Notes
. See Ruth A. Tucker, Extraordinary Women of Christian History: What We Can Learn from Their Struggles and Triumphs (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2016), 24.
. Drafting Committee of the LCWE, “Christian Witness to Nominal Christians among Roman Catholics,” Lausanne Occasional Paper 10 (June 1980), www.lausanne.org/content/lop/lop-10 (accessed December 1, 2016).
. John R. W. Stott, Basic Christianity (London: Inter-Varsity, 1958), 108.
. Drafting Committee of the LCWE, “Christian Witness to Nominal Christians.”
. Jeanette C. Smith, “Katharina von Bora through Five Centuries: A Historiography,” Sixteenth Century Journal 30.3 (1999): 745.
. Casey N. Cep, “Inside the Cloister,” New Yorker, March 5, 2014, www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/inside-the-cloister.
. Ibid.
. Laurel Braswell, “Saint Edburga of Winchester: A Study of Her Cult, A.D. 950–1500,” Medieval Studies 23 (1971): 310.
. See Eileen Power, Medieval English Nunneries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 25.
. See Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 157, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Cited in Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 24.
. Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 101.
. Heide Wunder, He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 17.
. See Anne Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles: Women Writing about Women and Reform in the Late Middle Ages (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), 29, 45, 49.
. Judith Oliver, “Worship and the Word,” in Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence, ed. Jane H. M. Taylor and Lesley Smith (London: University of Toronto Press, 1996), 106.
. Ibid., 107.
. See Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 19.
. Hildegard von Bingen, “Her Life: Work as Abbess / Richardis of Stade,” http//land derhildegard.de/her-life-work-as-abbess-richardis-of-stade (accessed December 1, 2016.
. Ulrike Wiethaus, “In Search of Medieval Women’s Friendships: Hildegard of Bingen’s Letters to Her Female Contemporaries,” in Ulrike Wiethaus, ed., Maps of Flesh and Light: The Religious Experience of Medieval Women Mystics (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993), 106.
. Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman, trans., The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen, vol. 1 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 51.
. Quoted in Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles, 129–30.
. Cited in Markwald and Markwald, Katherina von Bora, 40.
. Cited in Lina Eckenstein, Woman under Monasticism (London: Clay, 1896), 67–68.
. Ibid.
. Cited in Christian D. Knudsen, Naughty Nuns and Promiscuous Monks: Monastic Sexual Misconduct in Late Medieval England (University of Toronto, PhD dissertation, 2012), 97–99, https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/67281/6/Knudsen_Christian_D_201211_PhD_thesis.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” speech at the “March on Washington” (August 28, 1963), https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/i-have-dream-address-delivered-march-washington-jobs-and-freedom (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles, 233.
. Quoted in Thomas A. Brady, German Histories in the Age of the Reformations, 1400–1650 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 174.
. Ibid.
. “The Plays of Roswitha: Dulcitius,” Fordham University, http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/roswitha-dulcitius.asp (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles, 22.
. Cited in ibid., 24.
. Ibid., 25.
. Ibid.
. Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 158.
. Patricia O’Donnell-Gibson, The Red Skirt: Memoirs of an Ex Nun (Watervliet, MI: StuartRose, 2011), 38.
. Ibid., 85.
. Cited in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 40.
. Tom Browning, “A History of the Reformation: “The Door . . . Martin Luther,” December 19, 2003, www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/browning/Lesson8.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in Timothy George, Theology of the Reformers, rev. ed. (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2013), 88.
. Quoted in Joel F. Harrington, The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 33.
. Quoted in Lewis Spitz, ed., Luther’s Works, vol. 34 (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960), 337.
. Quoted in Martin Marty, Martin Luther (New York: Viking, 2004), 6.
. Quoted in George, Theology of the Reformers, 53.
. John Wesley, Journal of John Wesley, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/journal.vi.ii.xvi.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in George, Theology of the Reformers, 65.
. Ibid., 63.
. Quoted in Thomas M. Lindsay, Luther and the German Reformation (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1900), 50, https://archive.org/stream/luthergermanrefo00lind/luthergermanrefo00lind_djvu.txt (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Karl Barth, Die christliche Dogmatik im Entwurf: Die Lehre vom Worte Gottes (Munich: Chr. Kaiser Verlag, 1927), ix.
. Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 60.
. Quoted in ibid., 147.
. Quoted in ibid., 185; Bainton writes, “The earliest printed version added the words: ‘Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.’ The words, though not recorded on the spot, may nevertheless be genuine, because the listeners at the moment may have been too moved to write.”
. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 65.
. Ibid., 106.
. Cited in Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 40.
. Quoted in Jean Rilliet, Zwingli: Third Man of the Reformation, trans. Harold Knight (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1964), 33.
. Kimberly C. Kennedy, “ ‘God’s Recurring Dream’: Assessing the New Monastic Movement through Historical Comparison” (master’s thesis, Olivet Nazarene University, 2012), 14, http://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=hist_maph (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Patricia O’Donnell-Gibson, The Red Skirt: Memoirs of an Ex Nun (Watervliet, MI: StuartRose, 2011), 38.
. Quoted in Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 45.
. J. H. Alexander, “Katherine von Bora, Wife of Luther,” www.the-highway.com/articleNov01.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Boise State University, Martin Luther, “Luther Marries,” 17, https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/reformation/luther/17.shtml (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Armin Stein, Katharine von Bora, Dr. Martin Luther’s Wife: A Picture from Life, trans. A. Endlich (Philadelphia: General Council Publication Board, 1915), 21.
. Ibid., 35–37, 40–41.
. See Scott Hendrix, Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 143.
. Quoted in Bainton, Here I Stand, 286–87.
. Michael Baker, “Was Luther Really Like, After All?” www.catholicapologetics.info/apologetics/protestantism/character.htm (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Theodore Gerhardt Tappert, ed., Luther: Letters of Spiritual Counsel (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1955), 172.
. Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 40.
. Ibid.
. Eileen Power, Medieval English Nunneries: c. 1275–1535 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 36.
. Preserved Smith and Charles M. Jacobs, eds., Luther’s Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1918), 258.
. Steven Ozment, The Serpent and the Lamb: Cranach, Luther, and the Making of the Reformation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), 271.
. James Anderson, Ladies of the Reformation (New York: Blackie, 1858), 55.
. Quoted in Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 176, note 3, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in Hendrix, Martin Luther, 142.
. Smith and Jacobs, eds., Luther’s Correspondence, 2:181.
. Ibid.
. See Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 132.
. Quoted in Roland Bainton, “Psychiatry and History,” in Psychohistory and Religion: The Case of Young Man Luther, ed. Roger A. Johnson (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1977), 44.
. Arthur Cushman McGiffert, Martin Luther: The Man and His Work (New York: Century, 1911), 277–78.
. Glenn Sunshine, “Katharine von Bora,” Christian Worldview Journal, October 26, 2015, www.colsoncenter.org/the-center/columns/changed/23137-katharina-von-bora (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 176.
. Ibid.
. Ibid.
. Quoted in Clyde L. Manschreck, Melanchthon: The Quiet Reformer (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2009), 129–30.
. Quoted in Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer, From Priest’s Whore to Pastor’s Wife: Clerical Marriage and the Progress of Reform in the Early German Reformation (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012), 51–52.
. Cited in Justin Taylor, “Martin Luther’s Reform of Marriage,” in Sex and the Supremacy of Christ, eds. John Piper and Justin Taylor (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2005), 223.
. Cited in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 24.
. Sheilagh C. Ogilvie, A Bitter Living: Women, Markets, and Social Capital in Early Modern Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 1.
. Tim Lambert, “A Brief History of Toilets,” Washingtonian Magazine (last revised, 2016), www.localhistories.org/toilets.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Ibid.
. Ibid.
. Ibid.
. See Gottfried Krüger, “How Did the Town of Wittenberg Look at the Time of Luther,” trans. Holger Sonntag, http://thewittenbergproject.org/about/how-did-the-town-of-wittenberg-look-at-the-time-of-luther (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in ibid.
. Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 298.
. Krüger, “How Did the Town of Wittenberg Look?”
. See ibid.
. Quoted in Olli-Pekka Vainio, ed., Engaging Luther: A (New) Theological Assessment (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2010), 187.
. See Krüger, “How Did the Town of Wittenberg Look?”
. Desiderius Erasmus, “On the Education of Children,” in The Erasmus Reader, ed. Erika Rummel (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 73.
. See Krüger, “How Did the Town of Wittenberg Look?”
. Wolfgang Capito, “The Frankfurt Book Fair: Part I” (1501), https://wolfgangcapito.wordpress.com/2011/07/07/the-frankfurt-book-fair-part-1 (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Ibid.
. Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 363.
. Ogilvie, A Bitter Living, 1.
. Ibid., 10.
. Ibid.
. Joel F. Harrington, The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 5.
. Quoted in Euan Cameron, Enchanted Europe: Superstition, Reason, and Religion, 1250–1750 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 2.
. Ibid, 3–4.
. C. Scott Dixon, The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of BrandenburgAnsbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 102.
. Harrington, Faithful Executioner, 33.
. Ibid., 6.
. Ibid., 5.
. Quoted in ibid., 8.
. Cited in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 361.
. Cited in ibid., 362.
. Cited in ibid.
. Saint Teresa, The Life of Teresa of Jesus (1888; repr., New York: Garden City, NY, 1960), lxvii.
. Quoted in Susan Broomhall, Women and the Book Trade in Sixteenth-Century France (Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2002), 2.
. Ann Marie Rasmussen, Mothers and Daughters in Medieval German Literature (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997), 204.
. Quoted in Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer, From Priest’s Whore to Pastor’s Wife (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012), 126.
. Quoted in Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, vol. 7 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 455.
. Quoted in William Herman Theodore, ed., Four Hundred Years: Commemorative Essays on the Reformation of Dr. Martin Luther and Its Blessed Results (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 1916), 143.
. Quoted in Richard Friedenthal, Luther: His Life and Times, trans. John Nowell (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 438.
. Patrick F. O’Hare, The Facts about Luther (Cincinnati, OH: Pustet, 1916), 353.
. Quoted in Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 130.
. Cited in Carter Lindberg, “Martin Luther on Marriage and the Family,” 30, www.emanuel.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P-2.1-2004-Carter-Lindberg-Martin-Luther-on-Marriage-and-the-Family.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. See Helen L. Parish, Clerical Celibacy in the West, c. 1100–1700 (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010), 146.
. Ibid., 147.
. See William Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home: An Application of the Social Ethics of the Reformation (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960), 23.
. Quoted in ibid.
. Ibid.
. Ibid., 22.
. Ibid.
. Quoted in Robert Dean Linder, The Reformation Era (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2008), 26.
. See Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home, 21.
. Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks, trans. Lewis Thorpe (London: Penguin, 1974), 74–75.
. Preserved Smith and Charles M. Jacobs, eds., Luther’s Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters (Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1918), 2:326.
. Cited in Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 78.
. Quoted in Heiko Oberman, Luther, Man Between God and the Devil (New York: Doubleday, 1982), 282.
. Quoted in Moritz Meurer, The Life of Martin Luther: Related from Original Authorities (New York: Ludwig, 1848), 320-21.
. Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 73.
. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 27.
. See Anne Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles: Women Writing about Women and Reform in the Late Middle Ages (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), 233.
. Quoted in Sabina Flanagan, Hildegard of Bingen, 1098–1179: A Visionary Life, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1998), 70.
. See Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 159, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. See ibid.
. Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 202–3.
. Ibid., 203.
. Ibid.
. Ibid., 202.
. Ibid.
. Andrew Pettegree, Brand Luther: 1517, Printing, and the Making of the Reformation (New York: Penguin, 2015), 253.
. Heinrich Denifle, Luther and Lutherdom, trans. Raymund Volz (Somerset, UK: Torch, 1917), 312.
. Ibid., 313.
. Quoted in Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 23.
. See Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 308.
. Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer, From Priest’s Whore to Pastor’s Wife: Clerical Marriage and the Progress of Reform in the Early German Reformation (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012), 247.
. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History (New York: Knopf, 2007), xiii.
. Quoted in Michael Parsons, Reformation Marriage: The Husband and Wife Relationship in the Theology of Luther and Calvin (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2011), 1.
. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 29.
. Quoted in Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 264.
. See Barbara Hudson Powers, The Henrietta Mears Story (Grand Rapids: Revell, 1957), 191.
. Quoted in Martin Marty, Martin Luther (New York: Penguin, 2004), vii.
. James Reston Jr., Luther’s Fortress: Martin Luther and His Reformation Under Siege (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 85.
. Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 293.
. Susan Squire, I Don’t: A Contrarian History of Marriage (New York: Bloomsbury, 2008), 210.
. Quoted in Reston, Luther’s Fortress, 88.
. Ibid.
. Quoted in Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 120.
. Cited in Leland Ryken, Worldly Saints: The Puritans as They Really Were (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986), 73.
. See William Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home: An Application of the Social Ethics of the Reformation (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960), 145.
. Ibid.
. Cited in Timothy J. Wengert, ed., Harvesting Martin Luther’s Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004), 13–14.
. Ibid., 13.
. Quoted in Margaret A. Currie, ed., The Letters of Martin Luther (New York: Macmillan, 1908), xii.
. Quoted in Carter Lindberg, “Martin Luther on Marriage and the Family,” 32, www.emanuel.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P-2.1-2004-Carter-Lindberg-Martin-Luther-on-Marriage-and-the-Family.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Ibid., 33.
. Quoted in Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 251.
. Quoted in Andrew Pettegree, Brand Luther: 1517, Printing, and the Making of the Reformation (New York: Penguin, 2015), 261.
. See Currie, ed., Letters of Martin Luther, 361.
. Quoted in H. C. Erik Midelfort, A History of Madness in Sixteenth-Century Germany (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 106.
. Ibid., 104.
. See Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 210.
. Quoted in Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 7:337–38.
. See Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 341.
. See Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 178–79.
. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 324.
. Ibid.
. See ibid., 341.
. Ibid.
. William Keddie, ed., The Sabbath School Magazine, vol. 36 (Glasgow: Glasgow Sabbath School Union, 1884), 240.
. Quoted in Punch, or the London Charivari, vol. 30 (London: Bradbury and Agnew, 1856), 99.
. Quoted in Julius Köstlin, The Life of Martin Luther (Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1883), 355.
. Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 9.
. Ibid., 11–12.
. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 439.
. See Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 12.
. Bainton, Here I Stand, 298.
. Cited in ibid., 296.
. Quoted in Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard, eds., A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Warner, 2002), 66–67.
. Sue Hubbell, A Country Year: Living the Questions (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 90.
. Katy Schumpert, “Why I Am Not a Pastor,” March 11, 2015, http://katieluthersisters.org/2015/03/why-i-am-not-a-pastor (viewed March 30, 2016).
. See Carter Lindberg, “Martin Luther on Marriage and the Family,” 29, www.emanuel.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P-2.1-2004-Carter-Lindberg-Martin-Luther-on-Marriage-and-the-Family.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. J. A. P. Jones, Europe, 1500–1600 (Nashville: Nelson, 1997), 75.
. Ibid.
. See Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 163, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. See Henry Barnard, ed., “Early Training: Home Education,” The American Journal of Education, vol. 8, no. 20, March, 1860 (Hartford, CT: Brownell, 1860), 78.
. See Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 293.
. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 38.
. See Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 204.
. Cited in Bainton, Here I Stand, 293.
. Quoted in Brecht, Martin Luther, 204.
. Ibid.
. Cited in ibid.
. See Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 102; see also Peter Matheson, Argula von Grumbach: A Woman’s Voice in the Reformation (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1995), 121–22.
. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 439.
. See William Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home: An Application of the Social Ethics of the Reformation (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960), 144.
. Cited in Philip Schaff and Arthur Gilman, eds., A Library of Religious Poetry (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1881), 716.
. See Lindberg, “Martin Luther on Marriage,” 35.
. See Martin Luther, “A Sermon on the Estate of Marriage,” in Luther’s Works, ed. J. Pelikan and H. T. Lehmann (Saint Louis, MO: Concordia, 1966), 44:8.
. Quoted in Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home, 144–45.
. Quoted in Scott H. Hendrix, Martin Luther: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 76.
. Quoted in William Dallmann, ed., The Lutheran Witness, vol. 11 (Baltimore, MD: Lang, 1892–1893), 78.
. Quoted in Ferdinand Piper and H. M. McCracken, eds., Lives of the Leaders of Our Church Universal (Chicago: Andrews, 1879), 278.
. Hendrix, Martin Luther: A Very Short Introduction, 77.
. Ibid.
. See Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 164.
. Ibid., 165.
. Ibid.
. Ibid.
. Cited in Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 171–72.
. Susan C. Karant-Nunn, “The Masculinity of Martin Luther: Theory, Practicality, and Humor,” in Masculinity in the Reformation Era, ed. Scott H. Hendrix and Susan C. Karant-Nunn (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2008), 170.
. Mickey L. Mattox, “Luther on Eve, Women and the Church,” in The Pastoral Luther: Essays on Martin Luther’s Practical Theology, ed. Timothy J. Wengert (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 257.
. Ibid., 259.
. Martin Luther, The Life of Luther, Written by Himself, ed. M. Michelet (New York: Macmillan, 1904), 262.
. Margaret Thatcher, “Speech at Women’s International Zionist Organisation Centenary Lunch,” May 2, 1990, www.margaretthatcher.org/document/108078 (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Proverbs 31:10, my paraphrase.
. Rudolph W. Heinze, Reform and Conflict: From the Medieval World to the Wars of Religion, A.D. 1350–1648 (Oxford: Monarch, 2006), 111.
. Sharon Hunt, “In the boarding house,” Culinate, April 9, 2013.
. See Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 179.
. Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 165, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in Margaret A. Currie, ed., The Letters of Martin Luther (New York: Macmillan, 1908), 299.
. Cited in Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 292.
. Ibid., 296.
. Cited in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 32–33.
. Cited in Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 167–68.
. Sara Hall, “Katherine von Bora Luther: Herbalist, Gardener, Farmer, and Patron Saint of the Reformation,” April 4, 2012, The Daily Herb, www.thedailyherb.com/katherine-von-bora-luther-herbalist-gardener-farmer-and-patron-saint-of-the-reformation (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Bainton, Here I Stand, 292.
. Ibid., 292–93.
. Steven Ozment, Ancestors: The Loving Family in Old Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 32.
. Hall, “Katherine von Bora Luther.”
. Ibid.
. See ibid.
. See Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 109.
. See Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 166.
. Ibid.
. Quoted in ibid., 168.
. Ibid., 169.
. Quoted in Andrew Pettegree, Brand Luther: 1517, Printing, and the Making of the Reformation (New York: Penguin, 2015), 272.
. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 439.
. Quoted in Currie, ed., Letters of Martin Luther, 317–18.
. Ibid., 318.
. Würzburger Hofbräu Light, RateBeer, www.ratebeer.com/beer/wurzburger-hofbrau-light/43802 (accessed December 1, 2016).
. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 52.
. Marius, Martin Luther, 440.
. Mickey L. Mattox, “Luther on Eve, Women and the Church,” in The Pastoral Luther: Essays on Martin Luther’s Practical Theology, ed. Timothy J. Wengert (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 251–52.
. Quoted in Steven Ozment, Ancestors: The Loving Family in Old Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 37.
. Gerhild Scholz Williams, “The Woman/The Witch: Variations on a Sixteenth-Century Theme,” in The Crannied Wall: Women, Religion, and the Arts in Early Modern Europe, ed. Craig A. Monson (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 131.
. Carolyn Walker Bynum, Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 172–73.
. Elsie Anne McKee, Katharina Schütz Zell: The Life and Thought of a Sixteenth-Century Reformer (Leiden: Brill, 1999), 48.
. See Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 93.
. Ibid., 94.
. Quoted in Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 180.
. Ibid.
. Ibid., 181.
. Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 263.
. Ibid., 160.
. Ibid., 161.
. Ibid., 181.
. Ibid., 194–95.
. Quoted in Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 440.
. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 55.
. Ibid.
. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 180.
. See Bobby Valentine, “Argula von Grumbach: Courageous Debater, Theologian, Female Voice in the Reformation,” September 11, 2007, Wineskins.org, http://stonedcampbelldisciple.com/2007/09/11/argula-von-grumbach-courageous-debater-theologian-femalevoice-in-the-reformation-a-woman-on-the-family-tree (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Marius, Martin Luther, 438.
. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 181.
. Quoted in Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, trans. Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 276.
. Quoted in Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 167, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in George H. Tavard, Women in Christian Tradition (South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1973), 174.
. Quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women, 190.
. See ibid., 192–93.
. Quoted in Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 109.
. Ibid., 110.
. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 29.
. Quoted in Erin Allen, “Remember the Ladies,” Library of Congress Blog, March 31, 2016, https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/03/remember-the-ladies (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in Woody Holton, Abigail Adams: A Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 390.
. Joel F. Harrington, The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 5.
. Quoted in Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 179.
. Quoted in Dennis Ngien, Luther as a Spiritual Adviser: The Interface of Theology and Piety in Luther’s Devotional Writings (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007), 78.
. See Steven Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 148.
. Graham C. L. Davey, “What Do We Worry About?” May 21, 2013, Psychology Today, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/why-we-worry/201305/what-do-we-worry-about (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 195.
. Ibid.
. Quoted in Martin Luther, The Life of Luther, Written by Himself, ed. M. Michelet (New York: Macmillan, 1904), 349.
. Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 196.
. Screen observed April 7, 2016.
. John MacArthur, “A Worried Christian,” Grace to You, www.gty.org/resources/articles/A112/a-worried-christian (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Jill Briscoe, “Why Can’t I Stop Worrying?” www.womensministrytools.com/womens-bible-studies/304/why-cant-i-stop-worrying (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Cited in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women, 193.
. Quoted in Margaret A. Currie, ed., The Letters of Martin Luther (New York: Macmillan, 1908), 460.
. See ibid., 461
. Ibid.
. Quoted in James A. Nestingen, Martin Luther: A Life (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 2003), 66–67.
. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 371–72.
. Ibid., 372.
. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 27.
. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 442.
. Ibid., 443.
. Ibid., 442.
. Ibid., 480.
. Ibid.
. Quoted in ibid., 481.
. Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 210.
. See ibid., 211.
. Marius, Martin Luther, 480.
. Ibid., 78.
. Ibid., 214.
. Cited in Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 30.
. My paraphrase of Matthew 6:25–34; 11:28.
. Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 179.
. Rich Deem, “The Proverbs 31 Woman: Why She Is Not the Ideal Christian Wife,” www.godandscience.org/doctrine/proverbs_31_woman.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Scot McKnight, The Real Mary: Why Evangelical Christians Can Embrace the Mother of Jesus (Brewster, MA: Paraclete, 2007), 4.
. Dorothy Pape, In Search of God’s Ideal Woman (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1976), 53.
. Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 176.
. Martin Marty, Martin Luther (New York: Viking, 2004), xii.
. Cited in Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 370.
. Marty, Martin Luther, 23–24.
. Cited in Warren Wiersbe, 50 People Every Christian Should Know: Learning from Spiritual Giants of the Faith (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2009), 14.
. Quoted in Vern L. Bullough, Brenda Shelton, and Sarah Slavin, The Subordinated Sex: A History of Attitudes Toward Women, rev. ed. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988), 174.
. Hollie Dermer, “Women of the Reformation: Katharina Von Bora Luther,” http://christinalangella.com/womenofthereformation/women-of-the-reformation-katharina-von-bora-luther-by-hollie-dermer (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Kirsi Stjerna, Women and the Reformation (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009), 54.
. Ibid.
. See Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 159, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 134.
. See ibid., 30.
. Ibid., 33.
. See Anne Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles: Women Writing about Women and Reform in the Late Middle Ages (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), 133.
. Ibid.
. Jo Ann McNamara, Sisters in Arms: Catholic Nuns through Two Millennia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 393.
. Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles, 135.
. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 37.
. Cited in Bainton, Here I Stand, 292.
. Quoted in Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 37.
. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 179.
. See Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 172.
. Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 205.
. Ibid., 206.
. Quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 147.
. Ibid., 111.
. Quoted in Charles Frederick Ledderhose, The Life of Philip Melanchthon trans. G. F. Krotel (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1857), 323.
. See Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 193.
. Quoted in Moritz Meurer, The Life of Martin Luther: Related from Original Authorities (New York: Ludwig, 1848), 642.
. J. H. Alexander, The Ladies of the Reformation (London: Westminster Discount Books, 1996), 212.
. See Matt Carver, “The ‘Klette’ Hymns and the ‘Klette’ Quote,” Hymnoglypt, May 1, 2010, http://matthaeusglyptes.blogspot.com/2010/05/klette-hymns-and-klette-quote.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
. See ibid.
. Anne Elizabeth Baker, Glossary of Northamptonshire Words and Phrases, vol. 1 (London: Smith, 1854), 90.
. Cited in James Anderson, Ladies of the Reformation (London: Blackie, 1857), 75.
. Cited in Diane Severance, “Albrecht Dürer, Reformation Media Man,” Christianity. com, www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1201-1500/albrecht-drer-reformation-media-man-11629888.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, trans. Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 5.
. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 40.
. Ibid.
. Oberman, Luther, 5.
. Charles H. H. Wright, A Protestant Dictionary (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1904), 385.
. Dr. Volkmar Joestel, “Luther’s Death,” www.luther.de/en/jlt.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 221.
. Quoted in Oberman, Luther, 8.
. “Did Luther Recant on His Deathbed,” Beggars All: Reformation & Apologetics, comment by Churchmouse, January 12, 2007, http://beggarsallreformation.blogspot.com/2007/01/did-luther-recant-on-his-deathbed.html (accessed on December 1, 2016).
. Quoted in Rebecca Larson, “Katharina von Bora: A Married Nun,” Tudors Dynasty, September 3, 2016, www.tudorsdynasty.com/katharina-von-bora-a-married-nun (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Scott H. Hendrix, Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 286.
. Erwin Weber, “500th Anniversary of Katharina von Bora,” Lutheran Journal 68.2 (1999), http://helios.augustana.edu/~ew/des/illustrated-articles/su53.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
. See Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 181.
. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 230–31.
. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 40.
. Hendrix, Martin Luther, 286.
. Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 41.
. Hendrix, Martin Luther, 287.
. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 42.
. Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 173, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 42.
. See Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 173.
. Quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 193.
. See Sandy Bardsley, Venomous Tongues: Speech and Gender in Late Medieval England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 185 (note 23).
. See “The Fountain of Youth by Lucas Cranach the Elder,” My Daily Art Display, May 5, 2012, https://mydailyartdisplay.wordpress.com/2012/05/05/the-fountain-of-youth-by-lucas-cranach-the-elder (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 157, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
. Andrew Pettegree, Brand Luther: 1517, Printing, and the Making of the Reformation (New York: Penguin, 2015), 279.
. Ibid.