THE authorship of the following treatise is commonly attributed to Thomas Kempis. There seems no doubt that this must be a mistake, but it will not be out of place to begin with some account of him. Thomas Hemercker was born at Kempen, near Koln, about the year 1380. His father was a labouring man, and his mother the village schoolmistress.
At twelve years old he was sent to a religious Community at Deventer called The Brothers of Common Life," and there studied grammar and plain chant. In 1399 he entered as a novice among the canons regular of Mount S. Agnes, near Zwoll, where his brother was prior. In 1406 he made his profession, as appears from the following entry in the chronicle of the monastery MCCCCVI. : in die Sacramenti investiti sunt duo fratres, Thomas Hemercker de Kempis civitate, dicecesis Coloniensis, germanus fratris Johannis Kempen, primi prioris quorum pater Johannes, mater Gertrudis vocabatur." The special work to which he applied himself was transcription of MSS.
He copied the Bible, the Missal, the works of S. Bernard. He was employed fifteen years in transcribing a Bible in four vols., folio, which Rosweide saw in the library of the canons regular of Koln, with the follow- ing note which Kempis had appended : Finitus et completus Anno Domini MCCCCXXXix. per manus fratris Thomas Kempis." He then began copying some pious and ascetic treatises, among b 2 them the Imitatio Christi. To this he appended the same note as that at the end of the Bible, and thence arose the erroneous notion that he was its author, a notion which would be spread far and wide by the first printed editions.
He died in 1471. The work has also been attributed to John Gerson the famous Chancellor of the University of Paris, who took so praiseworthy a part at the period of the civil wars of Burgundy and Orleans, and whose influence was so mighty at the Councils of Pisa and Constance. In consequence of the persecution which he suffered from the party of Burgundy he retired to Bavaria, and there wrote his De Consolatione Theologies, in imitation of Boethius. He died in 1429, at The the age of sixty-six.
Imitatio has been attributed to him in consequence of some old copies bearing the name of John Gersen as the author. The first of these, printed at Koln in 1488, is headed thus : primus Johannis Gersen de Imitatione Christi Incipit liber de contemptu omnium vanitatum mundi." A list of twentyfour such copies lies before me. 1 And it has been hastily concluded that the "Gersen" here spoken of must be the Chancellor. Dean Milman rejects the opinion that he was the author on internal grounds (Lat. Chr. vi. 304, n.) But external evidence is equally conclusive against him.
In a family diary kept by the Count Gustavus de Advocatis of Biella in the years 13451349, occurs the following passage Die (which is copied under February 1349 literally), 15 : Dominica mensis Februarji post divisionem factam cum fratre meo Vincentio qui Ceridonji 2 abitat in signum fraterni amoris See Essays on University Education by a Monk of S. Augustine's, Ramsgate ; [Rev. p. A. Hamilton).
Washbourne, 1873. Ceridon, or Cerione, a village which since the fourteenth century belonged to the De Advocatis family. quod hoc temporalibus tantum impulsus negotis feci dono ill preciosum Codicem de Imitatione Christi, quod hoc ab agnatis meis longa manu teneo nam nonnulli antenates mei hujus jam recordarunt." Here we have it stated that a copy of the Imitatio Christi has been for successive generations before 1349 in the possession of the family De Advocatis. If this work be identical with that before us, there an end at once both of the Kempis and is the Chancellor Gerson authorship. And we shall now show that there is a strong case in favour of the identity.
The family De Advocatis (Ital. Avogadro) owed their family name to having held the office of Defenders of the Church from the seventh century. Many members of it became illustrious in theology and science, and several became Bishops of Vercelli, the family being patrons of the church there. In 1830, the Chevalier de Gregory, who had previously writ- ten a Mdmoire sur le veritable Auteur de 1'Imitation," made a remarkable confirmatory discovery.
M. Techener, a bookseller in Paris, knowing his interest in the subject, showed him a MS. of the Imitatio of the thirteenth or fourteenth century which he had bought of an Italian. On the inside of the wooden binding M. de Gregory found the following autograph signatures : 1550. 3 Maii. Ad usum Dom-Hieronymi de Advocatis, civis Yporediae [Ivrea].
Ad usum quoque Paracliti. 1 Ad usum Hieronymi, Federici Advocatis Ceridoni, scripsi, 1568 4 die Maii. Ad usum Hieronymi Advocatis. * was not an unusual name in the Avogadro family. Spirito This MS. was carefully examined by experts and its age attested, and the individuals mentioned were all traced and identified as members of the Avogadro family who had lived in or near Vercelli. We may now, I cannot but think, take it as proved that this book was in existence in the thirteenth century.
We have also the evidence above referred to that it was the work of John Gersen. Who was he ? The edition of De Sessa, printed at Venice in 1501, has its heading like that of Koln, quoted above. But in S.
Catherine's Abbey at Genoa, the Benedictine Cajetan (1560 1650) found a copy with this MS. note appended : Hunc librum non compilavit Johannes Gersen, sed D. Johannes abbas Vercellensis, ut habetur usque hodie propria manu scriptus in eadem abbatia." Here it seems to be implied that the author was not the Chancellor Gerson, but an Abbot John," whose surname is not given. But this Abbot John was alsosurnamed Gersen, as appears from the Codex Aronensis, a MS. of the fourteenth century, discovered by the Jesuit Father Rosignoli three hundred years ago at Arona. It begins thus : Incipiunt capitula primi libri Abbatis Joannis et contemptu omnium vanitatum Gersen de Imitatione Christi mundi," and ends thus Explicit liber quartus et ultimus : Abbatis Joannis Gersen de Sacramento Altaris." Three other MSS. of the same century, and many of the fifteenth, thirteen in have the same beginning. all, Another of the fifteenth calls the writer Johannes de Canabaco," (Ital.
Cavaglia), and another has a picture of the writer as a Benedictine, which we need hardly say the Chancellor Gerson was not, and the Abbot of Vercelli was. Taking all these circumstances into account, there seems strong reason for accepting the belief that the writer of the Imitatio was John Gersen, who is called John of Cavaglia, and that he was an Abbot of Vercelli. But when we seek to investigate further, it must be confessed that our ground becomes somewhat uncertain. Cavaglik is a village near Vercelli, formerly subject to the temporal jurisdiction of the Abbot there, and it is said that a tradition lingers among the villagers that a certain John Gersen, a native of the place, was once Abbot of S.
Stephen's at Vercelli, and died in the odour of sanctity. A spot connected with his~boyhood is pointed out. The Gersen family has survived in Cavaglik to this day. The Benedictine Abbey of S.
Stephen's at Vercelli was founded at the beginning of the ninth century, and after some vicissitudes of fortune became very magnificent, and the feudal jurisdiction of its Abbot, who was among the three representatives of the republic of Vercelli, was greatly extended. In 1581 the monastery was suppressed by Charles Emmanuel I. of Savoy, who was Lord of Vercelli. In the great struggle between the Italians and the House of Hohenstaufen, the abbey, as was natural, played a conspicuous part. In the Second Lombard League, formed in 1225 against Frederick II., the republic of Vercelli was represented by the Bishop, the Abbot of S.
Stephen's, and a lay representative of the citizens ; and the Abbot of S. Stephen's who signed his name was an Abbot John. The time, and the absence of any other Johns among the Abbots, as far as the lists exist, led the advocates of the Gersen authorship to give this Abbot John the honour. Whoever the author may be, he has produced the most popular religious work in Christendom.
In England alone the Pilgrim's Progress surpasses it, but even here the Imitatio stands second. For though the book in certain parts speaks for itself as being the work of a monk, it also speaks, not here and there, but throughout, the passionate eagerness of a soul to know God. The monkish habit is but the accident, the heart which beats beneath is impatient of everything external, in its aspirations to acquaint itself with God and be at peace. Exemplary ecclesiastic as no doubt the writer was, he ignores all outward ceremonies, save frequent Communions, in following the longings and feelings of his heart.
He works out his own salvation with fear and trembling, knowing his own frailty, his own worthlessness, and need of divine grace. His confession is made to his own soul, and he asks for no earthly mediator to unite him to his Lord. As his name indicates that he was of the same race as Luther, so does his book anticipate the dawnings of the great Reformer's theology. His soul lives in a solitude, sometimes fearing, but oftener hoping, beneath the eye of God.
He feels he was not made to die," because he has found God to be the source and the end of his being all move round Him. Thought, feeling, will, affection Milman stands, as far as I know, alone in the unfavourable judgment which he has formed upon this book. After describing it as the last effort of Latin Christianity, he pronounces it to be absolutely selfish in its aim. Its sole, single, exclusive object, is the purification, the elevation of the individual soul, of the man absolutely isolated from his kind, of the man dwelling alone in the solitude, in the hermitage of his own thoughts with no fears or hopes, no ; sympathies of our common nature he has absolutely with- ; drawn and secluded himself not only from the cares, the sins, the trials, but from the duties, the connexions, the moral and religious fate of the world." The title itself is a glaring mis- which disnomer." That which distinguishes Christ, that tinguishes Christ's Apostles, that which distinguishes Christ's religionthe Love of Man is entirely and absolutely left out.
Had this been the whole of Christianity, our Lord Himself (with reverence be it said) had lived, like an Essene, working out or displaying His own sinless perfection by the Dead Sea ; neither on the Mount, nor in the Temple, nor even on the Cross. Christianity had been without any exquisite precept for the purity, the happiness of social or domestic life ; without selfsacrifice for the good of others ; without the higher Christian patriotism, devotion or evangelic principles to the public weal ; without even the devotion of the missionary for the dissemination of Gospel truth ; without the humbler and gentler daily self-sacrifice for relatives, for the wife, the parent, the child. Christianity had never soared to be the civiliser of the world. * Let the world perish, so the single soul can escape on its solitary plank from the general wreck,' such had been its final axiom. The Imitation of Christ' begins in self terminates in self.
The simple exemplary sentence, He went about doing * good,' is wanting in the monastic gospel of this pious zealot. Of feeding the hungry, of clothing the naked, of visiting the prisoner, even of preaching, there is profound, total silence." No doubt this ^mission of the social aspect of Christianity is a characteristic of the book. But it does not preclude that aspect, and is not incompatible with it. There is nothing to indicate that the writer was neglectful of the active duties of his profession, and if we assume that he devoted himself to the works of mercy which he was called upon by his vows to do, those who have to work hardest by sick-beds and in haunts of sin will best appreciate how great was his need of the retired and silent hours of which this book bears witness.
In the history of that Divine Life to which the Dean makes reference, we are told that in the midst of His toils He went aside into a mountain and continued all night in prayer unto God. The life of activity was sustained and nourished by the life of inner communion. Therefore it is useless to condemn the book before us on the ground that it is contemplative and unpractical. The love with which it is still regarded is its best defence.
Securus judicat orbis terrarum." I could name more than one contemporary to whom I have known it to be dear. It was one of the favourite books of the unselfish, hard-working, all-sympathising, Frederick Maurice, and the references to it by some of the most powerful of living secular writers show how strong a hold it has upon their affections. That other aspect of Christianity is of course equally true which bids us remember that we are members of a family, Englishmen, brethren. It is the aspect upon which the popular theology of our day almost exclusively dwells.
And doubt- less this belief is the only effective instrument which we shall find to counteract the social evils that afflict us. But if we would not be conquered by the world that we are seeking to conquer, we must study daily the Conqueror in His meekness, His perfectness and beauty, His world-embracing redemption, His sacramental grace, His two-fold nature. And in the hope that this copy may help some Christian brother thus to find Him, I now put from me this labour of love. READINGS FROM THE "IMITATION OF CHRIST." ARRANGED FOR EACH SUNDAY OF THE CHRISTIAN YEAR.