, 119, 209, 248, 263, 297 evangelical church in, 13 ff., 61 ff., 65, 75 ff., 241
Nürnberg League (1538), 189, 190 Nürnberg Truce (1532), xiv, 54, 82, 155 Oecolampadius, John, 3, 4, 5, 7 - 109 Osiander, Andrew, 13, 16, 67, 67, 75 ff., 77
Ovid, De arte amandi, 232 Palatinate, 78, 147, 254 Papacy, papal church, papal intrigues, papists, papistical abomination, error, foolishness, and tyranny, xiii, 9,
20, 40, 60, 82, 84, 98, 104, 114, 115, 116, 144, 145, 158 ff., 160 ff., 165, 176, 184, 188, 189, 190, 200 f., 209, 219, 247, 254, 256, 257, 270, 272, 279, 280, 289, 312
Pastoral counseling, 17 ff., 47, 50 ff., 68 ff., 76, 79 Pater noster, 69, 71, 84, 100, 119, 127, 186, 205, 250, 255, 283
Patristic studies, 209 Paul III, pope, 82, 88, 144, 155, 157, 158, 163, 177, 184, 216, 222, 254, 264, 266, 289, 297, 315
Pflug, Julius von, 224 Philip, count of Mansfeld, 282, 283, 302 Philip II, king of Spain, 41 Philip, landgrave of Hesse, xix, 22, 28, 30, 31, 33, 41 f., 42, 45, 46, 47, 58, 207, 213, 216, 224, 228, 258, 312
Plague, 85, 86, 87, 93, 100, 108, 111, 116 f., 118, 120, 228 Poland, Poles, Polish, 214, 228, 229 Power of the keys, 40 Prierias, Sylvester, 267
Propst, James, 181 ff., 184, 244 ff., 246, 284, 285 Rabbinical tradition, 34 Ratzeberger, Matthias, 274, 275, 276, 277, 306, 314
Reform of the papal church, 82, 83, 249, 250 Regensburg, Colloquy of (1541), 190, 230 Regensburg, Colloquy of (1546), 250, 265, 288, 312
- 110 Regensburg, Diet of (1532), 54, 55, 68, 82 Regensburg, Diet of (1546), 312 Resistance, armed, to the emperor, 9 ff., 66
Rörer, George, 38, 40, 311, 317 Roman Curia, 27, 33, 55, 82, 83, 158, 159, 176, 190, 251 Rome, sack of (1527), 150 Rosenberg, Albrecht von, 263
Rothenburg/Franconia, 214 Saale River, 286 f., 289, 302, 307 Sadoleto, Jacopo, 191 St. John's Day, dance of, 279 St. Peter, and his goat, 296
Saints of the papal church, 20 St. Vitus, dance of, 279 Sarcerius, Erasmus, 198 f.
Loci communes (1538), 198 Saxony, Ducal, territory of, 72, 134, 135, 185, 214 Saxony, dynasty of, 80, 129, 213, 214, 280
Saxony, Electoral, chancellery, government, and territory of, 22, 41, 80, 87, 112, 123, 131, 145, 168, 170, 198, 213, 214 f., 219, 222, 231, 236, 254, 259 court and residency of, 10, 42, 47, 48, 57, 86 f., 88 ff., 94, 104, 107, 112, 128, 129, 138, 148, 160, 163, 180,
190, 207, 213, 214, 258, 265, 274, 276 rulers of, 74, 209 Sayings, popular, 23, 25, 59, 105, 130, 164, 202, 205 f., 225, 233, 237, 250 f., 256, 287
Schade, Sebastian, 213 Schadewaldt, Bartholomew, 108 Schiefer, Wolfgang, 211, 216, 219 Schlaginhaufen, John, 78 f.
Schleswig-Holstein, 49, 147 Schlieben, 93, 107, 110 Schnell, George, 214, 220 Schönburg, Grafschaft of, 142 Schönfeld, Ave von, 278
Schönfeld, Ernst von, 278 - 111 Schönfeld, Margarete von, 278 Schweinfurt, 42, 54, 58 Scipio Africanus Minor, 96 Seberger, Wolfgang, 212, 302
Shaxton, Nicholas, 199 Sin confessuon of, forgiveness of, 59 Sindringen, Bleikard von, 112, 213 Six Articles (1539), 30, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200
Smalcaldic League, 22, 41, 206, 224, 282, 312 and the council, 82 ff., 104, 108, 110, 111, 128, 145, 153 f., 155, 157 ff., 162, 163, 177, 189, 269 and England, xiii, xviii, xx, 29, 30, 98, 100 ff., 101, 103 ff., 104, 108, 111, 114 f., 114, 117 ff., 119, 120 ff.,
120, 121, 124, 126 f., 131, 132 ff., 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 177 ff., 179, 189 f., 190, 192 ff., 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204 ff., 205, 206 and France, 55, 87, 88 ff., 103, 160 meeting at:,
Brunswick (1538), 177 f.
Frankfurt/Main (1536), 138 f., 138, 142, 177 Frankfurt/Main (1539), 189, 190, 191, 193, 198, 199, 203 Smalcald (1530), 9 f.
Smalcald (1535), 117 f., 120, 127 f.
Smalcald (1537), 154, 155 f., 155, 157, 163, 165 ff., 166, 168, 171, 213 Smalcaldic War, xiii, 80, 213, 312 Sophists, sophistry, 201, 202, 229, 251, 299
Salatin, Catherine, 170 Spalatin, George, xx, 65, 97 ff., 141 ff., 169 f.
Spengler, Laxarus, 9 ff., 17, 55 Speyer, Diet of (1529), 9, 25 Speyer, Diet of (1542), 228, 229 Speyer, Diet of (1544), 245, 248, 250, 253, 263, 265
Stadion, Christopher von, 264 Stars, constellation of, 86, 120 - 112 Stifel, Michael, 26 f., 38, 40 Strassburg, city of, city government of, 3, 46, 95, 172, 189, 190, 195, 219, 242 evangelical church in, 3, 7, 28, 171, 188, 191
Sturm, John, 190, 191 Sublimis Deus (1535), 159, 160, 161 Suleiman II, sultan, 54, 70, 228 f., 243 Superintendent, 78, 97, 99, 178, 218, 233, 252
Supremacy, royal, 136 Swiss, Switzerland, 55, 173, 242 Sybille of Saxony, 246 Taler, 94, 213, 215, 220, 250 Taubenheim, John von, 215
Ten Articles (1586), 150, 177, 180 Terence, Publius, 96, 96 Eunuchus, 96, 97, 112 Tertullian, Quintus, Adv. Marcionem, 36
Tetrapolitana (1530), 3 Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, 126 Thirteen Articles (1538), 178, 192 Thuringia, territory of, 222
Thuringian Forest, 222 Torgau, city of, 151, 154, 156, 169, 231, 232, 233, 233, 234, 239, 240, 240, 271, 275, 280, 287 Transsubstantiation, 202
Trent, council of, xiii, 82, 249, 250, 251, 254, 256 f., 256, 257, 265, 266, 269, 271 f., 289 Truchsess, Bosina von, 279
Tudor, Arthur, 32, 35 Tudor, Mary, 32 ff., 121, 127, 192 Tübingen, city of, 83 Turks, 55, 144, 155, 219, 228, 243, 248 Veltwyck, Gerhard, 269
Venice, city of, city government of, territory of, 54, 83, 183, 184, 190, 219, 229, 269, 270, 272 evangelicals in, 242, 248
- 113 Vergerio, Pietro Paolo, 83, 83, 108, 110, 115, 127, 128, 160 Vergil, Publius, Aeneid, 172, 216 Vienna, city of, 186, 243
Visitation of parishes, 61, 63, 93, 97 Vorst, Peter van der, 145, 155, 163 Vows, monastic, 133, 192 Waldburg, Otto Truchsess von, 264, 265
Weimar, city of, 169, 170, 207, 209, 212, 213, 30, 214, 219, 221, 231 Weissensee, 214, 214, 14 Weller, Jerome, 86, 93, 103, 108, 135, 149
Wied, Hermann von, 253 f., 254, 315 William IV, duke of Bavaria, 158 Wittenberg, All Saints' Chapter, castle, and Castle Church, 110, 111, 209, 210, 226, 236, 318 city of, 29, 31, 55, 85, 98, 101, 103, 110, 110, 113, 118, 120, 135, 137, 150, 153, 168, 22, 170, 175, 178, 185 ff., 189, 198, 210, 211, 215, 220, 221, 225, 228, 237, 239, 248, 269, 273, 274, 274, 275, 282, 283, 285, city government of, 23 ff., 108, 278 conditions in, 24, 25, 135, 142, 182, 214, 246, 279
Consistory of, 209 monastery of the Augustinian Eremites in, 216, 278 Wittenberg Articles (1536), 132 f., 138, 11, 139, 140, 142, 198
Wittenberg Concord (1536), 171, 171, 173, 242 Wittenberg University, xx, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 51, 80, 108, 209, 210, 211, 212, 217, 218, 226, 231, 252, 253,
273, 274, 274, 275, 277, 279, 294, 318 disputations conducted at, 86, 86, 93, 94, 103, 108, 108, 131, 183 Faculty of Law, 112 213, 274, 293
Faculty of Theology, xix, 61, 77, 82, 94, 106, 127, 133, 144, 194, 196, 198, 209, 210, 242, 274 Witzel, George, Postil, 185, 186
Wolfenbüttel, 178, 226, 236 Wolrab, Nicholas, 185 ff.
Word of God, contempt for, 182, 183, 189, 215, 279 Worms, Colloquy of (1540), 190 Worms, Diet of (1545), 248, 250, 253, 254, 265, 267, 269, 312
Worms, Edict of (1521), 219, 285 f.
Zapolyai, John, rider of Transylvania, 55 Zimmermann, Kilian, 142 Zinna, monastery at, 115 Zürich, city of, city government of, 3, 46, 55, 242
Zwickau, 50, 222, 277 Zwilling, Gabriel, 233 Zwingli, Ulrich, 3, 4, 5, 7, 28, 55, 131, 242 1Luther, M. (1999, c1975). Vol. 50: Luther's works, vol. 50 : Letters III (J. J. Pelikan, H. C. Oswald & H.
T. Lehmann, Ed.). Luther's Works (Vol. 50, Page 321). Philadelphia: Fortress Press.