List of Figures

List of Figures

FIGURES

1.1 Options for orthodox Christians concerning the alleged conflict between modern science and the historical Adam

1.2 Map of Mesopotamia

1.3 Comparative chart of ancient Near Eastern history

1.4 Map of ancient Egypt showing cult centers

2.1 Three forms of folklore

4.1 Heidel’s list of similarities between Enuma elish and Gen 1

4.2 Evolution of the Epic of Gilgamesh

4.3 Map of the ancient Persian Gulf basin in the late Pleistocene

5.1 Symmetrical ancestral genealogies of biblical antediluvians and postdiluvians

5.2 Sumerian king list featuring fantastically long reigns

5.3 Ages of antediluvians computed using sexagesimal numbers

6.1 The “Babylonian world map”

6.2 The transverse motion of the sun across the paths of Enlil, Anu, and Ea

6.3 Ceiling of Seti I’s cenotaph at Abydos displaying the sky goddess Nut as a woman arched over the earth

6.4 Teratological composite imagined by some modern interpreters as the world picture of ancient Israelites

8.1 Geological ages relevant to our investigation

8.2 Glacial and interglacial cycles over the past 450,000 years

8.3 Start dates of the most recent Marine Isotope Stages

8.4 Comparison of archaeological ages in Africa and Eurasia

8.5 Traditional classification of apes and humans

8.6 Revised classification of apes and humans

8.7 Hominin lineages back to Sahelanthropus tchadensis

8.8 Cave painting of a horse from Lascaux, France

8.9 Cave drawing of a pride of lions from Chauvet, France

8.10 Hand stencils from Sulawesi, Indonesia

9.1 Total blood-flow rate of both internal carotid arteries for hominins and recent great apes

10.1 Appearance of archaeological signatures of modern cognitive capacity in Africa, the Near East, and Europe

10.2 A beautifully crafted Acheulean hand axe

10.3 Wooden spear discovered at Schöningen, Germany

10.4 Layout of the Bruniquel Cave constructions, particularly the two larger rings

10.5 The sequence of tasks involved in the Bruniquel Cave constructions, illustrating the cognitive capacity of the builders

10.6 Artist’s rendering of a hunter’s hut at Terra Amata dating to 350 kya

11.1 Cave painting from Lubang Jeriji Saléh Cave on Borneo

11.2 Cave painting from Leang Bulu’Sipong 4 Cave on Sulawesi

11.3 Changes in the shape of the tongue that differentiate speech sounds

11.4 Quantal vowels from a large sample of speakers

11.5 Interbreeding between lines of ancient humans

12.1 Time of the divergence of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens

12.2 Incomplete lineage sorting

12.3 Trans-species variation

12.4 Genetic divergence

12.5 A phylogenetic tree constructed from human variation data

12.6 Computing the time required to arrive at the genetic divergence of the present human population

13.1 Artist’s reproduction of Homo heidelbergensis (also called Homo rhodesiensis ) based on skeletal remains

13.2 Mental and brain states

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