Index
Index
(Page numbers refer to print edition.)
Abba Anthony, 173
accountability, 224
Act of Toleration (British), 180
action
in “Allegory of the Cave” (Plato), 290
Cassian on, 207-9, 213-14
in Gregory the Great’s ordering, 228, 229-30
See also balance between action and contemplation
Adam (first man), 92-93, 233
“Affliction (III)” (Herbert), 67-68
agapé love, 143
“Allegory of the Cave” (Plato), 290
Allen, Diogenes, 9, 10
“Altar, The” (Herbert), 67
Anabaptists, 105
anfechtung, 102
anger, 58-59, 253, 333n. 5
Anglicanism, 184
Anthony the Great, 316-17, 318, 320
apatheia
Bonaventure on, 137
Evagrius of Ponticus on, 55, 61-62
impossibility of, 139-40
Origen on, 23
rhythms of spiritual life and, 276-77
Stoicism and, 287-88
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 268
Apologetic Treatises Against Those Decrying the Holy Images (John of Damascus), 323
appetites, 274
Arena, The (Brianchaninov), 328
Arianism, 317, 318, 319
Aristotle
Athens academy and, 176
influence of, 291-92, 315
Thomas Aquinas and, 91, 97, 291
worldview of, 65
Ascent of Mount Carmel, The (John of the Cross), 274, 278
“Ascetic Treatises” (Macarius), 321
Ascetica, 317
asceticism
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 316-18, 323-24, 327-28
women and spirituality and, 298-99, 301-2, 304, 307
Athanasius of Alexandria, 316, 317, 318
Augustine of Hippo, 26-33
Blaise Pascal and, 42, 45
on body and soul, 26-27
Bonaventure and, 135
Calvin and, 113-14
Cassian and, 206-7
on Christ as inward Teacher, 32, 113-14, 177, 179, 339n. 34
conversion of, 31
on correct doctrine, 28-29
on disordered love, 31
God-shaped vacuum and, 198
Gregory the Great and, 227
on heart’s restlessness, 11
on human will, 28-30, 32, 206-7
Jansenism and, 333n. 38
on knowing God, 27-29
on longing for God, 14-15
on loving God, 26-33
on nature of faith, 28-29, 30
Neoplatonism and, 176-77
on reason, 27, 28, 32
on sin, 45
on temptation, 27-28
Thomas Aquinas and, 91
Thomas Merton and, 83
authority, 191, 220, 221-23, 256
“Away in a Manger,” 336n. 29
balance between action and contemplation
Benedict and, 203-4
Cassian and, 206-9, 214
in Cloud of Unknowing, 251-52
Gregory the Great and, 226, 227-29, 231-36
as highest expression of life with God, 251
John Chrysostom and, 320
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 268-69
Thomas Merton and, 81
baptism, 242, 243, 325
Barclay, Robert, 189, 197
Barth, Karl, 201-2
Basil of Caesarea, 317
Basil the Great, 54, 319
beauty, 68-69, 73
Benedict of Nursia, 191, 203-5, 217-25, 341n. 9. See also Benedictines; Rule of St. Benedict
Benedictines, 176, 203-4, 217-19, 223-24, 299-300. See also Benedict of Nursia
Bernard of Assisi, 129
Bernard of Clairvaux, 34-41, 101, 162, 332nn. 22-23
Bernardone, Francesco. See Francis of Assisi
Beskendorf, Peter, 110
Blake, William, 193
Blance (Queen of Sweden), 304
body
Bonaventure’s stages of spiritual growth and, 135-36
bread and, 305-6
contemplation and, 96
in Evagrius’s ordering, 55-56
Gregory Palamas on, 325-26
mind and heart and, 30, 45
soul and spirit and, 22-27, 30, 104
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 269
union with God and, 258
Boehme, Jacob, 176
Bonaventure, 132-40
background of, 132-33
on experience, 337n. 23
Francis of Assisi and, 125, 132-35, 137, 337n. 21
historical context of, 176
prayer of, 140
as “Seraph Doctor,” 133
on spiritual knowledge, 133-35, 138
spiritual theology of, 89
on stages of spiritual growth, 135-38
writings of, 133, 337n. 21
Book of Divine Works, The (Hildegard of Bingen), 300
Book of Foundation, The (Teresa of Avila), 345n. 23
Book of Life’s Merits, The (Hildegard of Bingen), 300
Book of Margery Kempe, The (Kempe), 305
Book of Martyrs (Foxe), 77
Booth, Catherine, 309-10
Booth, William, 309-10
Brethren of the Common Life, 89, 147
Brianchaninov, Ignatius, 328
Bridget of Sweden, 303-4
Bridgettines, 304
“British Church, The” (Herbert), 68
Bunyan, John, 75-80, 193
Byzantine Theology (Meyendorff), 329
Calvin, John, 112-20, 154, 199-201, 261
Cannery Row (Steinbeck), 45
“Canticle of the Sun” (Francis of Assisi), 130
capacity for God, 198
Cassian, John, 204, 205-16, 217-19, 227
catechesis, 242-43
Catherine of Genoa, 305-6
Catherine of Siena, 304
Catholicism
Dorothy Day and, 312
Elizabeth Ann Seton and, 308
Ignatius and, 154-55
legalism and, 115
Mother Teresa and, 313
Reformation and, 116-17
scholasticism and, 101, 106-7
Celebration of Discipline (Foster), 9
Celestial Hierarchy, The (Pseudo-Dionysius), 241
celibacy, 108
Celtic spirituality, 84, 122
center of value, search for, 12-13
Chambers, Oswald, 313
charismatics, 190
charity. See service and charity; social activism
chastity, 60, 127
children’s ministry, 78-79
Christ Present in Faith (Mannermaa), 109
Christian Faith, The (Schleiermacher), 197, 199, 201
Christian’s Secret of a Happy Life, The (Smith), 308
Christina the Astonishing, 301
christlikeness. See imitation of Christ
church
authority of, 89-90
as community of faith, 198-200
Dionysius’s ecclesiastical hierarchy and, 242-44
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 316
Fox’s seven elements and, 178, 180, 182-83
imitation of Christ and, 126-27
Methodism and, 191-92
mysticism and, 302
priesthood of all believers and, 235
role of, 116-17
Wesley’s organization of, 189
“Church Music” (Herbert), 68
church porch, 66
church year, 69-71, 74
civic affairs, 116, 336-37n. 3
civilization, contemplation and, 96
Clare of Assisi, 301-2
cloud of forgetting, 250, 255, 256, 259
Cloud of Unknowing, The, 237, 249-60
cloud of witnesses, 15
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 110
“Colossians 3:3” (Herbert), 71
Come Be My Light (Mother Teresa), 313
Commentary on the Divine Liturgy (Nicholas Cabasilas), 326
Commentary on the Song of Songs (Origen), 21
commerce, 336-37n. 3
common good, 154-55, 156
communion with God, 20-25, 89, 92-93. See also union with God
community
accountability and, 224
in Benedictine spirituality, 219, 221, 223-24
cenobitic orders and, 317
church as, 81, 116-17, 198-200
church year and, 71
convent as, 299
Dionysius’s ecclesiastical hierarchy and, 244
Dorothy Day and, 312
in Evagrius’s ordering, 59
Fox’s seven elements and, 178, 180, 182-83
imitation of Christ and, 127
importance of place and, 246-47
Jewish life and, 292, 293
knowledge of God and, 139, 213
Origen on, 23-24
spiritual growth and, 218
Conferences (Cassian), 205-6, 209-10, 211, 218-19
confession, 255
Confessions (Augustine), 26, 31, 85, 262
Constantine, 295, 317
consumption, 46, 152
contemplation of God
Aristotle and, 291
Benedictine spirituality of, 203-4
Cassian’s ordering and, 207-9, 213
as Christocentric, 233
in daily routine, 215, 235
dark night of the soul and, 275
deadly thoughts and, 55
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 315
effects of, 96
in Evagrius’s ordering, 56
Greek philosophy and, 293
in Gregory’s ordering, 230-33
as ideal for Christian life, 232, 234
Ignatian retreat and, 152-53
need for, 155
Origen on, 23
in Paul’s writings, 295
spiritual formation and, 89
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 265, 266
Thomas Aquinas on, 95-96
See also balance between action and contemplation
contempt, 36-37
conversion
in early church, 298
of Elizabeth Ann Seton, 308
of Ignatius of Loyola, 149
John Bunyan and, 79
of John Wesley, 184
of Martin Luther, 102-3
of Mary of Egypt, 299
of Paul (apostle), 163, 179
Plato on, 290-91
of Teresa of Avila, 269
Thomas Merton and, 85
Copernicus, 65-66
Council of Nicaea, 318, 319, 324
Country Parson, The (Herbert), 72
covetousness, 254
creation, as general revelation, 69. See also revelation, general
cross, 106-7, 143, 172-73, 269
curiosity, 252-53
Cyril of Alexandria, 321
Cyril of Jerusalem, 319
Dante, 82, 84, 332n. 22
Dark Night, The (John of the Cross), 274, 277, 279
Day, Dorothy, 311-12
de Waal, Esther, 86
death, 252-53
Defoe, Daniel, 193
Descartes, René, 43, 179
desire
in “Allegory of the Cave” (Plato), 290
apatheia and, 139-40
Aristotle on, 291-92
Cassian’s ordering and, 208, 209
misplaced, 288, 289, 292
natural, 91-92
devil, the. See Satan
devotio moderna, 123, 147
devotion
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 316
Francis of Assisi and, 132
Merton’s seven paths of, 82-84
necessity of, 291
obstacles to, 11-12
paths of, 282-83
as principle act of religion, 94-95
union with God and, 258
See also devotio moderna
Dialogues (Catherine of Genoa), 305
Dialogues (Catherine of Siena), 305
diligence, 60
Dionysius, 239-248
Bonaventure and, 135
celestial and ecclesiastical hierarchy of, 241-44
contemplation and, 95, 153
divine ascent and, 237
on human initiative, 101
importance of place and, 246-47
on mystical theology, 240-41
origin of name of, 239
summary of thought of, 245
Teresa of Avila and, 262, 270
works of, 239-44, 344n. 3
discernment, 208-11, 214-16, 258, 267-68
disciplines, spiritual. See spiritual disciplines
Dissenters, 193
distraction, 30
divine ascent, 237, 241-45, 247, 322
Divine Comedy (Dante), 332n. 22
Divine Names, The (Pseudo-Dionysius), 239-40
doctrine, 28-29, 72
Doctrine of Original Sin, The (Wesley), 186
Domnina (Nero’s daughter), 298
dreams and visions. See visions and dreams
Duns Scotus, 88
Eastern Orthodoxy, 315-29
distinctives of, 315-16
Eastern religion, 83-84
Eckhart, Meister, 83
egocentrism, 39
election, free will versus, 206-7
Eli (high priest), 162, 211
Elim. See Helim
Elisabeth of Schonau, 300-301
emotion, 139-40, 160, 172-74
Enchiridon, The (Augustine), 29
Enlightenment, 200
envy, 59, 127, 253, 333n. 5
Ephesus. See First Council of Ephesus
Ephraim the Syrian, 318
Erasmus, 239
eternal life, 143-44, 218-19
ethics, 22
Eucharist, 127, 242, 243, 307, 328-29. See also sacraments
Eucharist, The (Schmemann), 328-29
Eudokia of Heliopolis, 298
Euthymius (saint), 321-22
Evagrius of Ponticus, 54-64, 205, 207, 209, 211, 333n. 5
evangelicals, 125
Eve (first woman), 92-93
Exact Exposition of the Orthodox Faith, The (John of Damascus), 324
experience
authority and, 160-61
in community context, 199
discernment and, 213-14
empiricism and, 184-85
excesses of, 186
Fox’s seven elements and, 177-78
Friedrich Schleiermacher and, 197-98, 200-202
piety and, 200
Scripture and, 178, 182, 184
as source of spiritual knowledge, 135, 139, 337n. 23
validity of, 200-201
vernacular theology and, 170
in Wesleyan quadrilateral, 184-87, 188-89, 191
faith
Augustine on, 28-29, 30
Blaise Pascal on, 47-48
effects of, 116
grace and, 108
George Herbert on, 69-71
Luther on, 102-3
reason and, 98
Fall, the
capacity to respond to God’s love and, 101
knowledge of God lost in, 87, 96, 106
nature and, 138-39
results of, 92-93
fear of God, 219, 230, 234, 264-65
Fell, Thomas, 306
feminism, 310
Fénelon, François, 307
“Fifty Spiritual Homilies” (Macarius), 321
First Catechism, The (Augustine), 29
First Council of Ephesus, 321
Flowing Light of the Godhead, The (Mechtild von Magdeburg), 302
Forsythe, P. T., 86
Foster, Mary Temperance, 235
Foster, Richard, 9, 10
Fox, George, 63, 176-83, 193, 306
Fox, Margaret Fell, 306
Francis of Assisi, 124-31
biography of, 121-22, 124, 129-30
Bonaventure and, 132-33, 134, 135, 137, 337n. 21
Clare of Assisi and, 301
Franciscans and, 125, 127-29, 132
on humility, 130
Ignatius of Loyola and, 149
life of Christ and, 339n. 34
monasticism and, 88
Neoplatonism and, 176-77
prayer and, 129, 131
simplicity and, 129-30
teaching of, 126
Franciscans, 125, 127-29, 177, 302-3
“Freedom of a Christian Man, The” (Luther), 108
Freud, Sigmund, 44
friends, 83
From Glory to Glory (Gregory of Nyssa), 319
“From Heaven High to Earth I Come” (Luther), 110
“From Pilgrimage to Crusade” (Merton), 83-84
Fry, Elizabeth Gurney, 308
Galileo, 65-66
generosity, 59. See also service and charity
gentleness, 221
Gilson, Etienne, 83
gluttony, 58, 254, 333n. 5
Gnostikos (Evagrius), 56
God’s commands, 102
God’s goodness, 173-74
God’s light, 63
God’s love, 101, 105-6, 143
God’s providence, 76, 286-88
God’s sovereignty, 117-18
God’s story, 52-53
God’s will, 97, 220, 257
Golden Legends (Jacobus, de Voragine), 149
Goldingay, John, 99
good works, 219, 341-42n. 20
government, 96
grace
election versus free will and, 207
faith and, 108
Francis of Assisi on, 127
Gregory’s seven gifts of, 230, 234-35
versus human initiative, 101
Jansenism and, 333n. 38
John Bunyan on, 79
law and, 114-16
Luther’s discovery of, 101-2
nature and, 93, 142, 144-46, 148
Thomas Aquinas on, 91
Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (Bunyan), 79
greed, 59, 333n. 5
Greek philosophy, 285, 293. See also specific philosophers
Gregory of Nazianzus, 54, 319
Gregory of Nyssa, 54, 319
Gregory of Nyzanius, 324
Gregory of Sinai, 324-25
Gregory Palamas, 325-26
Gregory Palamas (Meyendorff), 329
Gregory the Great, 226-36
on action and contemplation, 206, 228-33
background of, 226-27
Benedict and, 204, 341n. 19
cenobites and, 218
Evagrius and, 55
greatness of, 227, 229
locust analogy of, 234
on Mary and Martha, 231, 252
ordering of spiritual life by, 227-29
on seven gifts of grace, 230, 234-35
Gudmarson, Ulf, 303-4
Guyon, Jacques, 306
Guyon, Madame (Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de la Mothe), 306-7
habit, 98, 151, 291-92
Hadewijch of Antwerp, 303
happiness, 53, 59, 92-93, 143, 275
heart
body and mind and, 30, 45
purity of, 127, 212, 242, 245, 259, 288
true home of, 283-84
Helim, 21
Herbert, George, 65-74
Hildegard of Bingen, 89, 299-300
Hillel, 20
Hilton, Walter, 249
holiness, 45-46, 106, 116, 128-29, 190
“Holy Scriptures (II)” (Herbert), 69-70
Holy Spirit
assurance of salvation and, 189
cultivation of virtue and, 230
dark night of the soul and, 274, 278
double motion of spiritual life and, 74
dual agency of Word and Spirit and, 103-6
eight deadly thoughts and, 288
Fox on, 179
imitation of Christ and, 126
inward testimony of, 113-14
mystical experiences and, 162, 167
Pentecostals and, 202
redemption and sanctification and, 101-2, 106
Scripture interpretation and, 188
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 266
union with God and, 258
work of, 103-4
Homily 27 on Numbers (Origen), 21
honesty, 180
hope, 209
hopelessness, 102
Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 139
human condition, 43
human nature, 44-45, 49-50
humility
in Benedictine spirituality, 219-21, 224-25
Bernard of Clairvaux on, 40
Blaise Pascal on, 45-46
in Cloud of Unknowing, 254-56
discernment and, 210
Ephraim the Syrian and, 318
Evagrius of Ponticus on, 59-60
Francis of Assisi and, 130, 132
in Gregory’s ordering, 229
imitation of Christ and, 142-43, 147
knowledge of God and, 213
pride and, 59-60
spiritual growth and, 212
struggle and, 323
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 264-65, 268
twelve degrees of, 219-21
Hundred Years War, 249
Huxley, Aldous, 83
hymns, 130
Hymns of Divine Love (Symeon the New Theologian), 324
Ignatius of Loyola, 144, 146, 149-57, 261
illness, 50
illumination
dark night of the soul and, 276, 277
divine ascent and, 237, 241-43, 245, 247
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 262, 265
image of God, 55-56, 112
imagination, 135-36, 152-53, 156, 166
imitation of Christ
apostles on, 122, 336n. 1
in Benedictine spirituality, 219
Bonaventure’s stages and, 137
Francis of Assisi and, 121-22, 126-27
historical expressions of, 122-23
nature versus grace and, 142, 144-46, 148
Origen on, 23
priorities of faith and, 142-44
See also Jesus
Imitation of Christ, The (Thomas à Kempis), 89, 141, 142-48, 149, 335n. 1
imprisonment, 75
incarnational theology, 240
indifference, 60, 333n. 5
individualism, 24, 89-90
Inge, W. R., 162
Institutes of the Christian Religion, The (Calvin), 112, 117, 199-200
integrity, 180
intentionality of consciousness, 92
Interior Castle, The (Teresa of Avila), 238, 262, 269-70
Ioann III (prince), 327
Islam, 34
Israel, 21
Ivan the Terrible, 327
Jacob (patriarch), 79, 231-32
Jacobus, de Voragine, 149
James (apostle), 17, 326
James (saint, bishop of Nisibis), 317-18
James, William, 201
Jansen, Cornelius, 333n. 38
Jansenism, 45, 49, 333n. 38
Jesuits, 150
Jesus
dual nature of, 323
as Embodiment of God’s love, 17-18
experience of God and, 178
Fox on multiple roles of, 181-82
God revealed by, 107
historical depictions of, 336n. 2
identification with, 152-53, 294-95
Ignatian retreat and, 152, 155-56
as integrating force for spirituality, 294
intimacy with, 121-22, 268, 336n. 1
as inward Teacher, 32-33
as Light within, 177, 179
as Mediator, 107, 136, 137
mystical experiences and, 162, 165-66, 167-68
Nestorianism and, 321
person and work of, 114-16, 122-23
Plato and, 288
as Prophet, Priest and King, 115, 119
as Teacher, 169, 177, 179, 181-83, 339n. 34
transfiguration and, 326
See also imitation of Christ
“Jesus, the Very Thought of Thee” (Bernard of Clairvaux), 39-40
Jesus Through the Centuries (Pelikan), 336n. 2
John (apostle), 122, 294, 326
John Chrysostom, 320
John Climacus of Sinai, 322
John Moschus, 322-23
John of Damascus, 323-24
John of the Cross, 83, 238, 273-80, 313, 346n. 48
John the Evangelist, 324
Journal (Fox), 178
Journal (Wesley), 192
journaling, 146
Journals, The (Merton), 81, 334n. 29
Journey of the Soul to God, The (Bonaventure), 337n. 21
journey, spiritual life as
discernment and, 51-52
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 315
George Herbert and, 70-72
John Bunyan and, 77, 79-80
Teresa of Avila and, 262
Thomas Merton and, 83-85
joy, 130, 168-69, 189, 221, 308-9
Judaism, 285, 292-94
Julian of Norwich, 164-75, 176, 249
justice, 94, 96
justification, 103, 109
Karlstadt (Anabaptist leader), 105
Katherine of Bora, 108
Kelly, Thomas, 283-84
Kempe, Margery, 305
Kephalia Gnostica (Evagrius), 56
knowledge, natural versus spiritual, 92, 93-94
knowledge of God
in Augustine’s ordering, 30
Bonaventure on, 133-35
in Calvin’s threefold process, 112
in Cassian’s ordering, 208
Gregory Palamas on, 325-26
love and, 258
Thomas Aquinas on, 96
Ladder of Divine Ascent, The (John Climacus), 322
law, 114-16
leadership. See authority
Leah (Jacob’s wife), 231-32
lectio divina, 134, 138, 218, 224, 337n. 22
Lectures on Galatians (Luther), 109
legalism, 115
Letters (Brevien) (Hadewijch of Antwerp), 303
Letters to Serapion (Athanasius), 318
Lewis, C. S., 290
Liber viarum Dei (Elisabeth of Schonau), 300
Life and Teachings (Catherine of Genoa), 305-6
Life and Teachings of Elder Silouan, The (Bishop Alexander), 328
Life in Christ, The (Nicholas Cabasilas), 326
Life of Christ, The (Ludolph of Saxony), 149
Life of St. Teresa (Teresa of Avila), 262
literacy, 88, 89
literature, 134
Living Flame of Love, The (John of the Cross), 274, 278, 346n. 48
Locke, John, 179, 184-85
Lord’s Prayer, 107, 118, 211-12
love
acceptance of, 305
in Cloud of Unknowing, 258-60
discernment and, 216
disordered, 27-28, 29, 31, 288, 289
of enemy, 127
as essence of Christian life, 103
expansive, 24
Hadewijch of Antwerp on, 303
Jesus as embodiment of, 17-18
law of, 17
nature of, 18-19, 82
Spirit of God as, 178
types of, 17, 18-19, 39
ubiquitous, 39
See also love for God; love of neighbor
love for God
ascent to, 38-39
in church life, 116
in Cloud of Unknowing, 251
love of neighbor and, 93, 101, 214, 219, 233, 341-42n. 20
ordering of, 17, 20-25, 30, 38, 45-48
pure, 56, 101, 178, 180
Ten Commandments and, 114-15, 117
See also love; love of neighbor
love of neighbor
Bernard of Clairvaux on, 36, 38
in Cassian’s ordering, 209
in church life, 116
in Cloud of Unknowing, 251
election versus free will and, 207
empowerment of faith and, 102
Evagrius on, 56
Fox’s seven elements and, 181
in Gregory’s ordering, 228
love for God and, 93, 101, 214, 219, 233, 341-42n. 20
Ten Commandments and, 115, 117
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 264, 268-69
See also love; love for God
Loyola, Ignatius. See Ignatius of Loyola
Ludolph of Saxony, 149
lust
Augustine on, 31
in Cloud of Unknowing, 254
in Evagrius’s ordering, 60, 333n. 5
in Pascal’s ordering, 46
Thomas Merton and, 82
Luther, Martin, 100-111
background of, 100-101, 108-10, 261, 336n. 29
on becoming God’s tabernacle, 104-5
conversion of, 101-3
on dual agency of Word and Spirit, 103-6
Ignatius and, 154
on prayer, 107, 110
on priesthood of all believers, 235
Pseudo-Dionysius and, 239
spiritual dryness and, 313
theology of the cross of, 103, 106-7, 108-9
Macarius the Great of Egypt, 320-21
Mamaea, 24
Mannermaa, Tuomo, 109
Martha (disciple), 231, 252, 258, 269
martyrdom, 298
Mary (disciple), 231, 252, 258, 269
Mary (mother of Christ), 166, 167, 169, 174
Mary of Egypt (Saint), 299
Maximus the Confessor, 323
Mechthild of Magdeburg, 89, 302
melancholy, 60-61, 333n. 5
Melchizedek, 119
Merton, Thomas, 81-86, 237, 334n. 30
Methodism, 191-92, 193
Metzger, Bruce, 336n. 1
Meyendorff, John, 329
Michael of Klopsk Monastery, 327
Michelangelo, 128
“A Mighty Fortress Is Our God” (Luther), 110
mildness, 58-59
mind
in Augustine’s ordering, 30
body and heart and, 30, 45
in Bonaventure’s stages, 136-37
discernment and, 212
divine ascent and, 237
eight deadly thoughts and, 63
Pascal’s three orders and, 160
Plato on, 290
union with God and, 258
monasticism
contemplative life and, 232
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 316-18, 321-22, 324-25
Egyptian, 217
Evagrius and, 54
history of, 53, 88
shifting understanding of, 88
types of monks and, 218, 223
See also Rule of St. Benedict; specific orders
Monichikos (Evagrius), 54-56
moral life, 63, 64, 151, 241, 257
Moravians, 184, 185, 197
Moschus, John. See John Moschus
Moses, 152, 161, 244
Mother Teresa, 312-13
motivation, 44-45
Mystical Theology (Pseudo-Dionysius), 240
mysticism
church and, 302
definition of, 162-63
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 319, 324, 325
God’s presence and, 171
in history, 159-63, 164-65
prereflective relationship with God and, 306-7
shifting emphasis of, 177
women and spirituality and, 165-70, 172-73, 299-300, 310
Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness (Underhill), 310
nature
cataphatic theology and, 246
René Descartes on, 179
Fall and, 138-39
versus grace, 142, 144-46, 148
grandeur of, 138-39
See also revelation, general
neo-Platonism, 22, 239, 288
Nero, 298
Nestorianism, 321
Nicaea. See Council of Nicaea
Nicholas Cabasilas, 326
Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain, 328
Nicodemus, 156
nominalism, 88, 105
Nonconformists, 193
nonviolence, 83
nous, 56, 333n. 4
obedience, 219, 325
On Loving God (Bernard of Clairvaux), 35, 38-39, 40
On Prayer (Origen), 21
On Religion (Schleiermacher), 197, 200, 201
On the Holy Spirit (Athanasius), 318
Orations Against the Arians (Athanasius), 318
ordering of loves
Augustine’s, 30
Bernard of Clairvaux and, 38
Blaise Pascal and, 45-48
need for, 17
Origen and, 20-25
Thomas Merton and, 82-83
ordering of spiritual life
Bernard of Clairvaux’s, 38
Cassian’s, 207-9
Evagrius’s, 55, 333n. 5
George Herbert and, 74
Gregory the Great’s, 228-33
Origen’s, 22
Origen of Alexandria, 20-25, 54, 331n. 1 (chap. 1)
Orthodox Church, The (Ware), 329
Orthodox Way, The (Ware), 329
Outler, Albert “Sandy,” 340n. 54
Pachomius (saint), 317
pacifism, 180, 312
Pascal, Blaise, 42-50, 160, 198, 315
passions, 92-93, 96, 274, 287, 288
pastoral ministry, 72, 78-79
patience, 127, 169-70, 271, 323
Paul (apostle)
on authority and experience, 161
on Christ’s life, 294
Damascus road and, 163, 179
Dionysius and, 239
on imitation of Christ, 122, 336n. 1
on nature and the Fall, 138-39
on nature of love, 18
on seeing God, 161
on service, 225
Paul of Thebes, 316
peace
assurance of salvation and, 189
Bonaventure’s stages of spiritual growth and, 137
church conflict and, 324
contemplative life and, 235
dark night of the soul and, 275-76
Fox’s seven elements and, 181
imitation of Christ and, 142, 143, 147-48
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 268
See also pacifism
Pelagius II (pope), 227
Pelikan, Jaroslav, 336n. 2
Pensées (Pascal), 42, 43, 44-45
Pentecostals, 190, 202
persecution, religious, 180, 295-96, 298, 307, 323
perseverance, 220, 263-64, 276
Peter (apostle), 294, 326
Peter of Damascus, 323
Phaedrus (Plato), 289-90
Philo, 20, 293
Philokalia, 323, 326, 328, 329
Photini (saint), 297-98
Photius the Great, 324
piety
experience and, 200
Gregory’s gifts of grace and, 230, 234
John Calvin on, 117, 118
prayer and, 118, 119-20
versus union with God, 241
pilgrimage, 70-71, 83-84
“Pilgrimage, The” (Herbert), 70-71
Pilgrim’s Progress, The (Bunyan), 75-80, 141
Plato
allegory of the cave by, 22
Athens academy and, 176
on beauty, 69
on human nature, 44
influence of, 288-91
Jesus and, 288
Judaism and, 293
memory and, 326
on misplaced desire, 289
Simone Weil and, 311
Stoicism and, 288
plausibility structures, 52
Plotinus, 239
Poems in Stanzas (Hadewijch of Antwerp), 303
poetry, 73
population, 336-37n. 3
postmodernism, 48
poverty, voluntary, 129-30
“Praise (III)” (Herbert), 70
Praktikos (Evagrius), 56
Pratum Spirituale (The Spiritual Meadow) (John Moschus), 322-23
prayer
as act of reason, 96
balanced spiritual life and, 206, 235
Blaise Pascal and, 50
in Cloud of Unknowing, 256
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 315, 327, 328
emotion in, 173
four types of, 211
Francis of Assisi and, 129, 131
Gregory Palamas on, 325-26
imitation of Christ and, 157
as interior act of religion, 94
The Interior Castle (Teresa of Avila) and, 269
John Calvin on, 116, 118-19
John Cassian on, 211-12
John Wesley and, 194
Julian of Norwich and, 169, 174
justice and, 96
lectio divina and, 138
Martin Luther on, 110
mistakes that defeat work of, 96-97, 98-99
as pillar of faith, 69-71, 74
purpose of, 99, 107
reason and, 307
sanctification and, 118
spiritual dryness and, 313
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 265-67
of Thomas à Kempis, 148
See also Lord’s Prayer
pride, 40, 46, 59-60, 253, 258
Proclus, 239
prodigal son, parable of, 46
providence, God’s, 286-88
Pseudo-Dionysius. See Dionysius
Ptolemy, 65
purgation
in Bernard’s ordering, 38
in Cloud of Unknowing, 259
dark night of the soul and, 275-76, 277, 278
Dionysius and, 237, 238, 241, 243, 245
in Origin’s ordering, 22
Teresa of Avila and, 238, 262, 265
Quakers, 176, 179, 180
Quietists, 307
Rachel (Jacob’s wife), 231-32
reason
Augustine on, 27, 28, 32
Blaise Pascal on, 43-44
Bonaventure’s stages of spiritual growth and, 136-37
in Cassian’s ordering, 209
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 315
Holy Spirit and, 103
human nature and, 44
John Locke on, 179
Martin Luther on, 103, 106-7
Plato on, 289
prayer and, 94, 96, 307
Stoicism and, 286-88
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 265-66
Thomas Aquinas on, 92-93, 95, 98, 99
in three-point Anglicanism, 184, 186
vernacular theology and, 170
in Wesleyan quadrilateral, 186, 188, 191
Reformation, 108-9, 116-17, 261, 302
relational theology, 243
renunciation, 49, 208-9
Republic, The (Plato), 290
rest, 257
retreats, 144, 150-56, 215
revelation, general
Bonaventure on, 134-35
creation as, 69, 126
John Calvin on, 113
Martin Luther on, 101
nature’s grandeur and, 138-39
two books of God and, 161
revelation, natural. See revelation, general
Rolle, Richard, 249
Roman Empire, 295-96
Romanos the Melodist, 322
Rose of Viterbo, 302-3
Rule of St. Benedict, 205, 218-19, 221-24, 300, 317, 341-342n. 20
Rule of the Master, 204, 205, 218
Sabbath, 257
sacraments
Dionysius’s ecclesiastical hierarchy and, 242-44
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 316
fullness of spiritual life and, 107
imitation of Christ and, 127
love of God and, 115
Martin Luther on, 101
as pillar of faith, 69-71, 74
Saint Basil the Blessed Fool-for-Christ and Wonderworker of Moscow, 327
St. Savior, Order of, 304
salvation
assurance of, 100, 103, 168, 186, 189
Christ as priest and, 115
election versus free will and, 206-7
faith and, 102
knowledge required for, 106
Martin Luther’s theology of the cross and, 108-9
Salvation Army, 310
Samaritan woman, 297-98
Samuel (priest), 162, 211
sanctification, 101-2, 103-5, 106, 109, 118
Santa Croce, 128
Satan, 165, 167-68
Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 196-202
Schmemann, Alexander, 328-29
scholasticism, 101, 105, 106-7
Scholasticus. See John Climacus of Sinai
science, theology and, 201
Scivias (Hildegard of Bingen), 300
Scripture
in Augustine’s ordering, 30
biblical literacy and, 88, 89
Bonaventure and, 133-34, 138
Cassian’s fourfold sense of, 213
in Cloud of Unknowing, 256, 257
contextual reading of, 187-88
contradictions in, 187-88
dual agency of Word and Spirit and, 103-6
in early church, 294-95
experience and, 178, 182, 184
Greek philosophy and, 293
in Gregory’s ordering, 228, 229, 231
Hildegard of Bingen’s visions and, 300
in Ignatian retreat, 155-56
illumination and, 247-48
Jewish life and, 292-94
knowledge of God and, 113
lectio divina and, 134, 138
literal and allegorical understanding of, 133-34
Martin Luther on, 101
in Pilgrim’s Progress, The (Bunyan), 77
as pillar of faith, 69-71, 74
salvation and, 106
spirit versus text of, 178
spiritual growth and, 107, 218
in three-point Anglicanism, 184
translation of, 109, 110
two books of God and, 161
in Wesleyan quadrilateral, 186, 187-89, 191, 201
self-centeredness, 142-43
self-control, 58-59
self-preservation, 39
self-reliance, 76
Seraphim of Sarov, 328
Serapion, 317, 318
“Sermon on the Mass” (Luther), 108
service and charity
in Benedictine spirituality, 225
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 327
Fox’s seven elements and, 180
Ignatian retreat and, 153
women and spirituality and, 298, 303-4, 307-10, 312-13
Seton, Elizabeth Ann, 307-8
Seven Storey Mountain, The (Merton), 81-83, 85-86, 262, 334nn. 29-30
sexuality, 31
Shemyako (prince), 327
Showings (Julian of Norwich), 172-73
silence, 279
Silouan of Mount Athos, 328
Silver Chair, The (C. S. Lewis), 290
A Simple Way to Pray (Luther), 110
simplicity, 129-30, 152, 309
sin
Augustine on, 45
causes of, 319
discernment and, 214
Ignatian retreat and, 151
Julian of Norwich’s visions and, 167, 169
seven deadly, 62, 253-54
spiritual growth and, 281-82
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 264
Wesley’s bands and, 190
See also vice
Sixth Ecumenical Council, 323
skepticism, 43
sloth, 253, 333n. 5
Smith, Hannah Whitall, 308-9
social activism, 180, 183, 308, 310-12, 327
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits
soul
in Augustine’s ordering, 30
body and spirit and, 22-27, 30, 104
dark night of, 238, 274-76, 277-78, 279
deterioration and progress of, 35-38
divine ascent and, 237
in Evagrius’s ordering, 55
Gregory Palamas on, 325-26
misplaced desire and, 289
Plato on, 289-90, 291
return to God of, 55-56
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 262-63, 267, 268, 269-70
Spiritual Canticle, The (John of the Cross), 346n. 48
spiritual demise, 35-38
spiritual direction, 139, 205-6, 220
spiritual disciplines, 30, 256-57, 265, 291, 315
spiritual dryness, 313
Spiritual Exercises, The (Ignatius), 150-56
spiritual formation
changing goals of, 89
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 316
faith and, 102
justice and, 94
models for, 282
pastoral ministry and, 72
spiritual growth
in Benedictine spirituality, 218-19
Bonaventure’s stages of, 135-38
Cassian on, 212
Dionysius’s celestial hierarchy and, 241-42
experience and, 211
Fox’s seven elements and, 179
Gregory’s ordering and, 228-33
identification with Jesus and, 294
need for theology of, 281-82
Wesley’s church organization and, 189-90, 191-92
spiritual journey. See journey, spiritual life as
spiritual knowledge, 133-35, 138, 212-13
spiritual life
Cassian’s ordering of, 207-9
double motion of, 71-72, 73-74
Evagrius’s ordering of, 55
flow of, 66-68
goal of, 61-62, 91-92, 218, 291
Gregory’s locust analogy and, 234
Gregory’s ordering of, 228-33
in Lutheran spirituality, 104-5, 107
paths of, 282-83
as recovery of knowledge of God, 87
rhythm of, 276
See also journey, spiritual life as
Spiritual Meadow, The (John Moschus), 322-23
Steinbeck, John, 45
Steps of Humility and Pride, The (Bernard of Clairvaux), 35, 40
Stoicism, 38, 286-88
Story of a Soul, The (Thérèse of Lisieux), 309
struggle, 79, 82, 323
submission, 256
success, happiness and, 53
suffering
cross as symbol and, 107
dark night of the soul and, 275-76
Fox’s seven elements and, 178, 179-80
George Herbert on, 67-68
Julian of Norwich’s visions and, 168, 169-70, 174
in Pilgrim’s Progress, The (Bunyan), 76
Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 90, 91, 95-98
Symbolic Theology (Pseudo-Dionysius), 344n. 3
Symeon the New Theologian, 324
Symposium, The (Plato), 289
syncretism, 311
Syriac Christianity, 122
Tatiana (saint), 298
Teacher, The (Augustine), 114
temperance, 58
Temple, The (Herbert), 66-67, 70, 72
temptation
Augustine on, 27-28
George Herbert on, 71
imitation of Christ and, 126, 143
intellect and, 251
in Pilgrim’s Progress, The (Bunyan), 76-77
Wesley’s bands and, 190
Ten Commandments, 114-15, 117
Teresa, Mother. See Mother Teresa
Teresa of Avila, 238, 261-72, 273, 277, 307, 345n. 23
Theological Representations (Pseudo-Dionysius), 344n. 3
theology
apophatic, 240, 245, 246
cataphatic, 240, 245, 246
spiritual, 88-89
systematic, 24
vernacular, 170
Theophilus (pope of Alexandria), 321
Thérèse of Lisieux, 309
Thomas (apostle), 156
Thomas à Kempis, 89, 141-48
Thomas Aquinas, 91-99
Aristotle and, 291
Bonaventure and, 133
on contemplation, 95-96
on devotion, 94-95
formal theology of, 89
on goal of spiritual life, 91-92
literary corpus of, 97
Martin Luther versus, 100
on natural versus spiritual knowledge, 93-94
nickname of, 97
on prayer, 96-99
Pseudo-Dionysius and, 239
Summa Theologica of, 90-91, 95-98
Trinity and, 103
Thomas, Dylan, 73
Thomas of Cantimpre, 301
thoughts, deadly, 55-63, 287-88
tradition, 184, 186, 188, 191
True Religion, The (Augustine), 29
truth, 42-43, 153-54, 210
Twain, Mark, 73
Underhill, Evelyn, 310
union with God
dark night of the soul and, 276, 277, 278-79
divine ascent and, 237, 241, 242, 244, 245
Guyon, Madame, and, 306
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 262, 266-271
See also communion with God
urbanization, 336-37n. 3
Varieties of Religious Experience (James), 201
vice
Augustine on, 31
Benedict on, 219, 222
Cassian on, 206, 207-9, 213-15
in Cloud of Unknowing, 251, 253-54, 259
Evagrius on, 63
exceedingly active life and, 234
George Herbert on, 66
Thomas à Kempis on, 145-46
Thomas Aquinas on, 98
virtues
active life and, 234
Aristotle and, 291
in Benedictine spirituality, 219
cardinal and theological, 94
in Cassian’s ordering, 207-8, 209, 213
in Cloud of Unknowing, 251, 259
deadly thoughts and, 56-61
discernment as, 214-15
emotion and, 173
in Gregory’s ordering, 228, 229
habits as, 98
imitation of Christ and, 127, 143, 147
justice as, 94
list of, 57-58
purgation and, 241
religion as, 94
theological, 94
visions and dreams
Blaise Pascal and, 48-49
in Eastern Orthodoxy, 322, 325-26
God’s presence and, 171
women and spirituality and, 165-70, 172-73, 298-304
Vita Antonii (Athanasius), 318
Waiting for God (Weil), 311
Ware, Kallistos (Timothy), 329
Watts, Isaac, 193
Way of Perfection, The (Teresa of Avila), 262
Weil, Simone, 311
Wesley, Charles, 193
Wesley, John, 184-95, 197, 201, 237, 340n. 54
Wesley, Susan, 193
will, God’s. See God’s will
will, human
Augustine on, 28, 29, 30, 32
in Cloud of Unknowing, 257
desire for truth and, 93
versus election, 206-7
faith and, 108
the Fall and, 92-93
humility and, 220
in Pascal’s ordering, 46-47
Plato on, 290, 291
prayer and, 94, 96
Teresa of Avila’s dwelling places and, 264
Willard, Dallas, 128-29
William of Occam, 88
wisdom
Aristotle on, 291-92
in Cloud of Unknowing, 259
in Evagrius’s ordering, 60-61
Gregory’s gifts of grace and, 230, 234
Plato on, 289
writings of saints and, 218-19, 244
women in ministry, 89, 297, 302, 306, 310. See also specific women
Women’s Speaking Justified (Fell), 306
worship, 130, 173
Xenia, deaconess of Rome, 299
Yepes, Juan de. See John of the Cross
Zinzendorf, Nicholas Ludwig von (Count), 197
Zwingli, Ulrich, 261