who was forced by the church at Corinth to feared God, wanted to please God, honored

who was forced by the church at Corinth to feared God, wanted to please God, honored

JOB 30:25 634

25 Did I not weep for anyone in trouble? Was my soul not grieved for the poor? 26 When I looked for good, then disaster came; and when I waited for light, darkness came. 27 The agitation inside me never stops. Days of affliction confront me. 28 I go about mourning, without the light of the sun. I stand up and cry out in the congregation. 29 I am a brother to jackals, and a companion of owls. 30 My skin on me is black, and my bones burn with heat. 31 And my harp is tuned to mourning, and my flute to the sound of those who weep.

5 “If I have walked in falsehood,

or if my foot has hurried after deceit 6 (Let me be weighed in accurate scales,

that God may know my integrity), 7 If my step has turned out of the way,

and my heart has followed my eyes, and if any stain has stuck to my hands, 8 Then let me sow and someone else eat it,

yes, let my crops be uprooted.

9 “If my heart has been enticed by a woman,

or if I have lurked near my neighbor’s door, 10 Then may my wife grind for someone else, and may others bow down over her. 11 For that would be a wicked deed, yes, iniquity for the judges to punish. 12 For that would be a fire that consumes to destruction, that would uproot all my increase.

“I made a covenant with my eyes. How then could I lustfully consider a

maiden? 2 For what does God apportion from above?

13 “If I have despised the claim of my male or female servant when they complained to me, 14 Then what would I do when God rises up? And when he confronts me,

And what is the inheritance the

Almighty appoints from above? 3 Is it not destruction for the wicked,

what would I answer him? 15 Did not he who made me in the womb, make him?

and disaster for evildoers? 4 Does he not see my ways and count

all my steps?

toward death (and he did not – 6:8,9; 7:15), still he will cry out for help. 30:25,26 This is his complaint all along – he has not been rewarded according to his deeds, but God has dealt with him unjustly. He thinks God has not treated him as well as he – Job – has treated others. 30:27 3:26. 30:29 This may refer to the piercing, mournful sounds these animals make, and perhaps to their solitariness. 30:31 Job compares his final lament to the mournful tones made by musical instruments, rising, falling, and dying away. 31:1-4 This chapter closes Job’s defense against the accusations of his friends. Here he sets forth his righteous behavior, not in a spirit of boasting but because his friends have driven him to it. See note on vs 3840. The situation is not unlike that of Paul’s who was forced by the church at Corinth to defend himself against the accusations of false teachers (2 Cor 11:21-29; 12:1-3. See also 1 Sam 12:1-3; 24:8-15; 26:1724; Ps 17:1-5. Compare Psalm 26). Job knew that he shared in the fallen condition of all men (13:26; 14:4,16,17; 31:33). Perhaps he did not yet have that deep understanding of the depravity of human nature that some other Old Testament saints had. But he lived (probably) before God gave His law through Moses, and the law gives men a deeper knowledge of sin (Rom 7:7-9). However that may be, Job well knew that he had lived a sincere, godly, and righteous life. He is not

self-righteous but has the testimony of a good conscience (compare Acts 23:1; 24:16; 2 Cor 1:12). So in his eyes he did not deserve the calamities that came on him, and the doctrine of his friends concerning divine retribution was hopelessly wrong. 31:1 In the list of his virtues Job puts this one first. Not only had he kept himself from adultery and fornication, he had resolutely determined not even to let wrong desires form in his mind. He was very careful in the way he looked at a girl. In this he anticipated the teaching of Christ in the sermon on the mount (Matt 5:27,28). He understood that morality and purity were not merely a matter of outward acts but of the inner thoughts and desires. 31:4 The reason for his virtuous behavior was his knowledge of God. God was always in his thoughts (vs 2,4,14,15,23,28). He feared God, wanted to please God, honored God in every sphere of his life. 31:5-8 He has led a life of complete honesty and sincerity, always holding to God’s way of holiness and virtue. He was fully aware that God hates lying and deceit. 31:9-12 He has always been faithful to his wife, never once going with another woman. He regarded adultery as a very terrible sin, which indeed it is (Ex 20:14; Lev 20:10; 1 Cor 6:9; Heb 13:4). 31:12 “Destruction” – in Hebrew “Abaddon.” 31:13-15 He has behaved fairly toward his servants. He recognized that in God’s sight men are men, and that no one should be treated as if belonging to an inferior caste

635 JOB 31:39

Did not the same one form us in the womb?

28 This also would be iniquity to be judged, for I would have denied God above.

16 “If I have held back from the poor what they desired, or caused the eyes of the widow to fail, 17 Or have eaten my morsel alone, without the fatherless eating of it 18 (But from my youth I brought him up like a father, and from my birth I guided the widow ), 19 If I have seen anyone perish for lack of clothing,

29 “If I rejoiced at the destruction of one who hated me, or exulted when disaster found him 30 (But I have not allowed my mouth to sin by invoking a curse against his soul), 31 If the men of my tent have not said, ‘Who is there of us who has not been

satisfied with Job’s meat?’ 32 (The stranger never had to spend the night in the street, for I opened my door to the traveller), 33 If I have covered my transgressions like Adam, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom, 34 Because I feared the great multitude, or dreaded the contempt of families,

or any poor person without a covering, 20 If he had no reason to bless me, and if he was not warmed by the

fleece from my sheep, 21 If I have raised my hand against the fatherless, when I saw support for this in the gate, 22 Then let my arm fall from my shoulder, and my arm be broken at the joint. 23 For destruction from God terrified me, and because of his majesty I could

so that I kept silent and did not

go out the door

35 “(Oh, that someone would hear me! See, my desire is that the Almighty

not endure.

would answer me, and that my adversary would write down

24 “If I have made gold my hope, or said to fine gold, ‘You are my confidence,’ 25 If I have rejoiced because my wealth was great, and because my hand had gotten much, 26 If I looked at the shining sun or the moon moving in brightness, 27 And my heart was secretly enticed and my mouth kissed my hand in worship,

the indictment in a book! 36 Surely I would carry it around on my shoulder, and fasten it on me like a crown. 37 I would give him an account of all my steps. I would approach him like a prince),

38 “If my land cries out against me, or if its furrows complain, 39 If I have eaten its produce without cost to me,

or class. (See Eph 6:9; Col 4:1.) 31:16-23 He has treated the poor with kindness and compassion – a virtue God regards very highly indeed (Ex 22:22-27; Deut 24:17; Ps 68:5; 82:1-4; Prov 23:10,11). 31:21 “In the gate” – the place where the ruling body of the town met. 31:24-28 He kept himself from the idolatry of wealth, and from the worship of creation rather than the Creator. He knew that it is not possible to be true to God while worshiping anything other than God (see Ex 20:3-6; Deut 4:19; 17:2-5; Rom 1:25). 31:29,30 He has not allowed the spirit of vengeance to possess him (Prov 20:22; 24:29; 25:21; Rom 12:19-21). 31:31,32 He has practiced hospitality to strangers (compare Deut 10:17-19; Heb 13:2). 31:33,34 When he sinned he did not try to cover it up but confessed and forsook it. Observe that he does not deny he has sinned. He realized that true virtue is not merely what one does or does not do when others are watching, but what one does or does not do when only God is watching. Compare Ps 90:8; 139:23,24; Matt 6:6,18; John 3:20,21; Eph 5:8-14; Heb 4:13.

Hebrew the word for man and for Adam is the same, and here could be translated either way. 31:35 “My desire” – the literal meaning of the Hebrew word is “mark”, and the sentence could be translated, “See, my mark. Oh, that the Almighty would answer me.” “Mark” possibly indicated signature, as if Job’s case is written out and he now signs it. 31:35-37 Job longs for a hearing before God’s judgment seat (13:3,15,18; 16:19; 23:3-5; 24:1). He has prepared his defense. He has declared the righteous life he has lived before God and men. He desperately wants to know what God has against him. If God would write out His complaint against him Job says he would wear it like a crown where all could see it. That is, he is quite sure that God has no serious accusations to make against him. He thinks he can give even to God a good account of his whole life, could approach God with the firm, bold step of a prince. So certain is Job of his integrity. 31:38-40 Job has an afterthought. There is one aspect of his righteousness he hasn’t mentioned – the proper way he had treated his land and those who worked for him. If he has behaved unjustly let a curse come

“Like Adam” – or “like a man.” In

JOB 31:40 636

or caused its owners to lose their lives, 40 May thistles grow up instead of wheat, and weeds instead of barley!”

because they were older than he.

5 When Elihu saw that there was no answer in the mouth of these three men, his anger was aroused.

The words of Job are ended.

6 And Elihu the son of Barakel the Buzite answered and said,

So these three men stopped answering Job, because he was righteous in his own eyes.

“I am young, and you are very old. Therefore I was afraid and dared not

2 Then the anger of Elihu the son of Barakel the Buzite, of the family of Ram, was aroused against Job. His anger burned because Job justified himself rather than God.

express my opinion. 7 I told myself that age should speak,

and advanced years should teach wisdom. 8 But there is a spirit in man,

3 Also his anger was aroused against his three friends, because they had found no answer, yet had condemned Job.

and the inspiration of the Almighty

gives him understanding. 9 Great men are not always wise;

4 Now Elihu had waited to speak to Job,

nor do the aged always understand justice.

on his land, he says. (See also vs 8,10,22.) At last he has no more to say. In legal terms, we would say the defense rests its case.

there was a taint of self-righteousness in Job’s character, it is in no way central to the teaching of the book of Job. 32:1 Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar have nothing more to say, concluding that Job was self-righteous. 32:2 Apparently Elihu had been present all the time the discussion had been going on. For all we know there may have been several (or many) others there also. Elihu was not an uncommon name and other Elihus are mentioned in the Bible (1 Sam 1:1; 1 Chron 12:20), but this is the one place that this particular Elihu appears. We know nothing of the Barakel or Ram mentioned here, but it is also said that Elihu was a Buzite. One person named Buz was a son of Nahor, Abraham’s brother (Gen 22:21). If Elihu was a descendent of that Buz then he was closely related to the forefathers of the Hebrew nation.

What should we think of Job’s defense? We do not like to hear an individual telling us how good and righteous he is. Some people are quite eager for men to know their good deeds, and describe them even to God (Matt 6:2; Luke 18:9-12). So when a person speaks of his righteous life we tend to suspect that he is either ignorant of himself or is covering up some sin or is proud and boastful. But in Job’s case this was not so.

Job and his friends are having a deep theological discussion which involved an important doctrine, and this discussion turns on the matter of Job’s guilt or innocence. If his life style did not merit the calamities which came on him, then the doctrine of his friends was in error. This is what Job is attempting to prove. For the sake of the truth he felt compelled to describe his righteous life as it was. And we know he did not paint a false picture, did not exaggerate his virtues.

Elihu’s anger burned against Job because Job had justified himself rather than God. (See also God’s question to Job in 40:8.) Job had clearly said his cause was just (10:7; 27:5,6; 31:35-37) and that God had wronged him (19:6; 27:2; 30:25,26). Job said so because in his pain and perplexity and darkness no other explanation seemed to fit the circumstances. Job had also spoken in a way that showed he believed in the justice of God (16:19; 19:23-27; 23:37). If Job had not been convinced of God’s just character he would not have wanted to appear before him in judgment). As we have seen, very painful and conflicting thoughts possessed Job’s mind. See note on 16:19. 32:3 Elihu was a lover of justice. If Job speaks unjustly about God his anger burns; when the three friends speak unjustly about Job his anger burns. Elihu sees clearly the fault of the friends – they condemned Job without being able to answer his arguments (v 12). 32:7 “Age” – literally “days.” “Advanced” – literally “a multitude.” 32:8 Understanding does not come by mere age or experience or education, but by God’s breath, God’s gift. So the young may have

God Himself said Job was the best man on earth in his generation (2:3. See also Ezek 14:14). So his life is a beautiful example to all of us. If we wish to have God’s approval as he did, let us live as he did. But was Job not self-righteous? Verses like 10:15 and 7:20,21 suggest otherwise. Self-righteousness is something that cleaves very naturally to man’s fallen nature, and it would not be surprising if there were some taint of it in Job. For Job had a sinful nature as all men have. But if Job was much given to selfrighteousness it is hard to understand God’s unqualified approval of him in 1:8; 2:3 (in 2:3 one of the things God praises Job for was that he maintained his integrity in spite of all that Satan had done against him).

Surely God hates self-righteousness more than we ever can. So we may judge that if Job was guilty of it he was probably less guilty of it than anyone else in his generation. And it certainly was not a dominating force in his life. And, it seems to the author of these notes, that even if

637 JOB 33:15

10 Therefore I say, Listen to me. I also will express my opinion. 11 Look, I waited for your words; I gave ear to your reasons,

and listen to all my words. 2 See, now I open my mouth,

the tongue in my mouth speaks. 3 My words come from the uprightness

while you searched for what to say. 12 Yes, I paid close attention to you, and, look, none of you convinced Job,

of my heart, and my lips speak knowledge clearly. 4 The Spirit of God has made me,

or answered his words. 13 Do not say ‘We have found wisdom. God will bring him down, not man.’ 14 Now he has not directed his words against me, and I will not answer him with your words.

and the breath of the Almighty has

given me life. 5 If you can answer me, set your words

in order in front of me; take your stand. 6 See, just like you, I belong to God.

I too have been formed out of clay. 7 Look, no fear of me should terrify you;

15 “They are dismayed and give no further answer; words have failed them. 16 I have been waiting, but they did not speak, but stood there and gave no further answer. 17 I too will take my part in answering, I too will express my opinion. 18 For I am full of words, and the spirit within me compels me to speak. 19 Indeed my inner being is like wine without a vent; it is ready to burst like new wineskins. 20 I will speak, so that I may find relief. I will open my lips and answer. 21 Please, I will not show favoritism to anyone, or flatter any man. 22 For I do not know how to flatter; if I did, my Maker would soon take me away.

nor will my hand be heavy on you.

8 “You have certainly spoken in my hearing,

and I have heard the sound of

your words, saying, 9 ‘I am pure, without transgression.

I am innocent. No iniquity is in me. 10 See, God finds occasions against me; he counts me as his enemy. 11 He puts my feet in the stocks; he watches all my paths.’

12 “Look, in this you are not being just. I will answer you that God is greater than man. 13 Why do you struggle against him? For he does not give an account of

any of his deeds. 14 For God speaks once, yes, twice, but man does not perceive it. 15 In a dream, in a vision of the night,

“Therefore, Job, please hear what I have to say,

it as well as the old, Elihu says. 32:12-17 Though the friends have failed to defeat Job in argument they must not think, he says, that every man will fail. Elihu thinks he can succeed. At v 15 he stops speaking to Job’s friends and speaks about them. 32:18-20 Elihu is very excited and eager. As Job’s friends spoke he kept thinking of things he would like to say. He could hardly contain any longer the words that would rush from his mouth. He was not the last to feel so in time of argument and debate. 32:21,22 Elihu has some fear of God, so refuses to take either Job’s side or that of Job’s friends. And he resolves to speak very frankly. 33:1-4 Elihu is sure he has something very important to say. He thinks he can solve the problem that has arisen over Job’s sufferings. This young man is very confident that he is wise and upright and honest (33:3; 36:3,4). But already, this early in his speech, he seems lacking in humility. 33:5-7 In 9:32-35 Job expressed a wish for someone to act as a mediator. He wanted to argue his case before God, but because of the pain and disasters that came to him he experienced much fear (13:20-22). Elihu

seems to be saying here that he will act as this mediator. Job can present his case fully to him without fear. 33:6 “Just like you, I belong to God” – the KJV here seems a strange translation, hardly possible at all, but the Hebrew is difficult. 33:8-11 Elihu is certain Job has said some wrong things and now calls them to his attention. In the last part of v 10 and in v 11 he quotes Job’s words (13:24,27). In v 9 he gives what he thinks is the meaning of some of Job’s remarks (9:21; 10:7; 16:16; 23:10; 27:5). However, Job has never said he was holy and pure. He knew otherwise (13:26; 14:4,16,17; 31:33). Elihu, by attributing to Job’s words a meaning Job never intended, shows he will not be able to answer him. But Elihu has put his finger on the point of Job’s biggest failing in the argument with his friends – Job had spoken of God as becoming his enemy and unjustly acting as a persecutor and jailer. 33:12,13 Elihu is correct in this matter. God is far greater than any man and more just in His dealings than any man could ever be. God does not need to give to men an account of His behavior. 33:14-30 In these verses we have Elihu’s

JOB 33:16 638

And he will see God’s face with joy; for God will restore to man his righteousness. 27 He looks at men and if anyone says, ‘I have sinned, and perverted what was right, and it was not repaid to me in equal measure,’ 28 He will deliver his soul from going into the pit, and his life will see the light.

when deep sleep falls on men, while they slumber on the bed, 16 Then he opens the ears of men, and seals their instruction, 17 So that he may turn a man from his evil behaviour and keep a man from pride. 18 He keeps back his soul from the pit, and his life from perishing by the sword. 19 A man is also chastened by pain on his bed, by anguish in his many bones. 20 So that his whole being loathes bread, and his soul the choicest food. 21 His flesh wastes away from sight, and his bones, which were not seen, stick out. 22 Yes, his soul draws near the grave, and his life to the destroyers. 23 If there is a messenger for him, a mediator, one in a thousand,

29 “See, God does all these things. Twice, thrice he does them to a man. 30 To bring his soul back from the pit, that the light of life may enlighten him. 31 Pay attention, Job; listen to me. Keep silent and I will speak. 32 If you have anything to say, answer me. Speak, for I want to justify you. 33 If not, listen to me. Keep silent, and I will teach you wisdom.”

to show man God’s uprightness, 24 Then he is gracious to him and says, ‘Deliver him from going down to the pit; I have found a ransom.’ 25 Then his flesh will become fresher than a child’s; he will return to the days of his youth. 26 He will pray to God, and God will show him favour.

Elihu continued his answer and said, 2 “Listen to my words, you wise men, and give ear to me, you who have

understanding. 3 For the ear tests words as the mouth

tastes food. 4 Let us choose for ourselves what is just,

let us find out among ourselves what is good.

solution to the problem that has come up about Job’s sufferings. He says that although God does not give an account of His actions He does speak to men. He speaks in dreams, especially fearful dreams, and visions (vs 15,16. See note at Num 12:6). God also speaks through chastisements and pains (vs 19-22). Eliphaz also, in his first speech, had referred to both of these (4:12-16; 5:17,18). But Elihu deals with these matters much more clearly and fully than Eliphaz. Job spoke of the fearful dreams and visions which had come to him (7:13,14), of his ceaseless pain (30:16,17), his lack of hunger (3:24), and his emaciated condition (16:8; 19:20).

him from the grave.”

“From perishing by the sword” – or “from crossing the River.” See note on the Hebrew language at Ps 14:7. 33:23-30 Elihu describes a way which God may use to restore the suffering, chastised man. The language of vs 23,24 in Hebrew is difficult and obscure. We cannot be sure whether the messenger is an angel or a man, whether he is a very exceptional individual – one in a thousand, or one of many – one together with a thousand others. And we do not know what the “ransom” referred to means. Some scholars think Elihu regarded himself as the messenger; others think he means an angel from heaven; others think Elihu was unknowingly uttering a prophecy about Christ who would come as God’s messenger to men, the one Mediator between God and men, who gave Himself as a ransom to redeem men. In any case, Elihu is holding out hope to Job – if only Job listens to what God is saying to him he will regain his health, joy, and righteousness, and God’s fellowship (vs 25,26). Elihu thinks that then Job will speak like the man in vs 27,28. 33:31-33 Elihu now gives Job an opportunity to answer if he wishes. Job remains silent – perhaps because he wants Elihu to continue, or perhaps because he sees Elihu has said nothing very new and that he has already given an answer to such ideas. Elihu’s confidence in his own wisdom (v 33) causes us again to doubt his humility. 34:1-4 Elihu believes his words to be so manifestly wise that if anyone has any discernment he will be forced to concede it (see 36:4).

Elihu uses similar language about dreams and sufferings. In other words, he wants Job to apply to himself all that he says. He tells Job what he thinks is the purpose of it all. Terrifying dreams and fearful pains are God’s messengers, he says, and God sends them for three very good reasons. God wants to turn men from evil, break their pride, and save them from destruction (vs 17,18, 29,30). Evidently Elihu is sure that Job is guilty of wrongdoing and pride and needs to be saved from destruction. That is, in some measure at least, he is in agreement with the three friends. In general what Elihu says here is excellent and suitable to the condition of many people. But it did not fit Job’s case and did not solve the problem of Job’s sufferings. 33:18 “Keeps back his soul from the pit” – this could also be translated “or preserve

639 JOB 34:26

listen to the sound of my words. 17 Should one who hates the right govern? And will you condemn the most just one ? 18 Is it proper to say to a king, ‘You are wicked’? And to princes, ‘You are ungodly’? 19 How much less the One who does not show favouritism to princes, or regard the rich more than the poor! For they are all the work of his hands. 20 In a moment they die in the middle of the night, and the people are troubled and pass away, and the mighty are taken away without

5 “For Job has said, ‘I am righteous,

and God has taken away justice from me. 6 Should I lie about my right?

My wound is incurable,

though I am without transgression.’ 7 What man is like Job,

who drinks up scorn like water? 8 He goes in the company of evildoers,

and walks with wicked men. 9 For he has said, ‘It profits a man

nothing for him to delight in God.’

10 “Therefore listen to me, you men of understanding. Far be it from God to act wickedly, and from the Almighty to commit iniquity! 11 For he will repay a man according to his deeds, and sees that everyone finds the reward

a hand touching them.

21 “For his eyes are on the ways of man, and he sees all his steps. 22 There is no darkness or shadow of death where evildoers can hide themselves. 23 For he does not need to lay more charges on man, that he should go

for his ways. 12 Yes, certainly God will not act wickedly, nor will the Almighty pervert justice. 13 Who put him in charge of the earth? Or who has appointed him over the

before him in judgment. 24 Without investigation he breaks in pieces mighty men and sets up others in their place. 25 For he knows their deeds, and he overturns them in the night, so that they

whole world? 14 If he sets his heart on it, and gathers back to himself his Spirit

and his breath, 15 All flesh would perish together, and man would turn again to dust.

are destroyed. 26 He strikes them down as the wicked men they are, openly, in the sight of others,

16 “Now if you have understanding hear this;

34:5-9 He now sets forth what he thinks Job’s position is. In v 5 he quotes some of Job’s words (13:18; 27:2). In vs 6 and 9 he gives what he thinks is the essence of some of the things Job says. Job knew that when he claimed to live a righteous life his friends did not believe him, and that circumstances seemed to testify against him. Job never used the words of v 9, but Elihu thought he meant this from the words he did use (9:21-24; 21:7-9; 24:12).

God can do no wrong. (How true this is – compare Gen 18:25; Deut 32:4; Ps 11:7; 89:14; Jer 9:24; Acts 7:31; Rev 16:7). In v 11 Elihu says that God gives to men according to their deeds. This indeed is the essence of justice and is often stated in the Bible (Ps 62:12; Prov 24:12; Jer 32:19; Ezek 33:20; Matt 16:27; Rom 2:6; 2 Cor 5:10; Rev 22:12). However, like the three friends, Elihu assumed that this reward or punishment of deeds was taking place now in this world. He knew nothing, of course, of the judgments revealed in the New Testament (Matt 25:33-36; Acts 17:31; 2 Cor 5:10; Rev 20:11-15). So Elihu is really saying just what the three friends said – Job is guilty and receiving the just punishment for his bad deeds. So Elihu has not been able to give a better reason for Job’s sufferings than they did. 34:13-15 God is the absolute sovereign of the universe and can do what He will. He does not need to give an answer to anyone. 34:14 “On it” – the word for “man” (KJV) is not in the Hebrew here. 34:17 Verse 5; 40:8. 34:18-30 God is completely impartial in His judgments. He sees all, knows all, and rules over all with justice. 34:23 The Hebrew of the first phrase is very

But Job also said things that indicate he sometimes thought the opposite of this (21:14-16; 27:7-23; 28:28). Elihu is being most unfair to Job in his accusations in vs 7,8. The lover of justice (32:3) can himself be unjust. Verse 7 suggests a constant thirst for mocking. Elihu is saying Job loves to use scornful language. Zophar accused him of the same thing (11:3). Job did scorn some of his friends’ remarks, but this is because he saw that they were worthy of scorn. It is clear that Elihu with all his professed wisdom did not understand Job. 34:10-12 Elihu now begins to defend God’s justice against what he thinks are Job’s attacks. He has a very high view of God’s justice. Whatever may have happened to Job, however Job may question God’s justice, whatever may happen in the world, whatever suffering and calamities may come on men, one thing is absolutely certain –

JOB 34:27 640

Elihu continued speaking and said, 2 “Do you think this is just? You say, ‘My righteousness is

27 Because they turned back from him and would not consider any of his ways, 28 Causing the cry of the poor to come to him; and he heard the cry of the afflicted. 29 When he gives quietness, who then can make trouble? And when he hides his face,

more than God’s.’ 3 For you say, ‘What advantage would

it be to you, what benefit would I have, if I refrained from sinning?’

who then can see him, whether this is done against a nation

4 “I will answer you, and your companions

or against an individual? 30 He does this so that the hypocrite does not reign and the people are not ensnared.

with you. 5 Look at the heavens and see,

and gaze at the clouds which are

higher than you. 6 If you sin, what are you doing to him?

31 “For it is right to say to God, ‘I have borne punishment. I will not offend again. 32 Teach me what I do not see. If I have committed iniquity,

Or if your transgressions are increased, what are you doing to him? 7 If you are righteous,

what are you giving him? Or what does he receive from your hand? 8 Your wickedness hurts a man like yourself,

I will not do so again.’ 33 Should he reward you according to your terms, even though you refuse his way? You must choose, and not I. Therefore tell what you know. 34 Let men of understanding say to me, a wise man who listens to me, 35 ‘Job has spoken without knowledge, and his words were without wisdom.’ 36 My desire is that Job may be tested to the utmost, for giving answers like wicked men. 37 For he adds rebellion to his sin. He scornfully claps his hands together

and your righteousness helps only

a son of man.

9 “The people cry out because of the

many acts of oppression; they cry out because of the arm of the mighty. 10 But no one says, ‘Where is God, my Maker,

who gives songs in the night, 11 Who teaches us more than the beasts of the earth, and makes us wiser than the birds of the sky?’ 12 There they cry out, but he does not answer, because of the pride of evil men.

among us, and multiplies his words against God.”

obscure and so the meaning is doubtful. 34:31-33 Elihu wants Job to speak like the man in vs 31 and 32. If Job will not, Elihu is sure he cannot hope for God’s mercy. 34:34-37 Since Job refuses to be a humble penitent, confessing his sins and begging for mercy, Elihu, like the three friends, is certain that Job is a rebellious sinner. Notice v 36. Did Elihu not realize that Job had already been tried to the utmost? What more did he desire Job to suffer? Some “mediator” Elihu is proving to be! Oh, who is like Christ the Lord! (Heb 2:17,18; 4:15,16; 1 John 2:1). 35:1-3 Elihu thinks he has suitably dealt with Job’s words about God’s justice. Now he takes up a second complaint he has against Job. He had already stated it in 34:9. See note there. 35:2 “My righteousness is more than God’s” – of course, Job never said this, but Elihu thought this was the meaning of some things he did say. 35:3 “You” – or “me.” 35:4-8 Man’s deeds, whether good or bad, cannot really affect God, Elihu says. God is exalted above the heavens, He is completely self-sufficient. Nothing that man does can

add anything to God or take anything away from Him. He deals with men with impartial justice. He has arranged matters in such a way that man’s righteous deeds or evil deeds affect only men. For these reasons righteousness is profitable to men, and wickedness unprofitable. In this Elihu was not altogether accurate. All sins are against God (Ps 51:4); they cause Him pain and grief (Gen 6:6); eventually they were all laid on the Son of God (Isa 53:4-6), and meant sufferings and death to Him; and God gets satisfaction from the righteous deeds of His people, and their lives are significant in the unseen war going on between God and Satan (1:8-12; 2:3-6). 35:9-15 Does Job think righteousness is unprofitable because God does not hear the cries of the righteous? Evidently Elihu thinks that Job thinks so. Certainly this is an idea that Satan inserts into many people’s minds. Many true believers also are sometimes tested on this point. They sometimes are tempted to think when they get no answers to their prayers that serving God is useless. Elihu says there are good reasons why God does not hear men when they cry out in their misery.

641 JOB 36:18

13 Certainly God will not listen to an empty cry; the Almighty will not pay attention to it. 14 Although you say you do not see him, yet the case for judgment is before him, and you must wait for him. 15 But now, because he has not punished in his anger, in his great extremity Job does not

8 But if they are bound in fetters

and held by the cords of affliction, 9 Then he shows them their deeds, and

the transgressions they have

arrogantly committed. 10 He also opens their ear to instruction and commands them to turn back from iniquity. 11 If they obey and serve him, they will spend their days in prosperity, and their years in pleasures. 12 But if they do not obey, they will perish by the sword, and they will die without knowledge.

understand. 16 Therefore Job opens his mouth for empty talk. He multiplies words without knowledge.”

Elihu continued and said, 2 “Bear with me a little while, and I will show you that there is still more

13 “But the hypocrites in heart store up wrath; they do not cry out for his help when

to be said on God’s behalf. 3 I will bring my knowledge from afar.

he binds them. 14 They die in youth, and their life ends among the male shrine prostitutes. 15 He delivers the poor in their affliction, and opens their ears to hear him in oppression.

I will ascribe righteousness to my Maker. 4 And truly my words are not false;

one who is perfect in knowledge is with you.

5 “See, God is mighty,

16 “And also he would have brought you out of distress into a broad place

but does not despise anyone; he is mighty in strength and wisdom. 6 He does not preserve the life of the wicked,

free of restraint; and what is set on your table

but gives the poor their rights. 7 He does not withdraw his eyes from

would have been full and rich. 17 But now your life is full of the judgment on the wicked; judgment and justice have taken hold of you. 18 Because of his wrath, beware that he does not take you away First, they do not acknowledge God as Creator and Teacher and direct their cries to Him alone (vs 10,11). They act as if they had learned no more than dumb beasts. If they humbly pray to their Maker He would give them “songs in the night” – joy in the midst of troubles.

the righteous, but seats them with kings on the throne; yes, he establishes them forever,

and they are exalted.

of restlessness? Wait, he says, I have more to say on God’s behalf. 36:3,4 He thinks he will give new truth not revealed in anything the others have said. He is sure he knows the truth and that his wisdom is very great indeed. Again he gives us good reason to doubt his humility. Is he not speaking of himself when he says “one who is perfect in knowledge is with you”? It seems so, but see 37:16. 36:5-21 In these verses Elihu has two main points. First, God wisely and impartially determines what men should experience (vs 5-9); second, God’s chastening has a merciful purpose – the correction and reformation of erring men (vs 10-15. See 33:14-30). He then applies these truths to Job (vs 16-21). There is good in what he says (v 15, for example), but his remarks are not what we would expect from a person “perfect in knowledge.” Concerning God’s rewarding the righteous and punishing the wicked in this world, he gives the same old view that both he and the three friends have presented before. He ignores, just as they did, all the facts which Job had urged against this view. And by some of his remarks he reveals again that he does not understand Job.

Second, God often ignores men’s cries because they are both wicked and arrogant. So their prayers are empty and insincere (vs 12,13). In vs 14-16 Elihu applies this to Job. God, he says, is even less likely to hear Job’s pleas than those of wicked, arrogant men. Why? Because of the way Job speaks. According to Elihu, Job has fully denied God’s justice (vs 14,15); so he must be even worse than the arrogant and wicked man.

“Teaches” (v 11) – This could also be translated “Who teaches us by the beasts of the earth and makes us wise by the birds of the air.”

“Wait for him” (v 14) – the Hebrew here does not mean “trust thou in him” (KJV).

“Extremity” (v 15) – the Hebrew word here also means weakness or folly or stupidity. This whole sentence in Hebrew is obscure and difficult. 35:16 See 8:2; 11:3; 12:2; 15:2,3; 16:3; 18:2,3; 26:3; 34:35; 38:2. 36:1,2 Elihu has already spoken three times (32:6; 34:1; 35:1), as often as any of the three friends. Do his hearers show signs

“Will perish by the sword” (v 12) – or the Hebrew may mean “will cross the River.” 36:18-20 The language of the Hebrew is

JOB 36:19 642

with a blow; for a great ransom would not be able

“At this also my heart trembles and leaps from its place. 2 Listen! Listen to the thunder of his voice and

to deliver you. 19 Will he esteem your riches? No, not gold or all the powers of strength. 20 Do not desire the night, when people are cut off from their places. 21 Be careful, do not turn to iniquity, which you have preferred to affliction.

the sound that comes from his mouth. 3 He sends it out under the whole heaven,

and his lightning to the ends of the earth. 4 A voice roars after it;

he thunders with his majestic voice. He does not restrain the lightning

flashes when his voice is heard. 5 God thunders marvellously with his voice.

22 “See, God is exalted in his power. Who teaches like him? 23 Who can appoint his way for him, or say, ‘You have done wrong’? 24 Remember to praise his work, which men see. 25 Everyone sees it; man looks on from afar. 26 See, God is great, and we do not know him; nor can the number of his years be

He does great things which we cannot

comprehend. 6 For he says to the snow, ‘Be on the earth’,

likewise to the gentle rain,

and to his great strong rain. 7 He seals the hand of every man,

so that everyone will know his work. 8 Then the beasts go into dens,

searched out.

and remain in their places. 9 From the south comes the whirlwind,

27 “For he draws up the drops of water; they distill as rain from the vapour, 28 Which the clouds pour out and let fall on man abundantly. 29 And can anyone understand how the clouds spread out, the thundering sound from his tent? 30 See, he spreads his light on it, and covers the depths of the sea. 31 Through these things he judges the peoples and gives food in abundance. 32 He conceals lightning in his hands, and commands it to strike the mark. 33 Its sound announces it. The cattle also show the rising storm.

and cold from the north. 10 Ice is given by the breath of God, and the broad waters are frozen. 11 And he loads the thick cloud with moisture, and scatters his lightning through the cloud. 12 By his guidance it swirls around, to do whatever he commands them over

the face of the whole inhabited earth. 13 He causes it to come, whether for correction, or for his land, or as a mercy.

14 “Listen to this, Job. Stand still and consider the wonderful

works of God.

the making of rain and storm, and in using them in governing earth’s people (v 31). 36:29 “His tent” – here the sky is regarded as God’s tent. 36:32 “He conceals lighting in his hands” – the Hebrew could also be translated “He covers the clouds with lightning.”

difficult here and the meaning uncertain. 36:22 With this verse Elihu begins a long passage on the greatness of God which goes on to 37:24. It is full of beautiful truth. We might call it “Elihu’s sermon on nature.” The key verses are 36:26 and 37:5,14,19. Elihu is saying to Job “we cannot understand God’s ways with His physical creation. How then can we understand His ways in His government of the world of men? They also will be mysterious and beyond our ability to grasp.” How true this is! (5:9; 11:7; 15:8; Isa 55:8,9; Rom 11:33,34). But we should not think it was a truth Job was ignorant of. Elihu wanted Job to apply this truth to himself. But was Elihu just as eager to apply it to himself? It seems he thought he knew all about God’s ways with Job. 36:23 He thinks Job is trying to do this. 36:24 “Which men see” – the Hebrew could be translated “of which men sing.” 36:27 “He draws up the drops of water” – this means that God draws the water up from the earth by the process of evaporation.

“To strike the mark” – this translation of the phrase brings out the meaning of the Hebrew, while the KJV here does not. 37:1-4 Evidently, while Elihu has been speaking, a storm has come up. He compares its thunders to the roar of God’s voice. 37:5 Elihu goes on (up to v 14) to other phenomena in nature which show God’s great wisdom. 37:10 God’s breath here means the wind. 37:13 God uses climatic conditions in His wise government of the earth. 37:14-24 Elihu comes to the conclusion of all he has to say. The essence of it is this: He wants Job to recognize that God’s greatness and wisdom are unsearchable (vs 1418), to abandon his presumptuous desire to make a case before God (vs 19,20), and reverently submit to God (v 24). Verse 23

“Distill as rain from the vapour” – or “distill as rain to the streams.” 36:27-33 God shows His great wisdom in

643 JOB 38:3

21 And now men cannot look at the bright light in the clouds, but the wind passes by and clears them away. 22 From the north comes golden splendour; God comes in awesome majesty. 23 The Almighty! We cannot find him. He is excellent in power, in judgment,

15 Do you know how God dispatches his clouds and causes their lightning to flash? 16 Do you know how the clouds are balanced, those wonderful works of the One who

is perfect in knowledge? 17 Or how your clothes are hot when he stills the earth with the south wind ? 18 Have you joined with him in spreading out the sky, looking as strong as a cast metal mirror?

and in abundant justice. He does not oppress. 24 Therefore men fear him. He does not look to anyone wise in heart.”

19 “Teach us what we should say to him, for we cannot put our words in order

Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said, 2 “Who is this who darkens counsel

because of the darkness. 20 Should he be told that I would speak? If a man speaks, surely he will be

by words without knowledge? 3 Now make yourself ready like a man,

swallowed up.

gives the sum of his views of God. Such a God is worthy of all honor and reverence from men. Elihu speaks well of God’s greatness, of His just and righteous character.

I sent; you have kept your faith in me. Now I will greatly bless you.” However, God did not do this. It would seem that God had more to do in God’s life before giving Him assurance of His love. 38:2 Whom did God mean by these words? Elihu was speaking when God came in the storm and God could have meant him. It seems a fitting rebuke to one who thought too highly of his own wisdom. If God did not speak these words about Elihu then He made no comment at all about him. And it seems strange that He would completely ignore him. He spoke to the three friends in 42:7,8, and had much to say to Job. However, God may have been speaking here about Job. Job himself thought so (42:3) – but this may have been merely a mark of Job’s humility. Actually all five persons involved in the debate were there, so perhaps God meant these words as a rebuke to all of them. Maybe God put the question in an ambiguous way so that any of them who was willing to apply it to himself could do so.

But what of the man and his words as a whole? We should think of him neither too highly nor too lowly. He was a man made of the same clay as Job and his friends (33:6), and he revealed in his words that this was indeed so. He was eloquent and had considerable wisdom and knowledge of God. But he seems over-confident in his own wisdom (on this see 1 Cor 8:2). He says some fine things, but he fails to understand Job or to solve the riddle of Job’s sufferings. He did not know that Job was a better man than he was himself. He seems on the whole to be superior to Job’s three friends, but he was not Job’s equal in character. We have God’s own word for this (2:3).

Like all believers Elihu was a mixture of good and bad, wisdom and ignorance. He is a reminder to us that the highest reach of man’s reason cannot comprehend the mysteries of God (1 Cor 1:25). It was good that he himself recognized this to some extent at least. His closing words beautifully lead us up to the coming of God on the scene in chapter 38. His words, possibly, have prepared the minds of Job and his friends for the words of God which follow. 37:24 “He does not look to” – or, possibly, “He does not have regard for.” 38:1 Job had expressed the desire to stand before God that he might present his case (13:3,22; 23:3-7). God now suddenly comes to him and gives him the desire of his heart. It seems fitting that God should come in the storm. A mighty storm has been blowing across Job’s life and thoughts. God has been in that storm too and has achieved His purpose. Now He comes in the clouds and thunder and speaks to His suffering servant.

God says that “counsel” has been “darkened” by foolish words. The Hebrew word translated counsel means here God’s purpose, God’s thought, God’s plan that He was fulfilling toward Job. In their ignorance of God’s ways Job, Elihu, and the other three all made this plan of God obscure. Their words, instead of bringing light on the subject, brought darkness. If we try to teach others this book, or any truth of God, we should be careful that we do not do as they did. We should never profess a knowledge we do not have, should never speak dogmatically about doubtful matters, should never think we have a monopoly on God’s truth. 38:3 “Make yourself ready” – the Hebrew means “gird up your loins”, but this phrase is obviously used metaphorically here. Now God speaks directly to Job. He is going to ask Job a series of questions. If Job would try to answer them he must be prepared for a very vigorous effort. Why is God asking

We might think that God would now reveal to Job the reasons for his sufferings, or say something very comforting such as, “Job, I love you. You have passed the test

JOB 38:4 644

for I will question you, and you shall answer me.

Or have you walked in the recesses of the deep? 17 Have the gates of death been revealed to you, or have you seen the doors of the

4 “Where were you when I laid the

shadow of death? 18 Have you comprehended the wide expanse of the earth? Declare it, if you know all this.

foundations of the earth? Declare it, if you have understanding. 5 Who determined its measurements, if you know?

Or who stretched out the measuring line on it? 6 On what are its foundations fastened?

19 “Where is the way to the dwelling place of light ? And where does darkness have its place, 20 That you may take it to its boundaries, and know the paths to its house? 21 Do you know because you were born then, and the number of your days is so great?

Or who laid its cornerstone, 7 When the morning stars sang together

and all the sons of God shouted for joy?

8 “Or who shut in the sea with doors,

when it burst out, as if coming from the womb, 9 When I made the clouds its garment,

22 “Have you entered the treasuries of the snow? Or have you seen the treasuries of the hail, 23 Which I reserve for a time of trouble, for a day of battle and war? 24 What is the way to the place where light is diffused, or the east wind is scattered over the earth? 25 Who cuts a channel for the flood, or a path for the thunderstorm, 26 To bring rain on the earth where no one lives, on the wilderness where no one lives, 27 To satisfy the desolate wasteland, and to cause the tender plant to bud? 28 Does the rain have a father? Who begets the drops of dew? 29 From whose womb comes the ice? And who gives birth to the frost

and thick darkness its swaddling bands, 10 And fixed my boundaries for it, and set up its bolted doors, 11 And said, ‘You may come this far, but no farther; here your proud waves will stop’? 12 Since the beginning of your days have you given commands to the morning, and caused the dawn to know its place, 13 That it might take hold of the ends of the earth and shake the wicked out of it? 14 The earth takes shape like clay under a seal, and they stand out like a garment. 15 Their light is withheld from the wicked, and the upraised arm is broken.

16 “Have you entered the springs of the sea?

Job these questions instead of comforting him? Job has been questioning God’s government of the world. He has expressed doubts about the justice of God’s dealings with men. Did Job think, then, that he had more wisdom than God? In the matter of ruling the world did he think he could do a better job than God?

angelic beings.

“Sons of God” – angels. God is speaking of a time before men had been created (see also Job 1:6). Observe that the creation of earth was a source of great rejoicing in heaven. 38:12-35 God shows Job also how little he can do (vs 16, 20, 22, 31, 32, 34). God wants Job to fully understand that he is lacking in knowledge and incapable of doing even the smallest thing God does; that his complaints have been against the all-wise, all-powerful Creator and Sovereign of the universe.

God asks the following questions in an ironic way. We can detect, can we not, a smile behind them. He knows very well that Job cannot answer a single one of them. His purpose is to show Job his proper place. He means to shut Job’s mouth, to get him to confess he has spoken foolishly. God succeeds perfectly in this (42:3-6). Only after that does He comfort Job. Very often God must cause men to shut their mouths in order to bless them (compare Rom 3:19,21-24). Calamities did not come on Job because he was guilty of wrong doing. But after the calamities came, in his attempts to explain matters, Job at times was guilty of wrong speaking. This he had to confess and set right. 38:4 God is showing Job how little he knows. See the ironic way God repeatedly reveals Job’s lack of understanding (vs 5,18,20, 21,33; 39:1,26). 38:7 These morning stars may here signify

In these chapters God is showing also the folly of all men who question His wisdom, power, and ways. How many there are who know nothing, and can do nothing, who yet dare to criticize all God does! And how many others there are who look at this marvelous universe and dogmatically deny the existence of God! The arrogant ignorance of atheism! God here asks questions that should cause every human being to lay his hand on his mouth and admit his ignorance. Nature should teach us humility. Alas, many people, learning a tiny fraction of creation’s mysteries, turn proud and imagine that nothing is beyond the power of their reason.

645 JOB 39:23

from the heavens? 30 Then the waters become hard as stone, and the surface of the deep is frozen.

5 “Who has let the wild donkey go free?

Who has untied the bonds of the wild donkey? 6 To him I have made the wilderness a home,

and barren land a dwelling place. 7 He scorns the crowded city;

31 “Can you bind the cluster of the Pleiades, or loosen the cords of Orion? 32 Can you bring forth the constellations in their seasons, or lead out the Bear with its cubs? 33 Do you know the ordinances of the heavens? Or set up its dominion on earth?

he does not hear the shouts of a driver. 8 The range of the mountains is his pasture,

and he searches for any green thing.

9 “Will the wild ox be willing to serve you,

or spend the night by your manger? 10 Can you harness the wild ox to the furrow with ropes, or will he harrow the valleys behind you? 11 Will you trust him because his strength is great, or will you leave your labour to him? 12 Will you trust him to bring home your grain, and gather it to your threshing floor?

34 “Can you raise your voice to the clouds, so that an abundance of water may

cover you? 35 Can you send out lightning flashes, so that they go and say to you, ‘Here we are !’ 36 Who has put wisdom in the inner being, or who has given understanding to the heart? 37 Who can number the clouds by his wisdom? Or who can tilt the water jars of heaven, 38 When the dust becomes hard, and the clods stick together?

13 “Did you give the noisy wings to the peacock, or wings and plumage to the ostrich? 14 She leaves her eggs on the ground and lets the sand warm them, 15 And forgets that a foot may crush them, or that a wild beast may break them. 16 She treats her young ones harshly, as though they were not hers; her labour is in vain, without fear, 17 Because God has deprived her of wisdom, and has not imparted understanding to her. 18 When she raises herself to full height to run, she scorns the horse and its rider.

39 “Do you hunt the prey for the lion, or satisfy the appetite of the young lions, 40 When they crouch in their dens, or lie in wait in their lairs? 41 Who provides food for the raven, when its young ones cry out to God and wander around

for lack of food?

“Do you know the time when the wild mountain goats give birth, or do you watch when the deer is in labour? 2 Can you number the months they fulfil?

19 “Have you given strength to the horse? Have you clothed its neck with thunder? 20 Can you frighten him like a grasshopper? His majestic snorting produces terror. 21 He paws the valley and rejoices in his strength. He goes out to meet man’s weapons. 22 He mocks at fear and is not frightened; nor does he turn back from the sword. 23 The quiver rattles against him, the glittering spear and the shield.

Or do you know the time when they give birth? 3 They crouch down, they give birth to

their young ones, they rid themselves of their labour pains. 4 Their young ones flourish,

they grow up in the field; then they go away and do not return to them.

38:39-41 God speaks of His wisdom and care over the whole animal creation. The implication is that if God cares about all, will He not have loving concern for men? Compare Matt 6:25-32. 39:1 This whole chapter is taken up with the theme God began in the closing verses of the preceding chapter. God is keeping a close watch on everything on earth. He treats the whole animal world with wisdom and skill. Will He do less for men, for Job? Also we can see in this chapter the mighty Creator of the universe recounting with joy some of the works of His hands. He seems to be exulting in His creation (see also Gen 1:31; Prov 8:22-31; Ps 104:31).

38:31 “The cluster of” – or “the twinkling of”, or “the chains of”, or even “the beautiful.” The Hebrew is obscure. Pleiades and Orion are two constellations. 38:32 “Constellations” – Hebrew “Mazzeroth.” Some think the word indicates the morning star.

“The Bear” – the constellation called Ursa Major or the Big Dipper. But the meaning of the Hebrew here is unclear and several different translations have been offered. 38:36 What makes man differ from the rest of earth’s creation? How is it that he has a mind that can have wisdom and understanding? God has given it to man. Wisdom does not arise and evolve out of dumb and dead matter.

JOB 39:24 646

24 He eats up the ground with fierceness and rage; nor does he stand firm at the sound

What answer can I give you? I lay my hand over my mouth. 5 Once I have spoken, but I will not answer.

of the trumpet. 25 At the blast of the trumpets, he says ‘Aha!’ He scents the battle from afar, the thunder

Yes, twice, but I will proceed no further.”

6 Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind and said, 7 “Now make yourself ready like a man. I will question you, and you instruct me. 8 Would you indeed do away with my judgment?

of the captains and the shouting.

26 “Does the hawk fly by your wisdom, and stretch her wings toward the south? 27 At your command does the eagle soar up and make her nest on high? 28 She makes her dwelling on a rock and spends the nights there on the rocky crag,

Would you condemn me that you may

be justified? 9 Do you have an arm like God’s,

in her stronghold. 29 From there she seeks for prey; her eyes see it from a long distance. 30 Her young ones also suck up blood, and where the slain are, there is she.”

or can you thunder with a voice like his? 10 Then adorn yourself with majesty and splendour, and clothe yourself in glory and beauty. 11 Scatter the fury of your wrath, and see everyone who is proud and humble him. 12 Look on everyone who is proud and bring him low, and trample on the wicked in their place. 13 Hide them together in the dust; bind their faces in the concealed place. 14 Then I will also admit to you that your own right hand can save you. 40:2 Job has been wanting to argue his case before God (13:3; 23:4). He thought he had a great many things to say in his defense. But in the two preceding chapters God has revealed something of His own great power and wisdom and has overwhelmed Job with questions he has no answers for. Now God asks him if he thinks he is wise enough to give God correction and advice. Does Job wish to continue the debate? Then let him answer God now. 40:3-5 Job does not dare to answer. (Compare Rom 3:19.) Though his own questions about God’s justice have not been answered, he will not repeat them to God’s face (compare Rom 9:20). God’s way with him is succeeding. 40:4 “Insignificant” – this is a better translation of the Hebrew word for today than “vile” (KJV), which now conveys a wrong meaning. The Hebrew word means “small,” “worthy of being despised,” or “of no weight or worth,” or “insignificant.” Job is not confessing sin here or referring to his sinful nature or speaking of any vile acts. He is acknowledging his smallness and insignificance and so his inability to speak to the great Creator. God has still more to accomplish in Job before He gives him comfort and blessing. He will do His work in Job inwardly before He heals him outwardly. So He continues to speak to Job. Of course, the very fact that God had come to him and was speaking to him must have been an indescribable comfort in itself to this sad and suffering man. Job may well have thought “Let God say anything, only let Him be here and speak!” (compare Ps 28:1).

Then the LORD continued to answer Job and said, 2 “Will the one who contends with the

Almighty correct him ? Let the one who rebukes God answer it.”

3 Then Job answered the LORD and said, 4 “Look, I am insignificant.

40:7 This is 38:3 repeated. 40:8 This has been the tendency of some of the things Job has said (7:20,21; 9:22-24; 10:3; 19:6,7; 24:12; 27:2). Those who had disputed with Job did not understand the reason for his sufferings, but they discerned his fault and rebuked him for it (8:3; 15:4,12,13; 34:5,6). Now God Himself puts the matter before him. This was Job’s one big error in the things he said. Job would not admit his friends were right even in this one point. But it is one thing to argue with one’s friends, quite another to stand before God. God will now bring Job to full confession and repentance for his sinful speaking.

Complaining about God’s dealings with us is the same as accusing Him of injustice. It implies we are better than He. No matter what troubles come to us God has a right to demand of us complete trust in Him, complete submission to His will, complete love and devotion. He is the great King over the universe (see note at Ps 47:2). The business of God’s people is not to question God but to glorify Him (see notes on psalm 73). God will bring us believers (as He did Job) into situations where we cannot understand what He is doing, where His dealings with us seem contrary to reason, and where we must simply trust Him. In some way or other, and in some measure, all believers are Jobs. Have we yet learned simply to trust God as Job did, no matter what may be happening in our lives or circumstances? 40:9-14 The purpose of these words seems to be to remind Job of this truth: Job does not have the power to bring the world to

647 JOB 41:12

15 “Look now at the behemoth, which I made along with you. He eats grass like an ox. 16 Now see what strength he has in his loins, and what power in the muscles of his belly. 17 He moves his tail like a cedar. The sinews of his thighs are knit together. 18 His bones are like strong pieces of bronze. His limbs are like bars of iron.

or catch his tongue with a rope you lower? 2 Can you put a reed through his nose,

or pierce his jaw with a hook? 3 Will he make many supplications to you?

Will he speak softly to you? 4 Will he make a covenant with you?

Will you take him as a servant forever? 5 Will you play with him as with a bird,

or will you keep him on a leash for your maids? 6 Will your companions make a banquet of him?

19 “He is chief of the ways of God; the one who made him can bring near his sword. 20 Surely the mountains produce food for him, and all the beasts of the field play there. 21 He lies under the lotus plants, in the hidden place of the reeds and marshlands. 22 The lotus plants conceal him in their shadow; the willow trees by the stream surround him. 23 See, though a river overflows him, he is not alarmed; he is confident even though the Jordan

Will they divide him up among the merchants? 7 Can you fill his hide with harpoons,

or his head with fishing spears? 8 If you put your hand on him,

you will remember the battle, and not do so again. 9 See, hope about him is in vain;

the mere sight of him will bring you down.

10 “No one is so fierce that he dares to stir him up. Who then is able to stand against me? 11 Who has previously given to me, that I should repay him ? Everything under the heavens is mine. 12 I will not keep silent about his limbs, his strength, 41

should pour into his mouth. 24 Who can catch him about the eyes, or pierce his nose with a trap?

“Can you draw out the leviathan with a hook,

judgment, so he doesn’t have the wisdom to criticize God’s dealings with men. 40:15-24 From v 15 onward all God’s message to Job is taken up with a description of two beasts – “behemoth” and “leviathan.” At first, this might seem to us a very strange message to give to a man suffering in body and mind, a man who has been full of tormenting questions. But God knew He would very shortly bring Job’s sufferings to an end. He also knew that there were more important matters than answering Job’s questions. He was working to produce complete submission to Himself in Job’s heart. He wanted Job to renounce his questioning of God’s goodness, and justice, and simply trust Him fully and forever.

was familiar with (v 15). Some scholars have suggested that possibly some types of dinosaurs were on the ark with Noah and so were in existence after the flood, and that they could have been alive on the earth until Job’s day. This may have been so, but as far as the author of these notes is aware, there is as yet no fully satisfactory evidence either for or against this view. 41:1 “Leviathan” – there has been much speculation about this animal also. Most scholars think a huge crocodile is meant. The sea water crocodile is the largest of all reptiles in the world at present. It can grow to a length of 8 meters or even more. In Ps 104:25,26 “Leviathan” is said to be in the sea. Perhaps this is the “leviathan” described here in Job. It seems that the description here is in very poetic language. It may be interesting to speculate what animals are meant in these two chapters, but it does not seem important to the author of these notes to determine exactly what ones are meant. The important thing is to understand what message God is giving to Job (and to us). And that message is the same whether the animals are of the sort known to us today, or some kind of dinosaurs or other animals unknown to us now. The essence of God’s message appears particularly in vs 10,11. Men who fear to stand before some of God’s creatures should not think it a light matter to stand before God Himself the Creator of everything. No man can demand anything of God. God is not under obligation to anyone. All things and all men are His property. He does not owe anyone an ex-

People sometimes think that above all else they want their questions answered. But when they come into God’s presence and submit to Him in faith they find their questions are not as important to them as they had thought.

As for the beast described in these verses (behemoth) some scholars have thought it is an elephant, others a hippopotamus. Others think it refers to some huge animal now extinct. Certainly the beast described is more like a hippopotamus than an elephant. As for it being a now extinct creature such as some kind of dinosaur – v 19 may suggest a creature somewhat grander than the hippopotamus, but there is no proof that a now extinct animal is meant. We cannot be sure whether Job knew anything about any such animal, and God is calling his attention to an animal he

JOB 41:13 648

and bronze as rotten wood. 28 The arrow cannot make him flee; stones from slings are like stubble to him. 29 Darts are regarded as straw. He laughs at the shaking of a spear. 30 His underside is like sharp pieces of pottery; on the mire he spreads out like a

or his graceful proportions. 13 Who can take off his outer coat? Who can approach him with his double bridle? 14 Who can open the doors of his face, with his terrible teeth all around? 15 His scales are his pride, tightly sealed together. 16 They are so close to each other that no air gets between them. 17 They are joined to each other; they stick together, so that they

threshing sledge. 31 He makes the deep boil like a pot; he makes the sea like a pot of ointment. 32 He leaves a shining wake behind him; one might think the deep has white hair. 33 On earth there is nothing like him; he has been made fearless. 34 He looks down on all that is high; he is king over all the children of pride.”

cannot be separated. 18 A light flashes out when he sneezes, and his eyes are like the eyelids

of the dawn. 19 From his mouth issue burning torches; sparks of fire leap out. 20 Smoke issues from his nostrils, as from a boiling pot over burning reeds. 21 His breath sets coals on fire, and a flame comes from his mouth. 22 Strength lodges in his neck, and dismay dances before him. 23 The folds of his flesh are joined together; on him they are firm and immovable. 24 His heart is as hard as a stone; yes, as hard as the lower millstone. 25 When he raises himself up, the mighty are afraid. Because of his crashing about they

Then Job answered the LORD and said, 2 “I know that you can do everything, and that no purpose can be

withheld from you. 3 You asked, ‘Who is this who darkens

counsel without knowledge?’ Therefore I have spoken things I did

not understand, things too wonderful for me,

which I did not know. 4 Listen, I pray you, and I will speak.

You said, ‘I will question you,

get out of the way. 26 The sword that reaches him cannot prove itself; nor can the spear, the dart or the javelin. 27 He regards iron as straw,

and you shall answer me.’ 5 I have heard of you by the hearing

of the ear, but now my eyes see you. 6 Therefore I despise myself,

and repent in dust and ashes.”

question at all. 42:5 God may or may not have appeared in some form of glory in the storm clouds. In any case Job means something more than an outward view of God’s glory. He speaks of an inner perception, an enlightenment of the eyes of the mind. It was not any argument, not even any presentation of truth alone which brought Job to repentance. It was a new and deeper experience of God Himself. So it is with all men who are brought to full submission to God. In God’s presence truths in the mind become the deep knowledge of spiritual experience. 42:6 The first part of v 6 has no object in Hebrew – it is simply “I despise,” or “I reject.” Does he mean he despises his former opinions and complaints? Does he mean he abhors everything about himself? Or is he saying he renounces, rejects himself (as in Luke 9:23; etc.)? Probably all of that. A man humbly experiencing God’s presence and God’s rebuke can no longer have the same high regard for himself, his opinions, deeds, and spiritual attainments that he had before that. Job repents. Of what? Not of his previous righteous life – his need of repentance did not

planation of His ways. See Rom 11:33-35. 41:34 “All the children of pride” – in the context of the debate between Job and the four others, and the appearance of what looks suspiciously like pride at times in all of them, God’s mention of pride here may not be without significance. 42:2 Job fully understands that God can conceive and carry out any plan He wants. He has learned the lesson from God’s sermon on nature and applied it to his own sufferings and trials. 42:3 The first part of v 3 was spoken by God in 38:2. Job now quotes it and applies it to himself. He confesses what all the speakers should have confessed – indeed what all men who dispute about God and His ways have reason to confess. Men so lightly and presumptuously speak of mysteries far beyond their understanding. If they want God’s blessing they must humble themselves like Job and repent of their foolishness and sinful speaking. 42:4 Job is probably referring to God’s words in 38:3 and 40:7 addressed to himself. Job now finds that he has nothing to give as an answer but the following two verses, and no

649 JOB 42:10

7 And this is what happened after the LORD had spoken those words to Job: the LORD said to Eliphaz the Temanite,

deal with you as your foolishness deserves; because you have not spoken to me what is right, as my servant Job has.”

“My wrath is burning against you and against your two friends, for you have not spoken to me what is right, as my servant Job has. 8 Therefore take for yourselves seven bulls and seven rams, and go to my servant Job, and offer up a burnt offering for yourselves; and my servant Job will pray for you, for I will accept him. Otherwise I will

9 So Eliphaz the Temanite and Bildad the Shuhite and Zophar the Naamathite went and did as the LORD commanded them; and the LORD accepted Job.

10 And the LORD restored the well-being of Job, when he prayed for his friends. Also the LORD

have to do with that. And God never rebuked him for a thing in it. This was one way God vindicated Job before men.

Isaiah it is translated “to me” a number of times, but never “of me” or “concerning me” (Isa 8:3,11; 21:11; 36:7; 37:21; 51:1). In the context of this chapter also it seems better to translate it “to me” (twice in this same verse, verse 7, part of that same Hebrew word is translated “to” – “to Job” and “to Eliphaz.” Nowhere else in Job is elai translated “of me”, or “concerning me”).

What Job repents of is the foolish and sinful things he has said about God’s justice. He repents that he ever allowed his pains and perplexities to cause a word of complaint against God to come from his lips. He repents in dust and ashes – figurative of complete abandonment to repentance. He now sits spiritually in the ash heap his body sat in (2:8). Job has learned more about himself, more of his weakness and foolishness, through this experience – a very important thing for all of us to learn. He has also learned more of God – and this is the most important kind of learning for any of us. Any event or experience which comes from His hand to bring us this kind of knowledge is worth whatever it costs us, whether it be loss of property, loss of children, loss of reputation, or loss of all things. See John 17:3; etc. 42:7 God now raises Job from the “dust and ashes” and vindicates him before his friends. By “vindicate” it is not meant that God declares Job to be sinless or faultless, but that God stands by His suffering servant and reveals him to be a man of uprightness and integrity, who feared God and shunned evil (1:8). This is the same kind of vindication David prayed for when he was unjustly slandered and accused – see Ps 26:1; 35:24; 43:1.

If we accept the translation “to me” (as the evidence suggests we should do), we will understand that God is commending Job, not for what he said in the debate with his friends, but for what he said directly to God in 40:3-5 and 42:1-6. In those verses Job admitted his ignorance, and his inability and unworthiness to speak about God or to God, and he repents of the things he had said. His friends did not do so. Probably they did not realize until this moment how mistaken they had been in some of the things they had said, and how much they needed to confess it as Job did. God commended Job’s repentance and confession. After all, why would God commend Job for saying those other things which Job himself saw were wrong? But Job’s confession of wrong speaking was pleasing to God. It is just the sort of confession that many philosophers and theologians (and many ordinary people who argue about God) need to make. Until they admit their ignorance and repent of their false and dogmatic utterances about God they will not know God’s blessing. 42:8 Can we imagine a better way than this to humble Job’s friends and vindicate Job? Job must act as a priestly intercessor and mediator for his friends or God will not accept them. Observe that they have been guilty of “folly” (or “evil” – the Hebrew word means both), but Job is God’s servant. They condemned Job, but now find that they were worthy of condemnation. 42:9 “Did” – it speaks well for the friends that they were willing to humble themselves and obey God. Job was willing to forgive their cruel and false accusations against him and pray for them (compare Matt 5:44; Luke 6:28; 23:34; Acts 7:60; Rom 12:14; 1 Pet 3:9). In the whole book of Job there is no indication that they ever prayed for him. If they had, perhaps their speeches would have been quite different. 42:10 Another way God chose to vindicate Job was to make him prosperous again. He

Here God calls Job His servant (four times in vs 7,8 – as if He loved to dwell on the idea and emphasize it). He did not call the others His servants. He says He is angry with them. He doesn’t say He is angry with Job. He says Job spoke to Him (or about Him) the right thing. He says they did not.

What is the right thing or things Job spoke? The views of scholars on this depend, in some measure, on how they translate one Hebrew word (elai) in this sentence. Some scholars translate like this: “You have not spoken what is right concerning me as my servant Job has.” This would mean that Job’s theory of how God dealt with mankind in general was more accurate than the theory of his friends.

However, others translate “You have not spoken that which is right to me.” It is possible to translate this Hebrew word either way, but the usual meaning of it and the usual way of translating it in the Old Testament is “to me.” For example, in

JOB 42:11 650

gave Job twice as much as he had before.

oxen, and one thousand female donkeys.

11 Then all his brothers and all his sisters, and all those who had been his acquaintances before, came to him and ate food with him in his house. And they consoled him and comforted him about the whole disaster that the LORD had brought upon him. Each one gave him a piece of silver and each one a gold ring.

13 He also had seven sons and three daughters. 14 And he called the name of the first, Jemima; and the name of the second, Kezia; and the name of the third, Keren-happuch. 15 In all the land no women could be found as beautiful as the daughters of Job. And their father gave them an inheritance among their brothers.

12 So the LORD blessed the latter days of Job more than his first; for he had fourteen thousand sheep, six thousand camels, a thousand yoke of

16 After this Job lived a hundred and forty years, and saw his sons, and his grandsons to four generations. 17 So Job died, old and full of days.

ten children who had died (1:2,18,19) were not permanently lost as the sheep, camels, oxen, and donkeys were. The ten dead children were still in God’s keeping. 42:16,17 When calamity struck, Job had ten grown children. Afterwards he lived 140 years more. His many years of life place him possibly in the general era of Abraham. Abraham lived 175 years (Gen 25:7). After Abraham the ordinary life span of men became less.

revealed His love for Job by a method his friends, relatives, and neighbors, and the whole world could understand. In Old Testament days God often blessed His faithful people with material prosperity. In these New Testament days God may not at all reward faithfulness under trial by giving prosperity. Christians are taught to desire and expect their vindication and rewards in the next world, not in this one. And the privilege of suffering loss and pain for Christ is as much a mark of favor as riches could ever be (Matt 6:19-21; Luke 6:20-22; 12:33,34; 18:22; 1 Tim 6:6-9,18,19; Heb 10:32-37; 1 Pet 4:12-16). At the second coming of Christ all things will be made right.

Through the outer devastating events and inner agonizing experiences that Job endured there came to him a deeper knowledge both of himself and of God. And this, of course, was of immense spiritual value to him. The direct knowledge of God is the highest and best knowledge possible to man. Should we not think that this is one purpose God had in mind when He permitted all that came to Job? And should we not think, we who trust God as Job did, that every event in our own lives and every difficult and painful experience we go through are for the same great purpose? Surely such things are included in the promise of Romans 8:28.

“Restored the well-being of” – the Hebrew also means “turned the captivity of.” 42:11 19:13,14. “A piece of silver” – in Hebrew “a kesitah.” Neither the weight nor value of this ancient unit of money is known to us. 42:12 Verse 10. 42:13 God did not give Job twice as many children as before. There was no need. The

PSALMS

Authors:

Many of the Psalms have a brief introduction giving the name of the author, or who the psalm was for or about, or what the theme is. According to these introductions (which were not a part of the original psalms), David wrote 73 psalms, Asaph wrote 12, Solomon wrote 2, Moses and Ethan each wrote one, and 11 were written by or for the sons of Korah (see the note on the introduction to Psalm 42). This leaves 50 psalms which are not attributed to anyone. Some of these too were very probably written by David. The translators of the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible) thought so; they put David’s name in the introductions to 15 more psalms. Also they put the names of Haggai and Zechariah to a few of them.

Dates:

David reigned 1010 - 970 BC. He wrote some psalms before he became king, some after that. Moses spent 1446 - 1406 in the desert with the people of Israel and must have written his psalm (or psalms) then. Some psalms were probably written after Israel went into captivity in Babylon about 600 BC (for example, see Ps 137). So, though the majority of the psalms were written during the time of David, the writing of all covered a span of at least 800 years.

Themes:

There are many themes in the psalms, for they were written out of a wide variety of human experiences and circumstances. Because of this some psalm or other is suitable for any circumstance or condition believers may experience. For the most part the psalms are prayers or praises to the one true God. Some are meditations on His greatness, or on His dealings with His people or toward His enemies. Some are songs about the LORD (Jehovah – God’s special name that He revealed to His people) or His city or His reign over the earth, and some are exhortations to others to praise Him. Of course, some psalms have more than one theme, so it is not possible to make an exact classification of all the psalms. The following classification may be helpful to the reader:

Psalms of praise or thanksgiving to God:

9, 18, 21, 65, 68, 75, 76, 84, 89, 92, 103-108, 116, 135, 145

Psalms which urge others to praise God:

29, 33, 47, 66, 68, 81, 95-100, 113, 117, 118, 134-136, 146-150

Psalms which speak of God’s greatness or goodness:

2, 8, 18, 19, 23, 24, 29, 33, 34, 37, 45-48, 50, 65, 66, 68, 76, 77, 85, 86, 89-91, 93, 95-100, 102-104, 107, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 121, 135, 138, 139, 145-147

Psalms which describe God as King or Judge:

2, 7, 9-11, 24, 29, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 68, 74, 75, 80, 84, 93, 94-99, 102, 113, 132, 145, 146

Psalms which contain prayers for help in time of need:

3-7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 22, 25-28, 31, 35, 38-41, 43, 44, 51, 54-57, 59, 61, 64, 69-71, 74, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 94, 102, 109, 120, 123, 130, 140-144

Psalms which express strong faith and confidence in God:

1, 3-5, 11, 13, 16-18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 41, 46, 54-56, 62, 84, 86, 91, 103, 115, 116, 118, 121, 124, 125, 130, 135, 139, 140, 145

Psalms which speak of the writer’s sin or of forgiveness:

25, 32, 38, 39-41, 51, 65, 73, 78, 79, 86, 89, 90, 99, 103, 106, 107, 119, 130

Psalms for the depressed:

13, 23, 25, 32, 37, 42, 43, 62, 73, 77, 91, 103, 107, 121

Psalms which express longings for God’s fellowship:

27, 42, 61, 63, 84 119, 143

PSALMS 652

Psalms containing prayers that God would punish wicked enemies:

7, 17, 35, 55, 59, 69, 109, 137, 139 Psalms which look back into history:

68, 78 81, 105, 106, 114, 135, 136

Psalms written for the purpose of teaching: (of course, all psalms teach whether written for that purpose or not)

1, 2, 14, 15, 19, 24, 32, 33, 34, 37, 46, 49, 53, 73, 78, 91, 103-108, 110-113, 115, 119, 121, 122, 125-128, 133, 135, 136

Psalms for pilgrims:

84, 120-134

Psalms which praise God’s Word:

12, 19, 119, 138

Psalms which give prophecies concerning the Lord Jesus Christ: (as the New Testament makes clear)

2, 8, 16, 22, 40, 41, 45, 68, 69, 89, 102, 110, 118

Contents:

The book of Psalms has five divisions. These divisions are given below. We have indicated some (not all) well known or much loved psalms and given the first words of each. We have also given a list of precious promises and prayers we may wish to use when we pray. The psalms record many reasons for praising God. We have given some of these also.

BOOK 1 (psalms 1 - 41):

Ps 1 - “Blessed is the man” Ps 2 - “Why do the nations rage” Ps 8 - “O LORD, our Lord, how excellent is your name” Ps 14 - “The fool has said in his heart” Ps 16 - “Preserve me, O God” Ps 18 - “I will love you, O LORD, my strength” Ps 19 - “The heavens declare the glory of God” Ps 22 - “My God, my God why have you forsaken me?” Ps 23 - “The LORD is my shepherd” Ps 32 - “Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven” Ps 37 - “Do not fret because of evildoers” Ps 40 - “I waited patiently for the LORD” Promises and model prayers:

1:3; 5:8,12; 6:1; 9:9; 10:17,18; 11:7; 16:1,11; 17:7; 18:1,2,30; 19:12-14; 23:1-6; 25:4,5, 8-12,14,18; 27:4,5,10,11; 29:11; 30:5; 31:3,19,20; 32:1,2;33:4; 34:7-10, 15,17-19,22; 36:5-10; 37:4-6, 23-25, 28, 29; 38:1; 39:4,8; 40:4,5; 41:1,4 Reasons these psalms give for praising God:

7:17; 8:1-9; 9:1; 13:6; 16:7; 18:46-50; 21:13; 22:22-26; 28:6,7; 30:4,5,11,12; 31:21; 33:1-5; 34:1-4; 40:1-3

BOOK 2 (psalms 42 - 72):

Ps 42 - “As the hart pants for the water brooks” Ps 45 - “My heart overflows with a noble theme” Ps 46 - “God is our refuge and strength” Ps 47 - “Oh, clap your hands, all you people” Ps 50 - “The mighty God, the LORD, has spoken” Ps 51 - “Have mercy on me, O God” Ps 66 - “Shout joyfully to God, all the earth” Ps 69 - “Save me, O God, for the waters” Ps 72 - “Give the king your judgments, O God” Promises and model prayers:

43:3; 46:1,7; 47:8; 48:14; 50:15; 51:1,2,7-12; 55:22; 57:1,5; 62:11,12; 65:2,3; 67:1-

653 PSALMS

3; 68:3-6; 69:32,33; 72:18,19 Reasons these psalms give for praising God:

47:7,8; 51:14,15; 52:9; 56:12,13; 57:9,10; 59:16,17; 61:7,8; 63:3,4; 66:1-3, 8-12,20; 67:3,4; 68:4-6,19,20,32-35; 69:34-36; 71:5-8, 14-16,22,23; 72:18

BOOK 3 (psalms 73 - 89):

Ps 73 - “Truly God is good to Israel” Ps 78 - “Give ear, O my people, to my law” Ps 84 - “How lovely is your tabernacle” Ps 87 - “His foundation is in the holy mountains” Ps 89 - “I will sing of the mercies of the LORD forever” Promises and model prayers:

73:26; 74:22; 80:3,18; 81:10; 83:1; 84:5,11; 85:6,7; 86:4,5,11; 89:8 Reasons these psalms give for praising God:

75:1; 84:4,11; 86:12,13; 89:5-8

BOOK 4 (psalms 90 - 106):

Ps 90 - “LORD, you have been our dwelling place” Ps 91 - “He who dwells in the secret place of the Most High” Ps 95 - “Oh, come let us sing to the LORD” Ps 96 - “Oh, sing to the LORD a new song” Ps 102 - “Hear my prayer, O LORD” Ps 103 - “Praise the LORD, O my soul” Promises and model prayers:

90:13-17; 91:3-16; 92:12-15; 94:14; 97:10,11; 102:17; 103:11-14 Reasons these psalms give for praising God :

92:1-5; 95:1-3; 96:1-6; 98:1,9; 99:2,3,9; 100:4,5; 101:1; 103:1-22; 104:1; 105:1,2; 106:1

BOOK 5 (psalms 107 - 150):

Ps 107 - “Oh, give thanks to the Lord, for he is good” Ps 109 - “Do not remain silent, O God of my praise” Ps 110 - “The LORD said to my Lord” Ps 115 - “Not to us, O LORD, not to us” Ps 118 - “Oh, give thanks to the LORD, for He is good” Ps 119 - “Blessed are the undefiled in the way” Ps 121 - “I will lift up my eyes to the hills” Ps 126 - “When the LORD brought back the captives of Zion” Ps 133 - “See how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity” Ps 136 - “Oh, give thanks to the LORD, for He is good, His mercy continues on forever” Ps 139 - “O LORD, you have searched me, and known me” Ps 145 - “I will exalt you, my God, O king” Ps 150 - “Praise the Lord” Promises and model prayers:

108:5,6; 112:1; 115:1,13; 116:5,15; 119:9,12,17-19,29,33-38,65,66,73,76,77,124,130, 133, 135,153,156,160, 169,170,176; 120:2;121:3-8; 125:1,2; 126:6; 130:4;138:6;139:17,23,24; 141:3,4,9;143:1,2; 145:8,9,13,14,17-20; 146:5,6; 147:3,11; 149:4. Reasons these psalms give for praising God:

107:1; 108:3,4; 109:30,31; 111:1-10; 117:1,2; 118:1; 119:164,171; 124:6,7; 135:3,4; 136:1; 138:1-3; 139:14; 144:1,2; 145:1-23; 146:1-10; 147:1-20; 148:5,6,13,14; 149:1-9.

PSALMS 1:1 654

BOOK 1 (Psalms 1 - 41)

rivers of water, that brings forth its fruit in its season

and whose leaf does not wither. And whatever he does will prosper.

4 The ungodly are not so, but are like the chaff which the

1 Blessed is the man who does not walk in the counsel of the ungodly, or stand in the path of sinners, or sit in the seat of the scornful; 2 But his delight is in the law of the LORD, and in his law he meditates day and night. 3 And he will be like a tree planted by the

wind drives away. 5 Therefore the ungodly will not stand in the judgment, or sinners in the congregation of the righteous. 6 For the LORD knows the way of the righteous,

1:1 The word “blessed” is the translation of a Hebrew word meaning happy or fortunate. For a fuller idea of the meaning of the word in the psalms see 2:12; 32:1,2; 40:4; 41:1,2; 65:4; 84:4,5; 94:12; 106:3; 119:1,2; 128:1. For other references and notes on God’s blessing or on “blessed” see Gen 12:2,3; Num 6:22-27; Deut 28:3-14; Jer 17:7; Matt 5:3-12; Luke 11:28; Acts 3:26; Gal 3:9,14; Eph 1:3. God is love (1 John 4:8), and loves to bless men. But the fullness of God’s blessing comes only on a certain kind of person, as described in the words which follow.

delight in God’s Word, and meditate on it, and obey it.

Notice the words “day and night.” This means to be always occupied with God’s revealed truth, to have it filling our hearts and minds even as we go about the ordinary activities of life. Compare John 15:7; Col 3:16; etc. If we delight in it we will not find this at all impossible.

“Meditates” – this means to think about God’s Word so as to understand it and to use it in prayer and to apply it to our lives. It has nothing to do with the meditation techniques of yoga, and other such things. 1:3 Here are the results of delighting in and meditating on God’s instructions – spiritual provision, unceasing fruitfulness, and success. The righteous are trees planted by God – Isa 60:21; 61:3; Jer 17:8; Matt 15:13. They are planted by “streams of water.” In the Bible water is sometimes used as a symbol of God’s Spirit, and God is said to be the “spring of living water” (Jer 2:13; 17:13). Just as water is essential for the life of trees, so God’s Spirit is essential for the life and fruitfulness of God’s people. The believer who delights in God’s truth and meditates on it continually, will find that he is by the source of all blessing, that God’s Spirit is around him and in him. Compare John 7:37-39. 1:4 Chaff driven by the wind indicates something worthless and unstable – 35:5; Isa 17:13; 29:5; Matt 3:12. 1:5 God’s judgment on the wicked is one of the constant themes of the psalms (as it is of the whole Bible) – 2:12; 7:11; 9:7,8; 11:6; 21:8,9; 94:1,2; 96:13; 119:84. This verse will be fulfilled at the second coming of the Lord Jesus Christ. Now evil men may indeed mix themselves in the assemblies of God’s people (Matt 13:24-30; Rev 2:14-16,20-25; 3:1-4). But when God arises as judge they will remain there no longer. 1:6 “Knows” – God knows the way of the righteous for it is His own way. He regards it and all who are in that way with care and love. The way of the wicked and all who are in it will perish eternally – Isa 66:22-24; Matt 25:41-46; 2 Thess 1:8,9; 2 Pet 3:13; Rev 21:22-27. The day is coming when all false ways, all crooked ways, all evil ways will be abolished from the earth and God’s way of truth and holiness estab-

This opening verse contains a brief description of what this fallen world is like. On every hand are those who will give evil advice and instruction contrary to the Word of God, men who reject God’s way and abandon themselves to sin, and those who scorn the truth of God. The blessed person will not listen to them or have fellowship with them. Notice a progression of wickedness in this verse – counsel, way, seat – walking, standing, sitting. Following bad advice brings a person into sinful ways, and eventually into scorn for the things of God. (The New Testament shows believers where they “sit” and how they are to “stand” and “walk” – Eph 2:6; 6:11,14; Col 2:6; etc.) 1:2 This verse shows the connection between true blessedness and a love of the truth God has revealed. The blessed person will not merely avoid wrong words and wrong ways. He will be occupied with something else altogether, as the two strong words “delight” and “meditate” reveal. To delight in God’s law is to delight in God and in God’s ways and will which are revealed in it. This will bring joy to the heart as nothing else can. Compare 37:4; etc. For an example of a man delighting in the law of the Lord see psalm 119.

The Hebrew word translated here “law” could be translated “instruction” or “teaching”, and here means all the revelation God had given up to that time. To us now it would mean the whole Bible. Men can find true blessedness only through the truth of God, and they will learn far more of it in the Bible than in all the writings of wise men, religious teachers, and philosophers put together. And they will experience this blessedness in the measure that they

655 PSALMS 2:11

and terrify them in his fiery displeasure: 6 “Yet I have set my king on my holy hill of Zion.” 7 “I will declare the decree: the LORD has said to me, ‘You are my Son; this day I have begotten you. 8 Ask of me, and I will give you the nations as your inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth as

but the way of the ungodly will perish.

1 Why do the nations rage, and the peoples plot a vain thing? 2 The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together,

your possession. 9 You will break them with a rod of iron; you will dash them in pieces like a

against the LORD and against his

Anointed, saying , 3 “Let us break their chains apart and throw off their cords from us.” 4 He who sits in the heavens will laugh. The Lord will deride them. 5 Then he will speak to them in his wrath,

potter’s vessel.’”

10 Now therefore be wise, O you kings. Be instructed, you judges of the earth. 11 Serve the LORD with fear,

lished everywhere forever. 2:1 This is the first of the psalms that are prophecies or contain prophecies concerning the Lord Jesus Christ. Some other very important ones are 16, 22, 40, 45, 69, 72, 89, 110. This one is quoted several times in the New Testament. Verses 1 and 2 are found in Acts 4:25,26, and v 7 is quoted in Acts 13:33 and Heb 1:5 and 5:5. Verse 9 is referred to in Rev 2:27; 12:5; 19:15. 2:2 The question of v 1 is answered here. The people are stirred up by their leaders. Together they are revealing their enmity against the LORD (Jehovah), the one true God of the universe, and against His anointed one (compare John 3:19,20; 15:18,19; Rom 1:30; 8:7). In Old Testament days kings, prophets, and priests were anointed (Ex 28:41; 1 Sam 15:1; 16:12; 1 Kings 19:16). In the New Testament the Lord Jesus is the Anointed One. He is King, Prophet, and Priest – all three (note at Matt 1:1). In this psalm only His kingship is in view. The opposition and plots of the rulers referred to in this verse had to do specifically with the time of Christ’s crucifixion (Acts 4:25,26), but in general the verse applies to all peoples who in any era set themselves against the Lord Jesus. 2:3 This is what man’s sinful, rebellious heart is like. Fallen men do not want God and His Anointed One to reign over them (1 Sam 8:6-8; Luke 19:14; John 19:15,16). They want to do as they please. They regard God’s precious Word and God’s commands as cords which would bind them in slavery. In this way they show their great ignorance as well as their great wickedness. What they believe to be bondage is glorious freedom, and what they take for freedom is sin’s dreadful bondage. Those in this verse are representatives of the whole world of fallen men who are in rebellion against the true God and do all they can to shake off His control. This is proved by their attitude toward the Lord Jesus who is God’s Anointed One. 2:4,5 God laughs, not in amusement, but in contempt at the vain attempts of puny men to oppose His plans. (See 37:12,13; Prov

1:25,26.) This laughter of God is joined with His terrible anger against the wickedness of men. His anger will come to the full on all those who fight against Him and His Anointed One – 7:11-13; John 3:36; Rom 1:18; 2:5,8; 2 Thess 1:6-10; Rev 6:16,17; 19:15. “Terrify” – the KJV has “vex” here, but this is not a strong enough word to bring out the meaning of the Hebrew. 2:6 God’s appointed king is the same as His Anointed One, the Lord Jesus. Zion is Jerusalem. But there is a heavenly Jerusalem where Jesus now sits on the throne of His Father – Gal 4:26; Heb 12:22; Rev 3:21. 2:7 In vs 7-9 the Anointed King Himself speaks. God has decreed certain things that no opposition of men can ever change. Verse 7 does not refer to the birth of the Lord Jesus in Bethlehem, or to some event in eternity past before the world was made. The apostle Paul quoted these words in connection with Christ’s resurrection (Acts 13:32,33). It was then that Jesus was proved to be the Son of God (Rom 1:4), and it was then that Christ was raised to the throne of God the Father (Heb 1:3; Phil 2:9-11). Jesus is the Firstborn from the dead (Rev 1:5), the first of a new kind of human being – resurrection man. It was a new beginning in human history – a Man begotten from the dead, to be the progenitor of many such (Eph 2:1-5). 2:8 The earth and all that is in it by right belongs to the Lord Jesus, but at the present time He has not fully entered into His inheritance. The hour will come when all peoples and all kingdoms will be put openly in His control (Rev 11:15-18). See note on Isa 2:1-4. 2:9 “Dash them in pieces” – why should Christ destroy these gifts of God the Father? He will not utterly destroy them. He will shatter ungodly political powers, break to pieces all rebellious elements in society, and bring the world into complete subjection to Himself – Rev 19:11-16. 2:10,11 Since Christ is the King of kings true wisdom can be only in submission and service to Him. Fear, reverence, and joy are all essential elements in genuine spiritual experience with God. Notes on “fear” at 34:11-14; 111:10;

PSALMS 2:12 656

and rejoice with trembling. 12 Kiss the Son, lest he be angry, and you perish from the way, when his wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all those who put their trust in him.

3 But you, O LORD, are a shield for me; my glory, and the lifter up of my head. 4 I cried to the LORD with my voice, and he heard me from his holy hill. Selah

5 I lay down and slept; I awoke, for the LORD sustained me. 6 I will not be afraid of ten thousands of people who have set themselves

against me all around.

A Psalm of David, when he fled from

his son Absalom

7 Arise, O LORD! Save me, O my God! For you have struck all my enemies

1 LORD, how they are increased who trouble me! Many are those who rise up against me. 2 Many there are who say of my soul, “There is no help for him in God. Selah

on the cheek bone; you have broken the teeth of the ungodly. 8 Salvation belongs to the LORD. Your blessing is on your people. Selah

2 Cor 11:23-27; 1 Thess 2:14-16), to the present time (“everyone who wants to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted” – 2 Tim 3:12).

128:1; Prov 1:7. 2:12 Here the Anointed One of v 2, the king of v 6, is called the Son, that is, the Son of God. A son shares the nature of his father. The Jews of Jesus’ day knew that when He said He was the Son of God He was saying that He shares God’s nature, that He was claiming to be God (John 10:33-38). Kissing a ruler was an ancient way of showing recognition of his authority (1 Sam 10:1). It was also an act of homage toward objects of worship (1 Kings 19:18; Job 31:27; Hos 13:2). To kiss the Son means to give up all rebellion against Him, to receive Him as King, to worship Him as Lord. Those who will not do this are in grave danger. His anger is exceedingly great. But His grace is even greater toward all those who repent and turn to Him. The Hebrew word translated “put their trust in” also means “to take refuge in.” Faith in Christ is the only way to peace and reconciliation with God, safety, and salvation (John 3:16,36; 5:24; Rom 5:1,9,10). 3:1-8 For Absalom’s conspiracy see 2 Samuel chapters 15-18. It was a time of extreme humiliation and danger for David. The spiritual truth of this psalm can be applied to any believer who is in difficulties from enemies, and especially it applied to the Lord Jesus during the last days of His life on earth. 3:1 2 Sam 15:12,13; 17:1,11; Ps 69:4; Eph 6:12.

In the Psalms (and in the Old Testament in general) usually the references to foes concern flesh and blood enemies. Believers now are to pray for flesh and blood enemies, not against them, and they are to realize that their real foes are not of flesh and blood (Eph 6:10-12). See note on enemies at 35:8. 3:2 Ps 22:7,8; 71:11; Matt 27:39-43. The exact meaning of the Hebrew word “selah” is unknown. It may mean “pause” or “slow”, and may have been a sign to the musicians singing the psalm or playing instruments. 3:3 In both danger and humiliating circumstances, God is sufficient for the believer (5:12; 28:7; 62:7; Gen 15:1). Notes on “shield” at 28:7; Gen 15:1; Job 1:10,11; 2:6; etc. 3:4 In times of trouble, prayer is the believer’s resource, and no enemy can prevent the believer using it. See references to prayer at 1 Thess 5:17. God heard David’s prayer and brought him safely back to Jerusalem and enabled him to reign over Israel once again (2 Samuel chapter 19). 3:5,6 A good conscience and confidence in God can enable believers to get deep and satisfying sleep even at such times of trouble and danger as David was experiencing – Ps 4:8. 3:7 See 1 Sam 17:45-49; 18:12-16; 23:4,5; 30:17,18; 2 Sam 8:1-6,13; 10:17,18. 3:8 “Salvation” – see 28:8; 35:3; Isa 43:11; Jonah 3:9; Matt 1:21; Rev 7:10; 19:1.

“Against me” – this is the first of many references in the Psalms to enemies. In the Psalms alone words indicating them (foes, enemies, they who rise against me, etc) appear well over 100 times. The authors of the psalms frequently suffered from those who opposed them as they tried to serve God. This is the common lot of God’s faithful people throughout the history of the world, from Abel (1 John 3:12) to the prophets and saints of the Old Testament (Heb 11:32-38), to Christ and His disciples (Matt 10:16,17,21-23; 16:21; John 15:18-21;

“Blessing” – Num 6:22-27. 4 Title: Neginoth means “stringed instruments.” 4:1-8 David first speaks to God (v 1), then to men (vs 2-5), then again to God. Though he is surrounded by those who express unbelief and despair (v 6), he is confident he will be heard because he has experienced many past mercies. He uses various means to turn the ungodly to God, methods we will do well to follow – pointing out their error

657 PSALMS 5:4

LORD, lift up the light of your

countenance on us.

7 You have put gladness in my heart, more than in the time that their

To the chief musician on neginoth,

A Psalm of David

grain and their wine increased. 8 I will both lie down in peace, and sleep; for you alone, o LORD, cause me to dwell

1 Hear me when I call, O God of my righteousness. You have given me relief when I was

in safety.

in distress. Have mercy on me, and hear my prayer. 2 O you sons of men, how long will you turn my glory into shame? How long will you love emptiness,

To the chief musician on nehiloth,

a Psalm of David

and seek a lie? Selah

3 But know that the LORD has set apart for himself the one who is godly. The LORD will hear when I call to him. 4 Tremble, and do sin not. Commune in your heart on your bed,

1 Give ear to my words, O LORD. Consider my meditation. 2 Listen to the sound of my cry, my King, and my God; for to you I will pray. 3 You will hear my voice in the morning, O LORD; in the morning I will direct my prayer

and be still. Selah

5 Offer the sacrifices of righteousness, and put your trust in the LORD. 6 There are many who say, “Who will show us any good?”

to you, and will look up. 4 For you are not a God who takes pleasure in wickedness; nor does evil dwell with you. (v 2), speaking of answered prayer (v 3), exhorting (vs 4,5), testifying (vs 7,8). 4:1 “Prayer” – this is the first use of this word in Psalms. See notes on prayer at 66:18; Gen 18:32; Matt 6:5-13; Mark 11:24; Luke 11:1-13; 18:1-7; Rom 8:26,27; Eph 1:17; 6:18; Phil 4:6,7; Col 1:9; 1 Thess 5:17; Heb 4:16; 10:19-22; 11:6; Jam 1:5-8; 5:16-18; 1 John 5:14,15. 4:2 “Will you turn my glory into shame” – or, possibly, “will you dishonor my Glorious One.” Men do both of these. Compare Rom 1:21,23. Vanity and deception are what fallen sinful men pursue. A life not lived for the glory of God is an empty, hopeless existence (62:9; Eccl 1:2; 2:11).

“Sacrifices of righteousness” – compare 51:17; Heb 13:15,16. “Trust” – v 3. 4:6 “Light of your countenance” – Num 6:24,25. 4:7,8 5:11. “You have put” – true and lasting joy is the result of God’s work in the heart, not of wealth or prosperity, and it is a result of believing God. Who but real believers who trust in the one true God can experience joy and peace in the midst of great trouble? 5 Title: Nehiloth indicates musical instruments, probably flutes. 5:1 “Meditation” – this could be translated “sighing” or “groaning.” Groans and sighs are sometimes a proper element in prayer (Rom 8:26). Indeed at times we can find no words to convey our longings and groaning is all we are able to do. 5:2 King David knew who the true, the eternal King is – 10:16; 24:7; 47:2 (note); 74:12; 149:2; Isa 6:5; Jer 10:10. And he gladly accepted God’s rule in his life, as we all should do. 5:3 Morning is the best time to get alone with God, to pray before the work, and burdens of the day begin (57:8; 88:13; 108:2; 119:147). “Will look up” – waiting in expectation for an answer, it seems. This also is necessary if we want answers to our prayers – Heb 11:6; Jam 1:6-8; 1 John 5:14,15; Mark 11:24. One reason people do not receive answers from God is that they do not expect to receive any. Let us not complain that God does not answer our prayers when we do not really think that He will do so. 5:4 See 92:15; 1 John 1:5,6; Matt 7:23;

“Lie” – in the Hebrew idiom this word sometimes meant a false god, and some versions have this. The KJV translation here – “leasing” – conveys a wrong meaning to readers today, so it was necessary to change it. 4:3 Everywhere in the earth the God of the Bible has individuals who are His special people. They are His treasure, the object of His great grace and love (Ex 19:5; Titus 2:14; 1 Pet 2:9).

“The LORD will hear” – this kind of faith is vital in the life of prayer. See 5:3. David could not have had this confidence if there had been unconfessed and unforgiven sin in his life – see 66:18,19. 4:4 “Tremble” – this is the literal meaning of the Hebrew word (not “stand in awe”). Many people sin and do not tremble, and so they keep on sinning. 4:5 He is still speaking about getting answers to prayer in times of need and distress.

PSALMS 5:5 658

5 The foolish will not stand in your sight. You hate all evildoers. 6 You will destroy those who speak lies. The LORD abhors the bloodthirsty and

joyful in you. 12 For you, O LORD, will bless the righteous. You will surround him with favour as

with a shield.

deceitful man. 7 But as for me, I will come into your house by the abundance of your mercy, and in your fear I will worship toward

To the chief musician, On neginoth upon sheminith,

your holy temple. 8 Lead me, O LORD, in your righteousness because of my enemies. Make your way straight before my face. 9 For there is no faithfulness in their mouth. Their heart is utter wickedness. Their throat is an open grave. They flatter with their tongue. 10 Pronounce them guilty, O God! Let them fall by their own counsels. Throw them away in the multitude of

a Psalm of David

1 O LORD, do not rebuke me in your anger, or discipline me in your hot displeasure. 2 Have mercy on me, O LORD, for I am weak. O LORD, heal me; for my bones are troubled. 3 My soul is also greatly troubled. But you, O LORD, how long? 4 Return, O LORD. Deliver my soul. Oh, save me for your mercy’s sake. 5 For in death there is no remembrance of you. In the grave who will give you thanks? 6 I am weary with my groaning. All night I make my bed swim, I drench my couch with my tears. 7 My eye is consumed because of grief;

their transgressions; for they have rebelled against you.

11 But let all those who put their trust in you rejoice. Let them always shout for joy,

because you defend them. And let those who love your name be

25:41. See note at Lev 20:7. 5:5 “Hate” – see 11:5; Lev 26:11,30; Deut 32:19; Hos 9:15; Mal 1:3. This means that those who will not repent but persist in wickedness are objects of God’s hostility. If they would repent He would lovingly receive them, forgive them, and make them His own dear children. But He hates their deeds, thoughts, motives, and character. All they are and all they do is an offense to His holy nature. 5:6 God is the God of truth (Ps 31:5). He hates lies and deceit as if they were poison – which in a sense they are (Prov 6:17,19; 12:22; 19:5,9,22; John 8:44; Rev 21:8,17; 22:15). In this verse deceit is joined with murder in things which are abominable to God. 5:7 By God’s grace David is resolved to be different from the wicked. But he knows that when God blesses him it is an act of God’s mercy, not because of his own righteousness and goodness (51:1; 69:13). 5:8 He did not want his enemies to have an occasion to accuse him, and so bring dishonor to the God he served. 5:9 Here is a vivid picture of man’s sinful nature. See Matt 15:18,19; Rom 1:28-32; 3:10-18; Gal 5:19-21. “Open grave” – the stink of death, rottenness, and corruption comes from the inner nature of God’s enemies, and is revealed in their words. This is the result of being “dead in trespasses and sins” (Eph 2:1). 5:10 Is it right for God’s people to pray against the wicked in this way? See note at 35:8 5:11 “Trust” – 2:12; 7:1; 18:2; Deut 33:27.

“Joy” – 4:7; Neh 8:10. “Defend” – 12:7. “Name” – 69:36. 5:12 “Bless” – 29:11; Num 6:23-27; etc. “Shield” – 3:3; 28:7; Gen 15:1; Job 1:10,11; 2:6. 6 Title: Neginoth indicates stringed instruments. Sheminith was probably a musical term. 6:1 David is conscious of God’s chastening. Though he does not mention any particular sin he is well aware that he is worthy of rebuke and punishment. He only pleads that God will be gentle with him (compare Ps 38:1). 6:2-6 He is suffering greatly in both body and mind. He is very ill (v 2), and fears that he may be near death (v 5). He does not ask for mercy according to his righteousness, but according to God’s grace (v 4). 6:3 “Greatly troubled” – God’s discipline, though it may affect the body, will work on the mind and heart of a believer, and his thoughts may become exceedingly painful (vs 6,7; 13:2; 51:3; 73:14,21,22; etc). “How long” is often the cry of the troubled and tried believer (13:1,2; 35:17; 74:10; 80:4; 89:46; 90:13; 94:3). 6:5 “Grave” – the Hebrew word (“Sheol”) might be translated “the realm of the dead” (Gen 37:35). In David’s time, and in the long era before that, God had revealed very little about life after death. In those days to believers the realm of the dead was a place of darkness and forgetfulness (30:9; 88:10-12; 115:17; Job 10:21,22; Eccl 9:10; Isa 38:18). 6:6,7 David’s foes rejoiced at his miserable condition, made his sorrow even greater, and

659 PSALMS 7:16

it grows old because of all my enemies. 8 Depart from me, all you evildoers! For the LORD has heard the sound of my

rise up because of the rage of my enemies, and awake for me to the judgment you

have decreed. 7 So the congregation of the people will gather around you. For their sakes, therefore, return on high. 8 The LORD will judge the people. Judge me, O LORD, according to my

weeping. 9 The LORD has heard my supplication; the LORD will receive my prayer. 10 Let all my enemies be ashamed and exceedingly troubled; let them turn back and suddenly be

righteousness, and according to my

inner integrity. 9 Oh, let the wickedness of the wicked come to an end, but establish the just; for the righteous God tests the hearts

put to shame.

and minds. 10 My defense is from God who saves the upright in heart.

Shiggaion of David, which he sang to the LORD, concerning the words of Cush the Benjamite

11 God is a righteous judge, and God is angry with the wicked every day. 12 If he does not turn back, he will sharpen his sword. He will bend his bow, and made it ready. 13 He has also prepared deadly weapons for himself; he makes his flaming arrows ready. 14 Look, the wicked travails with wickedness, and conceives trouble,

1 O LORD my God, in you I put my trust. Save me and deliver me from all those

who persecute me, 2 Or he will tear my soul like a lion, ripping it in pieces, while there is no

one to bring deliverance. 3 O LORD my God, if I have done this, if there is wickedness in my hands; 4 If I have repaid evil to him who was at peace with me (yes, I have delivered him

and gives birth to falsehood. 15 He made a pit, and dug it out; and has fallen into the ditch which he made. 16 His trouble will return on his own head, and his violent acts will come down

who without cause is my enemy) 5 Let the enemy pursue me and overtake me; yes, let him trample down my life on the earth,

and lay my honour in the dust. Selah 6 Arise, O LORD, in your anger;

on his own pate.

revealed what fallen sinful creatures they were. 6:8-10 Suddenly everything was bright. The Holy Spirit had given David the assurance that his request was heard. He knew that he had what he asked God for. He had won the victory by prayer and faith. Compare 4:3; 5:3. This way is open to all believers – Mark 11:24; 1 John 5:14,15. 7 Title: “Shiggaion” – no man now knows the meaning of this Hebrew word. It was probably a literary or musical term. 7:1,2 For believers God Himself is the refuge from all enemies, all troubles – 2:12; 9:9; 14:6; 46:1; 57:1; 59:16; 62:7,8; 91:2; 142:5; Deut 33:27; 2 Sam 22:3; Isa 25:4; Jer 16:19; Heb 6:18. He is well able to save and deliver His people – vs 8,10,17. This is an unusual feature of this psalm. Great danger cries out for a great God. 7:3-5 This is similar to Job’s defense of his integrity in Job chapter 31. See also Samuel’s words to the people in 1 Sam 12:1-3 and David’s words to Saul in 1 Sam 24:9-15; 26:17-20. 7:4 The Hebrew of the last phrase is obscure and difficult. It may also be translated “or without cause have robbed my foe.” 7:6-9 See note at 35:8. Here David wants

judgment to come on the wicked for these five reasons – for justice’s sake (v 6), for a display of God’s rightful place as ruler (v 7), that David’s integrity might be revealed (v 8), that violence might be ended (v 9), that the righteous might be established in the earth (v 9). 7:8 “Judge” – this the first of many places in Psalms which speak of God as judge (9:8; 50:6; 72:2; 82:8; 94:2; 96:13; etc. See also Acts 17:31; Heb 9:27; Rev 20:11-15). 7:9 See 11:4; 1 Sam 16:7; 1 Chron 28:9; Jer 11:20; 17:10; 20:12; Rev 2:23. 7:10 “Defense” – see 3:3; 18:2,30. 7:11 “Angry” – God’s anger against evil is clearly and repeatedly revealed in the Bible. An unrepentant sinner is in constant danger from God’s wrath. See notes at 90:7-11; Num 25:3; John 3:36; Rom 1:18. 7:12 “Sword” – see 45:3-5; Deut 32:41; Isa 34:6; Ezek 21:5,15; 32:18; Rev 19:11-15. Who can escape if the Most High God, the Lord of Hosts, armed for battle, rises against him? 7:14-16 God has arranged things so that eventually a person will reap what he sows, and the fruit of his deeds will come back on his own head. Though this will not always be seen in this life it will be at the end of it

PSALMS 7:17 660

17 I will praise the LORD in accordance with his righteousness, and will sing praise to the name

the angels, and have crowned him

with glory and honour. 6 You caused him to have dominion over the works of your hands. You put all things under his feet; 7 All sheep and oxen, yes, and the beasts of the field, 8 The birds of the air, and the fish of the sea, and whatever passes through the paths

of the LORD Most High.

To the chief musician on Gittith,

a Psalm of David

of the seas.

1 O LORD, our Lord, how excellent is your name in all the earth! You have set your glory above the heavens. 2 Out of the mouth of babes and infants you have ordained strength because of

9 O LORD our Lord, how excellent is your name in all the earth!

your enemies, so that you may silence the enemy and

To the musician on muth-labben,

a Psalm of David

the avenger. 3 When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have

1 I will praise you, O LORD, with my whole heart. I will tell of all your marvellous works. 2 I will be glad and rejoice in you. I will sing praise to your name, O Most High. 3 When my enemies turn back, they will fall

ordained, 4 What is man, that you are mindful of him? and the son of man, that you visit him? 5 For you have made him a little lower than

(57:6; 94:23; Esther 7:10; Job 4:8; Prov 22:8; Gal 6:7; Rev 22:12). 7:17 “Righteousness” – the theme of this whole psalm.

God. God is the almighty Creator (Gen 1:1); man is a weak creature made by God. Others translate this “a little lower than a god” or “a little lower than the gods”, but this makes no proper sense.

“I will praise” – or “I will give thanks” – one of the great themes of the book of Psalms and of the whole Bible. Notes at 50:14,15; 56:12; Lev 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18. “Righteousness” – the theme of this whole psalm.

“Crowned” – these words are quoted in Heb 2:6-9. This and the remaining verses of this psalm were partially fulfilled in the first Adam (Gen 1:26-28), but will be more completely fulfilled in the last Adam, Jesus Christ. He is the head of a new race of men who will rule with Him over the world and who, with Him, are raised above the angels (1 Cor 15:45; Eph 1:20-23; 2:6; 2 Tim 2:12; Rev 3:21; 5:10; 20:4). 8:6 According to Heb 2:8 this has not yet taken place. Only in regard to the Lord Jesus is it fully true (1 Cor 15:27; Eph 1:22). 8:7,8 On the whole, man has been a very poor ruler over the animal kingdom. He has been guilty of cruelty, greed, and ignorance. And he has often bowed down to worship those creatures which he was appointed by God to rule. There will be great and wonderful changes when the Lord Jesus comes the second time. 8:9 Happy are they who can say with David that the LORD, Jehovah, the one and only Lord of the universe, is their Lord. This is the only safety in the present, the only hope in the future. 9 Title: Muth-labben probably indicated the tune to be used, The Death of a Son. 9:1,2 This psalm of triumph and joy was written probably after one of David’s many victories in battle. He knows it was God who gave the victory and not his own skill or might (vs 3-6). Therefore he gives all the glory to

“Praise” – the first place in Psalms this word is used. In the 150 psalms the various Hebrew words for praise are used more than 150 times. See note on praise at 33:1-3. “Most High” – Gen 14:18. 8 Title: Gittith was probably a musical term. 8:1 “LORD” – in Hebrew Jehovah. His name means his character and nature (note at Ex 3:14,15). Everywhere His name is glorious (29:2; 48:10; 72:19; 86:11; 145:21; Prov 18:10; Deut 28:58; Ex 34:5-7). 8:2 This was quoted by the Lord Jesus in Matt 21:16. The religious leaders of Israel became His enemies and opposed Him, but God gave enlightenment and a voice of praise to the children. See also Matt 11:25. 8:3 We should all let nature teach us – 19:1-3; Isa 40:26; Rom 1:20. 8:4 How tiny and insignificant is man when compared to the immensity of the universe (Isa 40:15-17, 22-24)! Yet how important he is in the plan of God, as the following verses make clear. 8:5 “Lower” – this could also be translated “a little lower than God”, but it would not make good sense to do so. Man is not a little lower, but vastly, infinitely lower than

661 PSALMS 10:1

and perish at your presence. 4 For you have maintained my right and my cause. You sat on the throne judging righteously. 5 You have rebuked the heathen. You have destroyed the wicked; You have blotted out their name forever

those who hate me, you who lift me

up from the gates of death, 14 So that I may tell all your praise in the gates of the daughter of Zion. I will rejoice in your salvation.

15 The nations have sunk down in the pit that they made. Their own foot has been taken in the net

and ever. 6 O enemy, endless destructions have come! And you have destroyed cities; their remembrance has perished with them. 7 But the LORD remains forever. He has prepared his throne for judgment. 8 And he will judge the world in righteousness. He will administer judgment to the

which they hid. 16 The LORD is known by the judgment which he executes. The wicked are ensnared in the work

of his own hands. Higgaion. Selah 17 The wicked will be turned into hell, and all the nations that forget God. 18 For the needy will not always be forgotten. The expectation of the poor will not

people in uprightness.

9 The LORD also will be a refuge for the oppressed, a refuge in times of trouble. 10 And those who know your name will put their trust in you; for you, LORD, have not forsaken those

perish forever. 19 Arise, O LORD! Do not let man prevail. Let the nations be judged in your sight. 20 Put them in fear, O LORD, so that the nations may know themselves to be

who seek you. 11 Sing praises to the LORD, who dwells in Zion. Proclaim his deeds among the peoples. 12 When he takes vengeance for blood, he remembers them. He does not forget the cry of the humble. 13 Have mercy on me, O LORD. Consider my trouble which I suffer from

but men. Selah 10

1 Why do you stand far off, O LORD? Why do you hide yourself in times of trouble?

God. In these opening verses he uses four words to express his delight in God – praise, tell, rejoice, and sing. This psalm is also a declaration that Jehovah, the one true God, reigns over the world and executes judgment. When He destroys the wicked and rescues the righteous he is displaying perfect justice. 9:4 “Throne judging” – 7:11; 47:2. This is something God is continually doing. Though His final judgment of men is still in the future, already, in some measure, His judgments are in all the earth. 9:5,6 Compare Gen 6:7; etc. 9:7,8 David goes from the particular victory he has experienced to a general truth. What God did in helping David and destroying his enemies He will do to the whole world. He is the eternal King who will punish the wicked and reward the righteous (47:2; 96:13; 98:9; John 5:22; Acts 10:42; 17:31; Rev 20:11-15). 9:9,10 In the meantime, before God arises to judge the whole world, He is the refuge for His people (see 7:1,2). He will never forsake the person who sincerely seeks Him, never. Let us encourage ourselves with this truth when our seeking does not seem to bring any results, when our experience tempts us to give in to discouragement and depression, and when our enemy Satan suggests that God, at least for the time, refuses to hear us, or has even forsaken

us. 9:11,12 Such truth causes David to break forth again in praise. The LORD (Jehovah) was enthroned in Zion (Jerusalem). That is where the ark of God was kept and God Himself was enthroned above the cherubim on the ark (Num 7:89; 2 Sam 6:2; Ps 76:2; 80:1). 9:13,14 In the midst of David’s song of joy a dark note creeps in. He is not fully triumphant and knows his enemies will attack again.

“Daughter” – Isa 1:8. 9:15,16 See 7:14-16. The meaning of the Hebrew word “higgaion” is not now known. 9:17,18 Though it was not very clear to believers in Old Testament times how God would reward the righteous and punish the wicked, there was the confidence that He would surely do so.

“Hell” – in Hebrew “Sheol” – note at Gen 37:35. 9:19 Sinful men are at war with justice and they must not be allowed to triumph (Num 10:35). 9:20 Note at 35:8. Men may like to think they are like God, incarnations of God, or a part of God. They very much need to know they are mere creatures, and very sinful creatures at that (14:2,3; Rom 3:9,19,23). 10:1 Apparently this psalm was written

PSALMS 10:2 662

2 The wicked in his pride persecutes the poor. Let them be taken in the schemes they

10 He crouches, and lies low, that the poor may fall by his strength. 11 He has said in his heart, “God has forgotten. He hides his face. He will never see it.” 12 Arise, O LORD! O God, lift up your hand! Do not forget the humble. 13 Why does the wicked spurn God? He has said in his heart, “You will not require an account .” 14 You have seen it; for you look at trouble and sorrow to repay it with your hand. The poor commits himself to you. You are the helper of the fatherless. 15 Break the arm of the wicked and the evil man ! Search out his wickedness until you

have devised. 3 For the wicked boasts of his heart’s desire, and praises the covetous,

whom the LORD abhors. 4 The wicked, in the pride of his countenance, will not seek God. God is not in any of his thoughts. 5 His ways are always prosperous. Your judgments are far above,

out of his sight. As for all his enemies, he snorts at them. 6 He has said in his heart, “I will not be moved; for I will never

be in distress.” 7 His mouth is full of cursing and deceit and oppression. Under his tongue are trouble and evil. 8 He sits in ambush in the villages; in secret places he murders the innocent. In secret his eyes are fixed on the poor. 9 He lies in wait secretly like a lion in his den. He lies in wait to catch the poor. He catches the poor, when he draws him

find none. 16 The LORD is King for ever and ever. The nations have perished from his land. 17 LORD, you have heard the desire of the humble. You will prepare their heart; you will cause your ear to hear, 18 To execute justice for the fatherless and the oppressed, so that the man of

into his net.

the earth may no longer oppress.

when wickedness in the land had the upper hand. Yet God seemed to stand afar off doing nothing about it. This has often perplexed God’s people – why does God not immediately put down wickedness and reward righteousness (73:3-12; Job 9:24; 21:4-34; Hab 1:2-4)? Part of the answer is found in verses like Ps 103:8 and 2 Pet 3:9. If God immediately destroyed all the wicked Saul of Tarsus would never have become Paul the apostle. And what would have happened to us when we were still in our sins? Also we should understand that God in His wisdom often allows men’s wickedness to be revealed to the full before bringing a halt to it (Gen 15:16). 10:2-11 The writer recounts to God the character of wicked people that so much merits God’s judgment. Certain sins are emphasized – pride (vs 2,4,5) and preying on the weak (vs 2,8-10), and words full of boasting and contempt for God and His laws (vs 3-7), and cruelty and murder (vs 8-10). 10:3 See what the fallen heart of man can come to. A bad man can reach the place where he actually takes pride in what he should be deeply ashamed of. Compare Phil 3:19. And do we not see this on every hand? 10:4 “Pride” – see what keeps men from seeking God – they think they are too wise or too strong or too self-sufficient to bother with Him.

bring anyone to the same base manner of life. Speaking generally, the whole human race has no time, no place for the one true God of the universe. Compare 14:1; Ex 5:2; John 1:10,11; etc. 10:5,6 Compare 73:4-12. 10:7-10 5:9; Rom 3:13-18; etc. 10:11 73:11. Such people have enough knowledge of right and wrong that they do not want God to see and know what they are doing – so they persuade themselves that He does not. Their ideas of God are not based on reason or revelation, but on what they want to think. This too is very common among people everywhere. 10:12 “Arise” – God’s people may sometimes be impatient with God’s seeming lack of action (13:1; Hab 1:2,3; etc). God will arise in His own good time – 12:5. 10:13 “You will not require an account” – nothing could be further from the truth than this thought of wicked men. See Rom 14:12; Acts 17:31; Rev 20:11-15. 10:14 He is confident that eventually God will come to the aid of the helpless who commit themselves to Him (vs 16-18). 10:15 See note at 35:8. 10:16 “King” – note at 47:2. 10:18 “Fatherless” – 68:5; 82:1-4; Ex 22:22-24; Deut 10:18; Isa 1:17. Observe here that the wicked are “of the earth.” Their desires, aims, motives, and actions are all concerned with what they can get and enjoy in this world. All their portion is here (17:14). Hereafter they will go into eternal punishment (Matt 25:46). Believers in Christ are “of heaven”, and should live

“Not in any of his thoughts” – this is the real cause of the behavior of the individual described here. And this outlook on life can

663 PSALMS 12:7

To the chief musician,

To the chief musician on sheminith,

a Psalm of David

a Psalm of David

1 Help, LORD, for the godly man ceases, for the faithful fail from

1 In the LORD I put my trust. How can you say to my soul, “Flee like a bird to your mountain? 2 For, look, the wicked bend their bow. They make ready their arrow on the string, so that they can secretly shoot at the

among the children of men. 2 Everyone speaks vanity with his neighbour. They speak with flattering lips

and with a double heart. 3 The LORD will cut off all flattering lips, and the tongue that speaks proud things, 4 that have said, “With our tongue we will prevail. Our lips are our own. Who is lord over us?”

upright in heart.” 3 If the foundations are destroyed, what can the righteous do?

4 The LORD is in his holy temple. The LORD’s throne is in heaven. His eyes see, his eyelids test the

5 “Because of the oppression of the poor, because of the sighing of the needy, I will now arise,” says the LORD, “I will set him in safety from the

children of men. 5 The LORD tests the righteous; but his soul hates the wicked and the

one who loves violence. 6 On the wicked he will rain snares, fire and brimstone,

one who snorts at him.”

6 The words of the LORD are pure words, like silver refined in a furnace of

and a fiery tempest. This will be the portion of their cup. 7 For the righteous LORD loves righteousness. His countenance sees the upright.

earth, purified seven times. 7 You will keep them, O LORD, you will preserve them from this

as if this were so (John 17:14,16; Eph 2:6,7; Phil 3:20; Col 3:1-4). 11:1,2 Once again David speaks of a time of personal danger. At some such times it might be wise to flee. But at other times it is better to take one’s stand and confidently trust in God - 7:1. This is what David now does, in spite of the counsel of others. In times of difficulty the most important question is not, what is safe? but, what is right? what is God’s will? 11:3 When wicked men destroy the just foundations of society what can good men do? They can take their stand for righteousness, knowing full well that God is on their side – vs 4,7. 11:4 Here is David’s confidence in times of difficulty and danger – God knows what is going on, and is ruling all from His holy throne (note at 47:2). There is peace in this for troubled hearts. 11:5 Notes on “tests” at 66:10-12; Gen 22:1. On “hates” see 5:5. 11:6 Gen 19:24,25; 2 Thess 1:7,8; Rev 21:8. 11:7 People of integrity who love justice as God does are the ones who will see His face – 16:11; 17:15; Matt 5:8; Rev 22:4. Do we not have in these words of David a suggestion of the blessed life after death for the righteous? 12 Title: Sheminith was probably a musical term. 12:1,2 Sometimes the servant of God must stand all alone – Gen 7:1; Ex 32:9,10;

1 Kings 18:22; 19:10; Jer 1:17-19; Micah 7:2; 2 Tim 4:16,17. This is very difficult but those who do so will find that in a special way God is their help. 12:3 “Cut off” – see notes at 35:8 and introduction to psalm 109. 12:4 “Who is lord over us?” – this rejection of God’s lordship over them was the source of their ungodly behavior. Those who will not be ruled by God will be ruled by sin and Satan – Luke 19:14; John 8:34; Eph 2:2; 2 Pet 2:10,19. They ignored the Creator and said their lips were their own. In truth nothing is our own. On the basis of creation, we are all God’s possession, creatures He has made for Himself. 12:5 David the poet here speaks as David the prophet. He has been speaking of men to God. Now he speaks to men of God’s promises. God hears the groans of the helpless and He knows the right time to arise for their help – Ex 3:7-10; Luke 18:7. 12:6 What God says, He will do. His word has been tested in the furnace of men’s experience and proved all through the history of mankind – compare 18:30; 19:8,10; 119:140; John 17:17; 2 Tim 3:16. There is no mixture of error in God’s Word. This is in contrast with the words of the people referred to in vs 2-4. 12:7,8 Though the situation appears desperate, meditating on the purity of God’s Word will give confident hope for the future.

PSALMS 12:8 664

when I am shaken. 5 But I have trusted in your mercy. My heart will rejoice in your salvation. 6 I will sing to the LORD, because he has dealt bountifully with me.

generation forever. 8 The wicked walk about on every side, when the vilest men are exalted.

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David

1 How long will you forget me, O LORD?

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David

Forever? How long will you hide your

face from me? 2 How long will I take counsel in my soul, having sorrow in my heart daily? How long will my enemy be exalted over me? 3 Consider and hear me, O LORD my God. Give light to my eyes, so that I do not

1 The fool has said in his heart, There is no God.” They are corrupt, they have done

abominable deeds. There is no one who does good. 2 The LORD looked down from heaven on the children of men to see if there were any

sleep the sleep of death, 4 So that my enemy does not say, “I have prevailed against him,”

who understand and seek God. 3 They have all turned aside, they have all together become corrupt. 13:1 Evidently David wrote this psalm when he was in danger and difficulties and was tempted to discouragement and depression. Compare psalm 42.

and those who trouble me rejoice

were again full of confidence. Trust in God’s grace is a great tonic for troubled hearts. Faith is the victory that overcomes the world (and everything else that is in opposition to God) – 1 John 5:4,5; John 14:1. For victory we must look away from ourselves and our troubles. An attitude of faith can conquer all discouraging, depressing thoughts. 14:1 Evidently this is a very important psalm because it is repeated with only a few changes in psalm 53, and Paul quotes from it in Romans chapter 3. The Hebrew word translated “fool” does not mean an uneducated person or one lacking in mental ability. It means one who is perverse in his thinking, one who because he is morally corrupt will not permit the truth to enter his head. The atheist is like this. He believes something (the non-existence of God) not because there is proof for it, but because there is hostility in his heart toward the God he denies (John 15:18; Rom 1:30; 8:7) – in other words, he allows his base feelings to rule his thoughts (Col 1:21). Atheism strikes a blow at ethics and morality (as someone has said, “If there is no God, I can do as I please”).

“How long” – 6:3; etc. Of course God does not ever forget His people – Isa 49:1416; Heb 6:10. But it seems sometimes to them that He does so – 42:9; 77:9; Lam 5:20. To “hide” the face to them meant rejection, displeasure. Shining of the face meant favor and acceptance – 27:9; 30:7; 69:17; 102:2; Num 6:22-27; Deut 31:17,18; 32:20; Isa 1:15. 13:2 God’s people very often have intense inner struggles. Their thoughts bring them pain and sorrow. They cannot understand why things are happening as they are (see Job 3:1). First they think one thing, and then another. One explanation of events brings relief for a while, and then another explanation intrudes. We might say that often the real battle of believers is with thoughts, and not with outward circumstances or human enemies, and when they win the battle in their own mind and rest in God by faith, they can win everywhere. Compare 2 Cor 10:5. 13:3,4 The thought that the wicked should triumph was unendurable to David. The thought that our greatest foe, Satan, should triumph over us should be unendurable to us. 13:5,6 See what we should do when we are in difficulties, when we wrestle with our thoughts, when we seem to be defeated and are cast down in our minds, when God seems to have forgotten us. David shows the way. He rejoices even when he has sorrow in his heart, he trusts God’s love even when God seems to be at a distance and frowning on him. He remembers God’s goodness to him in the past and will sing to Him because of that. For the time being, at least, David has won the battle in his mind and his thoughts

The atheist reveals his “foolishness” in other ways as well. He believes in the non-existence of God even though it is impossible to prove this, and though there is tremendous evidence against this view. In order to believe his atheism he must ignore all of this evidence, suppress the voice of God speaking in nature and in his conscience, and reject God’s revelation of Himself in the Bible which comes with great internal evidence of its truthfulness. Observe that the fool says inwardly that there is no God. Because of his circumstances, or the society in which he lives, he may not have the courage to deny God outwardly and may even profess to be religious. 14:2,3 See 53:2,3. David turns from

665 PSALMS 15:2

There is no one who does good, no, not one. 4 Are all the evildoers without knowledge? They devour my people like they eat bread,

from captivity, Jacob will rejoice, and Israel will be glad.

and do not call on the LORD. 5 There they are in great fear; for God is among the generation of

A Psalm of David

the righteous. 6 You have shamed the counsel of the poor, because the LORD is his refuge. 7 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion! When the LORD brings back his people

1 LORD, who may abide in your tabernacle? Who may dwell on your holy hill? 2 He who walks uprightly, and works righteousness, and speaks the truth

from his heart.

thoughts of the corrupt nature of the atheist to thoughts of the corruption of human nature in general. Not all men will say there is no God, but because of their sinful nature they live to a large extent as if there were no God. If they really believed in God would they not try to seek Him? Would they not heartily try to do good? Since they do not, they show by their actions that their nature is corrupt and their belief in God for the most part is an empty thing. Paul used these verses to show the sinfulness and guilt of every human being – Rom 3:9-12.

in various manuscripts.

And we should understand that the Hebrew of the Old Testament is an ancient language, and in written form originally had only consonants – no vowels, no punctuation marks, and often no space between words. Many hundreds of years later a group of Jewish scholars added what they thought were the right vowels to the basic consonants. Their work is called the Masoretic Text, and it is the text used in the translation of the Old Testament for hundreds of years. No doubt they did their work remarkably accurately, but there is no reason to think that it was absolutely perfect. And if, here and there, they made mistakes in adding vowels, this can give meanings different from the ones the original writer intended.

Is this description of people too harsh and pessimistic? No. It is what God sees. Notice David’s words in v 2 – “The LORD looked down from heaven.” David could know this only by revelation from God Himself. People in their ignorance and darkness may think they see something very good in or among themselves. But God does not see as man does – 1 Sam 16:7; Luke 16:13. And in this psalm we have God’s view, not man’s. 14:4,5 Those who practice evil have no understanding of the most essential thing in the world for them. The time will come when they will be overwhelmed with dread of God’s anger. Compare Rev 6:15-17. Notes on God’s anger at 90:7-11; Num 25:3; Deut 4:25; John 3:36; Rom 1:18. 14:6,7 In the midst of a corrupt humanity, God, the righteous one, is doing His work, bringing salvation to His chosen ones, justifying them and restoring them to a blessed state.

We are very fortunate to have so ancient a book that on the whole is so remarkably clear as to meaning. We should understand that God fully inspired the original writings of the Bible (see notes at 2 Tim 3:16; 2 Pet 1:21). Though interpretations of those ancient manuscripts are not inspired in the same way as the originals, the translation used in this Study Bible is very accurate. 15:1 This psalm is in great contrast to the previous one. The question naturally arises, if all are corrupt, if no one seeks God or does good (14:2,3), how is it possible to have the kind of character described in this psalm? The answer is that in grace and love God seeks people, forgives them, saves them, changes them, gives them a new nature, and begins the work of sanctifying them (2 Cor 5:17; Eph 2:8-10). In this way God prepares them to live in His presence and enjoy Him forever. Without the work of God in the heart not one human being could live as this psalm describes, or be prepared for His presence. 15:2-5 The character of the righteous man described here is perfectly seen in the Lord Jesus Christ. In union with Him and sharing His righteous nature we can and should live as He lived – Rom 6:3-8; Eph 4:22-24; 1 John 2:3-6. 15:2 All believers in Christ (not just a few exceptional ones) should be blameless in behavior – 1 Cor 1:8; Phil 2:14,15; 2 Pet 3:14. All of us should always speak the

“Brings back. . .from captivity” – the phrase in Hebrew also means “restores the well-being of.”

Note on the Hebrew language: Is it possible that the same Hebrew words can be translated so differently? Yes, it is. See also the note on Prov 19:22. Speaking in general, some words and expressions and phrases in Hebrew can have more than one meaning. Others are obscure and ambiguous, and it is very difficult to come at the exact meaning. Some sentences are very terse and omit words we would put in when using English, and so the meaning is doubtful. In other cases there are sometimes slight variations in the spelling of words

PSALMS 15:3 666

3 He who does not slander with his tongue, and who does no evil to his neighbour, and does not take up a taunt against

2 O my soul, you have said to the LORD, “You are my Lord; my goodness without you is nothing.” 3 But as for the saints who are in the earth, they are the excellent ones in whom is

his neighbour. 4 He in whose eyes a vile person is despised, but who honours those who fear the LORD; who though he takes an oath to his own hurt

all my delight. 4 The sorrows of those who run after another god will be multiplied. Their drink offerings of blood I will not offer, or take up their names on my lips. 5 The LORD is the portion of my inheritance and of my cup. You maintain my lot. 6 The boundary lines have fallen to me in pleasant places. Yes, I have a good inheritance. 7 I will praise the LORD, who has given me counsel.

does not change it; 5 He who does not lend his money for usury, or take a bribe against the innocent. He who behaves like this will never be shaken.

Miktam of David

1 Preserve me, O God, for in you I put my trust.

(Matt 4:1-10; Luke 4:28-30; John 1:14; Heb 2:14,17,18; 4:15). And He needed to be rescued from death (Heb 5:7). Notes on Christ’s humanity at Heb 2:14,17; John 1:14. 16:2 Jesus acknowledged the Father (Jehovah) as His Lord in everything and as the source of everything He was and had – John 4:34; 5:30; 6:38; 8:29; 12:49; 15:10; 17:7; Matt 26:39; Heb 10:5-7. 16:3 Christ loves His believers, here called “saints” or holy ones. He considers them alone the great ones of the earth. He delights in them, not in the worldly wise, the rich, the powerful. In His eyes believers, even those who are poor and uneducated, are the glorious ones of the world. They are His special treasure – Ex 19:5,6; John 17:6; 1 Cor 6:19,20; 1 Pet 2:9. For some of the things the Lord Jesus delights in see 147:11; 149:4; Prov 12:22; 15:8; Isa 66:2; Jer 9:24. 16:4 The more gods a person has the more trouble he will have. If the one true God is not enough for a person many gods will be both not enough and too much for him. The Lord Jesus served His heavenly Father, the Creator of the universe, the one true God (Matt 4:10; John 17:3,4). He abhorred all gods and all idolatry. Those who want to follow Him must do the same. 16:5,6 God the Father was Christ’s portion, His inheritance. His delight was in doing God’s will – John 4:34; 5:30; 6:38; etc. Though it meant much pain and sorrow and a cruel death He was perfectly content with the place and the work the Father had appointed for Him. He completely fulfilled the picture of the Old Testament priests and Levites whose portion was not in the land, but in God alone – Deut 10:9; 18:1,2. They who believe in Him now (the New Testament priests – 1 Pet 2:5,9) should follow Him in this also. The will of God must be their main concern, whether it means plenty or poverty. When they live in the center of God’s will as the Lord Jesus did, they will find great delight in it as He did. 16:7 The Lord Jesus got all His directions as

truth – Eph 4:15,25; Col 3:9,10. The true God is a God of truth (31:5), and demands that we love truth and speak the truth. Those who do not are in great danger – Prov 12:22; 2 Thess 2:10,11; Rev 21:8,27; 22:15. Liars are Satan’s children (John 8:44), and will be punished with Satan. 15:3 Ex 20:16; 23:1; Lev 19:16,18; Matt 7:12; Col 3:8; Jam 4:11,12. 15:4 Evil is a great offense to a holy God and so it will be to holy men as well. See 5:5. A truly righteous person will keep his word no matter what it may cost him. 15:5 “Usury” – see Ex 22:25; Lev 25:35-37. “Bribe” – Ex 23:8; Deut 10:17; 16:19; Prov 15:27; 17:23; Isa 5:22,23.

“Shaken” – or “moved” – 16:8; 55:22; 66:8,9; 112:6; 2 Pet 1:10. These two psalms, 14 and 15, stand side by side. The one reveals what human beings are in themselves, the other reveals what God by His grace can make them. 16 Title: “miktam” – no one now knows the meaning of this word for certain. Some think it comes from the Hebrew word for “sold” or “treasure.” Others think it comes from the word to “hide” or “hidden.” Others think it means merely something written – a poem. Others have made other suggestions. 16:1 This is a very remarkable psalm. David is speaking here once again as a prophet. In truth the Lord Jesus Christ by His Spirit speaks through the mouth of David (1 Pet 1:11; 2 Pet 1:21), and refers to His life on earth and His resurrection from the dead – all this about 1000 years before He came into the world. See Acts 2:25-32; 13:34-37. Though doubtless something of David’s own experience appears here let us look at this psalm in the way it applies to the Lord Jesus. The refuge of the Lord Jesus when He was on earth was God the Father. Though He was the Son of God He laid aside His divine glory and privileges and trusted in God’s power (Phil 2:5-7; Matt 3:16,17). Though He was perfectly holy He needed to be kept from Satan and evil as we all need to be

667 PSALMS 17:8

My inner being also instructs me in the

prayer, that does not come out of

deceitful lips. 2 Let my vindication come from your presence. Let your eyes look at the things that are right. 3 You have tested my heart. You have visited me in the night. You have tried me, and will find nothing. I am determined that my mouth will not

night seasons. 8 I have set the LORD always before me. Because he is at my right hand,

I will not be shaken. 9 Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory rejoices. My flesh also will rest in hope. 10 For you will not leave my soul in the realm of the dead; nor will you let your Holy One see corruption. 11 You will show me the path of life. In your presence is fulness of joy. At your right hand there are pleasures

transgress. 4 Concerning the works of men, by the word of your lips I have kept

myself from the paths of the destroyer. 5 Uphold my steps in your paths, so that my footsteps do not slip. 6 I have called to you, for you will hear me, O God. Bow down your ear to me; hear my words. 7 Show your marvellous loving kindness, O you who save by your right hand those

forevermore.

who put their trust in you from

A prayer of David

those who rise up against them. 8 Keep me as the apple of your eye. Hide me under the shadow of your wings,

1 Hear a righteous cause , O LORD. Be attentive to my cry, give ear to my

psalm we are introduced into the holy of holies of Christ’s mind and heart. We have His thoughts revealed, His inward prayers, motives, faith, and aims. In all of it He is the perfect example to all of us who believe in Him. He showed the way of faith and obedience that leads to glory and eternal joy. See Heb 12:1-3. 17:1,2 Once again David prays in a time of great danger – vs 9,11,12. It is clear too that his enemies had brought unjust charges against him – vs 1,2. So David cried to God for two things – vindication (v 2), and preservation (vs 7,9,13). The event in David’s history that fits this psalm seems to be Saul’s pursuit of him in the desert areas of southern Israel. See 1 Sam 23:24 to 24:22. At that time David was sure of his righteous conduct, and wanted the Lord to judge between him and Saul – 1 Sam 24:11,12,15. 17:3 David does not mean that he is sinless and has no fallen nature (note at 18:23). He means that in the charges his enemies made against him there was no truth at all. He had not sinned against his persecutors either in word or in deed – v 5. There is no spirit of self-righteousness here. David is merely conscious of his integrity (compare Job chapter 31; Acts 23:1; 1 Cor 4:4). 17:4 We can keep ourselves from the ways of the wicked only by God’s Word – 119:9,105. 17:6 David’s conscience was clear. This gave him great confidence in prayer. See 66:18; 1 John 3:21,22. If we live like the wicked we should not expect God to reward us as if we were righteous. 17:7 Here we have a long and precious title given to God. Let us use it when Satan attacks. 17:8,9 “Eye” – Deut 32:10; Prov 7:2; Zech 2:8.

to what He should speak and do from God the Father – John 5:19,20; 12:49; 14:31. By day and by night He got His instructions inwardly through the Holy Spirit of God. 16:8 Here we see the secret of Jesus’ victory in every trouble and trial. His eyes were always on the Father. He knew that God was at His right hand for all the strength and help He needed. So He was never moved from the course His Father had appointed for Him. In all these matters He is the perfect example to all of us. 16:9 The Lord Jesus was a man of sorrows and knew grief – Isa 53:3. In the Gospels we read that He wept but not that He laughed. Yet deep in His heart was a great gladness, a solemn and holy joy – John 15:11; 17:13. This was joy in being the Son of the Father, of having the privilege of doing the Father’s will and glorifying Him on earth.

“My flesh also will rest in hope” – this refers to the confidence He had that He would rise from the dead, as the next verse makes clear. 16:10 “The realm of the dead” – Hebrew “Sheol” – note at Gen 37:35. The New Testament makes sufficient comment on this verse – Acts 2:25-32; 13:34-37. 16:11 Joy was before Jesus when He endured the cross – Heb 12:2. It was the joy of God’s presence, the joy of finishing His work, the joy of bringing believing people to His Father’s house. The path of life which Jesus knew, leads there. He Himself is that way – John 14:6. On earth He put God at His right hand. In heaven God put Him at His right hand, the place of honor – Eph 1:20; Heb 1:3. Those who follow the path of life to God’s presence will have joys that are eternal, unlike the brief fading joys the pleasures of this world may bring. In this

PSALMS 17:9 668

9 From the wicked who oppress me, from my deadly enemies, who surround me. 10 They have closed up their fat hearts. With their mouths they speak proudly. 11 They have now surrounded us in our steps. They have set their eyes bowing down

LORD the words of this song on the day that the LORD delivered him from

the hand of all his enemies, and from

the hand of Saul: And he said,

1 I will love you, O LORD, my strength. 2 The LORD is my rock, and my fortress, and my deliverer; my God, my strength in whom I will trust, my shield, and the horn of my salvation,

to the earth 12 Like a lion that is greedy for its prey, and like a young lion lurking in secret places. 13 Arise, O LORD! Disappoint him! Hurl him down! By your sword deliver my

and my high refuge. 3 I will call to the LORD, who is worthy to be praised; so I will be saved from my enemies. 4 The sorrows of death surrounded me, and the floods of ungodliness made me

soul from the wicked, 14 By your hand from men, O LORD, from men of the world who have their portion

in this life, and whose belly you fill with your

afraid. 5 The sorrows of hell surrounded me; the snares of death confronted me. 6 In my distress I called to the LORD, and cried out to my God. He heard my voice from his temple,

hidden treasure. They are satisfied with children, and leave

the rest of their possessions to their babies. 15 As for me, I will see your face in righteousness; I will be satisfied when I awake with

your likeness.

and my cry came before him,

into his ears. 7 Then the earth shook and trembled; also the foundations of the hills moved

and were shaken, because he was

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David, the servant of the LORD, who spoke to the

angry.

“Wings” – 36:7; 57:1; 61:4; 63:7; 91:4; Ruth 2:12; Matt 23:37; Luke 13:34. 17:12 See 1 Pet 5:8. 17:13 Note at Ps 35:8. 17:14 “Men of the world” – see 10:18. However much they enjoy life here they must leave it all and go into eternity without hope, without God. 17:15 David contrasts his enemies with himself – they are wicked, he is righteous; they see their prosperity, he will see God’s face; they are satisfied with things of this world, he will be satisfied when he rises to experience God’s likeness. Compare Matt 5:8; Rom 8:29; 1 John 3:2,3; Rev 22:4. “When I awake” – David is referring to awakening from the sleep of death. The hope expressed here could not be realized in any way other than resurrection from the dead. We know from 16:9,10 that he had some idea of the resurrection of the body. Though God had revealed very little about the resurrection in Old Testament days He did reveal something (see also Job 19:2327; Isa 26:19; Dan 12:2). 18:1 This psalm is found with a few changes in 2 Samuel chapter 22. This is the song of the victorious warrior. His battles have been as “the servant of the LORD” (Title), and he gives all the glory to the Lord alone for the victories. Now the battles of believers are spiritual battles. We must fight against sin, and the flesh in us, and Satan and his hordes without – 1 Cor 9:26; Eph 6:11,12; Col 3:5; 1 Tim 6:12. We are to be good

soldiers of Jesus Christ – 2 Tim 2:3. David loved the Lord (the Hebrew word means the love between parents and children, the love that moves the heart to overflowing affection). Blessed is the man who loves God. Everything will turn out for his good – Rom 8:28. It will prove to be the secret of his victory. God Himself was David’s strength for the fight – 21:1; 46:1; 68:28; 84:5; Ex 15:2; Isa 12:2; 40:31; 1 Chron 16:11. 18:2 “Rock” – Deut 32:4. In vs 1,2 David uses eight different terms to express the completeness of the strength, power, and protection he found in God. The terms all are associated with battle, and attacks, and need of safety. Whatever his dangers, trials, and fears, he found that he was absolutely secure (compare John 10:28, 29; Rom 8:35-39; 1 Pet 1:5; Jude 1). 18:3 This was the continual experience of his whole life. It can and should be ours also – 1 Cor 10:13; 2 Tim 4:18; 2 Pet 2:9. 18:4-6 David remembers times of extreme danger and distress, but he knew what to do. Cannot we see Christ in these verses? See Acts 2:24 and Heb 5:7. 18:5 “Hell” – in Hebrew “Sheol” – note at Gen 37:35. 18:7 From here to v 19 we see God’s answer to David’s cry. How powerful is the prayer of a righteous person! – Jam 5:16; Luke 18:1-8. The prayer of a single believer is sometimes followed by marvelous results. It is not recorded in David’s history that God ever came in an earthquake or storm to

669 PSALMS 18:26

8 A smoke went up out of his nostrils, and devouring fire out of his mouth. Coals were kindled by it. 9 He bowed the heavens also, and came down, and darkness was under

17 He delivered me from my strong enemy, and from those who hated me; for they were too strong for me. 18 They confronted me in the day of my calamity; but the LORD was my support. 19 He also brought me out into a broad place; he delivered me, because he delighted in me. 20 The LORD rewarded me according to my righteousness; according to the cleanness of my hands

his feet. 10 And he rode on a cherub and flew; yes, he flew on the wings of the wind. 11 He made darkness his secret place. His canopy around him was dark waters

and thick clouds of the skies. 12 From the brightness that was before him his thick clouds passed with

he has repaid me. 21 For I have kept the ways of the LORD, and have not wickedly departed from my God. 22 For all his judgments were before me, and I did not put away his statutes from me. 23 I was also upright before him, and I kept myself from my sin. 24 Therefore the LORD has repaid me according to my righteousness, according to the cleanness of my hands

hailstones and coals of fire. 13 The LORD also thundered in the heavens, and the Most High uttered his voice,

hailstones and coals of fire. 14 He sent out his arrows and scattered them, and he shot out lightning flashes and

routed them. 15 Then the channels of waters were seen, and the foundations of the world

in his sight. 25 With the merciful you will show yourself merciful; with an upright man you will show

were uncovered at your rebuke, O LORD, at the blast of breath from

your nostrils. 16 He stretched down from above, he took hold of me, he drew me out of

yourself upright; 26 With the pure you will show yourself pure; and with the twisters you will show

many waters.

yourself able to twist.

deliver him but it could have happened at one time or another – or possibly David is using very poetic language to describe another kind of deliverance. 18:8 A picture of great wrath. God is angry when wicked men persecute His people – 1 Thess 2:6,7. 18:9 Man’s need and true prayer bring God down. 18:10 “Cherub” – Gen 3:24; Ex 25:18-20. 18:11-15 God is pictured as arriving in the storm. The dark clouds are His clothing, the thunder is His voice, lightening flashes are His arrows, the wind is His breath. The language is poetical, full of beautiful metaphors. Writers of the Bible never worshiped the forces of nature or called them gods. They saw the one true God behind them. 18:13 “Coals of fire” – or the meaning could be “bolts of lightning.” 18:16,17 David was drowning, as it were, in troubles and dangers, and God drew him out of them. Observe that his enemies were too strong for him. Yes, but not too strong for the Lord. 18:18 Disaster almost overwhelmed him but he had someone to lean on (this is the meaning of the Hebrew verb). 18:19 See 31:8; 118:5. David begins to set forth the reason why God came and wonderfully rescued him. God was well pleased with both his character and actions. He was a man after God’s own heart – see the note at 1 Sam 13:14; Acts 13:22. If we want to be delivered when trouble comes we should

try to live lives pleasing to God. The perfect fulfillment of this verse, of course, is in the Lord Jesus (Matt 3:17; Heb 5:7). 18:20-24 This is not self-righteousness, but a simple setting forth of the facts by the inspiration of God’s Spirit (see 17:3). 18:23 David was well aware of his sinful nature and his besetting temptations. Indeed, no one in the Bible speaks of his sin more than David – 25:7,11,18; 31:10; 32:5; 38:3,4,18; 39:8; 40:12; 41:4; 51:3,5; 69:5; 103:10,12. But even in that matter where he was most prone to sin he kept himself by the grace of God. He knew that he hated his sins, mourned over them, forsook them, was cleansed from them and forgiven. He knew that he loved God and righteousness and that he sought to keep from sin and to live an upright life. 18:25,26 Here is one very important principle of God’s dealings with people. In some measure at least He acts toward them as they act toward Him and others – 62:12; Lev 26:3-5,23,24,27,28; Prov 3:34; Matt 5:7; 6:14,15; Rom 2:5,6. This is a principle of perfect justice. It is in accordance with the law God gave. Does God, then, change His character when he deals with different kinds of people? No, He merely reveals that side of His character which suits the person and the case. He will see that the faithful, blameless, and pure will thus learn in experience more of God’s faithfulness, blamelessness, and purity. But the wicked and deceitful will learn that God

PSALMS 18:27 670

27 For you will save lowly people; but will bring down haughty looks. 28 For you will make my lamp give light; the LORD my God will enlighten my darkness. 29 For by you I have run through a troop, and by my God I have leaped over a wall. 30 As for God, his way is perfect. The word of the Lord is tested and proven. He is a shield to all those who trust in him. 31 For who is God except the LORD? Or who is a rock except our God? 32 It is God who arms me with strength, and makes my way perfect. 33 He makes my feet like deer’s feet, and sets me on my high places. 34 He teaches my hands to war, so that my arms can bend a bow of bronze. 35 You have also given me the shield of your salvation, and your right hand has held me up, and your gentleness has made me great. 36 You have enlarged my path under me, so that my feet did not slip. 37 I have pursued my enemies and overtaken them. I did not turn back until they were consumed. 38 I have wounded them so that they were not able to rise. They are fallen under my feet. 39 For you have armed me with strength to the battle. You have subdued under me those who

40 You have also given me the necks of my enemies, so that I might destroy

those who hate me. 41 They cried out, but there was no one to save them ; to the LORD,

but he did not answer them. 42 Then I beat them as fine as the dust before the wind. I hurled them out like dirt in the streets.

43 You have delivered me from the strivings of the people; and you have made me the head of the

nations. A people whom I have not known will serve me. 44 As soon as they hear of me, they obey me; the foreigners submit themselves to me. 45 The foreigners fade away, and frightened come from their strongholds.

46 The LORD lives! Blessed be my rock! Let the God of my salvation be exalted! 47 It is God who avenges me, and subdues the peoples under me. 48 He delivers me from my enemies, and you lift me up above those

who rise up against me. You have delivered me from the violent man. 49 Therefore I will give thanks to you, O LORD, among the nations,

and sing praises to your name. 50 He gives great deliverance to his king, and shows mercy to his anointed,

to David, and to his offspring forever.

rose up against me.

can outwit them and make their own crookedness to work against them – 5:10; 7:16; 9:16; 1 Cor 3:19. “Twisters” – this is probably as close to the meaning of the Hebrew word as any other. It indicates those who try to twist everything for their own ends, pervert God’s truth, and make their ways corrupt and dishonest – Deut 32:5; Prov 2:15; 10:9; 17:20; Isa 59:8; Gal 1:7; 2 Peter 3:16. God knows how to deal justly with such and make their twisting efforts twist them up – 7:15,16; Gal 6:7. 18:27 An example of God’s just dealings (compare Jam 4:6; 1 Pet 5:5). 18:28 “Lamp” – 132:17; 1 Kings 15:4. “Enlighten” – 27:1; 112:4; Isa 50:10; Micah 7:8; John 8:12. 18:30 Deut 32:4; Zeph 3:5. God knows how to deal with every individual and with the world as a whole. He never makes a mistake, never acts unjustly, never fails to do what he should do. Sinful men, not understanding this, blame Him for all sorts of things which happen on earth. See note on 47:2. On His Word see Ps 12:6; Prov 30:5. 18:31 The LORD (Jehovah), the God of Israel, the Creator of the universe is the one true God, and there is no other – Isa

44:6,8,24; 45:5,18. “Rock” – Deut 32:4. 18:32 In Hebrew the word “perfect” here is the same word used of God above. David does not say that God had made him perfect – only his way. God perfectly equipped him for the fight he had to face, the work he had to do. He made him honest and upright in his behavior. This is what God wants for us all (Deut 18:13; Ps 101:2,6). 18:33-36 All his abilities and powers and successes he attributes to God’s grace alone. 18:35 God’s gentleness is what makes truly great, not man’s restless striving after position and power. 18:37-42 References from the history of David – 1 Sam 30:16-19; 2 Sam 5:610,17-25; 8:1-14; 10:17-19. 18:43-45 Other references from history – 2 Sam 8:2,6,11,12,14; 10:19; 1 Chron 18:1-13. 18:46-50 David would never think of attributing to himself the success and victories he gained. From first to last it was all of God. So shall it be with us if we get the victory over the world, the flesh, and the devil (Rom 8:37; 2 Cor 1:21; 2:14; 3:5). 18:50 Here David remembers the covenant God made with him about this (89:3,4; 1 Chron

671 PSALMS 19:11

and its circuit to the other ends of it, and there is nothing hidden from its heat. 7 The law of the LORD is perfect, converting the soul. The testimony of the LORD is sure,

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David

1 The heavens declare the glory of God; and the expanse shows his handiwork. 2 Day by day they pour forth speech, and night by night show forth knowledge. 3 There is no speech or language where their voice is not heard. 4 Their boundary line has gone out through all the earth, and their words to the end of the world. In them he has set a tent for the sun, 5 Which is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and like a strong man rejoicing to run a race. 6 Its rising is from one end of heaven,

making wise the simple. 8 The statutes of the LORD are right, giving joy to the heart. The commandment of the LORD is pure,

enlightening the eyes. 9 The fear of the LORD is clean, enduring forever. The judgments of the LORD are

altogether true and righteous. 10 They are more desirable than gold, yes, than much fine gold. They are sweeter also than honey and the

honeycomb. 11 Moreover by them your servant is warned, 17:7-14). He expresses his confidence that God would keep this covenant. This verse finds its perfect fulfillment in David’s descendant, Jesus Christ the Lord (Matt 1:1; Rom 1:3). In fact, thinking of spiritual warfare and victory the enlightened believer can see Christ all through this psalm. Christ is much in the psalms as He is everywhere in the Old Testament (see Luke 24:25-27,44). 19:1 This psalm speaks of two witnesses for God – creation (vs 1-6), and the teaching God has revealed (vs 7-11). It closes with the desire to be free from sin and to be pleasing to the Creator.

proper object of worship. 19:7 “Law” – the Hebrew word also means “instruction”, “teaching.” The teaching or the law God has given in His Word also reveals His glory. David is doubtless referring to the books of Moses, which made up nearly all the written Word of God then available. Believers now have the rest of the Bible, a much fuller revelation of God’s wisdom, love, power, and glory. The revelation God has given is perfect – there is no flaw of any kind in it (12:6; 18:30; Matt 5:17,18). It has wonderful power to change the human heart (119:25,107; John 15:3; Jam 1:21; 1 Pet 1:23). We may be sure that what God has revealed is trustworthy – Ps 93:5; 111:7. A simple person who knows, believes, and loves the Word of God will be far wiser than those highly educated and intelligent persons who do not do so (111:10; 119:99; Prov 1:7). This is because the Word of God will teach him the fear of the Lord. 19:8 Two more results of the Word of God received – joy (119:111; Jer 15:16; John 17:13; 1 Thess 1:6; 1 John 1:4), and light (119:105,130; Prov 6:23; 2 Cor 4:4; 2 Pet 1:19). 19:9 Notes on “fear of the Lord” at 34:1114; 111:10; Job 28:28; Prov 1:7; Gen 20:11. The fear of the Lord has a permanent effect for good in a person’s life. One of the glories of God’s teachings in the Bible is that they are altogether holy, just, and good (Rom 7:12). 19:10 If men would go after the wonderful truths of the Word of God as they pursue wealth how blessed they would be and how different the whole world would be! (119:72,127; Prov 8:10,11,19). The Word of God is very sweet to the spiritual man (119:103; Prov 24:13,14). If it is not so with us it is because we are still carnal and sin is powerful in us. 19:11 As long as we are in this world we will continue to need warnings from God

“Expanse” – see Gen 1:6-8. 19:2 Creation testifies to God’s being and glory. Compare Rom 1:19,20. Christ Himself pointed to nature as teaching God’s wisdom, glory, and care – Matt 6:26-30; 10:29. So it is in vain for any philosopher or scientist to deny it. Those who do so only show their own spiritual blindness or prejudice. 19:3,4 The heavens, the sun, moon, and stars do not speak words, but their silent testimony is universal and very powerful. It reaches every nation, tribe, and village on earth. These created objects are saying, “There is a Creator, a God of infinite power and glory.” This testimony goes everywhere, including places where no human preacher has ever gone.

“Line” – translations of the Hebrew into Greek (the Septuagint), Latin, and Syriac have “voice” here (perhaps indicating that in those far-off days the Hebrew word also conveyed that meaning). Whether we keep “line” or opt for “voice” the teaching seems to be the same – namely, there is no place that the testimony of the heavens does not reach. 19:4-6 The sun is singled out as the brightest object in the sky that declares the glory of God. Men at different times and places have worshiped the sun as God. The writers of the Bible, inspired by God’s Spirit, knew better. The sun is simply an object made by God (Gen 1:1,16), and points to God as the

PSALMS 19:12 672

The name of the God of Jacob defend you; 2 Send you help from the sanctuary, and strengthen you out of Zion, 3 Remember all your offerings, and accept your burnt sacrifice. Selah 4 May he grant you according to the desire of your heart, and fulfil all your purpose. 5 We will rejoice in your salvation, and in the name of our God we will set

and in keeping them there is great reward. 12 Who can discern his errors? Cleanse me from secret faults. 13 Keep back your servant also from presumptuous sins. Let them not have dominion over me. Then I will be blameless, and I will be

innocent from great transgression. 14 May the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in your sight, O LORD,

up our banners. May the LORD fulfil all your petitions. 6 Now I know that the LORD saves his anointed. He will hear him from his holy heaven

my strength and my redeemer.

with the saving strength of his right hand. 7 Some trust in chariots, and some in horses; but we will remember the name of the

LORD our God. 8 They are brought down and fallen, but we have risen and stand upright.

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David

1 The LORD hear you in the day of trouble.

(2 Chron 19:10; Ezek 3:18-21; Acts 20:31; 1 Cor 4:14; Col 1:28; 1 Thess 5:14; Heb 11:7). On “reward” see 17:4; 25:10; 119:9; Josh 1:7,8; Isa 66:2; John 17:17; Jam 1:21; 1 Pet 2:2. Spiritual prosperity and success, safety, God’s loving favor, purity of life, God’s esteem, increasing sanctification, spiritual growth – these are some of the “rewards” of obedience to God’s Word. Besides there will be the eternal rewards to be enjoyed in heaven (Rev 22:12). 19:12 See 90:8; 139:23,24; Lev 4:1,2 (note). No doubt we all may commit acts which in our eyes may not be errors or sins but will be such in the eyes of God (Jer 17:9,10). 19:13 See note at Num 15:30,31. Willful or presumptuous sins are extremely dangerous. Any sin will try to get the upper hand and rule over us. See Gen 4:7; John 8:34. But believers now have the promise of Rom 6:14.

Name indicates character and attributes, all that God is. In a world like this of fallen men and unseen evil spirits protection is one of the principal needs of believers, and protection is to be had no place except in the God of Jacob.

“God of Jacob” – see note at 146:5. 20:2 “Sanctuary” – then God dwelt among His people in the sanctuary of the earthly temple in Jerusalem. Now He dwells in the living temple, the true church – Eph 2:21,22. In either case God is always Immanuel – the God who is near. 20:3 There are still offerings and sacrifices God’s people want Him to keep in mind – Rom 12:1,2; Heb 13:15,16. 20:4 “Desire of your heart” – 21:2; 37:4. This assumes that the heart’s desire is in accordance with God’s will. If our desires are contrary to His will it would actually harm us if He were to give us what we desire.

“Great transgression” – sins of lesser seriousness, if they gain the mastery over us, may lead on to more serious sins. Cain did not master his anger and so later killed his brother. David did not master his lust and so became guilty of adultery and murder (2 Samuel chapter 11). Judas did not master his love of money and ended up as Christ’s betrayer, and a suicide. There are many other examples both in the Bible and out of it. 19:14 “Words” – 39:1-3; Matt 12:36; Jam 3:1,2. The writers of the Bible, inspired by the Holy Spirit, knew the great importance of words.

“Purpose” – Prov 16:3. If our plans are the same as His plans for us (as they should and can be), they will succeed. If they are not His plans, they should not succeed (though sometimes they may actually seem to succeed). 20:5 “Banners” – compare Ex 17:15. Only Jehovah-Nissi could give the kind of victory needed then or now – Rom 8:37; 1 Cor 15:57; 2 Cor 2:14. “Petitions” – 1 John 5:14,15. 20:6 Here is a shift from the plural to the singular pronoun. Perhaps a priest or Levite or the chief musician was to sing these words. It would be no mistake to believe that the “anointed” here refers to the Lord Jesus Christ. The king of Israel was a type, a picture of Him who was born king of the Jews (Matt 1:1; 2:2-6). 20:7-9 Again the plural pronoun is used as the people express their confidence and joy in God. 20:7 See 33:16-18; 1 Sam 17:45; Deut 20:2-4. 20:8 What a person trusts in will determine

“Heart” – they also knew the great importance of inner thoughts and ideas (Prov 4:23; etc). On “meditation” see 1:2; 104:34; 119:99,148; Josh 1:8; 1 Tim 4:15. Note on “Redeemer” at 78:35. 20:1 It seems that this psalm was written as a prayer for the king facing a battle. It was for the chief musician – that is, to be sung publicly. The first five verses express the desire of the people for the king’s welfare. But they are fitting words to express the needs of every child of God.

“Name . . . defend you” – see Prov 18:10.

673 PSALMS 22:1

9 Save, LORD! May the king hear us when we call.

he will not be shaken. 8 Your hand will find all your enemies; your right hand shall find those who hate you. 9 You will make them like a fiery furnace in the time of your anger. The LORD will swallow them up in his wrath, and the fire will devour them. 10 You will destroy their fruit from the earth, and their seed from among

To the chief musician, a psalm of David

1 The king will have joy in your strength, O LORD, and in your salvation how

the children of men. 11 For they intended evil against you. They devised a wicked plot,

greatly he will rejoice! 2 You have given him his heart’s desire, and have not withheld the request

which they are not able to carry out. 12 Therefore you will make them turn their back, when you make your arrows ready on

of his lips. Selah 3 For you met him with the blessings of goodness. You set a crown of pure gold on his head. 4 He asked life from you, and you gave it to him, length of days forever and ever. 5 His glory is great in your salvation. You have placed on him honour and majesty. 6 For you have made him most blessed forever. You have made him exceedingly glad

your string, aimed at their faces. 13 Be exalted, O LORD, in your own strength! We will sing and praise your power.

To the chief musician on Ayeleth shahar,

a Psalm of David

with your presence. 7 For the king trusts in the LORD, and through the mercy of the Most High

1 My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from helping me,

in large measure the experiences and results for good or evil in his life (32:10; 34:8; Prov 11:28; 28:26; Isa 31:1-3; 42:17; 47:10,11; Jer 7:4,8,14,15; 13:24,25; 17:5,7; Ezek 33:13; Hos 10:13; Acts 16:31). 20:9 Here is a recognition that Jehovah is the true, the eternal king.

12:2; Rev 3:21; 5:12; 19:16. 21:6 Whatever eternal blessings we may eventually experience they have all been gained for us by the Lord Jesus. 16:11 also speaks of the joy of God’s presence. 21:7 Faith is the hand that receives God’s gifts and the victory that overcomes the world – Mark 10:52; Luke 7:50; Acts 3:16; 15:9; 26:18; Rom 3:22,25; 4:16; 5:1,2; Eph 2:8; 3:17; Heb 6:12; 11:6,33; Jam 1:5-7; 1 John 5:4. 21:8 Heb 10:31. It is a fearful and terrible thing to be an enemy of the Lord Jesus Christ. 21:9 See 2:12; 2 Thess 1:6-8; Rev 14:10; 19:11-16. Note at Num 25:3. 21:10 See 37:28. When Christ returns He will purge the earth of all who practice evil. 21:11 Note at 2:2,4-6. 21:12 See 7:12,13; 45:5. 21:13 So let us sing our thanks to the Lord Jesus, the incarnation of Jehovah, for the victories He has accomplished for us by His might (Eph 5:19,20; Col 3:16,17). 22 Title: Ayeleth shahar probably indicated the tune to be used when singing this song. It means “Doe of the Morning.” 22:1 Like Psalm 16 this is a very wonderful and profound psalm. Here we have a prophetic picture of the Lord Jesus Christ on the cross (vs 1-21), and after His resurrection (vs 22-31). There are quotations from, or references to, this psalm in Matt 27:39,43,46, John 19:23,24 and Heb 2:12. Christ’s crucifixion is described in v 16, His thirst in v 15 (John 19:28). The whole psalm may have been in the thoughts of the Lord Jesus when He hung on the cross.

“Hear us” – people who pray in spirit and in truth want answers to their prayers. They are not content to pray merely for the sake of form. 21:1 Like the preceding psalm this one too was meant for singing in public worship. It is a song of joy and praise because of answered prayer. David speaks of himself in the third person because a choir or congregation would be singing these words. The psalm refers to David, but remember to look for Christ in the Psalms. Here Jesus the King surely appears, victorious, joyful, glorified, crowned, living forever. 21:3 This may refer to events in 2 Samuel (see 2 Sam 2:4; 5:3; 12:30). In a prophetic sense it refers to the Lord Jesus crowned with glory and honor (Heb 2:9). 21:4 Eternal life is not a common theme of the Old Testament as it is of the New. But the beginning of the revelation of this truth was there (16:11; 23:6; 61:6; 133:3; etc.). This verse doubtless finds its most perfect fulfillment in the Lord Jesus (Heb 5:7; Rev 1:18). 21:5 By God’s grace David became a very powerful and honored king. But much greater than his victories were those of King Jesus over Satan, sin, death, and the gates of hell. And His glory and honor are far greater – John 17:1,5; Acts 2:32-36; 3:13; Eph 1:20-23; Phil 2:9-11; Heb

PSALMS 22:2 674

and from the words of my groaning? 2 O my God, I cry out in the daytime, but you do not hear; and in the night season, and am not silent. 3 But you are holy, you who inhabit the praises of Israel. 4 Our fathers trusted in you; they trusted, and you delivered them. 5 They cried out to you, and were delivered. They trusted in you, and were not put to shame. 6 But I am a worm, and no man; a reproach of men, and despised by the people. 7 All those who see me laugh me to scorn. They shoot out the lip;

the womb. You caused me to hope when I was on my

mother’s breasts. 10 I was cast on you from birth. You are my God from my mother’s womb. 11 Be not far from me, for trouble is near; for there is no one to help. 12 Many bulls have surrounded me. Strong bulls of Bashan have encircled me. 13 They opened wide their mouths at me, like a ravenous and roaring lion. 14 I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint. My heart is like wax; it is melted in

the midst of my bowels. 15 My strength is dried up like a broken piece of pottery, and my tongue cleaves to my jaws. And you have brought me to the dust of death. 16 For dogs have surrounded me; the assembly of the wicked have encircled me.

they shake the head, saying , 8 “He trusted in the LORD that he would deliver him! Let him deliver him, since he delights in him!” 9 But you are the one who took me out of

David here is speaking as a prophet by the Spirit of God. There is no event in his history that corresponds to the experience described in this psalm, though some of the language would have been suitable to describe various trials he went through.

gives evidence of the truth of these words. 22:6 Here the Lord Jesus in complete self-abasement says He is less than those forefathers whose prayers God heard, less than any man. The great “I am” declares “I am a worm” – someone to be crushed under foot by scornful men. Hardly anything is weaker, uglier, less regarded by men than a worm. See how men regarded Him – Isa 53:3; Mark 10:33,34. Did not Jesus say He was a worm because He was a substitute for sinners and identified Himself with the least, worst, and weakest of all? because He was in the sinner’s place enduring God’s wrath against sin? because He was made sin for us (2 Cor 5:21)? 22:7 Matt 27:39; Mark 15:29; Luke 23:35. 22:8 Matt 27:43,44. 22:9,10 In a special way God looked after the birth of His Son into the world. From His earliest memories as a human being on earth the Lord Jesus was conscious of His trust in God as His Father. 22:11 Now in His time of supreme danger He calls on the God He has always trusted in. For He is utterly alone wrestling with all the forces of evil and darkness. 22:12-18 Here Christ’s experiences on the cross, His very thoughts are given to us. His enemies surrounding Him seemed like fat, raging bulls (v 12), roaring lions (v 13), and fierce wild dogs (v 16). He is in the hands of brutal torturers who have no compassion whatever for Him. 22:14 This indicates a feeling of complete inner sickness and weakness, and outer agony. His body was suspended from the nails in His hands, the muscles and ligaments stretched more and more, the bones slipping from their sockets. 22:15 “Dried up” – John 19:28. “You” means God the Father. The Lord Jesus is conscious all the while that this is God’s appointment for Him (John 18:11). On “dust” see 90:3; Gen 3:19. 22:16 He was pierced at the crucifixion, iron

“Forsaken me” – being forsaken by God (Matt 27:46) was the most terrible of the sufferings the Lord Jesus endured for us – far worse than the crown of thorns, the nails, or the scorn and hatred of men. Being forsaken by God is like hell itself – 2 Thess 1:8,9. Of course, before He faced this experience the Lord Jesus knew it would be a terrible thing to be a substitute for sinners, to bear the sins of the whole world – Isa 53:5,6; John 1:29; 2 Cor 5:21. But He could not have known in advance this utter spiritual desolation. It had to be experienced to be known. And when it was experienced it could only call forth groans and the word “why” from a heart wounded and sorrowful beyond endurance. Remember this – it is we who deserved to be there suffering, not He (1 Pet 3:18). 22:2 Jesus once said that God the Father always heard Him, and it was surely true (John 11:41,42). On the cross Jesus cried to Him and the Father remained silent and withdrawn for the first time. For Jesus was enduring the punishment that sinners deserve. Still the suffering Saviour calls the Father “my” God. There is no break in His love and loyalty, no drawing back from the Father’s will. 22:3 He did not accuse God of injustice. He held to the immovable rock of the truth about God – God can commit no wrong, either in what He does, or in what He permits. And God is enthroned, still in charge of events even in that blackest of hours.

“Praises of Israel” – this verse could be translated “Yet you are holy, enthroned on the praises of Israel”, or “Yet you are enthroned as the Holy One; you are the praises of Israel.” See note at 14:7. 22:4,5 The whole history of the nation Israel

675 PSALMS 22:29

They pierced my hands and my feet. 17 I can count all my bones; they look and stare at me. 18 They divide my garments among them, and cast lots for my clothing.

nor has he hidden his face from him; but when he cried out to him, he listened.

25 My praise will be of you in the great congregation. I will pay my vows before those who fear him. 26 The meek will eat and be satisfied. Those who seek the LORD will praise him; your heart will live forever.

19 But you, O LORD, be not far from me. O my strength, come quickly to help me. 20 Deliver my soul from the sword, my precious life from the power of the dog. 21 Save me from the lion’s mouth; for you have heard me from the horns of the wild oxen.

27 All the ends of the earth will remember and turn to the LORD, and all the families of the nations

22 I will declare your name to my brethren. In the midst of the congregation I will

will worship before you. 28 For the kingdom is the LORD’s, and he is the ruler over the nations. 29 All those who are prosperous on earth will eat and worship; all those who go down to the dust will

praise you. 23 You who fear the LORD, praise him! All you offspring of Jacob, glorify him! And fear him, all you offspring of Israel! 24 For he has not despised nor abhorred the afflictions of the afflicted one,

bow before him, and no one can keep his own soul alive.

spikes being driven through His hands and feet into the wood of the cross. 22:17,18 John 19:23,24. Jesus was publicly stripped and became a spectacle to the hostile crowd. Stripping indicates utter defeat and humiliation. In ancient times conquerors sometimes stripped their defeated enemies and led them away naked in chains. So it seemed at the cross that Christ’s enemies had completely triumphed over Him. 22:19 God the Father was the strength of Christ – John 5:19,30. 22:20 “Sword” – Zech 13:7; Matt 26:31. On this prayer for deliverance see Heb 5:7. 22:21 “Lion” – compare 1 Pet 5:6. “Wild oxen” – stretched on the cross it was as though He were impaled on the horns of a wild buffalo. 22:22 With this verse there is a sudden change. He knows His prayers have been answered. He has fought the good fight of faith and won. (For assurance of faith see also 6:9; 28:6; 31:22.) He immediately thinks of those for whom He is dying and calls them brothers. Believers would hardly dare to call the Lord from heaven their brother, but He calls them so. This verse is quoted in Heb 2:12. It indicates His confidence that God would raise Him from the dead. In fact the remainder of this psalm speaks of events that took place only after the Lord Jesus was raised from the dead. “Name” signifies character and attributes. On “declare” see John 17:26. 22:23 The fear of God is a very important theme in the Bible, a very necessary attitude for men (notes at 34:11-14; Gen 20:11; Prov 1:7). Jesus Himself was heard because He feared God (Heb 5:7). Here He commands this reverence to others. In the individual, and in the congregation it is the most basic and essential thing if the praise of God is to be heartfelt and genuine. Jesus lived His whole life and died on the cross for

the glory of God. Here He commands us to glorify God. He never tells us to do what He would not do Himself. He Himself was the perfect example of all that He taught. 22:24 A great cause for praising and glorifying God! God, far from despising the sufferings of His Son, accepted them as the punishment due to the sins of believers and then released Him from them. The hiding of God’s face was only temporary. He heard Jesus when He cried out of the depths. 22:25 The Lord Jesus, though not present bodily in a congregation on earth, is present through His Spirit in the meetings of believers (Matt 18:20). His praise mingles with theirs and rise to the throne of God. In the great congregation in heaven (Heb 12:2224) His praises will be heard. What vows did Christ make? The new covenant God made with men is full of promises of good things. Jesus is the meditator of this covenant. Also He was a servant of God to confirm the promises made to the fathers (Rom 15:8). As the Son of God and Saviour of men all such promises are His promises and He will infallibly fulfill them. 22:26 “Eat and be satisfied” – Jesus is the bread from heaven. Only the meek and humble will come to Him and find satisfaction (the proud will not find satisfaction in anything). Jesus has opened up a new and living way into God’s presence – Heb 10:19,20. All that truly seek God through Christ will end by praising God and living forever. 22:27 This is the result of the work accomplished by the Lord Jesus on the cross – 2:8; 86:9; Matt 28:19; Rev 7:9,10. 22:28 See 47:2,7,8; Matt 28:18. What God has determined to do He has the power and authority to do, and He will do it. 22:29 In the Lord Jesus there is food enough for all, and even the rich and powerful may partake if they humble themselves. Eventually every knee will bow to Him – Isa

PSALMS 22:30 676

2 He makes me lie down in green pastures. He leads me beside the still waters. 3 He restores my soul. He leads me in the paths of

30 A posterity will serve him; it will be counted to the Lord as a generation. 31 They will come and declare his righteousness to a people who will be born, that he has

righteousness for his name’s sake. 4 Yes, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for you are with me. Your rod and your staff, they comfort me. 5 You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies. You anoint my head with oil. My cup runs over.

done this.

A Psalm of David

1 The LORD is my shepherd; I will not be in want.

45:22-24; 49:7; Phil 2:10. 22:30 We who believe and serve Him now are proof of the truth of this prophecy. And His worship and praise shall never end. 22:31 The great themes of God’s people throughout all generations will be God’s righteousness, His way of making men righteous, and the finished work of Christ on the cross. In this psalm we see that Christ was forsaken by God that believers might never be forsaken. He was laid in the dust of death that we might be raised from the dust and never die. He was in the lion’s mouth that we might be eternally delivered. But if we reject Him then a forsaken condition, death, and the lion’s mouth will be our eternal portion. 23:1 Here the LORD (Jehovah) is said to be the shepherd of His people. In John 10:11 the Lord Jesus is the good shepherd. This is evidence that Jesus is the incarnation of Jehovah. See also 24:7-10; 96:10-13; Isa 6:1; Zech 12:10; Gen 16:7; Ex 3:14. Note at Luke 2:11. David views himself as a sheep. All of Christ’s believers are His sheep, His purchased and personal possession. They are sheep, not by nature, but because of the work of God in their hearts (Eph 2:3-10). They hear Christ’s voice, trust in Him, and follow Him (John 10:25-27).

tempted to faint. At such times the Shepherd draws near and restores and refreshes the soul. He leads only in the paths of righteousness, never in crooked ways, never in the broad way of deception, ungodliness, and sin. If you have gone in a bad way, a way that involved you in lies, or breaking the law, or in unjust behavior, do not boast that the good Shepherd has led you there. This He will never do. His name and the glory of His Father are bound up with His sheep. He will always lead them in ways of truth and justice and honesty. 23:4 Times of darkness, gloomy trials, and finally death will come to Christ’s sheep. Evil will sometimes surround them. But their Shepherd is the all-powerful Creator. He is by their side. Why should they fear? (Luke 12:4-7; John 14:1; Rom 8:15; 2 Tim 1:7; Heb 2:14,15; Heb 13:6; 1 John 4:18; Rev 2:10). Fear not, little flock! The comfort of Christ’s sheep is His authority over them, His sovereign care signified by His rod and staff. The staff was a long stick or pole bent and curved at the end. The shepherd used it both to draw sheep near and to guide them. The staff could be placed along the side of the sheep and pressure exerted to indicate the direction they should go.

The rod was a shorter stick often with a carved knob at the end. It could be used for three different purposes. It was a defensive weapon which could be used against animals dangerous to the sheep. It was a tool to discipline the sheep. And it was used to examine the condition of the sheep by lifting up the wool that covered them, so that which was underneath could be inspected. All of these things Christ the good Shepherd does for believers. With His rod and staff (the Word of God and His Spirit and any other means He uses in our lives) He exercises authority over us (Matt 28:18), draws us near to Himself in fellowship (1 John 1:3), guides us (John 10:4), defends us against all enemies (Ps 5:12; 32:7; John 10:28), examines us to see if we are in a healthy spiritual condition (Ps 7:9; 1 Chron 28:9; Jer 20:12; Rev 2:23), and disciplines us that we might enter this condition (Heb 12:5-11). Can their be any greater comfort than this to poor, weak, and foolish sheep? 23:5 Sheep have many enemies – wild beasts that prey on anything as helpless as they are.

His people should not doubt that the good shepherd will provide. He may not give us all we desire, but if we follow Him and trust Him He will give us all what we need (37:25; Matt 6:25-33; Phil 4:19). This means all we need for both physical and spiritual life. David here is expressing his confidence in his Shepherd and his contentment in what the Shepherd gives – both qualities we should all try to maintain in our hearts – Heb 13:5,6. If we really know Him can we doubt that He will take care of us, or that what He gives or withholds is given or withheld in perfect wisdom and love? 23:2 Compare Matt 11:28-30 and John 10:4. Wherever He brings His sheep there will be the green pastures of His word and fellowship, and the calm deep waters of the Holy Spirit. This knowledge too brings contentment, rest and freedom from all that can frighten and frustrate, trouble and harass us. 23:3 As long as believers are in this world they will have times of weariness and trial. They will be sometimes cast down and

677 PSALMS 24:10

6 Surely goodness and mercy will follow me all the days of my life, and I will dwell in the house of the

a vain thing, or sworn deceitfully. 5 He will receive blessing from the LORD, and righteousness from the God of

his salvation. 6 This is the generation of those who seek him; who seek your face, O God of Jacob.

LORD forever.

Selah 7 Lift up your heads, O you gates, and be lifted up, you everlasting doors,

A Psalm of David

1 The earth is the LORD’s, and its fulness; the world, and those who live in it. 2 For he has founded it on the seas, and established it on the waters.

and the King of glory will come in. 8 Who is this King of glory? The LORD strong and mighty, the LORD mighty in battle. 9 Lift up your heads, O you gates.

3 Who may ascend onto the hill of the LORD? Or who may stand in his holy place? 4 He who has clean hands, and a pure heart, who has not lifted up his soul to

Lift them up, you everlasting doors,

and the King of glory will come in. 10 Who is this King of glory?

The case of believers is no different. If no one opposes us, if we have no enemies, we may well wonder if we are following the Shepherd and standing up for justice and integrity. The world that hated Christ will not love His sheep (John 15:18,19). And Satan and his hordes will hate them with a fierce hatred. But even while Satan rages and our enemies surround us the good Shepherd prepares a feast of good things for us. Like the humble, serving shepherd He is (John 13:3-5; Luke 12:37) He serves table for us and anoints our heads with the precious oil of the Holy Spirit (1 John 2:20). Thus we will have enough, and more than enough, of everything. Table here also suggests the Lord’s Table where we meet with Him and with each other to remember the love He showed in giving Himself for us that we might feast on Him and live forever (John 6:35; 1 Cor 11:23-26). 23:6 With such a Shepherd, believers now, like David, can enjoy full assurance of faith (Rom 5:9,10; 8:37-39; Phil 1:6; 2 Tim 4:18; 1 Pet 1:5). Our Shepherd goes before us, goodness and mercy follow us. What companions we have for life’s pilgrimage! If we belong to His flock we will be safe in His keeping forever (John 10:28). 24:1,2 The LORD Jehovah is the creator of the universe, therefore all things are His and every human being belongs to Him. Whatever we use in this world is not our property but God’s. Whatever we do to another human being we do to God’s possession. On the basis of creation alone we belong to the Creator. If we give ourselves to anything else – the world, sin, Satan’s power – we are denying God’s ownership of us. 24:3,4 Though the above is true, the fact is that man has given himself to sin and Satan, and so not everyone is going to ascend joyfully into the presence of God. He will not accept us into His holy heaven if our hands and hearts are filthy, if we practice deceit, or go after vain things. (In the Old Testament a vain thing frequently means an idol.) It is useless to boast of our

religion if our lives are full of impurity, dishonesty, lying, and deceit. See also Psalm 15. There is a fountain where such things can be washed away. The blood of Christ can cleanse us from all guilt and sin, and God’s Spirit can set us free (Zech 13:1; 1 John 1:7-9). 24:5 The believer cleansed from sin does not attribute this to himself. He knows God his Saviour has done it. Salvation, righteousness, and every blessing is a free gift from God above – Eph 2:8,9. 24:6 The righteous have sought God and will go on seeking and finding, and at last will ascend to His presence to be with Him forever. The meaning of this verse may be clearer if Jacob is placed earlier in the sentence – “This is Jacob, the generation of those who seek Him, who seek Your face.” 24:7-10 Many think David wrote this psalm for the time described in 2 Samuel chapter 6. He calls out in joy for Jerusalem’s gates to open for the unseen presence of Jehovah the King coming with the ark of His covenant. But the words surely have a prophetic meaning. They fit perfectly the time of the ascension into the heavenly Jerusalem of the Lord Jesus the King (Luke 24:50,51; Acts 1:9; Eph 4:8-10). Observe in v 8 and v 10 that the king of glory is none other than the LORD (Jehovah) Himself. In the New Testament Jesus is the King of glory, the King of Kings and Lord of Lords (Matt 21:5; Luke 19:38; 1 Tim 6:15; Rev 19:11-16). In other words, Jesus is the incarnation of Jehovah. See also 23:1; 96:10-13; Isa 6:1; Zech 12:10; Gen 16:7; Ex 3:14. Note at Luke 2:11. It is interesting to notice the connection between psalms 21, 22, 23, 24. In 21 we have the King, in 22 the suffering Saviour, in 23 the good Shepherd, in 24 the King in triumph entering His city again – the city He left to come to earth that He might be the Saviour and Shepherd of His people. 24:10 “LORD of hosts” – note at 1 Sam 1:3.

PSALMS 25:1 678

According to your mercy remember me for

The LORD of hosts, he is the King of glory.

your goodness’ sake, O LORD. 8 Good and upright is the LORD; therefore he will teach sinners in the way. 9 The meek he will guide in judgment, and the meek he will teach his way. 10 All the paths of the LORD are mercy and truth to those who keep his covenant

Selah 25

A Psalm of David

and his testimonies.

1 To you, O LORD, I lift up my soul. 2 O my God, I trust in you. Do not let me be ashamed; do not let my enemies triumph over me. 3 Yes, let no one who waits on you be ashamed. Let them be ashamed who transgress

11 For your name’s sake, O LORD, pardon my sin; for it is great. 12 Who is the man who fears the LORD? Him he will teach in the way that he

chooses. 13 His soul will dwell in prosperity, and his offspring will inherit the earth. 14 The secret of the LORD is with those who fear him, and he will show them his

without cause.

4 Show me your ways, O LORD; teach me your paths. 5 Lead me in your truth, and teach me; for you are the God of my salvation. On you I wait all the day.

covenant. 15 My eyes are ever toward the LORD, for he will pluck my feet out of the net. 16 Turn to me, and have mercy on me, for I am desolate and afflicted. 17 The troubles of my heart have grown large. Oh, bring me out of my distresses. 18 Look at my affliction and my pain,

6 Remember, O LORD, your tender mercies and your acts of loving kindness; for they are from ancient times. 7 Remember not the sins of my youth,

or my transgressions.

25:8 If God did not condescend to teach sinners not one of us would ever learn the truth. But God is kind to His enemies and wants to make them His friends. 25:9 See 32:9; Deut 8:3; Matt 11:29; Jam 1:21. Those whom God would teach He first humbles, for the proud can hardly learn spiritual truth. 25:10 See 103:17,18; Ex 34:5-7. 25:11 It is to the glory of God’s name to pardon the sins of His people who repent and seek Him. Forgiveness is one of the sweetest words in the language. 25:12 Notes on fear of the Lord at Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; Prov 1:7. 25:13 These were blessings promised under the old covenant. Note at 1:1-3. 25:14 Spiritual truth can be understood only by those who have right attitudes toward God (Gen 18:17-19; Prov 3:22; Matt 11:25; Luke 14:25-35; 24:45; John 7:17; 1 Cor 2:11-14). 25:15 See 16:8; 123:2; 141:8. 25:16 Sometimes the believer is alone in his stand for God – 1 Kings 18:22; 19:10,14-18; 2 Tim 4:16,17. “Desolate” – the Hebrew word means “alone.” 25:17 Troubles of the heart are the most troublesome of all and inward struggles the most grievous of all (13:2; 73:26; Job 3:20-26; 7:11; 10:1; Prov 14:10; John 14:1). 25:18 Evidently David thought that his sins might be the source of his present difficulties. On forgiveness see 103:3; 130:4; Luke 24:46,47; Acts 13:38; 1 John 1:9.

25:1 In this psalm we see several features of David’s character which made him a man after God’s own heart. These are prayerfulness (vs 1,16-22), trust (v 2), desire to know God’s ways (vs 4,5), hope (vs 5,15,21), confession of sin and dependence on God’s mercy alone (vs 6,7,11,18), desire to give others the truth (vs 8-10,12-14). 25:2,3 See 34:5; 37:19; 119:5,6,80; Isa 41:11; 42:17; 44:9-11; 45:16,17,24; 49:23; Rom 5:5; 10:11. 25:4 A prayer every human being should make to the Creator of the universe. What a difference it would make in this confused and sinful world! Any such sincere prayer God will certainly hear. He loves to teach men His ways if they are willing to learn them – 32:8; 71:17; 94:10,12; Isa 2:3; 54:13; Matt 5:2; Mark 6:34; John 6:45; 14:26. We see in this psalm the people God teaches – believers (v 5), sinners (v 8), the humble (v 9), those who fear the Lord (v 12). If we do not want God to teach us, it will be no surprise if we remain in ignorance and darkness about spiritual truth. 25:5 Especially should believers pray for God’s guidance and teaching – 27:11; 86:11; 119:12,26,33,64,66,108; Ex 33:13. What wonderful things a person will learn who has God for his teacher! Everyone who is taught of God will come to the Lord Jesus Christ and believe in Him – everyone. See John 6:45. 25:7 Verse 11. Note at 18:23. David knows that it is only because of God’s mercy, love, and goodness that he has hope.

679 PSALMS 27:3

and forgive all my sins. 19 Consider my enemies, for they are many, and they hate me with cruel hatred. 20 Oh, keep my soul, and deliver me! Let me not be ashamed, for I put my

thanksgiving, and tell of all your

wondrous works. 8 LORD, I have loved the habitation of your house, and the place where your

honour dwells. 9 Do not gather my soul with sinners,

trust in you. 21 Let integrity and uprightness preserve me, for I wait on you. 22 Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. 26

or my life with bloodthirsty men, 10 In whose hands is an evil scheme, and whose right hand is full of bribes. 11 But as for me, I will walk in my integrity. Redeem me, and be merciful to me. 12 My foot stands in a level place. In the congregations I will praise the LORD.

A Psalm of David

1 Act as my judge, O LORD, for I have walked in my integrity; I have also trusted in the LORD. Therefore I shall not slip. 2 Examine me, O LORD, and prove me. Test my mind and my heart. 3 For your loving kindness is before my eyes, and I have walked in your truth. 4 I have not sat with worthless persons, nor do I go with hypocrites. 5 I have hated the congregation of evildoers, and will not sit with the wicked. 6 I will wash my hands in innocence; so I will go around your altar, O LORD, 7 That I may proclaim with the voice of

A Psalm of David

1 The LORD is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? The LORD is the strength of my life;

of whom shall I be afraid? 2 When the wicked, my enemies and my foes, came against me to eat up my flesh,

they stumbled and fell. 3 Though an army encamp against me, my heart will not fear. Though war rise against me,

in this I will be confident.

25:19 See 3:1; 23:5. 25:21 Here are two perfect guards for our life, when our hope is in God alone. 25:22 On God as Redeemer see note at 78:35. 26:1 In this psalm David insists on his integrity and innocence. He had the testimony of a good conscience. In psalm 25 he thrice mentions his sins (vs 7,11,18). He was not self-righteous, but he knew that his heart was right with God, that he was innocent of his enemies accusations (note at 17:3). His integrity is revealed in his trust in God (v 1), in his prayer to be tested (v 2), in keeping himself from deceitful and evil men (v 4,5), in his strong desire to worship God (vs 6-8), and in his prayer for mercy (vs 9-11). The root of integrity is a true desire to please God more than one’s self (v 3). Surely this is a requirement for everyone who calls himself a Christian. In this, as in everything good, Christ Himself is the believer’s example (John 8:29; Rom 15:3). 26:2 See 7:9; 17:3; 139:23. 26:3 See 16:8. 26:4,5 See 1:1; 2 Cor 6:14-16; 1 Cor 13:33. 26:6 This is a metaphor taken probably from Ex 30:18-21. 26:7 See 9:1; 50:14; 69:30; 95:2; 100:4; Phil 4:6; Col 2:7.

26:8 See 27:4; Acts 2:46; 5:42; Heb 11:25. 26:10 “Bribes” – he means bribes to pervert justice. This is everywhere condemned in the Bible as a wicked thing (15:5; Ex 23:8; Deut 10:17; 16:19; Prov 15:27; 17:23; Isa 5:22,23). But see note at Amos 5:12. 26:11 David was determined to continue in the path of integrity. So must we be. And he knew that any such life can be based only on God’s merciful activity. 26:12 “Level place” means the solid, even foundations of truth and righteousness. 27:1 It was a time of danger and slander (v 12). David needed light so as to know what to do, and protection from enemies. He never dreamed he could make a light for himself out of the kindling of his own imagination, or ever thought his salvation was in his own strength or goodness. He always acknowledged God as the source of everything good. On “light” see 18:28. On “fear” see 23:4. 27:2,3 Rom 8:37; Eph 6:10,11. Believers now should have the same confidence in God against spiritual foes as David had against human foes. 27:4-6 David was frequently away from God’s place of worship, in battle, in hiding from enemies, in other lands. He longed for the house of God, quiet meditation and worship in a place of peace and safety, the music and gladness of the tabernacle.

PSALMS 27:4 680

4 One thing I have asked from the LORD; I will seek for this: that I may dwell in the house

of the LORD in the land of the living. 14 Wait on the LORD. Be courageous, and he will strengthen your heart. Wait, I say, on the LORD.

of the LORD all the days of my life, to see the beauty of the LORD, and to inquire in his temple. 5 For in the time of trouble he will hide me in his pavilion; he will hide me in the secret place of

A Psalm of David

his tabernacle; he will set me high on a rock. 6 And now my head will be lifted up above my enemies around me. Therefore I will offer sacrifices of

1 To you I will cry out, O LORD my rock; do not be silent to me. For if you are silent to me, I will become like those who go down

joy in his tabernacle. I will sing, yes, I will sing praises to the LORD. 7 Hear, O LORD, when I cry out with my voice, and have mercy on me, and answer me. 8 When you said, “Seek my face”, my heart said to you, “Your face, LORD, I will seek”. 9 Do not hide your face from me, do not turn your servant away in anger. You have been my help. Do not leave me or forsake me,

into the pit. 2 Hear the voice of my supplications, when I cry out to you, when I lift up

my hands toward your holy sanctuary. 3 Do not drag me away with the wicked, and with those who do evil,

who speak peacefully to their neighbours, but who have

wickedness in their hearts. 4 Give to them according to their deeds, and according to the wickedness of

O God of my salvation. 10 When my father and my mother forsake me, then the Lord will receive me. 11 Teach me your way, O LORD, and lead me in a straight path, because of my enemies. 12 Do not hand me over to the will of my enemies; for false witnesses have

their actions; give to them according to the work of

their hands. Pay them back what they deserve. 5 Because they show no regard for the works of the LORD, or for what his hands have done, he will destroy them, and not build them up. 6 Blessed be the LORD, because he has heard the voice of my supplications.

risen up against me, and those who breathe out violence. 13 I would have fainted, unless I had believed that I would see the goodness

27:4 The Hebrew word translated “beauty” also means pleasantness, delightfulness. See also 90:17. There was no form of God in His place of worship, no idol, no image that men might think beautiful. David is speaking of the spiritual beauty that can be seen only with the eyes of faith. 27:5 If God keeps us, hides us in His shelter, and sets us on the rock (Himself – Deut 32:4), then we are safe indeed, and will have cause for shouts of joy and happy singing to His name. 27:8 The importance of seeking God’s face is everywhere emphasized in the Bible (105:4; Isa 45:19; 55:6,7; Hos 10:12; Amos 5:6; Zeph 2:3; Matt 7:7; Heb 11:6). God tells us to seek Him because He wants to reveal Himself to those who seek, and He wants them to know that He is the source of all good. 27:9 See 13:1. 27:10 See 68:5; Isa 49:15; Hos 14:3. The LORD will take on the job of both father and mother to believers who are forsaken of their earthly ones. And He will love and care for them as no human could ever do.

27:11 See 25:5. “Straight” – the Hebrew does not mean “plain” (KJV) in the sense of “clear”, but “level” or “straight.” 27:12-14 What should a believer do when he is the object of lies and slander? Pray (v 12), trust God (v 13), and hope in God for the future (v 14). If we do not we will be anxious and troubled. 28:1,2 “Rock” – Deut 32:4. David wanted results from his prayers. He could not be satisfied unless he got an answer from God. He will consider himself like a dead man unless he has living contact with God. We should have the same earnestness in our praying. Dead, formal, cold prayers are useless. 28:3 Did David think this was possible? He was well aware of his sinful nature, and the power of it. Compare Ps 51:3-5,11. 28:4 See the note at 35:8. 28:5 David wants the wicked punished, not because they had injured him, but because of their attitude toward God. When he called on God to judge his enemies it was not out of a spirit of personal vengeance. 28:6 See 6:8-10.

681 PSALMS 30:1

7 The LORD is my strength and my shield. My heart trusted in him, and I am helped. Therefore my heart greatly rejoices,

5 The voice of the LORD breaks the cedars; yes, the LORD breaks the cedars of Lebanon. 6 He also makes them skip like a calf, Lebanon and Sirion like a young wild ox. 7 The voice of the LORD divides the flames of fire. 8 The voice of the LORD shakes the wilderness, the LORD shakes the wilderness of Kadesh. 9 The voice of the LORD causes the deer to give birth, and strips the forests bare. And in his temple everyone speaks of his glory. 10 The LORD sits enthroned over the flood; yes, the LORD sits as King forever. 11 The LORD will give strength to his people. The LORD will bless his people with peace.

and I will praise him with my song. 8 The LORD is their strength, and he is the saving stronghold of his anointed. 9 Save your people, and bless your inheritance, and shepherd them, and carry them forever.

A Psalm of David

1 Ascribe to the LORD, O you mighty ones, ascribe to the LORD glory and strength. 2 Ascribe to the LORD the glory due to his name. Worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness. 3 The voice of the LORD is over the waters; the God of glory thunders; the LORD is over many waters. 4 The voice of the LORD is powerful. The voice of the LORD is full of majesty.

A Psalm, a song for the dedication

of the house of David

1 I will extol you, O LORD, for you have lifted me up, and have not let 28:7 See 3:3; 5:12; 18:35; 32:7,10; 33:20; Gen 15:1; Job 1:10. Nothing can come from outside to God’s chosen people that God does not permit. He shields them from all that is not His will for them. He Himself is their protection against Satan and evil men. What a joy this is to the trusting heart. 28:8 See 18:1; 21:1; 68:28; 84:5; Ex 15:2; Isa 12:2; 40:31; 1 Chron 16:11. David was anointed king over Israel, but we can see here also David’s Son, the Lord Jesus, the anointed one. All that happened to Christ was in the will of God (John 18:11; Acts 2:22,23). 28:9 God’s people are His inheritance – Deut 4:20; 9:26,29; Eph 1:18. “Shepherd” – 23:1; 80:1; Deut 1:31; Isa 40:11; 63:9; John 10:11; Heb 13:20. 29:1 We have in this psalm a description of a powerful thunder storm sweeping into northern Israel from the Mediterranean Sea and on to the desert regions of Kadesh. David by divine inspiration calls on God’s people to recognize God’s activity in the storm. Storms display something of God’s glory and strength. According to God’s revelation of Himself in the Bible, He Himself is in charge of such events – 104:4,7,13,32; 133:6,7; 148:8; Job 38:22,23; Habakkuk chapter 3. 29:2 The power and glory revealed in creation belong to the LORD (Jehovah God) alone, not to any other so-called god (1 Chron 16:26). But the most splendid thing about Him is His holy character. Therefore the wicked cannot truly worship God – Prov 15:8; Isa 1:12-17; Jer 6:19,20; Amos 5:21-24; Micah 6:6-8. Believers have no innate holiness. Christ is their holy beauty and beauty of holiness – Rom 13:14; 1 Cor 1:30; Eph 4:22-24; Col 3:9-11.

29:3 Here the thunder is God’s voice (18:13; Job 37:2-5). 29:4-9 The results of God’s mighty thunderings and lightning. 29:6 “Sirion” – another name for Mount Hermon. 29:9 Those engaged in worship in the temple do not fear the storm; they exult at the display of God’s power and glory.

“Causes the deer to give birth” – or “twists the oaks.” The Hebrew words for “deer” and “oaks” are similar. The word translated “causes. . .to give birth” comes from a Hebrew word meaning to writhe or twist in pain, such as someone giving birth would do. See note on Hebrew at Ps 14:6,7. 29:10 The present storm brings to David’s mind the tremendous storms of the flood (Gen 7:4,11,12). Jehovah was king then; He is the king over all storms, and over everything else, forever (note at 47:2). 29:11 Peace in the storm, peace in any kind of upheaval – this is God’s will for His people. Peace is God’s gift – Num 6:26; John 14:27; 16:33. It comes to those who recognize God’s kingship over everything – v 10; Phil 4:6,7. 30 Title: the Hebrew word here translated “house” may also mean palace or temple. The temple was not built until after David’s death. It is possible that David wrote this psalm in advance for its dedication, but it seems more likely that he wrote it for the dedication of his own palace. Whether we construct a church for God’s worship, or a mansion or a cottage or a hut for ourselves, it is a good thing to dedicate it to God and cause Him feel at home there as long as we use it. 30:1-3 This is a song of gratitude for

PSALMS 30:2 682

my foes rejoice over me. 2 O LORD my God, I cried out to you, and you healed me. 3 O LORD, you brought my soul up from the grave. You have kept me alive, so that I would

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David

1 In you, O LORD, I put my trust; let me never be ashamed. Deliver me in your righteousness. 2 Bow down your ear toward me.

not go down to the pit. 4 Sing to the LORD, you saints of his, give thanks at the remembrance of his holiness. 5 For his anger remains but a moment; in his favour is life. Weeping may endure for a night,

Deliver me quickly. Be my rock of refuge, a fortress of

defense to save me. 3 For you are my rock and my fortress;

but joy comes in the morning. 6 And in my prosperity I said, “I will never be shaken.” 7 LORD, by your favour you have made my mountain to stand strong, but when you hid your face I was troubled. 8 I cried out to you, O LORD, and made supplication to the LORD. 9 What profit is there in my blood, in my going down to the pit? Will the dust praise you? Will it declare your truth? 10 Hear, O LORD, and have mercy on me! LORD, be my helper!

therefore, for your name’s sake,

lead me and guide me. 4 Pull me out of the net that they have

secretly laid for me;

for you are my strength. 5 Into your hands I commit my spirit. You have redeemed me,

O LORD God of truth. 6 I have hated those who have regard for lying vanities, and I trust in the LORD. 7 I will be glad and rejoice in your mercy, for you have considered my trouble; you have known my soul in adversities, 8 And have not delivered me into the hand of the enemy. You have set my feet in a spacious place. 9 Have mercy on me, O LORD, for I am in trouble; my eye is consumed with grief,

11 You have turned my mourning into dancing for me. You have removed my sackcloth,

and clothed me with gladness, 12 So that my glory may sing praise to you, and not be silent. O LORD my God, I will give thanks

to you forever.

healing when David had been sick to the point of death. When we are sick we should seek healing from God as well as from medicine and doctors, and think of Him before we think of them (6:2; 103:3; Deut 32:39; 2 Chron 16:12; Matt 9:35; Jam 5:16). One of God’s names is Jehovah Ropheka – the LORD who heals you (Ex 15:26).

61:1-3; Jer 31:3; John 16:20,22,24). “Thanks” – 7:17; Lev 7:12,13; etc. 31:1 “Ashamed” – 25:2,3. “Righteousness” – 7:6-9. 31:2 “Rock” – Deut 32:4. 31:3 “Name’s sake” – 23:4. 31:4 Traps will be set for believers. Even if men don’t, Satan will. 31:5 The first part of this verse was quoted by the Lord Jesus as He died on the cross (Luke 23:46), also by many believers since then as they faced death. We may be sure that God will carefully keep and guard what we have committed to Him (2 Tim 1:12; 1 Pet 4:19). It is the height of wisdom to put our spirit, our life, our eternity in God’s hands. What God redeems is His special property. He knows how to look after it.

“Grave” (v 3) – “Sheol” – note at Gen 37:35. 30:4,5 It is a great reason for singing and praising that God deals so gently with believers when they have provoked Him to anger (103:8-10; Isa 54:7). 30:6,7 Self-confidence will result in a fall (1 Cor 10:12; 2 Pet 3:17). Our health, our peace, our prosperity are all based on God’s goodness, not ours. So should we be willing to behave badly? Not at all. We should be resolved to behave well, by His grace and power, out of gratitude, if for no other reason. (See also Rom 6:1,2.) 30:8-10 Note at 6:5. “Dust” – Gen 3:19. 30:11,12 What a change God can make in our lives! Those who sincerely call on Him as David did will also have experiences similar to these that he had (4:1,7; Isa

“God of truth” is one of God’s precious names. He is absolutely true to His Word. It is impossible for Him to lie – Titus 1:3. And He hates all lying and deception – 5:6; 15:2; Prov 6:16-19. 31:6 Deut 32:21; Jer 2:5; 10:14,15; 14:22; 16:19; 18:15; 1 Cor 8:4. 31:7 Ex 2:25; Rev 2:9. 31:9-13 David is in great grief, trouble, and danger. His language is similar to some

683 PSALMS 32:2

contemptuously against the righteous. 19 Oh, how great is your goodness which you have stored up for those who fear you, which you have prepared for those who

yes, my soul and my body. 10 For my life wastes away with grief, and my years with sighing. My strength fails because of my sin,

and my bones are consumed. 11 I am an object of reproach among all my enemies, but especially among my neighbours,

trust in you before the sons of men! 20 You will hide them in the secret place of your presence from the pride of man. You will keep them secretly in a

and a dread to my acquaintances. Those who see me outside run away

pavilion from the strife of tongues. 21 Blessed be the LORD, for he has shown me his marvellous kindness in a strong city. 22 For I said in my haste, “I am cut off from before your eyes.” Nevertheless you heard the voice of my

from me. 12 I am forgotten like a dead man, out of mind. I am like a broken vessel. 13 For I have heard the slander of many. Fear was on every side. When they took counsel together against me, they plotted to take away my life.

supplications when I cried out to you. 23 Oh, love the LORD, all you who are his saints! For the LORD preserves the faithful,

but fully pays back the proud. 24 Be courageous, and he will strengthen your heart, all you who hope in the LORD.

14 But I have trusted in you, O LORD. I have said, “You are my God.” 15 My times are in your hands. Deliver me from the hands of my enemies, and from those who persecute me. 16 Make your face shine on your servant. Save me for your mercies’ sake. 17 Let me not be ashamed, O LORD, for I have called to you. Let the wicked be ashamed, and let them

A Psalm of David, a maskil

1 Blessed is the one whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered. 2 Blessed is the man to whom the LORD does not impute iniquity,

be silent in the grave. 18 Let lying lips be put to silence. They speak bold things proudly and

words of Job and Jeremiah (Job 3:24; 19:13,14; 30:15; Jer 6:25). He acknowledges that his guilt or sin was at least partly the cause of his miserable condition – v 10. Sin is the great troubler of mankind in general and a great misery to all believers. 31:14 David’s faith remained firm – no trouble, no slander, no opposition could diminish it. He was not of the sort who leave off belief in God when strange and difficult and painful circumstances occur. God is no less the God of believers when they are experiencing trouble. 31:15 He is willing to leave to God the ordering of his life. He recognizes that the good times, the bad times, the prosperous times, the miserable times are all in the hands of an all-wise, loving, sovereign God. He who waits for God’s time for things will not be disappointed. 31:16 Num 6:25. 31:17 See 25:2,3. “Grave” – “Sheol” – note at Gen 37:35. 31:18 See 7:6-9; 35:8. David had learned from God Himself to hate lying lips. 31:19-22 Once again faith and prayer have won the victory and brought comfort and joy to a sorrowing heart. 31:19 1 Cor 2:9,10; Eph 2:7. 31:23 A person who loves God wants others to love Him too. Here David sets forth the

greatest command of the law (Deut 6:5). It is also the highest privilege of man. 31:24 No matter what the difficulties, God is still in control and believers can safely rest on the foundation of His sure promise. Being shaken by threats, slanders, and dangers, giving in to depression, fear, and weakness must have no place in the believer’s life (Josh 1:8,9; 1 Cor 15:58). 32 Title: Maskil probably was a literary or musical term. 32:1,2 Three Hebrew words are used here to fully describe wrong doing. “Transgression” means breaking the law of God. “Sin” indicates missing the mark or going astray. “Iniquity” means the badness of a deed in itself, or the guilt that deserves punishment. In the Hebrew Bible the same three words are in Ex 34:7. Also David uses three words to describe the way God dealt with confessed sin in the Old Testament.

“Forgiven” – this comes from the Hebrew word “to lift” or “take away from.” On forgiveness see 86:5; Isa 55:7; Jer 50:20; Micah 7:18,19; Matt 6:12; 9:6; 12:31; etc.

“Covered” – see notes at Ex 29:33; Lev 1:2. “Does not impute” – God refuses to bring the guilt into the believer’s record. This is wonderful news to a sinner who repents and turns to the Lord for mercy. The apostle Paul in

PSALMS 32:3 684

and in whose spirit there is no guile. 3 When I kept silent, my bones grew old through my roaring all the day long. 4 For day and night your hand was heavy on me. My moisture was turned into the drought

way you should go. I will guide you with my eye. 9 Do not be like the horse or like the mule, which have no understanding, whose mouth must be controlled with bit

and bridle, or they will not come near you. 10 Many sorrows shall be to the wicked, but mercy will surround the one who

of summer. Selah 5 I acknowledged my sin to you, and I did not hide my guilt. I said, “I will confess my

trusts in the LORD. 11 Be glad in the LORD, and rejoice, you righteous; and shout for joy, all you who are

transgressions to the LORD; and you forgave the guilt of my sin.

Selah 6 For this reason everyone who is godly will pray to you in a time when

upright in heart.

you may be found. Surely the floods of great waters will

not come near him. 7 You are my hiding place. You will preserve me from trouble. You will surround me with songs of

1 Rejoice in the LORD, O you righteous; for praise is fitting for the upright. 2 Praise the LORD with a harp. Sing to him with the lyre,

deliverance.

an instrument of ten strings. 3 Sing to him a new song. Play skillfully with a shout of joy.

Selah 8 I will instruct you and teach you in the

Romans chapter 4 refers to these two verses to show that the Old Testament is in agreement with the New Testament teaching about justification (Rom 4:6-8).

32:8,9 It is unclear who the speaker is in these verses. Is God speaking to David? Or is David speaking to the readers and hearers of the psalm instructing them as he says he will do in 51:13? In either case the advice is the same. If we want to learn how to walk in God’s ways we must renounce all stubbornness and be humble and obedient toward the Word of God. The mule is famous for its stubbornness. The selfconfident and disobedient are compared to horses in Jer 8:6. 32:10 Everywhere in the Bible we see that eventually the wicked will have to pay for his wickedness – 1:4-6; 16:4; 34:21; 68:2; 119:155; Prov 3:33; 5:22; 10:24; 11:5; 13:21; 16:4; Isa 3:11; 13:11; 57:20,21; Jer 23:19; Mal 4:3; Matt 25:46; Rom 2:8,9; Gal 6:8; 2 Thess 1:6; Rev 14:9-11; 21:8. Observe in this verse the contrast between the prospects of the wicked and righteous. See also 5:12; 16:11; 23:6; Isa 35:10; Eph 2:7. Does God regard any of you reading this as wicked? If so, take warning. 32:11 No one on earth has more cause for rejoicing than the justified person, the true in heart (64:10; 68:3; 97:12; Phil 2:18; 3:1; 4:4). Repentance, confession, forgiveness, and victory over deceit in the heart take the gloom away and make true joy a possibility even in a dark, sorrowful, sinful world. 33:1-3 “Praise” – 7:17; 8:2; 9:1; 16:7; 18:3; 42:5; 100:4; 150:6; Gen 24:27; Ex 15:2; Lev 19:24; Deut 8:10; 32:3; 1 Chron 16:4,9,25; Isa 12:1; Matt 5:16; 11:25; Luke 1:68; Rom 15:7,11; 2 Cor 1:3; Eph 1:3,6,12,14; Rev 5:12,13; 19:5. God does not command us to praise Him because He is hungry for praise. He is not

“Guile” – this is a very important word here. To obtain forgiveness confession must be genuine. Blessed is the person who faces himself and his sin honestly, calls it by its right name, and sincerely confesses to God what he has done wrong. Many there are who deceive themselves and never come to a proper knowledge of who and what they are (Jer 17:9; 2 Thess 2:10; Heb 3:13; 1 John 1:8). 32:3,4 “Silent” – unconfessed sin in a believer is a source of much misery, for God will lay His chastening hand on such a person. Compare psalms 6 and 38. This psalm (32) was written probably after David’s confession of his sin with Bathsheba (2 Samuel chapters 11 and 12). After that sin many months passed before he confessed it – 2 Sam 11:1-5,27. 32:5 2 Sam 12:13,14. Sincere confession of sin results in forgiveness. God loves to be merciful and gracious to the sincere and repentant person (Prov 28:13; Isa 55:7; Micah 7:18; 1 John 1:9). 32:6 Isa 55:6. God will not wait forever for the guilty to confess their sin and seek forgiveness (Gen 6:3).

“Floods” – David is thinking of a flood of judgment against sin. Believers have sought and found God and will be safe at such a time because they are forgiven and the Lord will not hold their sins against them. 32:7 Confession and forgiveness of sin bring restful confidence and deliverance. He who does not hide his sin can find a hiding place for himself in God.

685 PSALMS 33:22

4 For the word of the LORD is right, and all his works are done in truth. 5 He loves righteousness and justice. The earth is full of the goodness of the LORD. 6 By the word of the LORD the heavens were made, and all the host of them by the breath

his own inheritance. 13 The LORD looks from heaven; he sees all the sons of men. 14 From his dwelling place he looks on all the inhabitants of the earth. 15 He forms their hearts together; he considers all their deeds. 16 No king is saved by the multitude of an army; a mighty man is not delivered by much

of his mouth. 7 He gathers the waters of the sea together as a heap. He lays up the depth in storehouses. 8 Let all the earth fear the LORD. Let all the inhabitants of the world

strength. 17 A horse is a vain thing for safety; and it cannot deliver anyone by its

great strength. 18 See, the eye of the LORD is on those who fear him, on those who hope in his mercy, 19 To deliver their soul from death, and to keep them alive in famine. 20 Our soul waits for the LORD. He is our help and our shield. 21 For our heart will rejoice in him, because we have trusted in his holy name. 22 Let your mercy, O LORD, be on us, just as we hope in you.

stand in awe of him. 9 For he spoke and it was done; he commanded, and it stood firm. 10 The LORD brings the counsel of the nations to nothing. He makes the plans of the people of no effect. 11 The counsel of the LORD stands forever, the thoughts of his heart to all generations. 12 Blessed is the nation whose God is the LORD, and the people whom he has chosen as

like men who long to have everyone speak well of them. When God commands us to praise Him He is actually telling us to find our joy and delight in Him and express it.

nature. Those who know God best and who are the humblest and most enlightened will praise Him most. 33:4-7 Here are further reasons why the righteous should praise God – His word and faithfulness, His righteousness and justice, His grace, His power exercised in marvelous and beautiful works. Another reason is seen in vs 10,11 – His ability to accomplish all His purposes and plans. 33:6 There is more truth in this one verse concerning the origin of the universe than in all the speculations of scientists and philosophers combined. See 148:5; Gen 1:1; Isa 40:25,26; John 1:1,2; Heb 11:3. 33:8-11 The unsaved cannot properly praise God but they should learn to fear Him. He is the mighty Creator. He overthrows the plans of earthlings and fulfills His eternal plan (2:4-6; Prov 19:21; Isa 8:10; 14:24; 19:3; Acts 2:23; Rom 11:33-36). 33:12-19 To accomplish His plans and purposes in the earth God chose the nation Israel and watches all peoples everywhere. He knows all that is going on, and nothing will take Him by surprise. Armies march, horses rush to battle, warriors test their strength, but God alone determines the outcome. God will arrange all things for His glory and the good of the righteous (2 Chron 16:9; Rom 8:28). 33:19 Observe the sort of people God keeps in time of famine. See also 37:19. 33:20-22 This is the only proper attitude of heart, the only way to peace of mind in a raging, rebellious, ruined world. “Our soul waits”, “we have trusted”, “we hope” (“hope” here does not imply uncertainty but confident expectation). And this attitude brings safety and joy. 34 Title: This psalm was written concerning one of David’s darkest hours. It is described

Praise is admiration expressed in words. Men praise what they think is good or beautiful or strong or meaningful. They express their delight in what they consider a worthy object. The highest good and beauty and strength and meaningfulness are found in God. Therefore among all things and persons and beings in the universe He is the most worthy of praise. He wants us to recognize this, not for His sake, but for ours. He wants us to be the kind of people who know and praise that which is most worthy of praise. To praise God means to see His worthiness, His excellence. It means we find our delight in the best and highest.

It is fitting and right that we should do this (v 1). Men praise all kinds of objects and persons not worthy of their praise. Is it not fitting for those who know God to praise Him who is worthy of it? The wicked, the discontented, the selfish, the unbelieving, the morally and spiritually blind cannot, will not, praise God in spirit and in truth. The humble, the righteous, the enlightened person can and will. Wicked people glory in their shame, and praise earthly things and delight in them (Phil 3:19). Righteous people glory in God and in Christ their Saviour (1 Cor 1:31; 2 Cor 10:17; Gal 6:14; 1 Tim 1:17). Lack of thanksgiving and praise to God is blameworthy. It shows a defect in character and outlook, and God wants His people to be free of it. Giving thanks, singing, and praising God are fitting for them and should come naturally to them. These things are ways in which they can show their renewed

PSALMS 34:1 686

Blessed is the man who trusts in him. 9 Oh, fear the LORD, you saints of his; for there is no lack to those who fear him. 10 The young lions are in want and suffer hunger; but those who seek the LORD will not

A Psalm of David, when he changed his

behaviour in the presence of Abimelech, who drove him away, and he departed.

lack anything good.

1 I will praise the LORD at all times. His praise will continually be in my mouth. 2 My soul will make its boast in the LORD. The humble will hear of this and be glad. 3 O glorify the LORD with me, and let us exalt his name together.

11 Come, you children, listen to me. I will teach you the fear of the LORD. 12 What man is there who desires life, and loves to have many days,

so that he may see good? 13 Keep your tongue from evil, and your lips from speaking deceit. 14 Depart from evil and do good. Seek peace, and pursue it. 15 The eyes of the LORD are on the righteous, and his ears are open to their cry. 16 The face of the LORD is against those who do evil, to cut off the remembrance of them

4 I sought the LORD, and he heard me and delivered me from all my fears. 5 They looked to him and became radiant, and their faces were not ashamed. 6 This poor man cried out, and the LORD heard him , and saved him out of all his troubles. 7 The angel of the LORD encamps around those who fear him and delivers them. 8 Oh, taste and see that the LORD is good!

from the earth. 17 The righteous cry out, and the LORD hears

in 1 Sam 21:10-15. Abimelech seems to have been a title of successive kings of the Philistines, as Pharaoh was of the Egyptian kings (Gen 20:2; 26:1). 34:1-3 David learned to praise God even in difficulties and dangers. He found God sufficient for all times, a sure help in every circumstance. Many there are who boast in themselves. David was determined to boast in the Lord alone. 34:4 Here is the reason for David’s praise. Also vs 6,17,19. God hears prayer. He listens to the cries of His people and in His time and way He delivers them. 34:5 Their shining is the reflected light of God who is light. 34:7 Note on angels at Gen 16:7. The Lord Jesus Himself does what is described here. 34:8 Experience alone can teach us certain things. We learn more of the sweetness of honey by tasting it than by reading any number of books about it. So with the goodness of God. We may read endless books of theology and devotion, and constantly meditate on the Bible, but until we actually experience God ourselves we will not really understand His goodness. So David exhorts us to taste, to try God, to experience Him. How can we do this? The answer is in this same verse – by believing Him. Faith enables us to experience God’s goodness (Matt 9:29; 21:22; Mark 11:24; Heb 11:6). 34:9 Compare Ps 31:23. These two verses give us two great words of the spiritual life – love and fear (reverential awe). 34:10 The promise to supply all that is needed is made to those who fear God and who seek Him. It is not enough to have one of these without the other. But a great promise is here for those who have both. 34:11-14 See other notes on the fear of

the Lord at 86:11; 111:10; Gen 20:11; Job 28:28; Prov 1:7. What is this fear of the Lord which is so very important? It is to have a reverential awe and respect for Him and His Word, to recognize His majesty, greatness and authority and to fear offending Him. These verses give us several things that are involved in it.

Fearing God means to guard the tongue. Lies and deceit are of the devil, and the person who truly fears God will refrain from this most dangerous of sins, this sin which God hates with all His holy being (5:6; Prov 6:16-19). Malicious gossip, evil speaking, filthy or bad or blasphemous language – these too must never have a place in the mouths of God’s people (Eph 4:29; 5:4; Col 3:8,9; Jam 3:9-12).

Fearing God means turning from evil (v 14; Prov 3:7; 8:13). But this alone is not sufficient. Some people’s religion is merely negative – “I don’t do this evil, I abstain from that wrong.” We must also do good (Isa 1:16,17). If we do not, we are guilty of sins of omission, and these are just as blameworthy as sins of commission (1 Sam 12:23; Matt 25:41-46). If we have the fear of the Lord as we ought we will not practice either kind of sin.

Fearing God also means to seek always to be at peace with Him and with all men (v 14; Heb 12:14). Here are some other references on the fear of God – 25:14; 33:18,19; 85:9; 103:11,13,17; 115:13; 128:1; Deut 5:29; 6:2,24; Prov 9:10; 14:27; 15:33; 16:6; 19:23; Isa 33:6. Verses 12-14 of this psalm are quoted in 1 Pet 3:10-12. 34:15-17 The righteous are those who trust and fear God. God will act toward such people entirely differently than He does toward the wicked (see 18:25,26).

687 PSALMS 35:8

Fight against those who fight against me. 2 Take hold of shield and buckler, and stand up for my help. 3 Draw out the spear also, and bar the way to those who

and delivers them out of all their troubles. 18 The LORD is near those who are of a broken heart, and saves those who are crushed in spirit. 19 Many are the distresses of the righteous, but the LORD delivers him out of them all. 20 He protects all his bones; not one of them is broken. 21 Evil will slay the wicked, and those who hate the righteous will

persecute me. Say to my soul, “I am your salvation.” 4 Let those who seek after my life be disgraced and put to shame. Let those who plot to harm me be turned

back and brought to confusion. 5 Let them be like chaff before the wind, and let the angel of the LORD drive

be condemned. 22 The LORD redeems the soul of his servants, and none of those who trust in him will

them away. 6 Let their way be dark and slippery, and let the angel of the LORD pursue them. 7 For without cause they have hidden their net for me in a pit which, without cause, they dug for my soul. 8 Let destruction come on him unexpectedly, and let his net, which he hid, catch him. Let him fall into that very destruction. 34:18 God delights to see this condition in men. This is not because He wants them to be unhappy, but because it opens the way for Him to make them happy forever (51:17; Isa 57:15; 61:1; 66:2). 34:19 The Bible does not hold out false hopes of an easy, trouble-free life for believers. It insists again and again that they will suffer in this world (Mark 10:30; John 16:33; Acts 14:22; 1 Thess 3:3; 1 Tim 3:12; 1 Pet 2:21; 4:1). 34:20 This is a prophecy fulfilled at Christ’s death. See John 19:33-36. 34:21 The evil that unbelievers do will turn to their destruction. Perfect justice will be fulfilled. 34:22 Rom 8:1. 35:1 This psalm has three clear divisions. In each division there is a description of David’s enemies and then a statement that when God answers him it will bring joy to his heart and praise to his lips. The divisions are vs 1-10, 11-18, and 19-28. 35:1-3 When God fights for the believer who can stand against him? – 56:9; 118:6; 1 Sam 17:47; 1 Chron 5:20; 2 Chron 20:15; Rom 8:31. “Buckler” – a small shield. 35:4 See 25:2,3. 35:5 Note on angels at Gen 16:7. 35:6 See 73:18; Deut 32:35; Jer 23:12. 35:7 The persecution and hatred David endured from his enemies were not because he had done anything against them. This fact reveals their wickedness and enmity toward God. 35:8 Is it right for believers to pray for the destruction of their enemies, for God’s judgment on them? It was right in the time when the Old Testament was written and when those who so prayed were in tune with God’s purposes and inspired by the Holy Spirit to do so, as the writers of the Psalms were.

be condemned.

A Psalm of David

1 Plead my cause, O LORD, with those who strive with me.

There are such prayers in many psalms – 5, 7, 9, 17, 28, 31, 35, 40, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 69, 74, 79, 83, 109, 129, 140. The reasons for such prayers are also given here and there – 7:6; 9:19,20; 28:4; 59:13; 74:22; 83:16,18. Personal vengeance was not the main concern of the writers of the psalms. They were concerned with justice. They often emphasized the truth that God takes holy vengeance on the wicked enemies of His servants, that God will see to it that men reap what they sow. These writers wanted God to rise in judgment to display His justice which was being forgotten, and to make His holy nature known. They wanted men to fear Him, and seek Him, and know Him. They wanted the poor and needy to be rescued from the oppression of wicked men.

Remember these writers lived under the law of Moses. The essence of law is not grace and mercy but perfect justice in action (see note at Ex 19:21-25; 21:23-25). David’s attitude is the same as that revealed in Deut 27:15-26 which God Himself taught the nation Israel. This attitude is an intense desire to see God vindicated and honored in the display of His just judgments. The writers of the psalms simply prayed that God would do what He said He would do.

Now we live in the age of God’s grace. Under the law God often emphasized judgment on the wicked for their sins. In this age God is emphasizing the gospel of His love for fallen men, His patience toward sinners. The Son of God did not come to destroy men’s lives but to save them – Luke 19:10; 9:54-56; John 3:17. Believers now are to be in tune with God’s purposes, and so are told to pray for their enemies’ good – Matt 5:43,44; Luke 6:27,28; Rom 12:19,20; 1 Tim 2:1-4. For all we know enemies of the church may, like Saul of

PSALMS 35:9 688

9 And my soul will be joyful in the LORD; it will rejoice in his salvation. 10 All my bones will say, “LORD, who is like you who delivers the poor

me, and said, “Aha! Aha! Our eyes have seen you.” 22 You have seen this , O LORD. Do not keep silent. O Lord, do not be far from me. 23 Stir yourself up, and awake for my vindication, for my cause, my God and my Lord. 24 Vindicate me, O LORD my God, in accordance with your righteousness, and do not let them rejoice over me. 25 Do not let them say in their hearts, “Ah, so we would have it!” Do not let them say, “We have swallowed

from the one who is too strong for him; yes, the poor and the needy from

the one who plunders him?” 11 False witnesses rise up. They question me about things that I

do not know. 12 They repay me evil for good to bring loss to my soul. 13 But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing became sackcloth. I humbled my soul with fasting;

him up!” 26 Let those who rejoice at my distress be ashamed and altogether be brought

and my prayer returned into my own bosom. 14 I went about as though he was my friend or brother. I bowed down sorrowfully, like one who

to confusion. Let them be clothed with shame and

dishonour who exalt themselves

mourns for his mother. 15 But in my adversity they rejoiced, and gathered together. Yes, attackers gathered together

against me. 27 Let those who favour my righteous cause shout for joy and be glad. Yes, let them say continually, “May the LORD, who has pleasure in the

against me, and I did not know it. They tore me, and did not stop; 16 With ungodly mockers at feasts, they gnashed their teeth at me. 17 Lord, how long will you look on? Rescue my soul from their attempts to

prosperity of his servant, be exalted.” 28 And my tongue will speak of your righteousness and of your praise

all the day long.

destroy, my precious life from the lions. 18 I will give you thanks in the great congregation. I will praise you among many people. 19 Do not let those who are my enemies wrongfully rejoice over me, or let those who hate me without cause

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David,

the servant of the LORD

1 The transgression of the wicked says within my heart, that there is no

wink with the eye. 20 For they do not speak peace, but devise deceitful matters against

fear of God before his eyes. 2 For he flatters himself in his own eyes, until his wickedness is found to be hateful.

those who are quiet in the land. 21 Yes, they opened their mouth wide against

Tarsus, be converted to Christ and turned into friends. In any case, believers are to love their enemies and desire their salvation. At the end of this age God will rise in judgment on the wicked. At that time all angels and all of God’s people will be in harmony with God’s decision – Rev 6:9-11; 16:5-7; 19:1-4. See note at 109:1 also. 35:9,10 This is a believer’s heart rejoicing in the justice of the Lord which helps the helpless against strong and evil men. 35:13-16 The character of David’s enemies is clearly seen here as being worthy of God’s judgment. Apparently at first David had prayed for their good. But when their behavior continued to be evil God’s Spirit in him inspired him to pray for their punishment. See in v 13 one good purpose in fasting. On fasting see also Isa 56:6,7; Joel 1:14; 2:12; Matt 6:16-18. 35:18 “Thanks” – 7:17; Lev 7:12,13; etc.

35:19-26 It is unbearable that wrong should triumph over right, that wicked men should crush the righteous and escape. 35:27,28 And it is a joyful thing in this fallen evil world when the right gets the upper hand and the righteous are rescued and rewarded. 36:1 In this psalm we have a very striking contrast between the wickedness of men (vs 1-4), and the grace of God (vs 5-10). Some people blame God for the darkness, the corruption, and the disasters which are prevalent in the world. We see here where the blame really rests. Wicked men are responsible for it all. Notes on the fear of God at 34:11-14; 111:10; Gen 20:11; Prov 1:7. 36:2 This verse in Hebrew is obscure and translation is difficult. In any case, the meaning has to do with the deceitfulness of sin and human nature (Jer 17:9; Heb 3:13).

689 PSALMS 37:6

me away. 12 There the evildoers have fallen. They are thrown down, and will not be

3 The words of his mouth are wicked and deceitful. He has ceased to be wise, and to do good. 4 He devises wickedness on his bed. He sets himself in a way that is not good. He does not abhor evil. 5 Your mercy, O LORD, is in the heavens, and your faithfulness reaches to the clouds. 6 Your righteousness is like the great mountains. Your judgments are a great deep. O LORD, you preserve man and beast. 7 How excellent is your loving kindness, O God! Therefore the children of men put their

able to rise.

A Psalm of David

1 Do not fret because of evildoers, or be envious of those who do wicked things. 2 For they will soon be cut down like the grass, and wither like the green plant. 3 Trust in the LORD, and do good; so dwell in the land, and faithfully

trust under the shadow of your wings. 8 They shall be abundantly satisfied with the fulness of your house; and you will cause them to drink from

you will be fed. 4 Delight yourself in the LORD, and he will give you the desires of

the river of your pleasures.

your heart. 5 Commit your way to the LORD and trust in him, and he will accomplish this. 6 He will bring forth your righteousness like the light, and your just cause like the noonday.

9 For with you is the fountain of life. In your light we will see light. 10 Oh, continue your loving kindness to those who know you, and your righteousness to the upright in heart. 11 Let not the foot of pride come against me, and let not the hand of the wicked drive

36:5 The wicked plot evil, God plans good. It is immense folly to blame God for the evil of the wicked. His grace is as measureless as the heavens.

ises to go with them (vs 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 19, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37, 40). The main object of this psalm is to encourage believers to have a calm, restful, peaceful, trusting heart no matter how difficult the circumstances. It is summed up in such sayings of the Lord Jesus as John 14:1 and 16:33. Many are troubled when the wicked prosper. Others envy them. We must learn to resist both attitudes (73:2,3; Prov 3:31; 23:17; 24:1,19; Phil 4:6). Either of them can bring poison into our hearts. 37:2 Why should we fret about or envy those who are ripening for destruction? (vs 10, 20, 35, 36; 73:17-20; 90:5,6; 92:7; Jam 1:11). 37:3 The remedy for both fretting and envying is trust in God and being occupied in good works for Him. The “land” means Israel. God’s people were to remain there and not leave it because of difficulties. 37:4 See 21:2; 145:19. Those who delight in the LORD (Jehovah) will receive the desires of their hearts because the desires of their hearts will be in accordance with His will. They will want what He wants them to have. Many there are who delight in the things of the world and the flesh and then murmur against God because He does not answer their selfish or carnal prayers. 37:5 See 55:22; 16:3; 1 Pet 5:7. Our way and our life are too uncertain and our burdens too difficult for us. For those who trust Him God will do what they cannot do for themselves. 37:6 There is rest of heart in this verse for believers who are the victims of slander and lies. God will look after their reputation and they need not worry about it.

“Faithfulness” – 57:10; 85:10; 89:1,8, 14; Isa 11:5; Lam 3:23; Rom 3:3. 36:6 All that God does is in perfect justice. 36:7 Who can put a price on God’s grace and love? Compare Eph 1:6-8.

“Trust” – 2:12; 7:1. 36:8 All good things men enjoy are gifts of God (Jam 1:17). 36:9 Here is one of the many great verses of the Old Testament. Much of John’s Gospel and letters is a filling out of this verse (John 1:4,5; 3:16; 4:13,14; 5:21,26; 7:37,38; 8:12; 1 John 1:1-6; 5:11,20). Without spiritual life from God we are dead people in a dead world. Without His light all we do is darkness, and we do not know who or what we are or where we are going. See John 3:3-8,19; 12:35,36. 36:10,11 A prayer to be kept continuously in God’s favor and protected from the wicked described in vs 1-4. 36:12 David sees before the eyes of his understanding the complete overthrow of the wicked. He is as certain of God’s judgment on them as if it had already happened. 37:1 This psalm is another gem. David wrote it in old age (v 25). It is full of wonderful spiritual counsel to those who are troubled by the prosperity and success of the wicked. But like all such counsel it is only of use if followed. The psalm has eight exhortations or instructions when considering the prosperity of the wicked (vs 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 27, 34), and at least a dozen great prom-

PSALMS 37:7 690

17 For the arms of the wicked will be broken, but the LORD upholds the righteous. 18 The LORD knows the days of the upright, and their inheritance will be forever. 19 They will not be put to shame in the evil time, and in the days of famine

7 Rest in the LORD and wait patiently for him. Do not fret because of the one who

prospers in his way, because of the man who carries out

wicked schemes. 8 Cease from anger and forsake wrath. Do not at all fret and so do wrong. 9 For evildoers will be cut off, but those who wait for the LORD will

they will have plenty. 20 But the wicked will perish, and the enemies of the LORD will be like

inherit the earth. 10 For yet a little while, and the wicked will be no more. Yes, you will look diligently for his

the splendour of the meadows. They will vanish, vanish away into smoke. 21 The wicked borrows and does not repay; but the righteous shows mercy, and gives. 22 For those who are blessed by the LORD will inherit the earth, and those who are cursed by him will be cut off. 23 The steps of a good man are established by the LORD who delights in his way. 24 Though he falls, he will not be completely thrown down; for the LORD upholds him with his hand. 25 I have been young, and am now old, yet I have not seen the righteous forsaken, or his offspring begging bread. 26 He is always merciful and lends, and his offspring are blessed. 27 Depart from evil, and do good,

place, and it will not be. 11 But the meek will inherit the earth and delight themselves in the abundance of peace. 12 The wicked plots against the just and gnashes at him with his teeth. 13 The Lord will laugh at him, for he sees that his day is coming. 14 The wicked have drawn the sword and bent their bow to bring down the poor and needy, and to kill those who are of upright conduct. 15 Their sword will enter their own heart, and their bows will be broken. 16 A little that a righteous man has is better than the many riches of the wicked.

37:7,8 God will act on the believer’s behalf at just the right time, in just the right way. The believer should not let the prosperity and success of the wicked trouble him. Getting agitated will lead believers to commit sin and accomplish no good whatever.

1:3,4. Should they, then, envy those who enjoy their riches for only a few passing years? 37:19 See 33:18,19; 1 Kings 17:4-6,9-16; 18:2-4; Matt 6:33; 7:7,11. 37:20 “Splendour of the meadows” – the KJV has “fat of lambs,” but the Hebrew word they translated “fat” means splendour or beauty, not fat. The word they translated “lambs” does mean that, but it also came to mean the meadows or pastures where the lambs fed. 37:21 Deut 15:6; 28:12,44. 37:22 Deut 27:11-26; 28:1-20 (see notes there). 37:23 See 16:11; 35:27; 40:2; 66:9; 119:5; 1 Sam 2:9; Isa 62:5; 65:19; Zeph 3:17; Eph 2:10. 37:24 Prov 24:16. Those who are truly God’s people may stumble and fail. We cannot deny it. The Bible gives a great many examples of it – Gen 12:10-13; 13:10,11; 16:1,2; 26:6-10; 27:22-24; Ex 32:1-5; Num 20:8-12; Jud 16:1,4; 2 Sam 11:1-27; 1 Kings 11:1-6; 2 Chron 16:10; 20:35; 26:4,5,16; Matt 26:69-75; Gal 2:11-13; Jam 3:2. But because God will not let go of their hand, they will not utterly fall away and be lost – v 28; John 10:28,29. 37:25,26 Sometimes some of the righteous seem to be forsaken (e.g. Job, David, Jeremiah). But they really are not. And they and their children as a general rule do not need to beg for their food. Often they will have enough to lend to others. 37:27 In true religion there is both a negative and a positive aspect. Forsaking evil is

“Fret” – the root meaning of the Hebrew word in these verses (and in verse 1) is “to burn” or “ignite,” and then “to get angry” or “burn with anger” or “get hotly agitated.” 37:9 The Hebrew word for both land and the earth are the same. David probably meant that the righteous in Israel would inherit that land (vs 11,22,29). But Jesus promised that the meek would inherit the whole world (Matt 5:5). 37:12 Verses 14,32. The wicked hate the righteous simply because they are righteous. They need no other reason (John 15:19; 1 John 3:12). 37:13 See 2:4. 37:14 If God and the laws of society did not restrain them, no doubt wicked people would try to kill all those who stood up for righteousness and truth. 37:15 7:14-16; 1 Sam 31:4; Esther 7:10. 37:16 Far, far better to have only a little and be honest than to have great abundance and be crooked. Better to starve and be a person of integrity than to feast and be wicked. Let us write this verse on the tablets of our hearts. See also Prov 15:16; 16:8; 1 Tim 6:6-8. 37:17 See 71:6; 145:14; Matt 6:33. 37:18 Believers have an eternal inheritance, wonderful riches that will never pass away – 1 Cor 3:21-23; 2 Cor 4:17; Heb 9:15; 1 Pet

691 PSALMS 38:13

and dwell forever. 28 For the LORD loves justice and does not forsake his saints. They are preserved forever. But the offspring of the wicked will be cut off. 29 The righteous will inherit the land, and live in it forever. 30 The mouth of the righteous speaks wisdom and his tongue talks of justice. 31 The law of his God is in his heart. None of his steps will slip. 32 The wicked watches the righteous, and seeks to kill him. 33 The LORD will not leave the righteous in his hands, or condemn him when he

A Psalm of David, to bring to remembrance

1 O LORD, do not rebuke me in your wrath or

discipline me in your hot displeasure. 2 For your arrows pierce me, and your hand presses me down. 3 There is no soundness in my flesh because of your anger; nor is there any rest in my bones

because of my sin. 4 For my sins have gone over my head; like a heavy burden they are too heavy for me. 5 My wounds stink and are corrupt because of my foolishness. 6 I am troubled; I am bowed down greatly; I go about mourning all day long. 7 For my loins are filled with a burning pain, and there is no soundness in my flesh. 8 I am feeble and utterly crushed. I groan because of the roaring of my heart. 9 Lord, all my desire is before you, and my sighing is not hidden from you. 10 My heart pants, my strength fails me. As for the light of my eyes,

is judged.

34 Wait for the LORD and keep his way, and he will exalt you to inherit the land. When the wicked are cut off, you will see it. 35 I have seen the wicked in great power,and spreading himself like a native green tree. 36 Yet he passed away, and lo and behold, he was no more; yes, I looked for him, but he could not be

found. 37 Consider the blameless man, and see the upright; for the future of that man is peace. 38 But the transgressors will be destroyed together; the future of the wicked will be cut off. 39 But the salvation of the righteous is from the LORD. He is their strength in the time of trouble. 40 And the LORD will help them, and deliver them. He will deliver them from the wicked, and save them, because they trust in him.

it also has gone from me. 11 My loved ones and my friends stand aloof from my disease, and my kinsmen stand at a distance. 12 Also those who seek my life lay snares for me, and those who seek my harm speak of my

destruction and devise deceitful

things all day long. 13 But I, like a deaf man, do not listen, like a mute who does not open his mouth.

not enough. Doing good is equally as important – 34:14; Isa 1:16,17. 37:28 John 6:37,39; 17:11; Heb 13:5; 1 Pet 1:5. A very blessed truth. 37:30-33 What a contrast! 37:34 The wheels of justice often seem to turn slowly, but they will certainly turn. We should make no mistake about it. 37:35,36 Times without number history has proved the truth of this. Read the books of Kings and Chronicles and see. 37:37,38 Rom 2:6-10. 37:39 “Salvation” – 3:8; 62:1; Jonah 2:9; Rom 1:16; Eph 2:8,9. “Strength” – 18:1,2; 27:1; 73:26. 37:40 See 7:1,2. 38:1-11 This is one of the “penitential” psalms – that is, psalms of mourning over personal sins. Others are 6, 31, 32, 51. Here David writes of the sickness of his body, the distress of his mind, and the neglect of his friends. He traces the cause of all this to

his own sin, and instead of vain murmuring and complaining about his lot, he make confession and opens his heart to God. Surely a good example to all of us. This portion is similar to Ps 6; 31:9-12; 102:3-11. 38:1 See 6:1. 38:2 Deut 32:23; Job 6:4. 38:3 “No soundness” – sin and God’s chastisement may result in serious illness, as the following verses vividly show. Compare 1 Cor 11:30. 38:4 This is true of every single person, but not every one is aware of it as David was. 38:6,8 The conviction of sin is a very painful experience (vs 17,18; 32:3,4). 38:11 The unkindness of friends adds to his grief (31:11; Job 19:13-19). 38:12 When the righteous fall their enemies try to get in a kick at them, and rejoice at their misery (v 16). 38:13,14 Unlike Job (before God came to him at the end) David cannot say a word in

PSALMS 38:14 692

14 So I am like a man who does not hear, and in whose mouth are no replies. 15 For in you, O LORD, I hope. You will hear, O Lord my God. 16 For I said, “Hear me, or they will rejoice against me,

while the wicked are before me.” 2 I was bound to silence. I kept quiet, even from good;

and my sorrow was stirred. 3 My heart was hot within me; while I was musing, the fire burned. Then I spoke with my tongue. 4 LORD, make me know my life’s end, and what the number of my days is, so that I may know how frail I am. 5 See, you have made my days like a hand breadth, and my age is as nothing before you. Truly every man in his best state is

when my foot slips; they will exalt themselves over me.” 17 For I am about to fall, and my sorrow is continually before me. 18 For I will declare my guilt; I will be sorry for my sin. 19 But my enemies are lively, and they are strong, and those who hate me wrongfully have

altogether vanity.

increased in number. 20 And those who repay evil for good are my adversaries, because I follow what is good. 21 Do not forsake me, O LORD. O my God, do not be far from me. 22 Come quickly to help me, O Lord, my salvation.

Selah 6 Surely every man walks about like a shadow. Surely they are agitated in vain. He heaps up riches and does not know

who will gather them. 7 And now, Lord, what do I wait for? My hope is in you. 8 Deliver me from all my transgressions. Do not make me the scorn of the foolish. 9 I was mute; I did not open my mouth; because you did it. 10 Remove your plague from me; I am destroyed by the blow of your hand. 11 When you use rebukes to correct a man for sin, you make his beauty consume like a moth. Surely every man is vanity. Selah 12 Hear my prayer, O LORD,

To the chief musician, to Jeduthun,

a Psalm of David

1 I said, “I will watch my ways, so that I do not sin with my tongue. I will keep a muzzle on my mouth,

dishonor God by something he said, or lest the wicked pervert his good words for a bad use (73:15; Eccl 3:7; Matt 7:6). 39:2,3 How common is this experience to us! How hard it is to control the tongue (Jam 3:7,8).

his own defense – he is conscious that he has sinned and that he deserves everything that has come on him. 38:15 He is submissive to God and waits for God’s time and God’s way to bring him out of his trouble and anguish. He knows full well that all that has happened to him is his own fault. And he has confessed his sin. Now he is confident that God will give him victory again. 38:19 35:19; 37:14. 38:20 Though he has spoken of his enormous sin in v 4, here he speaks of seeking to do good. He means that he refuses to remain in his sin. He resolves to forsake it completely. Without this desire and intention confession is vain. He means too that the whole trend of his life is doing good, that his sin was a deviation, an aberration. Sheep do not remain in the mire and wallow like pigs. 38:21,22 Such prayers from a penitent heart are like music in God’s ears. 39 Title: “For Jeduthun” – see 1 Chron 16:41,42; 25:1-6. Two other psalms are for him – 62 and 72. Parts of this psalm are similar to 38:13,14; 32:3-5; and to some words of Job. 39:1 A fine resolution. James says if a man does not sin with his tongue he is a perfect man (Jam 3:2). David was careful lest he

“Tongue” – perhaps there should be a colon here and quotation marks at the beginning of v 4 (the Hebrew has no punctuation marks anywhere). 39:4-6 One aid to controlling the tongue is to really understand the brevity of life. See 62:9; 90:12; 1 Cor 7:31; Jam 1:10,11; 1 Pet 1:14. Knowing this we will not want to spend our time telling of the prosperity and success of the wicked, or their opposition to us. We will have much better things to talk about. 39:7-11 Another help in controlling the tongue is to submit in hope to God’s chastening hand. 39:7 See 38:15. 39:8 He wants more than mere forgiveness. He wants to be delivered from the power and effect of his sins (see also 51:14; Matt 1:21). 39:9 To endure quietly God’s chastening hand is a very healthy thing (Lam 3:22-33). 39:10 Job 9:34; 13:21. 39:11 On discipline see Heb 12:5-11. “Moth” – Matt 6:19,20. 39:12 On tears see 56:8; Isa 38:5.

693 PSALMS 40:6

and give ear to my cry. Do not be silent at my tears; for I am a foreigner with you, and a sojourner, as all my fathers were. 13 Oh, look away from me, that I may recover strength,

and established my steps. 3 And he put a new song in my mouth, praise to our God. Many will see it and fear,

and will trust in the LORD. 4 Blessed is that man who makes the LORD his trust, and does not respect the proud, or turn aside to lies. 5 Many, O LORD my God, are your wonderful works which you have done,

before I leave here and am no more.

and your thoughts toward us. They cannot be recounted to you in order. If I would declare and speak of them,

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David

1 I waited patiently for the LORD, and he bent down to me and heard my cry. 2 He also brought me up out of a horrible pit, out of the miry clay, and set my feet on a rock,

they are more than can be numbered. 6 Sacrifice and offering you did not desire; my ears you have opened. Burnt offering and sin offering you did

not require.

beneath the burden of man’s sins in the garden of Gethsemane and on the cross.

“Foreigner” – or “stranger.” The Hebrew was used to indicate a temporary resident, and David is referring to his brief time in this world. 119:19; Lev 25:23; 1 Chron 29:15; Heb 11:13; 1 Pet 2:11. 39:13 Job 7:19; 10:20,21; 14:6. Job and David could not endure what they regarded as God’s frowning and angry face. 40:1 Another great psalm in which we have a prophecy about the Lord Jesus Christ (in vs 6-8). Some scholars think every word in the psalm refers to Him. If this interpretation is true then the iniquities mentioned in v 12 would have to mean our sins which He took as His own to bear to the cross in our place (Rom 4:25; 2 Cor 5:21; 1 Pet 2:24). Much of the language of the psalms describes experiences that all God’s people go through, and can apply equally well to Christ the second (and last) Adam, the head of a new race of men (1 Cor 15:45-49).

The “Rock” here is God Himself. Note at Deut 32:4. In His own good time and way God brought deliverance.

“On a rock” – in a world of many pitfalls and much mud and mire what we greatly need is a firm place to stand. Standing on the Rock we are safe and secure. 40:3 Deliverance brings a song, and every new deliverance a new song, and others seeing the deliverance of believers and their joy are inspired to trust in God. Supremely true this is in the case of the Lord Jesus. We see Him raised from the dead and rescued from every enemy, and so we trust Him to deliver us too. 40:4 See 34:8; 84:12. Many follow the proud leaders, the peddlers of falsehood in this world. But the true way of blessing is seen here.

“Lies” – in Hebrew this word sometimes signified false gods. 40:5 “Wonderful works” – 72:18; 136:4; Deut 6:22; Job 5:9; 9:10. The powerful, the wealthy, the famous may never have a thought about God’s people, may never have a purpose except to exploit and oppress them. But God the Almighty thinks of them constantly, has exceedingly high and wonderful purposes and plans for those who believe in Him. 40:6 Verses 6-8 are quoted in Heb 10:5-7 and applied to Christ. God Himself appointed sacrifices for Israel (Ex 20:24; Leviticus chapters 1 to 6. See notes there). Now He says that He did not desire them. Is this a contradiction? Absolutely not. There are no contradictions in the Bible. God knew that those offerings and sacrifices were valueless to Him. He did not desire them for Himself. They were mere pictures of Christ who was to come as a sacrifice for sin. And even in those days when the people offered animal sacrifices at God’s command, God always put far more value on faith and obedience and holy living than on the bring-

“Waited patiently” – 27:14; 37:7. He recognizes that help cannot come from any source but the Lord Himself. And he has learned that God has His times of action and will not be hurried. Even when we are in desperate need of something from God, patient waiting on Him is His appointed way. Impatience, fretting and inner turmoil will accomplish nothing. 40:2 “Horrible pit”, etc – speaks of something very unpleasant indeed, something too treacherous or too slippery to extricate oneself from. Deliverance had to come from God. Note the words “He brought me up,” “He established”, and “He put” (v 3). All that David did was to cry to God and wait patiently, God did all the rest. David speaks of an experience that happens to many of God’s children. It is an experience of immense difficulty, danger, or misery. The foundations of life seem to collapse. Heart, mind, and spirit seem to be sinking ever further down without a solid place of support (69:2,14). Job, David, Jonah, Jeremiah, and many others went through such experiences. We may think too of the Lord Jesus sinking

PSALMS 40:7 694

driven backward and put to shame. 15 Let those who say to me “Aha, aha!” be appalled at their disgrace. 16 Let all those who seek you rejoice and be glad in you. Let those who love your salvation say

7 Then I said, “Look, I come. In the book’s scroll it is written of me. 8 I delight to do your will, O my God. Yes, your law is within my heart. 9 I have proclaimed righteousness in the great congregation. See, I have not restrained my lips; O LORD, you know. 10 I have not hidden your righteousness in my heart. I have declared your faithfulness and

continually, “The LORD be exalted.” 17 But I am poor and needy. Yet the Lord thinks of me. You are my help and my deliverer. Do not delay, O my God.

your salvation. I have not concealed your loving

kindness and your truth from the

great congregation. 11 Do not withhold your tender mercies from me, O LORD. Let your loving kindness and your truth

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David

continually preserve me. 12 For innumerable evils have surrounded me. My sins have overtaken me,

1 Blessed is he who considers the poor. The LORD will deliver him in time of trouble. 2 The LORD will preserve him and keep him alive; and he will be blessed on the earth. And you will not hand him over to the

so that I am not able to look up. They are more than the hairs of my head; therefore my heart fails me. 13 Be pleased, O LORD, to deliver me! O LORD, come quickly to help me! 14 Let those who seek my soul to destroy it be put to disgrace and confusion together. Let those who wish evil for me be

will of his enemies. 3 The LORD will strengthen him on the bed of illness. You will transform all his bed in his sickness. 4 I said, “LORD, be merciful to me.

4:15; 7:26; 1 Pet 2:22-24). But do our hearts not fail when we think of our sins? How earnestly we should cry to God for protection against them and against all evils that surround us in this world (vs 13,17). 40:14,15 Note at 35:8. 40:16 This will be the eternal result of the salvation the Lord Jesus gained for men by His sufferings. It is experienced by those who seek Him and all the glory will be God’s. 41:1 We have in this psalm also a word fulfilled in the experience of the Lord Jesus (v 9). However it is very plain that the whole psalm does not refer to Him because v 4 is a confession of personal sin (see note 40:12). The weak or poor have a special place in God’s heart and should have in ours also (82:3,4; Ex 22:25; 23:11; Lev 19:10; Prov 14:21; Luke 6:20; Gal 2:10; Jam 2:5). Blessed are those who help them. It is very instructive to trace through the psalms those whom God declares are blessed (see note at 1:1,2). 41:3 Sickness may come to even the most trusting and faithful believers (1 Kings 15:23; Job 2:7; Isa 38:1; Gal 4:13; Phil 2:26,27; 1 Tim 5:23; 2 Tim 4:20). But see here who will be both doctor and nurse to them. Compare 103:3; Ex 15:26. 41:4 “Heal my soul” – this was sometimes the way the Hebrews expressed themselves when they meant simply “heal me,” but there could be a deeper meaning here. The

ing of sacrifices (51:16; 1 Sam 15:22; Isa 1:11-17; Hos 6:6; Micah 6:6-8; Matt 12:7; Mark 12:33). 40:7 This is the Lord Jesus speaking through David. It can hardly refer to David himself. Often the prophets wrote things which they understood did not refer to themselves but to the Messiah (1 Pet 1:10-12). Christ speaks here of coming from heaven to earth. He comes in accordance with all that is written in the “scroll.” This means the Old Testament. It was written on scrolls. The whole Old Testament is full of prophecies and types of Christ (notes at Matt 5:17; Luke 24:25-27,44-47; etc). 40:8 This should be true of all God’s people. It was very often true of David. It was supremely and eternally true of the Lord Jesus (John 4:34; 50:30; 6:38; 8:29). Because of this complete obedience of the Lord Jesus salvation is made available to all who will receive it. 40:9,10 These words can refer to both David and Christ. Christ, of course, completely fulfilled them (22:22,25; Matt 9:35; Mark 1:38; 2:13; John 18:20; 1 Tim 6:13; Heb 2:11,12). 40:12 The true saints are often more conscious of their sins than anyone else is. What David says here is true of us all. Our sins of omission and commission are innumerable. This verse can refer to the Lord Jesus only as bearing our sins. He Himself never sinned (2 Cor 5:21; Heb

695 PSALMS 42:2

Heal my soul, for I have sinned against you.”

because my enemy does not triumph over me. 12 And as for me, you uphold me in my integrity, and set me before your

5 My enemies speak evil of me, “When will he die, and his name perish?” 6 And if one of them comes to see me, he speaks falsehood. His heart gathers evil to itself. When he goes out, he tells it. 7 All who hate me whisper together against me. They plot harm against me. 8 “An evil disease,” they say, “clings to him, and now that he is

face forever. 13 Blessed be the LORD God of Israel from everlasting to everlasting. Amen and Amen.

BOOK 2 (Psalms 42 - 72)

lying down he will never get up again.” 9 Even my own familiar friend, whom I trusted, who ate my bread, has lifted up his heel against me.

To the chief musician, a maskil for the sons of Korah

1 As the deer pants for the water brooks, so pants my soul for you, O God. 2 My soul thirsts for God, for the living God.

10 But you, O LORD, be merciful to me, and raise me up, that I may repay them. 11 By this I will know that you are pleased with me:

sickness of sin, with its effects on the soul, is far more dangerous and difficult to deal with that bodily illness. David turns to the only one who can truly heal him in body, soul, and spirit. 41:5 See 38:12. 41:6 See 12:2; 62:4; Prov 26:24-26. 41:7 See 56:5. 41:8 See 71:10,11; Isa 53:4. His enemies accused Christ of blasphemies and declared Him worthy of destruction (Matt 26:55,56). 41:9 In David’s case this probably refers to Ahitophel (2 Sam 15:12,31; 16:15,20-23). It was fulfilled in the life of the Lord Jesus by the betrayal of Judas (Matt 26:23; John 13:18). Observe that the Lord Jesus quoted only a part of this verse. He did not use the words “friend in whom I trusted”, because He never trusted Judas. He knew from the beginning what Judas was like and what he would do (John 6:64,70,71). 41:10 He prays for something his enemies said was impossible (v 8). However this may have been fulfilled in David’s case it was gloriously fulfilled in Christ at His resurrection. On “repay” see 2:12; Isa 65:6; note at Num 31:2. The enemies of God will be rewarded according to their deeds. 41:11 See 37:23; 147:11. If God is pleased with us it little matters what men think of us. So Paul in Gal 1:10; 1 Thess 2:4. 41:12 See 17:3; 18:20-24. 41:13 See 72:18,19; 89:52; 106:48; 150:6; Rom 9:5. 42 Title: The sons of Korah (see Num 16:32) were a band of singers in the worship of God (1 Chron 6:1,7,16; 9:19; 26:1). The Hebrew word translated “for” here can also mean “of.” Usually in the titles to the psalms it seems to mean “of” or “by”, but here it could mean “for” the sons of Korah – in other words, written for them to sing, or compose music to. It is unlikely that a group of people would write a psalm as personal as this, and use the singular pronoun. However, since it

is possible that an individual among them did so, “of” may indicate “one of” the sons of Korah. The matter is doubtful. The language of this psalm sounds very much like David’s language in other places. Maskil was probably a literary or musical term. 42:1 Perhaps a good name for this psalm is “Spiritual depression, its causes and cure.” See also psalms 13 and 77, which have a similar theme. Here the writer speaks of five causes of his depression.

He sought God but did not seem to be able to enter into a fresh experience of His presence (vs 1,2).

His enemies taunted him because it seemed he was deserted by God (v 3).

He compared his present condition with happier, better times and grieved at the comparison (v 4).

He thinks he is submerged in troubles and sorrows sent by God (v 7).

And He feels that God has forgotten him for the time (v 9).

These are reasons enough for continual depression if one neglects the cure. He gives the cure in vs 5, 6, and 11. In the word “why” (vs 5,9,11) he shows that he sees his depression is not proper, and not in accordance with a spiritual mind. In spite of very difficult circumstances he realizes that since God is his Saviour and his God, he should not be depressed. He decides to meditate on God (v 6). And he encourages himself to put his hope and trust in God. This is still the cure for troubled minds and depressed hearts. Giving in to gloomy feelings, unbelief, and despair is the opposite of what we should be doing, and we must fight against it and use God’s way to overcome all such things (Eph 6:10-18 is not without relevance here. One of the weapons Satan and his hordes use to try to defeat us in our spiritual life is discouragement or depression). 42:1,2 In times of depression (indeed at all times) he shows us what we should seek –

PSALMS 42:3 696

of Hermon, from the hill Mizar. 7 Deep calls to deep at the noise of your waterspouts. All your waves and your billows have

When will I come and appear

before God? 3 My tears have been my food day and night, while they continually say to me, “Where is your God?” 4 When I remember these things, I pour out my soul in me. For I used to go with the multitude; I went with them to the house of God, with the sound of joy and praise, with a multitude keeping a pilgrim festival. 5 Why are you cast down, O my soul? And why are you restless in me? Hope in God, for I will yet praise him

gone over me. 8 Yet the LORD will command his loving kindness in the daytime, and in the night his song will be with me, and my prayer to the God of my life.

9 I will say to God my rock, “Why have you forgotten me? Why do I go about mourning because of

the oppression of the enemy?” 10 As with a sword in my bones, my enemies taunt me,

for the help of his presence. 6 O my God, my soul is cast down within me. Therefore I will remember you from the

while daily they say to me, “Where is your God?” 11 Why are you cast down, O my soul?

land of Jordan and from the heights

not merely rescue from unhappy circumstances, or what God can do for us or give us, but God Himself. Personal experience with the great Creator of the universe is of greater value than the whole world and anything else that can be gained. Knowing Him is eternal life (John 17:3), and knowing Him better and experiencing His fellowship more deeply must be the chief concern of those who have eternal life (Eph 1:17; 3:18,19; Phil 3:8,10). And it is surely the way to overcome discouragement and temptations to despair. From David’s experience recorded here (if indeed David wrote this) we can see that at times God seems at a distance and must be sought (Jer 29:13; etc). 42:3 The taunts of others may increase depression vs 9,10; 44:15,16; Job 19:1-3; etc. 42:4 Remembrance of things past can add to depression, but may also be a step toward relief from it (see note on remembering at Deut 8:1). Remembrance of God’s nearness and goodness in the past can give hope that He will draw near and show His goodness again.

42:6 “Heights of Hermon” – when the author wrote of his deep depression he was away from his home in Jerusalem. If David wrote this (and there is no certainty that he did) this may have occurred at the time of Absalom’s rebellion when David fled across the Jordan river (2 Samuel chapters 16 and 17). That time when his own son turned violently against him was one of the worst experiences of his life (and he had many unhappy experiences). But even then he refused to abandon hope in God. Psalm 3, which David wrote sometime during that experience, records his quiet confidence that God would act in his defense. Our experiences and the causes of our depression may be different from his, but if our hope is in the same God we will find that He works things out for our good also. And if He does not bring us out of depressing circumstances He will give victory and peace in those circumstances. 42:7 It sometimes seems to believers that they are drowning in a great sea of troubles (18:16; 69:1,2; 88:7). Notice that the writer says that it is God’s waves and breakers which have swept over him. Compare Job 1:21; 2:10; Gen 45:8; 50:20; etc. What God causes to sweep over us He can cause to pass on beyond us, and give us peace even when we are hit by the waves. No matter what conditions are like now, there is still a good future ahead for those who hope in God. 42:8 Even in the deepest trouble and depression he did not give up his confidence in God. Compare 13:5,6. God is with His people in all circumstances (Isa 43:2; 50:10). And we should be confident that He can make them victorious in everything – compare Rom 8:37; 2 Tim 4:18.

“Used to go” – the writer refers to worship in Jerusalem’s tabernacle or temple. From the place where he is now he can no longer join with those who go there. 42:5 Hope for the future rises in his heart because of his faith in God, and his confidence that God has not forsaken him completely. Seeking God and renewing our trust in Him can conquer depression when nothing else can.

“I will yet praise Him” – the meaning seems to be that God will work in his behalf and give further reason to praise Him, that God will bring him out of his depressing experiences. A person who knows that the true and living God is his or her Saviour and God has a ground of hope that is rock solid. God does not change with our changing circumstances and He will cause all things to work together for good to those who love Him (Rom 8:28).

“In the night his song” – Job 35:10. “God of my life” – Acts 3:15; 17:25. 42:9 “Rock” – Deut 32:4. 42:10 Verse 3. 42:11 We too may speak, and should speak, to ourselves and encourage ourselves to hope

697 PSALMS 44:7

And why are you restless within me? Hope in God, for I will yet praise him,

who is the health of my countenance,

To the chief musician, for the sons of Korah, a maskil

and my God.

1 We have heard with our ears, O God, our fathers have told us, what deeds you did in their days,

1 Vindicate me, O God, and plead my cause against an ungodly nation. Oh, deliver me from the deceitful and

in olden times; 2 how you drove out the nations with your hand, and planted them; how you shattered the peoples and drove

unjust man; 2 For you are the God of my strength. Why do you cast me off? Why do I go about mourning because of

them out. 3 For they did not get the land in their possession by their own sword, nor did their own arm save them, but your right hand, and your arm,

the oppression of the enemy? 3 Oh, send out your light and your truth! Let them lead me, let them bring me to

and the light of your countenance, because you were pleased with them. 4 You are my King, O God. Command victories for Jacob. 5 Through you we will push down our enemies; through your name we will trample on

your holy hill and to your tabernacle. 4 Then I will go to the altar of God, to God, my exceeding joy. Yes, I will praise you on the harp,

O God, my God. 5 Why are you cast down, O my soul? And why are you restless within me? Hope in God, for I will yet praise him, who is the health of my countenance,

those who rise up against us. 6 For I will not trust in my bow, nor will my sword save me. 7 But you have saved us from our enemies

and my God.

where true joy is found. It is not in the world, in things, or in self, but in God alone. If we do not find it in Him it is certain that we will not find it anywhere. In v 2 he speaks of mourning; here he speaks of joy and delight. See 2 Cor 6:10. Compare Isa 53:3 with John 17:13. Joy and sorrow can co-exist in the same heart at the same time. 43:5 42:11. 44 Title: Maskil was probably a literary or musical term. 44:1 We do not know who wrote this psalm nor when it was written. The divisions of the psalm are clear. The writer remembers the past (vs 1-3); then he expresses his desire and confidence that God will work on their behalf in the same way He did in days gone by (vs 4-8); he describes the present sad state of things (vs 9-16); yet the people have remained faithful to God and have suffered and died for His name’s sake (vs 17-22); he closes with a prayer for deliverance (vs 23-26). 44:2 This refers to Israel conquering Canaan as described in Joshua. 44:3 See 78:54,55; Josh 24:11-13; Neh 9:24. 44:4 See 5:2; 74:12. God is the great king of the universe. He has the right to accomplish His will by merely giving commands (33:9; 47:2). 44:5 Believers now should think of spiritual foes and have confidence in God for victory – Eph 6:10-12.

and believe that God will give us victory and peace in depressing circumstances. 43:1 The last verse of this psalm and the last verse of 42 are identical. It seems probable that both psalms were written by the same person at about the same time. Some Hebrew manuscripts combine these two psalms into one.

“Vindicate me” – see 26:1; 35:1,24. He knows he has done nothing against the nation to merit their opposition.

“Against an ungodly nation” – this indicates that the writer was a very prominent leader opposed by the nation as a whole. David at the time of Absalom’s rebellion fits the picture well. 43:2 “God of my strength” – the God who gives me strength, or the God who is my strength – 18:1; 28:7; 31:4.

“Cast me off” – if David wrote this when he fled at the time of Absalom’s rebellion he may have feared that God was rejecting him as king of Israel. He is not speaking of personal salvation.

“Mourning” – 42:9. 43:3 A beautiful prayer every human being on earth should make. We need a guide to show us the way to God’s holy heaven. His light and truth must be that guide. If we follow anything else we will infallibly go astray.

“Light” – 19:8; 119:105; John 8:12; 2 Cor 4:6. “Truth” – 25:5; John 1:14; 8:32; 14:6; 2 Thess 2:10-12. 43:4 Let us permit the author to teach us

PSALMS 44:8 698

of jackals and covered us with the

and have put to shame those who hated us. 8 In God we boast all the day long, and praise your name forever. Selah 9 But you have cast us off and put us to shame, and do not go forth with our armies. 10 You make us turn back from the enemy, and those who hate us take plunder

shadow of death. 20 If we have forgotten the name of our God, or stretched out our hands to a foreign god, 21 Will God not search this out? For he knows the secrets of the heart. 22 Yes, for your sake we are killed all the day long. We are accounted as sheep for the slaughter. 23 Awake! Why are you sleeping, O Lord? Arise! Do not reject us forever. 24 Why do you hide your face, and forget our misery and our oppression? 25 For our soul is bowed down to the dust. Our body clings to the earth. 26 Arise for our help, and redeem us, for your mercy’s sake.

for themselves. 11 You have given us up like sheep taken for food, and have scattered us among

the nations. 12 You sell your people for nothing, and do not increase your wealth by

their price. 13 You make us an object of reproach to our neighbours, and scorn and derision to those who are

around us. 14 You make us a byword among the nations, a shaking of the head among the peoples. 15 My dishonour is continually before me, and the shame of my face has covered me, 16 Because of the voice of him who reproaches and reviles, because of the enemy and avenger. 17 All this has come on us, but we have not forgotten you, nor have we dealt falsely with your covenant. 18 Our heart has not turned back, nor have our steps departed from your way, 19 Though you have crushed us in the place

To the chief musician on Shoshannim,

for the sons of Korah, a maskil,

a song of love

1 My heart overflows with a good theme. I speak of the things which I have

produced about the king. My tongue is the pen of a ready writer. 2 You are fairer than the sons of men. Grace is poured into your lips;

therefore God has blessed you forever. 3 Gird your sword upon your thigh,

Here is a glorious psalm concerning the Lord Jesus as King and heavenly Bridegroom to His church. That it refers to no earthly monarch is clear from verses like 2,6,7,11. Verses 6,7 are quoted in the New Testament as referring to Christ (Heb 1:8,9). The divisions of the psalm are clear. After announcing his theme in v 1, the author speaks to the King in vs 2-9; the church is pictured as the bride of Christ in vs 10-15; then there are closing remarks addressed once more to the King in vs 16,17. 45:1 Thoughts of the beauty, the splendor, the grace, the power, the holy character of the heavenly King fill the writer’s heart to overflowing. A “good matter” indeed has completely captured his attention. No other matter that will ever engage our thoughts can be better.

44:8 Victory over spiritual enemies too is gained only in the strength of God and all the glory should be His. 44:9 See 43:2; 60:1,10; 74:1; 89:38; 108:11. 44:13,14 See 69:11; 79:4; 109:25; Deut 28:37; Jer 24:9. 44:17,18 Here the few faithful ones who remained in Israel speak. There were not many times in Israel’s history when this was true of the nation as a whole. 44:20 In the Bible both of these were regarded as very serious evils – 9:11; 50:22; 81:9; Deut 6:12,14; 8:11,14,19; Ex 20:3,4. 44:21 See 139:12; Jer 12:3; John 2:24,25; Heb 4:13. 44:22 Paul quotes this verse in Rom 8:36 and applies it to Christian believers. But Paul’s attitude, unlike this psalm’s author, was one of triumphant submission to God. 44:23 See 7:6; 78:65. These are very bold words to use to God. This is the confidence of children who know their Father well. 44:24 See 13:1. 44:25 Sometimes believers are laid as low as can be. The only way left to go is up. 44:26 There’s no better way to pray than to plead God’s grace and mercy. 45 Title: Shoshannim probably indicated the tune to be used with this psalm. It means “lilies.” Maskil was probably a literary or musical term.

“Overflows” – from a Hebrew word which means to boil or bubble up, and possibly indicates the sound boiling water makes. 45:2 The beauty of the Lord Jesus on earth was not physical (Isa 53:2,3) but spiritual – grace was poured on His lips (Luke 4:22), and He loved righteousness and hated wickedness (v 7). So God the Father gave Him eternal blessings. 45:3-5 Jesus is not only the meek and suffering Saviour so movingly depicted in Ps 22; He is the mighty King of kings who will

699 PSALMS 45:14

9 Kings’ daughters are among your honourable women. At your right hand stands the queen in

O most Mighty One, with your glory and your majesty. 4 And in your majesty ride victoriously in the cause of truth and meekness

gold of Ophir. 10 Listen, O daughter, and consider, and incline your ear. Also forget your own people, and your

and righteousness; and your right hand will teach you

awesome things. 5 Your arrows are sharp in the heart of the king’s enemies. The peoples fall under you. 6 Your throne, O God, is forever and ever. The sceptre of your kingdom is a

father’s house; 11 And the king will greatly desire your beauty. Because he is your Lord, worship him. 12 And the daughter of Tyre will be there with a gift. The rich among the people will seek your

sceptre of righteousness. 7 You love righteousness and hate wickedness. Therefore God, your God, has anointed

favour.

13 The king’s daughter is all glorious within the palace. Her clothing is woven with gold. 14 She will be brought to the king in embroidered garments. Her virgin companions who follow her will

you with the oil of gladness more

than your companions. 8 All your garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the

ivory palaces, by which they have made you glad.

be brought to you.

fight the battle for truth, humility, and righteousness, and will win. His is the sword of God’s Spirit (Eph 6:17; Heb 4:12; Rev 1:16). He is clothed in splendor and majesty (Rev 1:12-16). Does it seem sometimes that justice and truth and meekness will never prevail on earth? Do not doubt. Christ will ride on until victory is His. The final fulfillment of this is seen in Rev 19:11-16. Opposing Him is the utmost folly (2:12; 7:11-13). Sharp indeed are His arrows (120:4; 92:9). 45:6 Here Jesus is called God (Heb 1:8). In the next verse it speaks of the King’s God. That is the God and Father of the Lord Jesus Christ. Two members of the Trinity are in view here (notes on the Trinity at Matt 3:16,17; etc). Some people who deny that Jesus is truly God have twisted the most natural meaning of the Hebrew here (and the Greek in Heb 1:8). They have tried to translate it like this – “God is your throne forever.” But even such an absurd translation does not eliminate the truth of the deity of Christ in this verse. Actually it makes Jesus greater than the Father, for greater is the one who occupies a throne than the throne itself.

Bridegroom. The details of the language signify a festive occasion. Is it anything other than the marriage supper of the Lamb (Rev 19:7-9)? In v 9 the queen appears dressed in gold. And what does this signify but the church of our Lord Jesus, composed of all His true believers (2 Cor 11:2; Eph 5:25-27)? 45:10,11 Now the writer of this psalm through the Holy Spirit gives instructions to the bride, that is, to believers. To have a satisfactory relationship with heaven’s King certain things are very necessary. The first is turning away from the past life to cleave to the King alone (Gen 12:1; Matt 10:37,38; Luke 14:25,26,33; Heb 11:8-10,15,16). No earthly king would be satisfied with a bride whose heart was somewhere else. The heavenly King too demands our heart, our love (compare Prov 23:26). The King finds great beauty in the person who leaves all for Him (v 11; Song of Songs 4:7; Luke 14:33). The believer is also to recognize King Jesus as Lord and worship Him (John 13:13; Rom 10:9; Matt 2:2; Luke 24:52; John 9:38; Heb 1:6; Rev 5:7,13,14). 45:12 Here the city of Tyre probably represents all the Gentile nations around Israel. When the Church is at last united with Christ in glory the nations of earth will bring their gifts (Rev 21:24-26). And the church will reign with Christ (Matt 19:28; 2 Tim 2:12; Rev 3:21; 5:10; 20:4). 45:13-15 The garments of the bride of any earthly king will be chosen with great care. Is it less so for the bride of the heavenly King? See Isa 61:3; Ezek 16:9-14; Eph 5:25-27. The virgins who are the bride’s companions are kings’ daughters (v 9). They may signify the nations which will share in the joy of the King and His bride (Rev 21:24-27; 22:2). But it is not wise to be dogmatic about this.

The character of Christ’s kingdom is revealed here: absolute justice, integrity, honesty, uprightness. This is the reason this fallen world hates Him (compare John 3:19,20; 7:7). It is also the reason why His kingdom will be a reign of indescribable blessedness to all those who, like Him, love righteousness and hate wickedness. 45:7 Did Jesus, “the man of sorrows,” have joy? Yes, a deep and abiding joy in spite of His sorrows (John 15:11; 17:13). Now His sorrows are ended and His joy is made full forever. Only those who love righteousness will enter into His eternal joy. God has put a link between joy and righteousness which no one can break. 45:8,9 Here Christ appears as the heavenly

PSALMS 45:15 700

5 God is within her. She will not be shaken. God will help her at early morning. 6 The nations raged, the kingdoms were moved. He uttered his voice, the earth melted. 7 The LORD of hosts is with us. The God of Jacob is our refuge.

15 They will be brought in with gladness and rejoicing. They will enter the king’s palace. 16 Instead of your fathers there will be your sons, whom you will make princes in

all the earth. 17 I will cause your name to be remembered in all generations; therefore the people will praise you

Selah

8 Come, see the works of the LORD, the desolations he has made in the earth. 9 He makes wars cease to the end of the earth. He breaks the bow and cuts the spear in two. He burns the chariot in the fire.

forever and ever.

To the chief musician, for the sons of Korah, a song on alamoth

10 “Be still, and know that I am God. I will be exalted among the nations. I will be exalted in the earth.” 11 The LORD of hosts is with us. The God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah

1 God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble. 2 Therefore we will not fear, though the earth be removed, and though the mountains be carried into

the middle of the sea, 3 Though its waters roar and are in turmoil, though the mountains shake with its

To the chief musician, a Psalm for the sons of Korah

surging. Selah 4 There is a river whose streams make glad the city of God, the holy place of

1 Oh, clap your hands, all you people! Shout to God with the voice of triumph!

the tabernacle of the Most High.

“Within” – the Hebrew word indicates the inner wall of a house or room or court or palace, which is opposite the door and appears to those who come to the doorway. 45:16,17 These words are addressed, it seems, to the King. His “fathers” would be those saints in the Old Testament. Christ was the Son of David, the Son of Abraham. He had real human nature, was made flesh. We see both His deity and humanity in this psalm. His “sons” would be those since His first coming who trust Him and are born again by His Spirit (John 1:12,13). There will never be a time when God does not have His children on earth. Some people in each generation will know the King and declare His praises throughout the earth. 46 Title: Alamoth was probably a musical term. 46:1 “Refuge” – 7:1. “Strength” – 18:1; 28:7; 73:26. Not armies, not fortifications, not human strength or tactics, but God Himself is the refuge, strength and help of His people. 46:2,3 If we are in God, the mighty and eternal refuge, who or what can harm us (23:4)? And why should we fear as if we were not in Him? Believers need not fear even in natural disasters such as are described here, or in the upheaval of nations and societies. These are sometimes symbolized in the Bible by mountains and bodies of water or floods – Isa 17:12; 59:19; Jer 46:7,8; 47:1,2;

51:24,25; Dan 2:35; Rev 17:1,15. 46:4 See 36:8; 65:9; Ezek 47:1-12; Rev 22:1. 46:5 See 48:1; 87:1-3; Rev 3:12; 21:22; 22:3. God was in the earthly Jerusalem the capital city of His people Israel. He is also in the heavenly Jerusalem and He is in His church which is compared to a city in Rev 21:9,10. 46:6 See 2:1. Nations are frequently in an uproar, but God is in absolute control of events. 46:7 The sovereign God is Immanuel, He is with His people. Note at Ex 25:8. Here are two of His names.

“The LORD of hosts” – the one who controls both the forces of heaven and the armies of earth. Note at 1 Sam 1:3.

“God of Jacob” – note at 146:5. 46:8 Think of the ruins of ancient civilizations – Nineveh, Babylon, Egypt, Edom, Greece, Troy, Harappa, etc. It is the Lord God of Israel, the one true God, who has brought about these desolations. 46:9 76:2,3; Isa 2:4; 9:7; 11:6-9; 32:17,18; Micah 4:3. 46:10 God Himself now speaks to the writer and through the writer to us. If men would stop their struggles and spend some time in the contemplation of who and what God is, what a difference it would make! The day is coming when Jehovah God alone will be exalted and praised – 47:2; Isa 2:11,17; Zech 14:9. 47:1 In the activities of the true God there

701 PSALMS 47:9

2 For the LORD Most High is awe-inspiring. He is a great King over all the earth. 3 He will subdue the peoples under us, and the nations under our feet. 4 He will choose our inheritance for us, the excellence of Jacob whom he loved. Selah 5 God has gone up with a shout, the LORD with the sound of a trumpet. 6 Sing praises to God, sing praises!

Sing praises to our King, sing praises! 7 For God is the King of all the earth. Sing praises with understanding. 8 God reigns over the nations. God sits on the throne of his holiness. 9 The leaders of the people have gathered together, the people of the God of Abraham. For the shields of the earth belong to God. He is greatly exalted.

severe methods (see Rev 16:5-7; 2 Thess 1:6; Gen 6:5-8; etc). Actually God’s judgments are always at work in the world and those judgments are perfectly just. He is always just in His dealing with individuals and with mankind as a whole – Ps 33:5; 89:14. See also the note at Gen 15:16. Accepting this is, of course, a matter of faith. We can rejoice in God’s reign over the earth (as we are told to do in v 1) if we believe His revelation in the Bible. Then we can understand that God cannot do, and does not do, any wrong or unjust thing to anyone, ever. We can understand that He knows what He is doing even if we do not, that He has ways and plans we do not know and which are far above us (Isa 55:8,9; Rom 11:33-36). God is “awe-inspiring” in His nature and activities. He is worthy of the utmost of reverent fear and trust. 47:3,4 A further cause for joy is the activities of God with His chosen people Israel. However much these verses might have been fulfilled in the past there surely will be a more complete fulfillment in the future (Isa 9:6,7; 11:1-10; Matt 19:28; Acts 1:6; Rev 20:4-6). All the earth will be brought under the sway of the Lord Jesus and with Him those who have trusted Him.

is great cause for joy for all the peoples of earth. One reason for this joy is in the next verse. 47:2 The God of Israel (Jehovah) is not a mere tribal god or national god. He is the only God there is, the Creator of the universe (Isa 45:21,22). Above all nations and governments He sits enthroned. That is, He who is perfect in holiness, justice, grace, and love reigns over mankind. Is this not cause for joy? (vs 6-9).

“Great king” – see 5:2; 24:8; 95:3; Isa 6:5; 33:22; 43:15; Jer 10:6,7,10; Dan 4:34-37; Mal 1:14; 1 Tim 1:17; 6:15; Rev 15:3; 17:14; 19:16. Some people question the manner of God’s rule over the earth and ask: “If God is the great king why are conditions on earth so terrible? Why does evil prevail? Why do the innocent suffer? Why are the poor and weak crushed under the feet of the rich and strong? Why do disasters strike – drought and starvation, cyclones, earthquakes and floods? Why do devastating wars, persecutions of whole people, or genocides take place?” Asking such questions some people dare to deny that God exists. They insist that if there were a God things could not be as they are. This is poor reasoning and poor philosophy. In facing such questions none of us should leave out of our reasoning some very important Bible facts.

“Inheritance” – if we entrust the choice of our inheritance to God we need not worry about the size or quality of it (Acts 20:32; 26:18; Eph 1:11,14; Col 1:12; Heb 9:15; 1 Pet 1:4). 47:5 Jehovah God is here described as ascending to His throne after winning a great victory. We are reminded of the day when Jehovah, incarnated in the Lord Jesus, after winning the fight against all the forces of Satan, ascended into glory (Luke 24:50-52; Acts 1:9-11; Eph 4:7-10). 47:6,7 Note on praise at 33:1. 47:9 “God of Abraham” – the writer clearly identifies the God he is speaking of. He is the God of the Bible, the God who made a covenant with Abraham and called him to be His servant in the world.

According to the Bible the world is in its present condition not because God fails in His rule, but because mankind in general does not accept His rule. People are sinners and rebels against the great King of the universe. It is they who ruin the world, not God. Compare Gen 6:5-7,11, 12; 8:21; Ps 14:2,3; Isa 24:5; Rom 1:18-32; Rev 11:18. Mankind deserves nothing good from God, but actually receives much good – which the majority of people take and misuse without gratitude to the heavenly Giver. The only times many people mention God is to take His name in vain or to curse or in complaint against Him. The general practice of mankind is to blame God for anything they consider bad, but never to thank Him for any good He does.

“Shields” – he may mean the leaders of nations who act as shields against aggression from other nations. See 89:18. All such are under God’s sovereign control, and He uses them to fulfill His gracious plan toward mankind. All the authority exercised by kings actually belongs to God (Rom 13:1-5).

God, as the righteous Ruler of the world must send punishment on the wicked. He must use methods to restrain the restless, greedy, rebellious nature in man. And He is perfectly justified in using at times very

PSALMS 48:1 702

because of your judgments. 12 Walk about Zion, and go around her. Count her towers. 13 Set your eyes well on her bulwarks. Consider her palaces, so that you may

A song, a psalm for the sons of Korah

1 Great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised in the city of our God,

tell it to the following generation. 14 For this God is our God forever and ever. He will be our guide even to death.

in his holy mountain. 2 Beautiful for elevation, the joy of the whole earth, is mount Zion, on the sides of the north,

the city of the great King. 3 God is known in her palaces as a refuge. 4 For, see, the kings assembled, they passed by together. 5 They saw it and so they marvelled; they were troubled and hurried away. 6 Fear took hold on them there, and pain like that of a woman in childbirth. 7 You broke them like the ships of Tarshish, broken by an east wind. 8 As we have heard, so have we seen in the city of the LORD of hosts,

To the chief musician, a Psalm for the sons of Korah

1 Hear this, all you people. Give ear, all you inhabitants of the world, 2 Both low and high, rich and poor, together. 3 My mouth will speak of wisdom, and the meditation of my heart will

bring understanding. 4 I will turn my ear to a proverb; I will disclose my riddle on the harp. 5 Why should I fear in the days of evil, when the wickedness at my heels

in the city of our God. God will establish it forever. Selah 9 We have thought of your loving kindness, O God, within your temple. 10 According to your name, O God, so is your praise to the ends of the earth. Your right hand is full of righteousness. 11 Let mount Zion rejoice. Let the daughters of Judah be glad,

surrounds me? 6 Those who trust in their wealth, and boast of the greatness of their riches, 7 none of them can by any means redeem his brother, or give to God a ransom for him 8 (for the redemption of their souls is costly,

ter, of the whole of the Old Testament, that earthly things are often pictures and types of spiritual and heavenly truths. 48:14 The best of all is not the city, but God’s presence to guide until death, and to be enjoyed forever and ever.

48:1 We do not know when, or by whom, this psalm was written. From vs 4-8 we judge it was after an attack on Jerusalem by federated kings. No such event occurred in the days of David. It is likely that the time was either during the invasion described in 2 Chronicles chapter 20, or the one in Isaiah chapters 36,37. 48:1-3 God chose Jerusalem as His royal residence, the place for His temple. There He reigned as King over His people, and defended them from His enemies (9:11; 76:2; 132:13; 135:21; Matt 5:35). The greatest thing we can say of any place or people is that the true God is there and is known. Without this any other beauty is hardly beauty at all. 48:4 2 Kings 18:17; 2 Chron 20:1. 48:5-8 2 Kings 19:32-36; 2 Chron 20:20-24. 48:9 God’s love and grace are the great subjects that should be the theme of our meditations. If they are, we will not find it difficult to praise God (vs 10,11). 48:12,13 The writer is thrilled by the sight of Jerusalem. What joy and satisfaction, then, should we not find in meditating on the Jerusalem which is above (Gal 4:26; Heb 12:22; Rev 21:2,10-26). Remember in the study of the psalms and, for that mat-

“Guide” – 22:3,4; 25:9; 73:24; John 16:13. 49:1-4 The inspired writer of this psalm has a message for all peoples everywhere. He was fulfilling one purpose God had for Israel, and that was to be a channel for His Word to the world. The Bible is for all, not for a small part of humanity. The message of this psalm concerns some exceedingly important matters of earthly life. 49:5 In the rest of the psalm he reveals why he does not fear the sinful rich who bring evil days to him. Their power is extremely limited – they cannot escape death (vs 6-14), and cannot prevent God from redeeming him (v 15). And they are like beasts which have no real understanding (v 20). The teachings of the Lord Jesus are in perfect harmony with this, as we might expect (Matt 10:28; Luke 12:32; 12:15-21; 16:13,19-31; 18:24,25). 49:7-9 No amount of money will keep a man permanently alive, no sum can redeem another from death. Then what is the value

703 PSALMS 50:5

and is left undone by them forever) 9 that he should live on forever, and not see the grave. 10 For he sees that wise men die; likewise the fool and the senseless

when the glory of his house is increased, 17 For when he dies he will carry nothing away. His glory will not descend after him. 18 Though while he lived he blessed his soul (and men will praise you,

person perish, and leave their wealth to others. 11 Their inward thought is that their houses will continue forever, and their dwelling places to all generations. They call their lands after their own names. 12 Nevertheless, man, even though in honour, does not remain. He is like the beasts that perish. 13 This is the way of their folly, and their posterity approve of

when you do well for yourself), 19 He will go to the generation of his fathers. They will never see light. 20 Man who has honour, and does not understand, is like the beasts that perish.

A Psalm of Asaph

their sayings.

1 The mighty God, the LORD, has spoken, and called the earth from the rising

Selah 14 Like sheep they are laid in the grave. Death will feed on them, and the upright will rule over them in

of the sun to its going down. 2 Out of Zion, the perfection of beauty, God shines forth. 3 Our God will come and will not keep silence. A fire will devour before him, and it will be very tempestuous around him. 4 He will call to the heavens from above,

the morning; and their beauty will be consumed in

the grave, far from their home. 15 But God will redeem my soul from the power of the grave; for he will receive me.

and to the earth, that he may judge his people: 5 “Gather my saints together to me, those who have made a covenant with

Selah

16 Do not be afraid when someone is made rich,

of the wealth of these wicked men? Though it may make them more comfortable here for their brief time on earth, it cannot help them in the endless ages of eternity. 49:10 See 39:6; Eccl 2:18,21; Luke 12:20; 1 Tim 6:7. 49:11 See 10:6. They foolishly and proudly refuse to face the fact of death. 49:12 2 Pet 2:12; Jude 10; Ps 14:4. 49:13,14 “Grave” – “Sheol” – note at Gen 37:35. Foolish ways will bring men to a sad end (Prov 14:12). What a shepherd such men have – death!

Here he encourages others (compare 37:7; Prov 23:17; 24:19,20). 49:18 Luke 12:19. 49:19,20 The rich may forget God and still greatly prosper. But the end of such people is eternal darkness – Matt 25:30; John 12:35; 2 Pet 2:17; Jude 13. 50 Title: On “Asaph” see 1 Chron 15:16,17,19; 25:2; 2 Chron 29:30. He was of the tribe of Levi, a great musician, poet, and seer. In this remarkable and powerful psalm God strikes at three great evils of religious people – formalism, spiritual ignorance (vs 7-15), and hypocrisy (vs 16-21). 50:1-6 The picture in these verses is God coming out of His city Jerusalem as judge and calling the whole world to hear His verdict on Israel’s behavior. 50:2 See 48:1,2; Deut 33:2. This suggests a visible appearance. 50:3 Ex 19:16; 20:18. Fire signifies God’s holiness and just judgments – Deut 9:3; 32:22; 2 Thess 1:8; Heb 12:29. 50:4 Deut 4:26; 31:28; 32:1; Isa 1:2. A very solemn way of emphasizing the importance of what follows. 50:5 Both the Old Covenant and the New Covenant were inaugurated by sacrifice. The first by animal sacrifices, the second by the sacrifice of the Lord Jesus (Ex 24:4-8; Matt 26:26-28; Heb 9:11-15).

“Death will feed on them” – “Death will be their shepherd” is a possible translation of the Hebrew here.

The righteous will at last prevail over the wicked and rule the world. 49:15 Note on “redeem” at 78:35. What no man can do (vs 7-9) God has done (Hos 13:14; Gal 4:5; Titus 2:14; 1 Pet 1:18; Rev 5:9). In this verse again there is the suggestion of eternal life with God. It was but dimly perceived by Old Testament believers and sometimes hardly perceived at all. But the teaching was there in seed form (16:11; 17:15; 23:6; etc). It was the assurance of heavenly life after death in the heart of the psalmist which took away the fear of what the sinful rich could do. 49:16 In v 5 he encouraged himself concerning the state of affairs in the world.

PSALMS 50:6 704

16 But to the wicked God says, “What right do you have to declare my

me by sacrifice.” 6 And the heavens will declare his

statutes, or to take my covenant in your mouth, 17 seeing that you hate instruction, and cast my words behind you? 18 When you saw a thief, you were pleased with him, and have taken part with adulterers. 19 You give your mouth to evil, and your tongue is joined to deceit. 20 You sit and speak against your brother. You slander your own mother’s son. 21 These things you have done, and I kept silent. You thought that I was altogether like you. But I will rebuke you, and set them

righteousness, for God himself is judge. Selah 7 “Hear, O my people, and I will speak. Listen, O Israel, and I will testify against you. I am God, your God. 8 I will not rebuke you for your sacrifices or your burnt offerings,

which are continually before me. 9 I will take no ox from your house, or male goats from your folds. 10 For every beast of the forest is mine, and the cattle on a thousand hills. 11 I know all the birds of the mountains, and the wild beasts of the field are mine. 12 If I were hungry, I would not tell you; for the world and its fulness is mine. 13 Will I eat the flesh of bulls, or drink the blood of goats? 14 Offer to God thanksgiving, and fulfil your vows to the Most High, 15 And call to me in the day of trouble. I will deliver you, and you will glorify me.”

in array before your eyes. 22 Now consider this, you who forget God, lest I tear you in pieces, and there be

no one to rescue you. 23 Whoever offers praise glorifies me, and to him who directs his conduct

rightly I will show the salvation of God.”

“Gather” – compare Matt 24:31. 50:6 All is now ready, and God the judge speaks in the rest of the psalm. 50:7 God speaks to those who are called here His people – to those who belong at least outwardly to their community. 50:8-13 The Israelites brought the sacrifices commanded by the law. But evidently some of them ignorantly supposed that God needed them, and foolishly imagined that formal ritual satisfied Him in some way. The apostle Paul criticized the same error at Athens (Acts 17:22-25). The Lord spoke through Isaiah too about the uselessness of religious rituals when the heart is not right with God and the life is unholy (Isa 1:11-17). The Lord Jesus sharply criticized the Pharisees for the same thing (Matthew chapter 23). In this age many Christians go through the forms of worship at the communion service who have no spiritual life, no obedience to God, and no love for His Word. Such worship is all in vain. 50:14,15 God here reveals what He wants from His worshipers – heartfelt gratitude, fulfilling one’s promises to God, true prayer which honors Him. On thanksgiving see 7:17; 56:12; 107:21,22; 116:17,18; Lev 7:12,13; Micah 6:6-8; Rom 12:1; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18; Heb 13:15. On vows see 56:12; 61:8; 76:11; Num 30:2; Deut 23:21; Eccl 5:4-6. 50:15 91:15; 107:6,13. God wants us to call on Him in times of trouble. He loves to hear prayer and to help those who pray in spirit and in truth. God answers the faithful believing prayers of His people, and new answers to prayer will give fresh reasons for

them to glorify Him. But is God hungry for man’s praise and honor? No. See note at 33:1. 50:16-21 The disobedient, the thief, the adulterer, the deceiver, the slanderer has no business trying to preach God’s truth to others. If he tries to do so he is a hypocrite, and God’s judgment will come on him (Matt 23:1-3,33; Rom 2:8,9,21-24; 1 Cor 6:9,10). In spite of such clear warnings many preachers who live in such sins seem to think they will escape. They may speak about God’s holiness and righteous judgment but in reality they are ignorant of them (v 21). Sin has deceived them (Heb 3:13), and they abuse God’s grace (Jude 4) and misunderstand His patience (Eccl 8:11; Rom 2:4,5). They think God is like them – that is, without a hatred of sin, without the fire of holiness, without a loathing for hypocrisy. Sinful men can hardly slander God more than by saying He is like them. 50:22 All along it seems God has been speaking of forgetting God and not merely about formalism and hypocrisy. From this we might learn that formalism and hypocrisy are really the same as forgetting God. Hypocritical formalists can practice their religion with hardly a thought of God. They will be occupied with rituals, with self, and with sins. See in this verse what God thinks of such people! See how dangerous a sin forgetting God is! 50:23 “Offers praise” – here is the alternative to a vain and empty practice of religion. What shall it be for us – to have God tear us to pieces, or to have Him show us His salvation? 51 Title: see 2 Sam 11:1 to 12:13 for the

705 PSALMS 51:9

done this evil in your sight, so that you are just when you speak and

pure when you judge. 5 Behold, I was brought forth in evil, and in sin did my mother conceive me. 6 Behold, you desire truth in the inner parts, and in the hidden heart you will cause

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David, when Nathan the prophet came to him,

after he had gone with Bathsheba

1 Have mercy on me, O God, according to your loving kindness. According to the multitude of your

me to know wisdom. 7 Purge me with hyssop, and I will be clean. Wash me, and I will be whiter than snow. 8 Cause me to hear joy and gladness, that the bones which you have

tender mercies blot out my transgressions. 2 Wash me thoroughly from my wickedness, and cleanse me from my sin. 3 For I acknowledge my transgressions, and my sin is always before me. 4 Against you, you only, have I sinned and

broken may rejoice. 9 Hide your face from my sins, and blot out all my evil deeds.

Here he goes to the root of it all. He confesses that his nature is bad from the time of his conception. This is true of every human being born into the world, except the Lord Jesus (who was conceived by God’s Spirit and born of a virgin and so was not as other men are – Matt 1:18-23; Luke 1:30-35). Since the fall of Adam and Eve all parents have sinful natures and transmit them to their offspring (58:3; Gen 5:3; 8:21; Lev 12:6; Job 14:4; Eph 2:3). David is not saying that his mother conceived him while engaged in an act of sin. We have no reason to think that she was not a very moral woman, completely faithful to her husband – but still a sinner, as we all are. 51:6 Since man’s inner nature is corrupt there is the necessity of inner change. God desires sincerity, honesty, integrity in the heart. This is opposed to the hypocrisy, deceitfulness, and dishonesty men have by nature. Nothing that a person can say or do can satisfy God if there is not this inner love of the truth, this change that puts truth at the core of his or her being (15:2; Prov 12:22; Eph 4:15,21-25; 6:14; 2 Thess 2:10; 1 John 3:19). And no wisdom is good wisdom except what God gives, and He gives it also in the inner man (1 Kings 3:12; Job 38:36; Prov 2:6; Eph 1:17,18; Jam 1:5). 51:7 Hyssop was a shrub used in sprinkling the blood of animal sacrifices – Ex 12:22; Lev 14:4; Heb 9:19. That blood was but a symbol of the blood of Jesus Christ which now purges sin (1 John 1:7). Only God’s great grace and skill can make something white which was scarlet (Isa 1:18). 51:8 Only forgiveness, cleansing, and truth in the inner parts can bring back joy. Conviction of sin to the heart is like broken bones to the body (compare 31:10; 32:3). 51:9 Blot out means erase from the record. This is exactly what God does, and He refuses to put them back in the record again (32:2). But observe that David does not ask that God cancel all the punishment due to his sin (compare 2 Sam 12:9,10). He is willing to face God’s chastening hand if only he can be cleansed and restored to God’s fellowship.

events mentioned here. 51:1 The only hope David had for the forgiveness of his terrible sins was the mercy and grace of God. No good work of his could earn forgiveness, no sacrifice he could make could blot out his sin – vs 16,17. Mercy was his one hope and mercy he craved (compare 41:4; Dan 9:18; Luke 18:13). 51:2 David uses three words to describe his wrongdoing – transgression, wickedness (or guilt), and sin. See 32:1,2. Transgressions are against the law of God and need to be forgiven and blotted out. Wickedness and sin are like stains and spots and filth which need to be washed away. God does all this for the repentant believing person who turns to Him – Isa 44:22; 43:25; Jer 33:8; Acts 3:19; 1 John 1:7,9. 51:3 We see David’s confession was not an empty, easy, insincere thing that he made simply because his sin had been found out. His sin troubled him constantly, was an agony to him. It was a sword in his heart, a mountain of guilt that always faced him, hiding God’s face. Such conviction is produced only by the Holy Spirit of God. And this psalm of confession is given also by the Holy Spirit to those who have been convicted by Him. Let us use it. 51:4 According to the Bible all sin is primarily against God, because individuals involved in other people’s sin are God’s creation, God’s possession. Injuring the King’s property is an offense against the King Himself, and breaks the King’s laws (41:4; Gen 9:6; 13:13; 20:6; 39:9; Num 5:6; 32:23; 2 Sam 12:9,13; 1 Cor 8:12). One principle of the judgment of men is seen in Matt 25:40,45. What men do to Christ’s people is done to Him, and what they do not do to them is not done to Him (compare Acts 9:4,5). David was so conscious of sinning against God it swallowed up every other consideration at the moment.

“Just. . .pure” – Rom 3:4. Sin is so manifest, so terrible that when God pronounces judgment on it there can be no accusation against Him that He is too harsh or unloving. 51:5 David has been speaking of his sins.

PSALMS 51:10 706

18 Do good in your good pleasure to Zion. Build up the walls of Jerusalem. 19 Then you will be pleased with the sacrifices of righteousness, with burnt offering and whole burnt offering. Then they will offer bulls on your altar.

10 Create in me a clean heart, O God, and renew a steadfast spirit within me. 11 Do not cast me away from your presence, and do not take your Holy Spirit from me. 12 Restore to me the joy of your salvation, and uphold me with your gracious Spirit. 13 Then I will teach transgressors your ways, and sinners will be converted to you. 14 Deliver me from blood guiltiness, O God, the God of my salvation, and my tongue will sing aloud of your

To the chief musician, a maskil of David, when Doeg the Edomite came and spoke to

righteousness. 15 O Lord, open my lips, and my mouth will declare your praise. 16 For you do not desire sacrifice, or I would give it. You do not delight in burnt offering. 17 The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit. A broken and a contrite heart,

Saul, and told him that David had

come to the house of Abimelech

1 Why do you boast in wickedness,

O mighty man, scorning the goodness of God continually? 2 Your tongue devises ruin, like a sharp razor, working deceitfully. 3 You love evil more than good,

O God, you will not despise.

willingly, gladly, spontaneously serves God. 51:13 Who can better teach other transgressors than the person who has fallen himself and been restored to spiritual health? Thus his fall and restoration will work for good, for God will use the account of it in the lives of others. 51:14 He means his guilt in the death of Uriah (2 Sam 11:14-17). If God delivers him from this guilt he will not sing of his own righteousness (as some like to do), but of God’s. 51:15 Even opening the lips in God’s praise is a gift of God. 51:16 Note at 40:6. 51:17 See 34:18; 145:3; Isa 57:15; 61:1; 66:2; Joel 2:12,13; Matt 5:3. When there is true repentance and sorrow for sin God will forgive and accept the person who has sinned. Without true repentance no sacrifice will be of the slightest use to him. On repentance see note at Matt 3:2. 51:18,19 David had truly repented and forsaken his sin. His heart is now free to pray for others. Had trouble and disgrace come on Israel by the sin of David their king? Our sins affect others and when we are pardoned and restored we should pray for their welfare. In this psalm we may make a list of those things only God can do for the person fallen into sin. These are: show mercy and blot out sin (v 1), wash and cleanse (v 2), create a clean heart and give a steadfast mind (v 10), restore joy and a spirit of spontaneous obedience (v 12), open lips to praise (v 15). 52 Title: See the story of this in 1 Sam 22:6-23. Maskil was probably a musical term. 52:1 There are not wanting people in this fallen world who are ashamed of doing good but boast in doing evil – 10:4; 94:4; Phil 3:19; 2 Pet 2:18. Doeg was one of these. “Scorning” – in Hebrew there is no verb in the last sentence of this verse. 52:2 Doeg’s words resulted in the death of many servants of God. 52:3 See 36:1-4. Are there such people now

51:10 See how David’s concern is with his inner state and not with outer appearances. And he knows that only God can make him right and pure within.

“Clean” – 24:4; 73:1; Matt 5:8; Acts 15:9. This means a pure, sincere heart with unmixed motives, a heart with clean affections, a heart that fights against sin, a heart under the influences of the Holy Spirit of God. If men are to have such a heart God must create it in them (Eph 2:10; 4:24. Compare Jer 24:7; Ezek 11:19; 36:26). Try as they may they will not be able to create it for themselves, though believers should cooperate with God in the work (Ezek 18:31; 2 Cor 7:1; 1 Pet 1:22). A fixed and determined mind, a stable disposition against sin is needed to maintain purity of heart (119:5; 1 Cor 15:58; 1 Pet 5:9,10). This is something David once had but lost by sinning. 51:11 David was convinced of his depravity, weakness, and sin. However, he believed that God had not yet cast him away or taken His Spirit from him. But he seems to fear that God might do so. David may have been referring to his anointing as king (1 Sam 16:13,14) and the fear that he might be rejected as Saul was. In any case, in Old Testament days believers did not have the full revelation of God’s truth and His purposes toward them. And they did not have the full bestowal of the Spirit as the Church now has (John 7:39; 14:16,17; 16:7). And they did not have the promises of John 6:37,40; 10:28; 14:1-3; Rom 5:9,10; 8:38,39), as believers now do. But even we who live in this age of grace should fear that sin might rob us of the Spirit’s sweet and powerful influences, that we may lose fellowship with God. See Eph 4:30. 51:12 The Holy Spirit had not gone from him but joy had fled. Spiritual joy and sin cannot exist together. Joy follows pardon and purity, and only God can give it. David wanted it back, and longed for a mind that

707 PSALMS 53:6

and lying rather than speaking

“There is no God.” They are corrupt, and have done

righteousness.

abominable wickedness. There is no one who does good. 2 God looks down from heaven on the children of men, to see if there are any who understand,

Selah 4 You love all devouring words, you deceitful tongue. 5 God will certainly destroy you forever. He will take you away and pluck you out

of your dwelling place, and uproot you from the land of the living.

who seek God. 3 Every one of them has turned away. They have together become filthy. There is no one who does good. No, not one. 4 Have the evildoers no knowledge? They eat up my people like they

Selah 6 And the righteous will see this, and fear, and will laugh at him and say: 7 “Look, this is the man who did not make God his strength, but trusted in his abundant riches and

eat bread, and do not call out to God. 5 There they are, in great fear, where there was no fear. For God has scattered the bones

strengthened himself in his wickedness.”

8 But I am like a green olive tree in the house of God. I trust in the mercy of God forever and ever. 9 I will praise you forever,

of him who encamped against you. You have put them to shame,

because you have done this; and in the presence of your saints I

will hope in your name, for it is good.

because God has despised them. 6 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion! When God brings back his people from

To the chief musician on mahalath,

captivity, Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be

a maskil of David

glad.

1 The fool has said in his heart,

who love evil and lies more than good and truth? A very great many – John 3:19,20; Rom 1:18; 2 Thess 2:10. 52:4 See 5:9; 10:7; 109:2; 120:2,3; Prov 10:31; 12:19. 52:5-7 A life of evil and deceit will have a certain harvest – God’s anger and punishment. At the end of this life the righteous will rejoice at God’s just judgment on wickedness (Rev 18:20; 19:1-3). This is not personal vindictiveness but a holy joy in God’s justice. Note at 35:8. 52:8 See 1:3; 92:12; 128:3; Jer 11:16. God’s people are to be like green and fruitful trees all the days of their lives. 52:9 In spite of evil boasters and persecutors David has full confidence in God. We should never let the wicked acts of men destroy our confidence in God’s goodness. 53:1 This is Psalm 14 repeated with variations. Repetitions are given in the Bible for emphasis, and help to teach what men are slow to learn. David wrote both psalms, and introduced changes here by the guidance of the Holy Spirit to fit a different time and circumstance. For comments on the unchanged parts see psalm 14. In this first verse the Hebrew emphasizes the corruptness of men’s behavior more than in 14:1. But in both psalms a fool is a fool, and because he is a fool he comes to a foolish

conclusion about a subject he things foolishly about. 53:2 Here the word “God” is put instead of “LORD” (Jehovah) in 14:2. The same change occurs in vs 4,5,6. Why? One possibility – when David wrote Psalm 14 he may have been thinking particularly of foolish men in Israel, the people of Jehovah; now he thinks of men in general and uses the more general term “God.” And of course the Holy Spirit was working in the minds of God’s inspired prophets and writers of the Scriptures. 53:3 “Become filthy” – the Hebrew indicates something like milk or food gone bad, and so it went into the Greek translation of this as “become worthless” (Rom 3:12). 53:5 Here the two verses of 14:5,6 have been made one verse with several changes. There we have a general assurance of God’s presence with the righteous; here we have a celebration of a victory already won over the wicked. In this psalm sin is seen in its ugliness – it makes fools of people; it corrupts their nature and deeds; it drives them away from God and keeps them from seeking Him; it causes them to persecute the righteous; it brings them at last to fear, shame, and destruction. 53:6 “Brings back. . .from captivity” – or “restores the well-being of” – the Hebrew means either.

PSALMS 54:1 708

To the chief musician on neginoth,

To the chief musician on neginoth,

a maskil of David, when the Ziphites came and said to Saul, “Does not David hide himself among us?”

a maskil of David

1 Give ear to my prayer, O God, and do not hide yourself from my

1 Save me, O God, by your name, and vindicate me by your strength. 2 Hear my prayer, O God. Give ear to the words of my mouth. 3 For strangers have risen up against me, and oppressors seek my life. They have not set God before them. Selah 4 Look, God is my helper. The Lord is with those who uphold my soul. 5 He will repay my enemies for their evil. Cut them off in your truth! 6 I will freely sacrifice to you. I will praise your name, O LORD,

supplication. 2 Be attentive to me, and hear me. I am restless in my complaint and cry out, 3 because of the voice of the enemy, because of the oppression of the wicked. For they bring trouble on me,

and hate me in their wrath. 4 My heart is in anguish within me, and the terrors of death have fallen on me. 5 Fear and trembling have come on me, and horror has overwhelmed me.

6 And I said, “Oh, that I had wings like a dove! For then I would fly away and be at rest. 7 Yes, then I would wander far away and remain in the wilderness. Selah 8 I would quickly make my escape from the windy storm and tempest.”

for it is good. 7 For he has delivered me out of all trouble, and my eye has seen its desire on my

enemies.

54 Title: The story of David’s danger at the hands of the Ziphites is in 1 Sam 23:13-29. Neginoth indicated this psalm should be sung with stringed instruments. Maskil was probably a literary or musical term. 54:1 God’s name means His nature, His person and attributes. He alone could save David in the midst of implacable enemies, and work justice for him. 54:3 The men of Ziph did not know David, but to gain the favor of king Saul tried to destroy him. They cared nothing for the justice of David’s case, and had no regard for God. 54:4 See 30:10; 37:40; 118:7; Isa 41:10. If God keeps a man let his enemies take care! 54:5 See 7:14-16. They will get what they deserve. See note at 35:8. David wanted the truth to prevail and be recognized. 54:6 David had the excellent quality of a thankful heart. 54:7 See 6:8-10; 59:10; 92:11; 112:8; 118:7. 55 Title: neginoth indicated stringed instruments. Maskil was probably a literary or musical term. 55:1 See 5:1; 17:6; 54:2; 61:1; 86:6. We do not know the time or circumstances when David wrote this. Perhaps it had to do with the rebellion of Absalom recorded in 2 Samuel chapters 15-17. The first eleven verses speak of enemies in general, the next four of betrayal by a close friend, and the concluding eight verses reveal David’s confidence in God in the time of trial and danger.

55:2,3 See 64:1; 77:3; 142:2; 1 Sam 1:16; Job 9:27; Isa 38:14; 59:11; Ezek 7:16; Matt 26:28; Heb 5:7. 55:4,5 See 18:4,5; 116:3. Do believers ever fear death? Though they should not, some do, especially if their faith is not strong, or if it is upset by circumstances, or if they do not feel God’s nearness at the time, or if they do not know the Word of God very well, or if Satan overwhelms them with his evil presence. But we in this New Testament age should understand that the Lord Jesus died that all those who believe in Him might be freed from the fear of death (Heb 2:14,15; 1 John 4:18; Rev 2:10). Because the Lord Jesus died in agony, the believer can die in peace and triumph (Acts 7:59,60; 1 Cor 15:55-57; 2 Cor 5:1-8; Phil 1:20-23). However, in Old Testament times believers did not have this revelation in its fullness. 55:6-8 Sometimes troubles and sorrows seem unendurable and we long to escape. But the spiritual person will recognize that trials are sent or permitted by God, not that we might run from them, but that we might endure them for His glory and our good (Luke 22:41,42; Jam 1:2-4; 1 Pet 1:6,7; 4:12,13). Trying to run away from troubles is natural but useless. It is not God’s way for us, and there is no wilderness where we will find rest. There is a better place, a better way. That is to find peace in Christ’s will and rest in God’s compassionate arms (Matt 11:29; John 14:1; 16:33; 2 Cor 1:3-5; Phil 4:6,7).

709 PSALMS 56:1

9 Destroy them, O Lord, and split their tongues in two! For I have seen violence and strife in the city. 10 Day and night they go around it on its walls; and evil and sorrow are within it. 11 Wickedness is within it; deceit and guile do not depart from its

the God who abides from ancient times.

Selah Because they do not change,

therefore they do not fear God.

20 He has put forth his hands against those who are at peace with him; he has broken his covenant. 21 The words of his mouth were smoother than butter, but war was in his heart. His words were softer than oil, yet they were drawn swords. 22 Cast your burden on the LORD, and he will sustain you. He will never allow the righteous to be

streets. 12 For it was not an enemy who reproached me. Then I could have endured it. Nor was it one who hated me who

exalted himself against me. Then I would have hidden myself from him. 13 But it was you, a man like me, my friend and my acquaintance. 14 We took sweet counsel together and walked to the house of God with

shaken. 23 But you, O God, will bring them down into the pit of destruction. Bloodthirsty and deceitful men will not

the throng. 15 Let death seize these enemies, and let them go down alive into hell, for wickedness is among them in their homes. 16 As for me, I will call on God; and the LORD will save me. 17 Evening, and morning, and at noon, I will pray and cry out aloud; and he will hear my voice. 18 He has delivered my soul in peace from the battle that was against me;

live half their days. But I will trust in you.

To the chief musician on Jonath-elem-rehokim, a miktam of David,

when the Philistines took him in Gath

1 Be merciful to me, O God, for man would swallow me up; fighting all day he oppresses me.

for there were many with me. 19 God will hear, and afflict them,

55:9-11 In the days immediately preceding Absalom’s rebellion Jerusalem may well have been like this. The city of David was greatly disturbed by the activities of wicked men. 55:12-14 If the man described here was not Ahitophel (2 Sam 15:12; 16:23) then we have no clue whatever to his identity. The prayer of David in the last part of v 9 is similar to the prayer he made concerning Ahitophel in 1 Sam 15:31. Whoever he was David addresses his remarks to him directly in vs 13,14. Some think they see here Judas, the betrayer of Jesus. It is true Christ called Judas “friend” in Matt 26:50. But He never trusted him (Ps 41:9; John 6:64,70,71). 55:15 Note on such prayers at 35:8. “Hell” – “Sheol” – note at Gen 37:35. 55:16-18 Salvation from enemies and victory in battle are repeatedly seen in David’s life. The reason is found in his prayer life (compare Luke 11:9-13; 18:1-8; Eph 6:18; Jam 5:16). He labored to keep his conscience clear and his heart clean, to be faithful in prayer and to exercise faith when he prayed. This resulted in great confidence toward God (see 6:8-10). 55:19 He believed even in that dark hour that God reigns and is in control of affairs (29:10; 90:2; 93:2; Deut 33:27).

34:11-14; 111:10; Gen 20:11; Job 28:28; Prov 1:7. 55:20,21 A deceitful, hypocritical friend is worse than an avowed enemy. A person with friendliness on the face and hatred in the heart is hard and painful to deal with (12:2; 28:3; 62:4). But God knows what to do with such hypocrites (v 23). 55:22 Though David felt his troubles were unendurable (vs 6-8), he really knew what to do with them (37:5. Compare Prov 16:3; 1 Pet 5:7). People who do this will not be shaken (15:5; 112:6; 2 Pet 1:10; Jude 24). 55:23 How many victories, how much peace of mind, how much glory to God can be traced to the words in the closing sentence! 56 Title: This was written probably during David’s first time in Gath as described in 1 Samuel 21:10-15. It is not said that the Philistines laid hands on him but the language of 1 Sam 21:13 suggests it, and 1 Sam 22:1 says he escaped from there. In any case, it was a time of grave danger both from Saul and his forces, and from Philistines the enemies of Israel. Jonath-elem-rechokim probably indicated the tune to be used in singing this psalm. It means “A Dove on Distant Oaks”. 56:1,2 Men were acting like wild beasts toward him, thirsting for his blood (35:25; 57:3; 124:3).

“They do not fear God” – notes at

PSALMS 56:2 710

2 All day my enemies would swallow me up, for there are many who fight against me,

O Most High. 3 When I am afraid, I will trust in you. 4 In God I will praise his word, in God I have put my trust; I will not fear what flesh can do to me. 5 All day they twist my words. All their thoughts are against me for evil. 6 They gather themselves together, they hide themselves, they watch my steps

To the chief musician, al-taskith, a micktam of David, when he fled from Saul in the cave

1 Be merciful to me, O God, be merciful to me, for my soul trusts in you. Yes, in the shadow of your wings I will

make my refuge, until these calamities have passed. 2 I will cry out to God Most High, to God who performs good things for me. 3 He will send from heaven and save me from the taunt of the one who would

while they lie in wait for my life. 7 Shall they escape by wickedness? In your anger cast down the people, O God! 8 You count up my wanderings. Put my tears in your bottle. Are they not in your book? 9 When I cry out to you, my enemies will turn back. I know this, for God is for me.

swallow me up. Selah God will send forth his mercy and his truth. 4 My soul is among lions, and I lie down among those who are set

on fire, the sons of men whose teeth are spears

10 In God I will praise his word; in the LORD I will praise his word. 11 In God I have put my trust; I will not be afraid what man can do to me. 12 Vows to you are on me, O God. I will render praises to you. 13 For you have delivered my soul from death. Will you not deliver my feet from falling, that I may walk before God in the light

and arrows, and whose tongue is a sharp sword. 5 Be exalted, O God, above the heavens. May your glory be above all the earth. 6 They have prepared a net for my steps. My soul is bowed down. They have dug a pit in front of me; they themselves have fallen into the

middle of it. Selah 7 My heart is steadfast, O God, 56:3,4 He does not say he was unafraid. The bravest of men may sometimes fear. But David knew what to do when he was afraid, and his faith in God drove his fear away and enabled him to praise even in those dangerous and difficult circumstances. The same language of faith is seen in Heb 13:5. Observe what David praised – the Word of God, pure, faithful, holy, a sure foundation for his faith. 56:5 This is a trick of the wicked. They try to twist the words of the righteous and even the words of God to use for their own purposes (Matt 26:59-62; Gal 1:7; 2 Pet 3:16). 56:7 Note at 35:8. 56:8 The tears of His people are precious to God. He knows their sorrows, He hears their weeping, He sees their tears – Ex 2:23-25; 3:7; Isa 25:8; 38:5; Rev 7:17; 21:4. No mother ever paid as much heed to the tears of her child as God does to the tears of His children.

of the living?

for all His benefits to them. Not so David, the man after God’s own heart.

“Death” – 30:3; 86:13; 116:8; Eph 2:4,5. “Falling” – John 11:9,10; Jude 24. 57 Title: Al-taskith probably indicated the tune to be used in singing this psalm. It means “Do not Destroy”. Miktam was probably a literary or musical term. 57:1 This was written when David fled to a cave. Two such times are recorded in 1 Samuel (22:1 and 24:1-3). Both were times of seeming great danger, but who can really be in danger when he is in God the almighty refuge? See 7:1,2.

“Wings” – 17:8; 38:7; 63:7; 91:4; Ruth 2:12; Matt 23:37. 57:2,3 “Most High” – Gen 14:19. Prayers to the Creator, the one true God will be heard. He has good purposes toward His children and He will fulfill them (37:5; 138:8; Phil 1:6). 57:4 See 56:1,2. A very vivid picture of the cruelty of his enemies. 57:5 No greater prayer can be offered. Here is concern for far more than personal safety. Even in deep troubles David wanted God to be honored and glorified. Compare 1 Cor 10:31. 57:6 See 7:14-16. 57:7-11 David knew that his deliverance was not by his own strength and wisdom. God’s goodness and love fill his thoughts, bring joy

“Put my tears in your bottle” – in other words, remember them.

“Book” – 69:28; 139:16; Ex 32:32; Mal 3:16; Rev 3:5; 20:12. 56:9-11 See 6:8-10. Faith is the victory (Eph 6:16; 1 John 5:4,5; Rom 8:31). 56:12,13 “Praises – ingratitude is a black and deadly sin (Rom 1:21), and many professing Christians are guilty of it. They seldom think of offering something to God

711 PSALMS 59:2

charmers, charming ever so skillfully. 6 Break their teeth in their mouth, O God! Break out the fangs of the young lions, O LORD! 7 Let them flow away like waters which run continually. When he bends his bow to shoot his arrows, let them be as though cut in pieces. 8 May they be like a snail which melts away as it goes along, like a woman’s stillborn child, so that they may not see the sun. 9 Before your pots can feel the fire from the thorns, he will sweep them away

my heart is steadfast. I will sing and give praise. 8 Awake, my glory! Awake, lyre and harp! I myself will awake early. 9 I will praise you, O Lord, among the peoples. I will sing to you among the nations. 10 For your mercy is great, reaching to the heavens, and your truth to the clouds. 11 Be exalted, O God, above the heavens. May your glory be above all the earth.

as with a whirlwind, in living wrath. 10 The righteous will rejoice when he sees this vengeance; he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked, 11 So that a man will say, “There really is a reward for the righteous; God really is one who judges in the earth.”

To the chief musician, al-taskith,

a micktam of David

1 Do you indeed speak righteousness, O rulers? Do you judge uprightly, you sons of men? 2 No, in heart you devise wickedness. You weigh out the violence of your

hands in the earth. 3 The wicked are estranged from the womb; they go astray as soon as they are born,

To the chief musician, al-taskith, a miktam of David, when Saul sent

speaking lies. 4 Their poison is like the poison of a serpent. They are like the deaf cobra that has

men to watch the house to kill him

1 Deliver me from my enemies, O my God. Defend me from those who rise up against me. 2 Deliver me from those who do evil,

stopped up its ear, 5 Which will not listen to the voice of

to his heart, and a song to his lips. Can we be silent who have been delivered by the Lord Jesus in a far greater display of grace and love than David experienced?

some ways they can be worse than snakes. Snakes can be charmed and controlled and rendered harmless for a time. But the unruly depravity of the wicked is uncontrollable. It will always break out in some form or other (Prov 27:22; Jer 13:23; Rom 8:7). They are deaf to law, to reason, and to God. 58:6-9 Note at 35:8. God will deal with incorrigible sinners in perfect justice. If a man tries to sink his venomous fangs in others it will be no surprise if God should break his teeth out. And God, David says, will sweep them away while they are in the process of cooking up some scheme or other. 58:10 The righteous will not rejoice in a spirit of personal vengeance and should not take vengeance themselves, but they will rejoice when justice triumphs. They will not rejoice to see the wicked tormented, but they will not make the mistake of siding with God’s enemies or accuse Him of injustice in punishing them. Note at Num 31:2,3. 58:11 See 9:8; 67:4; 75:7; 94:2. This is what all men should understand, and any means God uses to help them understand it is good. 59 Title: See 1 Samuel 19:11-18. Al-taskith probably indicated the tune to be used in singing this psalm. It means “Do not Destroy”. Miktam was probably a literary or musical term. 59:1-3 See 3:7. In this case the enemies are Saul the king of Israel and those who

“Steadfast” – 51:10. 58 Title: Al-taskith probably indicated the tune to be used in singing this psalm. It means “Do not Destroy”. Miktam was probably a literary or musical term. 58:1 The Hebrew word here translated “rulers” is an adjective meaning “silent” or “in silence” (it comes from a Hebrew root meaning “to bind” or “to be dumb”). Perhaps this verse could be well translated “Do you indeed speak righteousness, O silent ones?” 58:2 David’s experience with such people was sad indeed. They behaved as if they represented Satan rather than God. 58:3 “From the womb” – everyone comes into the world with a sinful nature (51:5). The first steps a person takes are away from the right path. So from the earliest years a child needs proper instruction and guidance (but how many receive this?). One of the plainest evidences of man’s depravity is lying, and it is one of the earliest to appear in every individual. Since men begin telling lies so early in life, it is no wonder they become such experts at it as time goes on. 58:4,5 Can men be like poisonous snakes? In many ways, yes (140:3; Deut 32:33; Matt 3:7; 12:34; 23:33; Rom 3:13). In

PSALMS 59:3 712

12 For the sin of their mouth and the words of their lips let them be taken in their pride, and for the curses and lies which they speak. 13 Consume them in wrath; consume them, so that they may be no more, and let them know that God rules in

and save me from bloodthirsty men. 3 For, see, they lie in wait for my life. The mighty have gathered against me; not because of transgression or sin of

mine, O LORD. 4 They run and make themselves ready, without fault of mine. Awake to help me and see! 5 Therefore, O LORD God of hosts, the God of Israel, awake to punish all the nations. Do not be merciful to any wicked

Jacob to the ends of the earth. Selah 14 And at evening they return, and they snarl like a dog and go

around the city. 15 They wander up and down for food, and howl if they are not satisfied. 16 But I will sing of your power. Yes, in the morning I will sing aloud

transgressors. Selah 6 They return at evening. They snarl like a dog, and go around the city. 7 See, they spew out with their mouth. Swords are in their lips, for they say, “Who hears?” 8 But you, O LORD, will laugh at them. You will scoff at all the nations.

of your mercy, for you have been my defense and refuge

in the day of my trouble. 17 To you, O my strength, I will sing; for God is my defense, and my merciful God.

9 Because of his strength I will wait for you; for God is my defense. 10 My merciful God will go before me. God will let me see my desire on my enemies. 11 Do not kill them, so that my people will not forget. Scatter them by your power, and bring them down, O Lord our shield.

To the chief musician on shushan-eduth,

a miktam of David, to teach; when he fought against Aram-naharaim and

Aram-zobah, when Joab returned and struck down twelve thousand men of Edom

in the valley of salt

1 O God, you have cast us off. came at his orders to murder David. 59:4 David was entirely innocent of any wrong doing in regard to Saul. He was loyal to him as the king. Unfortunately for him he was more successful, more popular, and more righteous than Saul and so became the object of Saul’s envy and hatred. Envy is murderous (Prov 27:4; Matt 27:18; Acts 7:9; 17:5; Rom 1:29). David could justly and confidently ask God to arise to help him (7:6; 35:23). 59:5 Note at 35:8. The behavior of those wicked men in Israel made David think of the wicked nations of the world which did not know God. He calls on the LORD (Jehovah), the self-existing One (Ex 3:14), the Lord who controls all the armies in heaven and earth, the only true God, the God in covenant with His people Israel. 59:6,7 Verses 14,15. The wicked are compared to cruel dogs who run in packs seeking something to eat. David does not mean watch dogs or house pets, but the mangy, hungry, noisy dogs that belong to no one and feed on whatever they can find. With their words like swords and their hearts full of contempt for everyone, the wicked are far more dangerous than such dogs. Compare 22:16. 59:8 See 2:4,5; 37:13; Prov 1:26. It is absurd for men to fight against the one true God. Evidently His response at such times is scornful laughter. Who do men think they are? (2:4; Isa 40:15-17,22).

59:9 See 18:1,2,32,39; 19:14; 27:1; 28:7. 59:10 Once more David is sure that God will hear him. Once again faith wins the victory. 59:11-13 A sudden destruction might be forgotten. He wants God to bring them down by degrees, to make them wandering examples of God’s righteous judgment on evil men, and then to destroy them. His motive for this was God’s glory. See 7:6-9. The knowledge of the true God is the greatest blessing that men can have. David means that anything that brings this knowledge is to be welcomed. 59:16,17 Who but believers in the one true God can sing in the midst of peril, and praise surrounded by trouble? Compare Acts 16:22-25. “In the morning” David had already escaped and sung praises to God (1 Sam 19:11). On “refuge” see 7:1,2. 60 Title: David’s campaigns against the armies of Aram (Syria) are recorded in 2 Samuel chapters 8 and 10. The battle against the Edomites is recorded in 1 Chronicles 18:12, where it is said that Abishai, Joab’s brother, killed 18,000 Edomites. Joab was the commanding general and killed 12,000 in his own engagement with the enemy. Joab and Abishai sometimes divided a battlefield between them (2 Sam 10:9-11). Shushan-eduth probably indicated the tune to be used in singing this psalm. It means “Lily of the Covenant”. Miktam was probably a literary or musical term. 60:1-3 The title suggests victory, but these

713 PSALMS 61:4

You have scattered us. You have been displeased. Oh, turn to us again. 2 You have caused the earth to tremble. You have broken it. Heal its broken places, for it shakes. 3 You have showed your people hardness. You have made us drink the wine of trembling. 4 You have given a banner to those who fear you, that it may be displayed because of the truth.

Who will lead me into Edom? 10 Will not you, O God, you who have cast us off? And you, O God, who did not go out with

our armies? 11 Give us help from trouble, for vain is the help of man. 12 Through God we will do valiantly, for it is he who will trample down

our enemies.

Selah 5 Save with your right hand and hear me, that your beloved may be delivered. 6 God has spoken in his holiness: “I will rejoice. I will divide Shechem, and measure out the valley of Succoth. 7 Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine, and Ephraim is the helmet for my head. Judah is my lawgiver. 8 Moab is my wash pot. On Edom I will cast my sandal. Philistia, shout in triumph because of me.” 9 Who will bring me into the strong city?

To the chief musician on neginah,

a Psalm of David

1 Hear my cry, O God. Listen to my prayer. 2 From the end of the earth I will cry out to you, when my heart is overwhelmed. Lead me to the rock that is higher than I. 3 For you have been a shelter for me and a strong tower from the enemy. 4 I will abide in your tabernacle forever.

master in David and in David’s God. 60:9,10 Is this a moment of doubt because of a past defeat? Past defeats can be a blow at hope and faith for the future, if we let them. 60:11,12 David overcomes the temptation to discouragement and prays on until confidence returns. He is sure that only God can give him the victory – not his general Joab, not the armies of Israel, not his own courage and skill (118:8; 146:3; Isa 2:22; Jer 17:5; 1 Cor 15:57).

verses speak of defeat. David may be speaking of a defeat in the midst of his victories which is not recorded in the historical books. It is possible that when he and his army were away fighting the Syrians, the Edomites invaded Israel. Or he may be referring, as some think, to conditions which prevailed at the time of Saul his predecessor. From the language David uses we judge the defeat was very severe, the conditions quite desperate. Observe that David traces their trouble to its source – God. On “wine” (v 3) see 75:8; Isa 51:17,22; Jer 25:15; 49:12. It here signifies God’s judgment causing confusion, weakness, and distress. 60:4,5 David’s tone now becomes more hopeful and remains so throughout the rest of the psalm.

“Trample” – 44:5; Isa 63:3; Luke 10:18,19; Rom 8:37; 16:20. The last 8 verses of this psalm appear almost unchanged in 108:6-13. 61 Title: Neginah indicated stringed instruments. 61:2 The words “ends of the earth” suggest that David was out of the land of Canaan when he wrote this. Some scholars think this was when he fled from there during the time of Absalom’s rebellion. In any case, it was a time of severe depression when his heart was overwhelmed with grief. This also suits the time of Absalom’s rebellion. David felt that he was sinking in a sea of troubles. There was a Rock of safety, but it was far above him and he was unable to climb on to it. This Rock is God Himself (Deut 32:4). He is the Saviour and security of His people in time of trouble. Standing on this Rock all the troubles, sorrows, and difficulties of earth cannot endanger us. Notice God Himself must place us on this rock (27:5; 40:2). It is all of grace. 61:3 “Tower” – 9:9; 59:9; Prov 18:10. 61:4 “Wings” – 17:8; 36:7; 57:1; 63:7; 91:1,4; Matt 22:37.

“Banner” – Ex 17:15; Isa 5:26; 11:12; 13:2. 60:6-8 Some scholars would put a full stop at the end of the first sentence in v 6, and attribute the words which follow to David speaking of himself. But it seems more likely that God Himself is speaking down to the end of v 8. 60:7 Gilead and Manasseh were places in the land Israel occupied east of the Jordan river. Ephraim was a tribe with great military strength (Gen 48:19; Deut 33:17).

“Lawgiver” – or the Hebrew word may mean “sceptre” – see Gen 49:10. Judah was appointed by God as the ruling tribe in Israel. 60:8 Moab and Edom were two nations near Israel conquered by David and reduced to servitude. They became like servants to pour water on the hands of God’s servants, or clean his shoes. Philistia, on Israel’s western border, would also acknowledge its

PSALMS 61:5 714

4 They only confer to throw him down from his high position. They delight in lies. They bless with their mouth, but inwardly they curse.

I will trust in the shelter of your wings.

Selah 5 For you, O God, have heard my vows. You have given me the heritage of those

who fear your name. 6 You will increase the days of the king’s life, and his years will be for many generations. 7 He will abide in God’s presence forever. Oh, prepare mercy and truth, to preserve him. 8 So I will sing praise to your name forever, that I may daily perform my vows.

Selah 5 My soul, wait for God alone, for my expectation is from him. 6 He alone is my rock and my salvation. He is my defense; I will not be shaken. 7 In God is my salvation and my glory. The rock of my strength, and my refuge,

is in God. 8 Trust in him at all times, you people. Pour out your heart before him. God is a refuge for us. Selah 9 Surely men of low status are a vapour, and men of high status are a lie. If they are weighed in the balances, they are altogether lighter than vapour. 10 Do not trust in oppression, and do not have a vain hope in robbery. If riches increase, do not set your heart

To the chief musician, to Jeduthun,

a Psalm of David

1 Truly my soul waits for God. From him comes my salvation. 2 He alone is my rock and my salvation. He is my defense. I will not be greatly shaken. 3 How long will you make attacks against a man? All of you will be killed. You will be like a leaning wall,

on them. 11 God has spoken once; twice I have heard this:

and like a tottering fence.

61:5 From here on it is as though David was on the high Rock, securely and calmly surveying the future.

and destroy God’s people. But though in themselves they are weak, all the attempts of the wicked to defeat them will come to nothing. God is the salvation and defense of His people. What can the wicked do? 62:4 To tell lies is bad enough, to delight in falsehood is a mark of the deepest depravity. Those David describes here were the worst sort of hypocrites (12:2; 28:3; 55:21). 62:8 See 37:3,5; 52:8; Isa 26:4. Better counsel was never given any people. The one true and living God, the Creator of the universe, is worthy of our trust and will never fail the person who depends on Him. We should trust “at all times” – in health and in sickness, in rest and at work, in joy and in sadness, in success and in failure, in prosperity and in poverty, in security and in danger, in times of light and understanding and in times of darkness and perplexity.

“Vows” – 22:25; 50:14; 56:12; 66:13; 116:14,18. The word “heritage” (or “inheritance”) has to do with all the promises of blessing God made to Abraham (Gen 12:1,2). These have been secured by the Lord Jesus for believers now (16:5; 37:18; Acts 20:32; Rom 4:16; Eph 1:11; Col 1:12; Heb 1:4; 9:15; 1 Pet 1:4). 61:6,7 David himself could not expect to live on earth for many generations, indeed forever (v 7). These verses may refer to David’s assurance of eternal life with God in heaven. But David does not use the word ‘I’ here, but refers to the king, so it is much more likely that he is speaking of his dynasty, the offspring of David to rule forever in accordance with God’s promise (2 Sam 7:12-16). In other words, David speaks of the Lord Jesus Christ who is of the royal line of David and God’s appointed king forever (2:6-12; Luke 1:31-33). 61:8 A God so gracious in His ways is surely worthy of our praise (30:4; 33:1,2; 71:22. 62 Title: “Jeduthun” – 1 Chronicles 16:41; 25:1. 62:1 Some trust in men. But what are men? Failing, sinful beings – vs 3,4,9. Some trust in violence or riches which are here today and gone tomorrow. Only God is worthy of our trust. True salvation can come only from Him (3:8; 37:39). 62:2 “Rock” – Deut 32:4. “Shaken” – 15:5; 16:18; 55:2; 66:9; 121:3. 62:3 Many there are who would try to shake

God wants us to “pour out” before Him everything in our mind and heart, to be completely frank and open with Him about all our sorrows, difficulties, desires, failures, sins, troubles, and joys and successes (Job 10:2). Far more than human friends He will listen with sympathy, understanding, and compassion, and willingness and ability to help. He is the refuge from Satan, and all troubles, and all evil men, and all weakness, ignorance and sinfulness within us. 62:9 See 39:5; Isa 2:22; 40:17. 62:10 There is a living God to trust. Why foolishly dream of trusting anything else? On riches see 49:6; 52:7; Mark 10:24; Luke 12:15; 1 Tim 6:10. 62:11,12 God has both the ability and the

715 PSALMS 64:2

and my mouth will praise you with joyful lips, 6 When I remember you on my bed and meditate on you in the night watches, 7 Because you have been my help. Therefore in the shadow of your wings

power belongs to God. 12 Also to you, O Lord, belongs mercy, for you repay every man according

to his work.

I will rejoice. 8 My soul follows you closely. Your right hand upholds me.

A psalm of David, when he was in the

9 But those who seek to destroy my soul will go into the lower parts of the earth. 10 They will fall by the sword. They will be a portion for foxes. 11 But the king will rejoice in God. Everyone who swears by him will glory. But the mouth of those who speak lies

wilderness of Judah

1 O God, you are my God. Early I will seek you. My soul thirsts for you, my flesh longs for you in a dry and thirsty land,

where there is no water, 2 To see your power and your glory, just as I have seen you in the sanctuary. 3 Because your loving kindness is better than life, my lips will praise you. 4 So I will praise you while I live. I will lift up my hands in your name. 5 My soul will be satisfied as with marrow and fatness,

will be stopped.

To the chief musician, a Psalm of David

1 Hear my voice, O God, in my prayer. Preserve my life from the fear of the enemy. 2 Hide me from the secret counsel of the wicked, willingness to help His people. There is no lack of power or grace with Him. To whom, then, should we go?

63:2 He had beheld God’s power and glory with the eyes of his understanding. So should we – Eph 1:18,19. 63:3 He is in the desert pursued by enemies but speaks of God’s grace. To experience God’s grace is far better than all of life with its comforts and honors and riches without His grace. 63:3-5 Blessed are those who can praise and sing and be satisfied in deserts, in dungeons, in the shadows of death. No one can, except those who can truly speak the opening words of this psalm. 63:6 No doubt this psalm is a result of his meditations in the night. 63:7 See 27:9; 40:17. “Wings” – 17:8; 36:7; 57:1; 61:4; 91:1,4. 63:8 Here is a picture of the mutual love between God and the believer. The believer longs for more of God, follows after Him, clings to Him. God holds the believer in His right hand, the hand of power, as the arm of a loving father holds his child. Not all the malice of men, not all the power of Satan can break God’s embrace or tear His children from His arms (John 10:28,29). 63:9-11 Observe the contrast between David and his enemies. He seeks God; they seek his life. So the ends of these two classes of people will be different. How could it be otherwise? How can God give the wicked the reward of the righteous, or give the righteous the punishment due to the wicked? Notice in the last phrase of the psalm the danger of lying. God will stop the mouths of liars forever (Rev 21:8). 64:1 This psalm consists of two parts – a prayer for deliverance from enemies

“Repay” – 28:4; Jer 17:10; Matt 16:27; Rom 2:6; 1 Cor 3:8; Rev 2:23. 63 Title: This psalm was written when David was king (v 11), and pursued by enemies (v 9). These facts fit in with the rebellion of Absalom described in 2 Samuel chapters 15-17. Escaping through the desert of Judea toward the Jordan river, probably at night (v 6), he wrote this, or we can say it came by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit – the way all the psalms came (and, indeed, the whole Bible). In this psalm we have a leading theme of all of them, perhaps the essence of all. 63:1 Blessed is the person who can truly say “my God” to the true and only God, the all-powerful Creator of the universe. With that one word eventually all problems will have their solution, all holy longings will have their satisfaction. David did not thirst for comforts in the desert, nor for vengeance on his enemies, nor for bodily or fleshly satisfactions of any kind, nor for the gifts of God. He thirsts for God Himself. Nothing else could satisfy him but God’s fellowship. He knew God but he wanted to know Him better, to experience Him more (compare Phil 3:10. See also Ps 42:2; 84:2; Jer 29:13; Matt 5:6; 6:33; 7:7). One of the most important and searching questions that can be asked is, what do you thirst for? what do you seek? At the time perhaps David’s life and experience were like the dry and barren desert he was moving through. To a believer often the whole world seems like a desert without a drop of water to quench the thirst of the soul.

PSALMS 64:3 716

from the scheming of evildoers, 3 Who sharpen their tongue like a sword, and bend bows to shoot their

To the chief musician, a Psalm,

arrows of bitter words, 4 That they may secretly shoot at the innocent. They suddenly shoot at him and are not afraid. 5 They encourage themselves in an evil matter. They talk about secretly laying snares. They say, “Who will see them?” 6 They devise wicked deeds: “We have made a perfect scheme.” Both the inward thought and the heart

a song of David

1 Praise waits for you, O God, in Zion, and to you the vow will be fulfilled. 2 O you who hear prayer, to you all flesh will come. 3 Sins prevail against me. As for our transgressions,

of each one of them are deep. 7 But God will shoot an arrow at them. Suddenly they will be wounded. 8 So they will cause their own tongue to overthrow them. All who see them will flee away. 9 And all men will fear and declare the work of God, for they will wisely consider his deeds. 10 The righteous will be glad in the LORD and will trust in him, and all the upright in heart will glory.

you will purge them away. 4 Blessed is the man whom you choose and cause to approach you, so that he may dwell in your

courts. We will be satisfied with the goodness

of your house, of your holy temple. 5 You will answer us by awe-inspiring things in righteousness, O God of our salvation, who are the confidence of all the ends

of the earth,

(vs 1-6), and the assurance that God will answer (vs 7-10). This prayer about enemies is similar to prayers in other psalms (e.g. 57, 58, 59). Note at 35:8. Remember all conspiracies against God’s people are hatched in the counsels of Satan and his brood. 64:4 They had none of that fear of God which would have restrained them (notes at 34:11-14; 111:10; Job 28:28; Gen 20:11; Prov 1:7). 64:6 Jer 17:9; Prov 18:4; 20:5. 64:7,8 Here again we see God’s perfect justice. The wicked shoot arrows at God’s people. He will shoot arrows at them. And they will see who is the better archer. They will use their tongues like a sword to wound others, but God will use their own tongue against them to bring them wounds. 64:9,10 God’s just judgment of the wicked will produce the good results recorded in these verses. See Isa 26:9. It is a big mistake to think that because God is love He will forget justice and refrain from punishing the wicked. The righteous will rejoice, not in the suffering of the wicked, but in God’s justice and in Him. 65:1 This psalm is taken up completely with God. It can be divided into three parts: the worship of God (vs 1-4), the mighty acts of God (vs 5-8), and God’s goodness in sending a rich harvest (vs 9-13). The Hebrew of the first part of verse 1 is difficult. It could also be translated “to you silence is praise, O God, in Zion.” This is because the Hebrew word translated “waits” may also mean “silence.”

“Vow” – 22:25; 50:14; 61:8; 76:11; 116:14,18; 132:2. 65:2 Here is a name of the true God, an attribute as sure as His holiness, His justice, or His love. The God of the Bible, the great Creator answers prayer – 66:19,20; 81:7; 86:5; 99:6; 118:5; Gen 35:3; Ex 19:19; Matt 7:7; Rom 10:12; Heb 11:6. He is contrasted in the Bible with gods and idols, none of which can ever answer prayer – 115:3-7; Jer 10:3-5; 1 Kings 18:24-29,36-39. 65:3 Anyone who wants to pray to the true God will have to face the problem of sin. Sin separates between God and man and keeps God from answering prayer. See 66:18; Isa 59:1-4. Our sins must be put away, be forgiven. This God Himself does because of the sacrifice of His Son Jesus (Eph 1:7; 1 John 1:7-10). But the sins God forgives we must forsake. 65:4 Note on blessed at 1:1,2. God chooses us before we ever choose Him – John 15:16; Eph 1:4,11; 2 Thess 2:13; 1 Pet 1:2. Then He brings us near to be His worshipers and live in His presence (John 14:23; Eph 2:13-18; Heb 10:19-22). 65:5 Those who pray should be prepared for the mysterious, awe-inspiring and altogether just working of God in their lives. He will fight against their sin and pride. He will discipline and test them. He will prepare them for answers in ways that sometimes will bring them to the verge of despair (66:10-12). But we should always remember that He is the God of salvation, desires our highest good, and is completely trustworthy.

717 PSALMS 66:9

and of those who are far off on

the sea, 6 Who established the mountains by his strength, being clothed with power, 7 Who stills the noise of the seas, the noise of their waves, and the tumult of the people.

To the chief musician, a song, a Psalm

1 Shout joyfully to God, all you lands. 2 Sing out the honour of his name, make his praise glorious. 3 Say to God, “How awe-inspiring you are in your works! Through the greatness of your power your enemies will submit themselves to you. 4 The whole earth will worship you and sing to you; they will sing to your name.”

8 Also those who live in the uttermost parts are afraid of your signs. You cause the dawning of the morning

and evening to rejoice. 9 You visit the earth, and water it. You greatly enrich it with the river of God,

which is full of water. You prepare grain for them, for you

Selah 5 Come and see the works of God. He is awe-inspiring in his deeds toward

have provided it like this. 10 You water its ridges abundantly. You settle its furrows. You make it soft with showers. You bless what springs up. 11 You crown the year with your goodness, and your paths drip with abundance. 12 They drip on the pastures of the wilderness, and on every side the little hills

the children of men. 6 He turned the sea into dry ground. They went through the river on foot. There we rejoiced in him. 7 He rules by his power forever. His eyes see the nations. Let not the rebellious exalt themselves.

Selah 8 O praise our God, you people, and make the sound of his praise

rejoice. 13 The pastures are clothed with flocks. The valleys also are covered

to be heard. 9 He keeps our soul among the living, and does not let our feet be moved.

with grain. They shout for joy, they also sing.

65:6-8 God is able to answer prayer in any way He sees fit, for He is the mighty Creator in control of the wild sea or turbulent peoples (Matt 8:23-27). 65:9-13 A beautiful picture of the Creator sending rain on the earth and giving fruitful fields and abundant harvests. He does this even though few people acknowledge Him or give Him thanks for it. O ungrateful man, who has made the soil and the seed you plant? Who brings the rain? Who brings the crops to harvest? Lift up your eyes to the heavens and thank the gracious Maker of both earth and mankind (Acts 14:15-17; Joel 2:23,24; Ezek 34:26,27; Job 5:10; Deut 11:13-15). 66:1-4 A person who loves God wants all of mankind to honor Him. There is here a prophetic meaning, for the prophets spoke of a time when all the earth would know God and praise Him (Isa 2:2-4; 11:9). 66:3 See 18:44; 81:15. Enemies will be afraid to show any spirit of rebellion and so will pretend to be obedient. 66:5 See 65:5; 106:22. 66:6 Ex 14:21; Josh 3:16 – two examples among many of God’s awesome deeds. 66:7 God ruled in the days of Moses and Joshua. He rules now (47:2). He will rule forever. He knows what is going on and

how to control events to work out His purposes (Gen 50:20). All sin is rebellion against the mighty ruler of the universe. Is not sin, then, madness rather than a cause of boasting or self-exaltation? Do the rebellious vainly imagine that the Creator cannot bring them down? 66:8 Why does he call on all people to praise the God of Israel? Because He is the Creator, the only God there is, and He has a high purpose for all nations and eventually will manifest Himself as the God of all nations. 66:9 If we live it is because of Him. If we do not fall, if we still stand, still maintain our position, it is His grace. Praise Him. 66:10-12 God will test, try, and discipline every child of His. He will test and prove all that we are, all that we think, believe, and do. This world is a testing ground for His believers. It is a furnace where God’s silver is tried and purged, that is, where their faith and character are refined and developed. It is a wilderness where they are captured, loaded with heavy burdens, and where men arrogantly ride over them, trampling them in the dirt – all to some good purpose of God. It is a place where God’s metal is tempered, first plunged into fire and then into water. This is the way the saints are

PSALMS 66:10 718

18 If I regard sin in my heart, the Lord will not hear me. 19 But God has certainly heard me. He has listened to the voice of my prayer. 20 Blessed be God who has not turned away my prayer, or his mercy from me.

10 For you, O God, have tested us. You have refined us, as silver is refined. 11 You brought us into the net, you laid affliction on our backs. 12 You caused men to ride over our heads. We went through fire and through water; but you brought us out into overflowing

abundance. 13 I will go into your house with burnt offerings. I will fulfil my vows to you, 14 Which my lips have uttered and my mouth has spoken, when I was in trouble. 15 I will offer to you burnt sacrifices of fat animals, with the fragrant

To the chief musician, on neginoth,

a Psalm, a song

1 God be merciful to us, and bless us, and cause his face to shine on us,

aroma of rams. I will offer bulls with goats.

Selah 2 That your way may be known on earth, your salvation among all nations. 3 May the people praise you, O God; may all the people praise you. 4 Oh, may the nations be glad and sing for joy, for you will judge the people righteously,

Selah 16 Come and hear, all you who fear God, and I will declare what he has done

for my soul. 17 I cried out to him with my mouth, and he was extolled with my tongue.

made strong.

will speak to men also. It is right and fitting to declare to others what God has done for us (71:15,16; 107:2; Matt 10:32). The substance of his testimony is this: God has been gracious and loving and has heard his prayers. Note at 65:2,3. 66:18 The meaning here seems to be this: if in any way he saw evil in his heart and permitted it to remain, if there was sin consciously kept there, unconfessed and unforsaken, or if any evil motives or desires were in his prayers, then God would not hear (Prov 15:29; Isa 1:15; 59:2; John 9:31; 1 John 3:21,22). Nothing hinders prayer more than sin cherished in the heart. God does not encourage evil or hypocrisy. 67 Title: Many of the psalms were given to the director of music for him to compose melodies for. They were to be sung by the worshipers in the temple. If some poets and musicians in the various languages of India (and other countries) in these days would set many of the psalms to good music to be sung in churches they would be doing great service for God and for His people. Neginoth means stringed instruments. 67:1 Praying for God’s blessing is praying according to God’s desire, for He loves to bless us when He can justly do so. This is why He has given us the Bible, why He sent His Son, why His Spirit is at work in the world. The prayer here is based on the blessing God taught Israel in Num 6:22-27. 67:2 God’s blessings are for the whole world. See Gen 12:1,2. He blessed Israel that this verse, which speaks of very great blessings indeed, might be fulfilled. 67:3-5 The time will come when his prayer will be fully answered, this desire completely

Thus it happened in David’s personal life. Thus it will happen to some extent in the lives of all God’s true people – John 16:33; Heb 12:7-11; 1 Pet 1:6,7; 4:1,12. Observe in these verses that though the agents may have been men, the one behind their activities was God. See Gen 45:5; 50:20; Acts 2:23. See other notes on testing at Gen 22:1; Jud 2:22. 66:10 Great care and skill are required in refining silver. The fire must be just right, neither too much nor too little. God will exercise great care and patience in the trying of His children. Parents who do not love their children let them grow up without discipline except perhaps for an occasional thoughtless slap. God loves His own, and so He disciplines them carefully. If we refuse trials we are saying we don’t wish to be refined and made pure. 66:11 “Into the net” – like a bird caught in the net of a hunter. Notice it is God Himself who causes this to happen. 66:12 See the result of these trials. When God had accomplished His purpose in them He said “enough”, and brought His people into great blessing. Even while we are on this earth trials do not go on continually. God knows just how long to keep us in the heat (1 Pet 1:7; 5:10; Jam 1:3,4; Heb 12:11; 2 Cor 4:17; Rom 8:17,18; Ps 18:16-19; 71:20; 103:13,14). 66:13-15 Trials successfully endured are a cause of great thanksgiving. We should see the loving hand of God in them working for our good and bring the gifts we think will please Him. Let us give Him our hearts and our bodies a living sacrifice (Rom 12:1,2). These are the offerings He desires. 66:16-20 He has spoken to God, now he

719 PSALMS 68:13

and govern the nations on earth.

5 A father for the fatherless and a defender of widows, is God in his holy habitation. 6 God places the solitary in families. He brings out those who are bound with

Selah 5 May the people praise you, O God; may all the people praise you. 6 Then the earth will yield her increase, and God, our own God, will bless us. 7 God will bless us; and all the ends of the earth will fear him.

chains; but the rebellious dwell in a dry land.

7 O God, when you went out before your people, when you marched through

the wilderness, Selah 8 The earth shook, the heavens also dropped at the presence of God; even Sinai itself was moved at the

To the chief musician, a Psalm,

a song of David

presence of God, the God of Israel. 9 You, O God, sent abundant rain which you provided for your inheritance when

1 May God arise, may his enemies be scattered, and may those who hate him flee from

it was weary. 10 Your congregation has lived in it. You, O God, have provided from your

his presence. 2 As smoke is driven away, drive them away. As wax melts before the fire, so may the wicked perish at the

goodness for the poor. 11 The Lord gave the word; great was the company of those who

presence of God. 3 But may the righteous be glad; may they rejoice before God, yes, may they rejoice exceedingly. 4 Sing to God, sing praises to his name. Extol him who rides on the heavens by

proclaimed it. 12 Kings of armies hurriedly fled, and she who stayed at home divided the

plunder. 13 Though you lie down among the pots,

his name YAH, and rejoice before him.

realized (Isa 2:2-5; etc). 67:6 If God is acknowledged and gratitude is shown for His blessings, more blessings will be the result. God is not hungry for praise (see note at 33:1), but He will not encourage the sin of ingratitude. 68:1 The subject of this great psalm is the entry of God into His sanctuary in Jerusalem. The author speaks of Him coming through the desert (v 7), stopping at Mount Sinai (v 8), leading His people victoriously into Canaan (vs 12,14), choosing Mount Zion as His dwelling place (v 16), ascending there (v 18), and ruling in power and majesty (vs 18,21,31-35). In the New Testament the Holy Spirit applies v 18 to the ascension of the Lord Jesus to the heavenly Jerusalem (Eph 4:8). This indicates that there is a prophetic quality in this psalm. There is far more here than events in the history of Israel.

they perish it is because they fully deserve it. It is a display of God’s magnificent justice in ridding the earth of harmful beings. And shall He not cause the righteous to rejoice with Him?

“YAH” – a shortened form of Jehovah (Yahweh). 68:5,6 God is the King of the universe, the one who destroys wicked enemies and reigns in majesty. Is this all God is? No – He is the tender, compassionate One who loves and helps the fatherless, the widow, the lonely. No earthly monarch ever showed such love and concern for his subjects as God does (Ex 22:2,24; Deut 10:18; 14:29; 24:17-21; Ps 10:14,18; 82:3; 86:15; Isa 1:17; Jer 7:6; Matt 9:36). He deals gently with prisoners and gives them joy – 69:33; 102:19,20; 107:10,14; 146:7; Isa 61:1; Luke 4:18. Only the rebellious fail to receive God’s blessing, and He wants them also to turn to Him and enjoy His goodness (Prov 1:23; Isa 55:7; Jer 3:14; Ezek 18:32). 68:7 Ex 13:18,21. 68:8 Ex 19:18. 68:9 Lev 26:4; Deut 11:11,12. 68:10 Note on “poor” at 41:1. 68:11,12 This takes us back to the opening verses of the psalm. “The Lord gave the word” here means that by His almighty command He secured victory for His people over their enemies in Canaan. The women in v 12 benefitted from that. 68:13 This verse, very difficult in Hebrew, seems to suggest peace and prosperity

Many scholars believe that it was written to be sung at the occasion of the taking of the ark of God from the house of Obed-Edom to Mount Zion (2 Sam 6:1-19). The first verse supports this. It is based on the blessing of the high priest in the wilderness journeys when the ark set out (Num 10:35). The ark was the sign of God’s presence. Where God went His enemies scattered, His haters fled. But are there indeed haters of the one true God? There are many (John 7:7; 15:18,24,25; Rom 1:30; 8:7). 68:1-4 The wicked are enemies of truth, of righteousness, of holiness, and of all that is truly good. They hate God Himself. When

PSALMS 68:14 720

from death. 21 But God will wound the head of his enemies, and the hairy scalp of the one who

yet you will be like the wings of a

dove covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow gold. 14 When the Almighty scattered kings in it, it was like snow on Zalmon. 15 The mountain of God is like the mountain of Bashan, a high mountain like the mountain of Bashan. 16 Why do you watch with envy, you high peaks? This is the mountain where God desires

still goes on in his trespasses.

22 The Lord said, “I will bring back from Bashan, I will bring my people back from the

depths of the sea, 23 That your foot may be dipped in the blood of your enemies, and the tongue of your dogs have their share.

to dwell. Yes, the LORD will dwell in it forever. 17 The chariots of God are twenty thousand, and thousands of thousands. The Lord is among them, as on Sinai,

24 They have seen your procession, O God, the procession of my God,

my King, in the sanctuary. 25 The singers went in front, the musicians followed. Among them were the maidens playing on

in the Holy Place. 18 You have ascended on high, you have led captivity captive, you have received gifts among men, yes, among the rebellious also, that the LORD God might dwell among them. 19 Blessed be the Lord, who daily loads us with good things, the God of our

tambourines. 26 Praise God in the congregations; the Lord, from the fountain of Israel. 27 There is little Benjamin with their leader, the princes of Judah and their company, the princes of Zebulun and the princes of Naphtali. 28 Your God has commanded strength for you. Strengthen, O God, what you have done

salvation. Selah 20 He who is our God is the God of salvation, and to God the Lord belong escapes

after battle. 68:14 Zalmon is a hill near Shechem in a central part of Canaan. The scattering of the kings was like snow being driven before the wind on the dark slopes of that hill.

between this verse and Eph 4:8. Here it says the Lord “received gifts”, there it says He “gave gifts.” The Lord God needs nothing from men. He takes from them only what He has first given, and only that He might give them the more. In either taking or giving He is the eternal King, ruling in majesty and might (47:2).

“Almighty” – in Hebrew “Shaddai” (Gen 17:1). 68:15,16 The mountain range of Bashan rose high and imposing to the northeast of Canaan. The peaks there are much grander than the hills around Jerusalem. But God chose Mount Zion for His dwelling, not one of earth’s high and lofty mountains (2:8; 9:11; 76:2; 87:1-3; 132:13,14). This was one of the peaks in the region of Moriah where God confirmed His covenant with Abraham to bring blessing to the whole world. Mount Zion on earth is only a pale picture of the heavenly Mount Zion or Jerusalem (Gal 4:26; Heb 12:22; Rev 3:12; 21:10). 68:17 Deut 33:2; 2 Kings 6:17; Dan 7:10; Hab 3:8; Matt 26:53. The KJV has added the word “angels” here, but this is not in the Hebrew. 68:18 This has two meanings. First, it refers to God ascending to Mount Zion with the ark of the covenant to dwell in the midst of His people Israel, having conquered all enemies. But according to Eph 4:8-11 this verse refers to the Lord Jesus who conquered sin, death, Satan and all his hordes, and ascended into the heavenly mount Zion. The ark is a symbol of the Lord Jesus. See note at Ex 25:10-16. There is a difference

“Among men” – this could also be translated “for men” or “from men.” In general Hebrew prepositions have more than one meaning. 68:19 “Loads us” – the Hebrew word may also means “carries us.” This great King of heaven does not lay burdens on His subjects as earthly kings do. He takes their burdens and bears them Himself (55:22; Isa 46:4; 53:4; Matt 11:28; 1 Pet 5:7). If He “loads” His people with anything, it is only the best of things. Observe that the words “with good things” have been added. 68:20 One meaning of this is He keeps His people alive on earth until their course is finished. A deeper meaning is He delivers from spiritual death and gives eternal life with Him forever (John 5:24; 11:25; Rom 6:23; 8:2; 1 Cor 15:21,26,54; 2 Tim 1:10; Heb 2:14; 1 John 3:14; Rev 20:14; 21:4). 68:21-23 Terrible words but none the less true for that. 68:24-27 He resumes the description of the triumphal procession of the ark into the sanctuary in Jerusalem. 68:28-31 God will show Himself strong for His people, for His city and His sanctuary,

721 PSALMS 69:6

for us. 29 Because of your temple at Jerusalem kings will bring presents to you. 30 Rebuke the beast of the reeds, the herd of the bulls with the

To the chief musician, on Shoshannim.

A Psalm of David

calves of the people, until everyone submits himself with pieces

1 Save me, O God, for the waters have come into my soul. 2 I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing. I have come into deep waters,

of silver. Scatter the people who delight in war. 31 Princes will come from Egypt. Ethiopia will soon stretch out her hands to God. 32 Sing to God, you kingdoms of the earth. Oh, sing praises to the Lord, Selah 33 To him who rides on the heavens of heavens, which are of old. See, he sends out his voice, a mighty voice. 34 Ascribe strength to God. His majesty is over Israel, and his strength is in the clouds.

where the floods overflow me. 3 I am weary of my crying. My throat is dried up; my eyes fail while I wait for my God. 4 Those who hate me without a cause are more than the hairs of my head. Those who would destroy me,

my enemies wrongfully, are mighty. I had to restore what I did not steal. 5 O God, you know my foolishness, and my sins are not hidden from you. 6 Do not let those who wait for you, O Lord God of hosts,

35 O God, you are awe-inspiring from your holy places. The God of Israel is the one who gives

strength and power to his people. Blessed be God.

be ashamed for my sake.

and will subdue the nations some of which are here referred to as beasts (compare Isa 43:3; 45:14; 60:5; Dan 7:3-7; Rev 21:24-26). “Beast of the reeds” – this is probably the best translation of the obscure Hebrew phrase. “Company of spearmen” is a very unlikely meaning. Some commentators think the phrase signifies Egypt. 68:32-35 The psalm closes with a fitting exhortation to all nations to praise this mighty, splendid God. These verses are prophetic. The time will come when all nations will worship the one true God. 69 Title: Shoshannim probably indicated the tune to be used when singing this psalm. It means “Lilies.” 69:1 This wonderful psalm is often quoted in the New Testament. The Lord Jesus applied v 4 to Himself in John 15:25. Verse 9 is applied to Him in John 2:17 and Rom 15:3, and v 21 in Matt 27:34. David wrote of both himself and the Lord Jesus, of his own sufferings and those of Jesus too. How can we sort these sayings out? How can we tell which refer to David and which to the Lord Jesus, and which to both of them? (These same questions can be asked of some other psalms as well.) These questions are not always easy to answer, but perhaps a good rule is, see the Lord Jesus where you can, see David where you must, see both Jesus and David where possible.

(though actually He prayed there for those who did not know what they were doing, not for those who did know). Other expressions in this can hardly fit David’s experience. The Holy Spirit of God inspired him to write words that were beyond his experience and were prophecies of the Messiah.

Verses 1-3 speak of extreme peril and helplessness. Certainly David had experienced such times (40:2; 18:16,17; 6:6). But could these words possibly fit the experience of the Lord Jesus? Was He not God incarnate? Could He ever be described as in such danger He could not help Himself? Understand that He laid aside His divine glory, power, and privileges and became a man obedient to death (Phil 2:5-8). He Himself said He could do nothing by Himself (John 5:19,30), and that included saving Himself from death. He could not because He knew it was God the Father’s will for Him and He would not oppose God’s will in anything. Thus we have the mention of His tears and agonizing prayers (Luke 22:41-44; Heb 5:7). So these verses beautifully fit His experience as He faced the cross. Remember that He voluntarily put Himself in this position, and that He did it all for us. 69:4 David was hated by king Saul and many others. The Lord Jesus was hated by nearly all the Jewish leaders of His day and by the world as a whole (John 15:18,24,25). 69:5 This was true of David (32:5; 51:1-4), but not true of Jesus (John 8:46; Heb 4:15; 7:26; 1 Pet 2:21,22). 69:6 This is a strong ground in prayer. If God did not bring him through these difficulties triumphantly then his friends and

We cannot see Jesus in v 5, for He was never foolish, never sinned, and so had no personal guilt. But it is easy to see David there. And the prayers against the wicked in verses 22-28 do not sound like the one who prayed for His enemies in Luke 23:34

PSALMS 69:7 722

Do not let those who seek you be

16 Hear me, O LORD, for your loving kindness is good. Turn to me in accordance with the

disgraced for my sake, O God of Israel. 7 Because for your sake I have borne scorn; shame has covered my face. 8 I have become a stranger to my brethren, and an alien to my mother’s children.

abundance of your tender mercies. 17 And do not hide your face from your servant, for I am in trouble. Hear me quickly. 18 Draw near to my soul, and redeem it. Rescue me because of my enemies. 19 You have known my reproach, and my shame, and my dishonour. My adversaries are all before you. 20 Scorn has broken my heart, and I am full of heaviness. And I looked for someone to take pity,

9 For the zeal of your house has eaten me up, and the scorn of those who scorned you

have fallen on me. 10 When I wept, and humbled my soul with fasting, I was scorned for that. 11 Also I made sackcloth my clothing, and I became a byword to them. 12 Those who sit in the gate speak against me, and I am the song of the drunkards. 13 But as for me, my prayer is to you, O LORD, in the acceptable time. O God, in the greatness of your mercy, hear me, in the truth of your salvation. 14 Deliver me out of the mire, and let me not sink. Let me be delivered from those who hate

but there was no one, and for comforters, but I found none. 21 They also gave me gall for my food, and in my thirst they gave me

vinegar to drink. 22 Let their table before them become a snare, and let what should have been for their

welfare become a trap. 23 Let their eyes be darkened, so that they can not see, and make their loins shake continually.

me, and out of the deep waters. 15 Do not let the flood water overflow me, nor the deep swallow me up, and do not let the pit shut its mouth on me.

to answer. 69:15 This was a prayer that death would not be able to hold Him. Gloriously fulfilled in Christ’s resurrection (Acts 2:24). 69:19 See 22:6,12,13,16. Judas, Caiaphas, Pilate, priests, the mob of ungodly people, the soldiers of Rome – all became His enemies. 69:20 The Lord Jesus died with a broken heart, deserted, scorned, insulted. Some were shocked but who had compassion? Who shed with Him a friendly tear? 69:21 Matt 27:34,48. The most unpalatable of food and drink was given to the sufferer. This verse in this psalm was the last prophecy in the Old Testament fulfilled before Jesus died (John 19:28-30). The Lord Jesus came with a feast of good things for mankind. They gave Him their worst in return. 69:22-28 Note at 35:8. Though these verses seem at variance with Luke 23:34 (but we should understand whom Jesus referred to in Luke 23:34), the Holy Spirit inspired David, a man under the law, to write them to show the just vengeance of God that was to overtake the people who caused the death of the Son of God. Though there is reason to think that the Lord Jesus did not offer these prayers in His life and death, He knew, of course, they were in this psalm and would be answered. He taught this by parable (Matt 21:38-41; 22:6,7), and by plain words (Matt 23:33-36).

followers would be put to shame. We can be sure that this will never happen to the followers of Jesus (Rom 9:33; 10:11).

“LORD God of hosts” – note at 1 Sam 1:3. 69:7,8 True of David, far more true of the Lord Jesus (Matt 9:24; 27:29,41; Mark 3:21,30; 6:6; Luke 23:26; John 8:48; 7:5; 1:11). 69:9 John 2:17. This is one reason Jesus was scorned and dishonored and treated as a stranger by His own people. Some worldlings are extremely zealous for making money, for gaining power, for their own honor, or for other things of this world, but they cannot stand anyone who is zealous for the one true God. They call it fanaticism. They cannot understand anyone caring that much about God’s house, God’s work, God’s honor. They are blind and ignorant about the importance of these things. The Lord Jesus had so much zeal for God He was consumed by it. Jesus also became the object of insults the ungodly aimed at God. 69:10,11 Isa 53:3. Nothing the Lord Jesus did could please the ungodly. Even His mourning and weeping for them was a reason to them to insult Him.

“Sackcloth” – a sign of grief. 69:12 “In the gate” – Gen 19:1; Ruth 4:1. Drunkards often make a mock of religion and think it fun to sneer at the holy Son of God! God’s zealous children also will be held up to ridicule by the ungodly. 69:13-18 Compare 22:19-21. A prayer most suitable to David, to the Lord Jesus, and to many others since in great danger and distress, a prayer God the Father delighted

Paul applied vs 22,23 to the unbelieving Jews of his day (Rom 11:9,10). Peter applied v 25 to Judas Iscariot the betrayer of Jesus (Acts 1:20). And Jesus applied it to the Jews in general (Matt 23:38). In

723 PSALMS 70:5

24 Pour out your indignation on them, and let your burning anger take hold of them. 25 Let their habitation be desolate, and let no one live in their tents. 26 For they persecute the one whom you have struck, and talk of the grief of those whom you

35 For God will save Zion and will build the cities of Judah, that they may live there and possess it. 36 And the offspring of his servants will inherit it, and those who love his name will live in it.

have wounded. 27 Ascribe wickedness to their wickedness, and let them not come into your

To the chief musician. A Psalm of David,

to bring to remembrance

righteousness. 28 Let them be blotted out of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous. 29 But I am poor and sorrowful. Let your salvation, O God, set me up on high. 30 I will praise the name of God with a song, and will exalt him with thanksgiving. 31 And this will please the LORD better than offering an ox or bull that has

1 Come quickly, O God, to rescue me; come quickly to help me, O LORD. 2 Let those who seek my life be ashamed and disgraced. Let those who desire my harm be turned

back and put to confusion. 3 Let those who say “Aha, aha!” be turned back because of their shame. 4 Let all those who seek you rejoice and be glad in you, and let those who love your salvation

horns and hoofs. 32 The humble will see this, and be glad; and you who seek God, your heart will live. 33 For the LORD hears the poor, and does not despise his prisoners.

say continually, “May God be exalted.” 5 But I am poor and needy. Come quickly to me, O God; you are my help and my deliverer. O LORD, do not delay.

34 May the heaven and earth praise him, the seas, and everything that

moves in them.

these verses we see a cry for perfect justice to prevail. And prevail it did, and will (see 18:25,26; 2 Thess 1:6). They fed Jesus gall and vinegar – their tables will become a snare. They tried to put out the light of God – their eyes will be darkened. They tried to shake the Lord Jesus and laid many stripes on His back – their loins will shake. They poured anger on the Son of God – God’s anger will be poured on them. 69:26 See Isa 53:4-6,10. 69:27,28 The people referred to here never were partakers of God’s righteousness as Abraham their father was (Gen 15:6). They had never come into the register of the righteous. That is, they had never trusted God, never been saved. The first part of verse 28 does not mean that the saved, those who are counted righteous, can fall away and be lost. This would be contrary to the teachings of the Bible in many other places (John 5:24; 6:37-40; 10:28; Rom 5:9,10; 1 Pet 1:4,5). “Book of the living” – not “the book of life” (Rev 3:5; 20:12,15). 69:29 See 22:11-21. 69:30,31 Worthy indeed is the God of such wonders. Jesus praises Him. Shall we not? What better “offering” than praise?

heart. And all things will come to those who humbly seek God. The heart is kept alive in the process.

“Your heart will live” – a very great promise. 69:33 God hears the humble, godly poor, not the wicked poor simply because they are poor.

“Prisoners” – 68:6 69:34 See 96:11; 98:7; 148:1-13; 150:6. God has done glorious things in the Lord Jesus, things that will be the subject of praise everywhere, throughout all time, and in eternity. 69:35,36 See 147:2; 51:18; 46:5; 25:13. 70 Title: This psalm is almost identical to Ps 40:13-17. It was probably taken out of that psalm, a few changes made, and used for some special occasion about which we know nothing. 70:1 Sometimes in great danger and distress God’s help is speedily required. At such times a prayer like this is not forbidden. 70:2,3 God can turn back those who pursue His people to injure them – sometimes He does, but not always. 70:4 See 69:32. See the contrast in the words of David’s enemies – “aha, aha”, and the words of those who love God’s salvation – “May God be exalted.” Here are two streams of humanity. The one type opposes, the other praises. 71 Title: We do not know for certain when and by whom this psalm was written. It seems likely that David was the author. The

“Thanksgiving” – 7:17; 50:14,15; 56:12; Lev 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18. 69:32 It is the poor, especially the “poor in spirit” (Matt 5:3), and not the proud, who will be able to enter into this with a true

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