Notes

Notes

NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1.George Whitefield, A Continuation of the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Journal, From a Few Days after his Return to Georgia to his Arrival at Falmouth, on the 11th of March 1741 (London, 1741), 41, 43.

2.Ian Clary, who is writing on Dallimore for his doctoral thesis at the University of the Free State (Bloemfontein), shared this biographical information with me.

3.Frank Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity”: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737–1770 (Princeton, N.J., 1994), 6; Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1991), xvi.

4.Jerome Dean Mahaffey, The Accidental Revolutionary: George Whitefield and the Creation of America (Waco, Tex., 2011), 188; Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), 148. See also Mahaffey, Preaching Politics: The Religious Rhetoric of George Whitefield and the Founding of a New Nation (Waco, Tex., 2007). Nancy Ruttenburg has also argued that Whitefield’s “revolutionary” preaching represented the “democratic personality in its first American instantiation”; see Ruttenburg, “George Whitefield, Spectacular Conversion, and the Rise of Democratic Personality,” American Literary History 5, no. 3 (Autumn 1993): 431.

5.George Whitefield, The Full Account of the Life and Dealings of God with the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield (London, 1747), 4.

6.Luke Tyerman, The Life of the Rev. George Whitefield (New York, 1877), 2:323n4.

CHAPTER 1. “THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF MY BEING BORN IN AN INN”

1.George Whitefield, A Short Account of God’s Dealings with the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield (London, 1740), 8; D. Bruce Hindmarsh, The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2005), 104–5.

2.Jonathan Barry, “South-West,” in Peter Clark, ed., The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Vol. 2: 1540–1840 (Cambridge, 2000), 70–71; George W. Counsel, The History and Description of the City of Gloucester (Gloucester, UK, 1829), 47, 72.

3.David Harris Sacks, The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy, 1450–1700 (Berkeley, Calif., 1991), 353; Kenneth Morgan, Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1993), 7.

4.John Sawyer, The Story of Gloucestershire (Cheltenham, UK, 1908), 198.

5.Ibid., 200; Mary Anne Everett Green, ed., Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles II, 1661–1662 (London, 1861), 447.

6.The Absolute Necessity of Standing by the Present Government (London, 1689), 3.

7.Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, Conn., 1992), 47.

8.George Burton Adams and H. Morse Stephens, eds., Select Documents of English Constitutional History (New York, 1916), 475.

9.Thomas Bradbury, The True Happiness of a Good Government, 2nd ed. (London, 1714), 21; Daily Courant, Dec. 13, 1714.

10.The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments (London, 1717), 90.

11.Ibid., 89.

12.Whitefield, Short Account, 8–9.

13.John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion: The First English Version of the 1541 French Edition, trans. Elsie Anne McKie (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2009), 52–53.

14.Articles Agreed upon by the Archbishops and Bishops of Both Provinces, and the Whole Clergy, in the Convocation Holden at London in the Year 1562 (London, 1720), 9th article; Catherine A. Brekus, Sarah Osborn’s World: The Rise of Evangelical Christianity in Early America (New Haven, Conn., 2013), 55–56.

15.Andrew Crichton, The Life and Diary of Lieut. Col. J. Blackader (Edinburgh, 1824), 352; Geoffrey Treasure, The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780, 3rd ed. (New York, 2003), 175.

16.Whitefield, Short Account, 9.

17.Arnold A. Dallimore, George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival (Carlisle, Pa., 1970, 1980), 1:45; Whitefield, Short Account, 9.

18.Augustine, Confessions, ed. Albert Outler (Philadelphia, 1955), bk. 2, 32, available at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/augustine/confessions.pdf, accessed May 30, 2013; Whitefield, Short Account, 10; James P. Gledstone, The Life and Travels of George Whitefield (London, 1871), 3n1.

19.Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:52–55; Whitefield, Short Account, 12; Whitefield to John Wesley, July 11, 1735, Duke University Special Collections.

20.Whitefield, Short Account, 12.

21.Ibid.; Thomas Ken, The Manual of Prayers for the Scholars Belonging to Winchester College, and all other Pious Christians (London, 1723), 4, 17.

22.Philip Stubbes, Anatomy of Abuses (1583), quoted in Margot Heinemann, Puritanism and Theatre: Thomas Middleton and Opposition Drama under the Early Stuarts (New York, 1980), 20.

23.Augustine, Confessions, bk. 3, 38–39.; see the reference to Augustine, for example, in Whitefield to Mr. M—— A——, July 26, 1742, in Letters of George Whitefield for the Period 1734–1742, ed. S. M. Houghton (Carlisle, Pa., 1976), 411.

24.Whitefield, Short Account, 13.

25.“Country Clergyman,” Of Luxury, More Particularly with Respect to Apparel (London, 1736), 10–11; Dror Wahrman, The Making of the Modern Self: Identity and Culture in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven, Conn., 2004), 48, 80–81.

26.Percy Fitzgerald, The Life of David Garrick (London, 1868), 1:12.

27.Whitefield, Short Account, 13; Garrick quoted in Robert Philip, The Life and Times of the Reverend George Whitefield (London, 1838), 575.

28.Whitefield, Short Account, 14.

29.Ibid., 15.

30.C. Roy Huddleston, “George Whitefield’s Ancestry,” Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 59 (1938): 222, 225; Whitefield, Short Account, 15.

31.Whitefield, Short Account, 15–16.

32.Ibid., 16.

33.Ibid., 16; Book of Common Prayer, 11.

34.Whitefield, Short Account, 16; W. R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York, 1992), 48; The Works of the Reverend John Wesley, ed. John Emory (New York, 1831), 5:133.

35.Thomas à Kempis, The Christian’s Pattern, or, A Treatise of the Imitation of Jesus Christ (London, 1714), 281.

36.Peter Marshall, “Evangelical Conversion in the Reign of Henry VIII,” in Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie, eds., The Beginnings of English Protestantism (New York, 2002), 20.

37.David Ceri Jones, “A Glorious Work in the World”: Welsh Methodism and the International Evangelical Revival, 1735–1750 (Cardiff, 2004), 69; W. R. Ward, Early Evangelicalism: A Global Intellectual History, 1670–1789 (New York, 2006), 24–39.

38.Whitefield, Short Account, 17.

39.Ibid., 17; Whitefield diary, Apr. 24, 1736, British Library; Misty G. Anderson, Imagining Methodism in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Enthusiasm, Belief, and the Borders of the Self (Baltimore, 2012), 89.

40.Whitefield, Short Account, 17; “R——ph J——ps——n,” The Expounder Expounded (London, 1740), 37–40; Albert M. Lyles, Methodism Mocked: The Satiric Reaction to Methodism in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1960), 131–32; Anderson, Imagining Methodism, 88–90.

41.Whitefield, Short Account, 18.

42.Ibid., 18.

43.Ibid., 18–19.

CHAPTER 2. “THE DAY STAR AROSE IN MY HEART”

1.Whitefield, Short Account, 39.

2.Ibid., 45, 47.

3.Ibid., 48–49.

4.Ibid., 49.

5.Ibid., 19–21.

6.Ibid., 21; Charles Drelincourt, The Christian’s Defense against the Fears of Death (London, 1675), 6, 19.

7.Whitefield, Short Account, 22; Phyllis Mack, Heart Religion in the British Enlightenment: Gender and Emotion in Early Methodism (New York, 2008), 222–23.

8.Whitefield, Short Account, 23

9.Ibid., 22–23.

10.Verse quoted in Douglas Macleane, A History of Pembroke College, Oxford (Oxford, 1897), 325; Stout, Divine Dramatist, 16–17.

11.James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson (Philadelphia, 1878), 1:55n2.

12.Boswell, Life of Johnson, 1:62–63, 65.

13.Whitefield, Short Account, 24; Whitefield diary, Mar. 23, 1735, Dr. Williams’s Library (London; the library owns ten leaves from what was presumably a longer diary); Whitefield, “The Good Shepherd,” in John Gillies, Memoirs of Rev. George Whitefield (New Haven, Conn., 1834), 604; Stout, Divine Dramatist, 18–19.

14.Whitefield, Short Account, 24–25.

15.Thomas Secker, Fourteen Sermons Preached on Several Occasions (London, 1766), 23; R. Greaves, “Religion in the University, 1715–1800,” in L. S. Sutherland and L. G. Mitchell, eds., The History of the University of Oxford, vol. 5:The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1986), 402.

16.Whitefield, Short Account, 25.

17.Ibid., 25; William Law, A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life, 3rd ed. (London, [1733]), 1–2, 4.

18.John Wesley, The Works of the Rev. John Wesley (London, 1811), 10: 430; John Wesley, A Serious Call to a Holy Life. Extracted from a Late Author (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 1744).

19.V. H. H. Green, “Religion in the Colleges, 1715–1800,” in Sutherland and Mitchell, History of the University of Oxford, 5:438–39.

20.John Wesley, The Works of the Rev. John Wesley (London, 1809), 1:276; Richard P. Heitzenrater, Wesley and the People Called Methodists (Nashville, 1995), 43; Josiah Tucker, A Brief History of the Principles of Methodism (Oxford, [1742]), 7.

21.John R. Tyson, Assist Me to Proclaim: The Life and Hymns of Charles Wesley (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2007), 16.

22.Heitzenrater, Wesley and the Methodists, 47–48; Richard P. Heitzenrater, ed., Diary of an Oxford Methodist: Benjamin Ingham, 1733–1734 (Durham, N.C., 1985), 4n3, 8–9.

23.Heitzenrater, Diary of an Oxford Methodist, 122–23.

24.John Wesley, “The Circumcision of the Heart,” in Albert C. Outler, ed., The Works of John Wesley: Sermons I, 1–33 (Nashville, 1984), 1:402–3.

25.Whitefield, Short Account, 26–27.

26.Tyson, Assist Me to Proclaim, vii–1.

27.Whitefield, Short Account, 27; Vicki Tolar Burton, Spiritual Literacy in John Wesley’s Methodism: Reading, Writing, and Speaking to Believe (Waco, Tex., 2008), 1–2.

28.Whitefield, Short Account, 27–28; Henry Scougal, The Life of God in the Soul of Man (London, 1677), 3, 5.

29.Whitefield, Short Account, 28; Scougal, Life of God, 7; George Whitefield, The Kingdom of God (Glasgow, 1741), 20–21.

30.Whitefield, “All Mens Place,” in Eighteen Sermons Preached by the Late Rev. George Whitefield (Newburyport, Mass., 1797), 290–91; the title page describes this volume as “taken verbatim in Short-Hand, and faithfully Transcribed by Joseph Gurney.” See also Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:73.

31.Whitefield, Short Account, 28, 33; Whitefield to Mr. H., Sept. 17, 1734, Whitefield to Mr. H., Feb. 20, 1735, Whitefield to Mr. H., Mar. 6, 1735, in Letters of George Whitefield for the Period 1734–1742, 4, 6, 7. Notes by the volume editor, S. M. Houghton, identify “Mr. H.” as Gabriel Harris (likely Harris, Sr.) of Gloucester, a bookseller and civic leader (521). Letters is an edited facsimile edition of the first volume of John Gillies’s The Works of the Reverend George Whitefield (London, 1771–72). Gillies’s Works contains by far the largest collection of Whitefield’s letters—more than fourteen hundred—many of which are no longer extant. Because Gillies sometimes modified the letters, obscuring personal names and smoothing out controversial phrases and details, I use unedited versions of extant manuscripts when possible.

32.Whitefield, Short Account, 32, 37.

33.Brian P. Levack, The Devil Within: Possession and Exorcism in the Christian West (New Haven, Conn., 2013), 210–11.

34.John de Castaniza, The Spiritual Combat, 2nd ed. (London, 1710), 5.

35.Whitefield, Short Account, 40.

36.Ibid., 41–42.

37.Ibid., 42.

38.Ibid., 43–45.

39.Ibid., 45; Whitefield to Mr. H, Feb. 20, 1735, in Letters of Whitefield, 7.

40.Whitefield, Short Account, 46.

41.Ibid., 47–48.

42.Whitefield diary, Apr. 3 and 4, Dr. Williams’s Library (London); Whitefield, Short Account, 49.

43.Whitefield, The First Two Parts of His Life, with His Journals, Revised, Corrected, and Abridged (London, 1756), 17.

44.Whitefield to John Wesley, May 8, 1735; John Wesley to Whitefield, [May 13?, 1735], in Frank Baker, ed., The Works of John Wesley: Letters I, 1721–1739 (Oxford, 1980), 25:426–27.

45.Whitefield, Short Account, 54.

46.Ibid., 57.

47.Ibid.

48.Richard Baxter, A Call to the Unconverted to Turn and Live (London, 1692), 29.

49.Joseph Alleine, An Alarm to Unconverted Sinners (London, 1703), 17, 19.

50.Whitefield to John Wesley, Apr. 1, 1735, in “Letters of George Whitefield,” Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society 10, no. 1 (Mar. 1915): 17–18; Whitefield to John Wesley, [approx. summer 1735], in Letters of Whitefield, 484; Whitefield to John Wesley, July 11, 1735, Duke University Special Collections.

51.Whitefield, Short Account, 60, 62–64.

52.Mack, Heart Religion, 232.

53.Whitefield, Short Account, 64–65.

54.Whitefield diary, Mar. 3, 6; Apr. 6; May 6, 30, 31; June 23, 1736, British Library. On Whitefield and the Holy Spirit, see also David Jull, “George Whitefield and the Great Awakening: A Pentecostal Perspective,” Asian Journal of Pentecostal Studies 14, no. 2 (July 2011): 256–71. On the primacy of the Holy Spirit among evangelicals, see Timothy Larsen, “Defining and Locating Evangelicalism,” in Timothy Larsen and Daniel J. Treier, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology (New York, 2007), 10–12.

55.Thomas S. Kidd, The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America (New Haven, Conn., 2007), xiv.

56.Ibid., xiv; David Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1992), 3.

57.Whitefield diary, May 14, 1736, British Library; see also in Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:90–91. Dallimore transcribed some passages of this diary, but I am using the original.

58.Whitefield diary, May 31, 1736, British Library.

59.Whitefield diary, June 20, 1736, British Library; Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:95; Book of Common Prayer (Cambridge, 1701), n.p. (“The Ordering of Deacons”); Whitefield to Mr. S., June 20, 1736, in Letters of Whitefield, 15.

60.Whitefield, Short Account, 69.

CHAPTER 3. “GOD IS PREPARING ME FOR SOMETHING EXTRAORDINARY”

1.Whitefield, A Further Account of the Lord’s Dealings with the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield (London, 1747), 5.

2.Whitefield to Mr. H., June 30, 1736, in Letters of Whitefield, 18–19.

3.Ibid., 18; Stout, Divine Dramatist, 28.

4.George Whitefield, The Necessity and Benefits of Religious Society (Boston, 1740), 12.

5.Ibid., 23–24.

6.Ibid., 14.

7.Whitefield to Mrs. H., July 7, 1736, in Letters of Whitefield, 19.

8.Whitefield to John Wesley, Sept. 2, 1736, in Letters of Whitefield, 486–87; Dallimore, Whitefield. 1:103.

9.L. S. Sutherland, “The Curriculum,” in Sutherland and Mitchell, History of the University of Oxford, 5:482–83.

10.Whitefield, Further Account, 6–7.

11.Ibid., 7.

12.Ibid., 8; Philopolites, The Present State of the Prison of Ludgate (London, 1725), 65.

13.Whitefield, Further Account, 8–9.

14.John Wesley to the Rev. George Whitefield and the Oxford Methodists, [Sept. 10, 1736], journal fragment likely incorporated into a letter, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:471–73.

15.“Charter of Georgia, 1732,” in Francis N. Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions (Washington, D.C., 1909), 2:765, 773; Frank Lambert, James Habersham: Loyalty, Politics, and Commerce in Colonial Georgia (Athens, Ga., 2005), 26–27.

16.A New Voyage to Georgia [London, 1735], 6; Harold E. Davis, The Fledgling Province: Social and Cultural Life in Colonial Georgia, 1733–1776 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1976), 33–34.

17.Betty Wood, Slavery in Colonial Georgia, 1730–1775, pb. ed. (Athens, Ga., 2007), 5–7.

18.James Oglethorpe to John Wesley, Sept. 9, 1735, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:432.

19.John Wesley to John Burton, Oct. 10, 1735, in ibid., 25:439.

20.Ibid.

21.The Journal of the Rev. John Wesley (London, 1827), 1:21.

22.W. Reginald Ward and Richard P. Heitzenrater, eds., The Works of John Wesley: Journal and Diaries I, 1735–1738 (Nashville, 1988), 18:412–13.

23.The Journal of the Rev. Charles Wesley (London, 1849), 1:34; Henry D. Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast: John Wesley and the Rise of Methodism, 3rd ed. (London, 2002), 115–16; Tyson, Assist Me to Proclaim, 29–36.

24.Richard P. Heitzenrater, ed., The Elusive Mr. Wesley: John Wesley His Own Biographer (Nashville, 1984), 78–80; Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 18:436.

25.Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast, 127–28.

26.Ibid., 128–30; Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 18:483.

27.Heitzenrater, Elusive Mr. Wesley, 91; Egmont cited in Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast, 133.

28.Whitefield, Further Account, 10–11.

29.Ibid., 11.

30.Whitefield to Charles Wesley, Dec. 20, 1736, Drew University, United Methodist Archives; Whitefield to Charles Wesley, Dec. 30, 1736, in Letters of Whitefield, 487–88.

31.Whitefield, Further Account, 12.

32.Ibid., 13; Whitefield to Mr. H., Feb. 10, 1737, in Letters of Whitefield, 24.

33.Phinizy Spalding, Oglethorpe in America (Athens, Ga., 1984; orig. 1977), 2–3, 28–29, 64–65.

34.Whitefield, Further Account, 15–16.

35.Ibid., 16.

36.Ibid., 17.

37.Ibid., 17–19.

38.Whitefield, The Nature and Necessity of our New Birth in Christ Jesus, 3rd ed. (London, 1738), v, vii–viii; Whitefield, Further Account, 24.

39.Alleine, Alarm to Unconverted Sinners, 82; Stout, Divine Dramatist, 38–39.

40.Whitefield, Nature and Necessity, 1, 4.

41.Whitefield, Further Account, 19; Whitefield, Nature and Necessity, front matter.

42.Weekly Miscellany, Apr. 1, 1737; Daily Gazetteer, July 29, 1737.

43.D. Bruce Hindmarsh, The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2005), 73–75; Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727–1783 (New York, 1989), 404.

44.Daily Advertiser, Sept. 19, 1737, quoted in Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity,” 53n4. On Seward, see Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity,” 52–69, and W. R. Ward, “Seward, William (1711–1740),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/40213, accessed Apr. 20, 2012.

45.Whitefield, Further Account, 21; Whitefield to Mr. H., Oct. 25, 1737, in Letters of Whitefield, 29; Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity,” 54–55.

46.John Scote to Whitefield, Jan. 17, 1738, in George Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress.

47.Read’s Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer, Dec. 31, 1737; Whitefield, Further Account, 26; Charles Wesley to John Wesley, Jan. 2, 1738, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:526.

48.George Whitefield, A Journal of a Voyage from London to Savannah in Georgia (London, 1738), 14.

49.Whitefield to Daniel Abbot, Jan. 9, 1738, in Graham Thomas, ed., “George Whitefield and Friends,” National Library of Wales Journal 26 (1990): 369; Whitefield, Journal of a Voyage, 19, 21.

50.Whitefield interpreted Wesley’s letter as saying that the lot instructed Whitefield to return to London, but Wesley probably was only inquiring about his own return to the city; see Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:527–28n2; Whitefield, A Letter to the Reverend Mr. John Wesley (London, [1741]), 7.

51.S. T. Kimbrough, Jr., and Kenneth G. C. Newport, eds., The Manuscript Journal of the Reverend Charles Wesley (Nashville, Tenn., 2008), 108; Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast, 138–44.

52.Whitefield, Journal of a Voyage, 27.

53.Ibid., 33.

54.Stephen Constantine, Community and Identity: The Making of Modern Gibraltar Since 1704 (Manchester, UK, 2009), 21; Whitefield to Mr. _____, Feb. 25, 1738, in Letters of Whitefield, 38.

55.Whitefield, Journal of a Voyage, 34.

56.Ibid., 41.

57.“Mezotinto” ad in London Evening Post, Jan. 28, 1738; Thomas Cooper in the Daily Post, Aug. 5, 1738; James Hutton in the London Evening Post, Aug. 5, 1738; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:118n1; Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity,” 77–78; Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 107.

58.Whitefield, Journal of a Voyage, 46–47.

59.Ibid., 47–49; Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 95–96.

60.Whitefield, Journal of a Voyage, 56–57; Whitefield to ——, May 6, 1738, in Letters of Whitefield, 43.

61.Mack, Heart Religion, 176–77, 182.

62.Ibid., 176–79.

63.Whitefield to Mr. H, June 10, 1738, in Letters of Whitefield, 44; Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 28.

64.Julie Anne Sweet, “Bearing Feathers of the Eagle: Tomochichi’s Trip to England,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 86, no. 3 (Fall 2002): 341, 344, 353.

65.George Whitefield, A Continuation of the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Journal, From his Arrival at Savannah, To his Return to London (London, 1739), 3.

66.George Whitefield, The Eternity of Hell Torments (London, 1738), vi; Michael J. McClymond and Gerald R. McDermott, The Theology of Jonathan Edwards (New York, 2011), 571; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:360; John Tillotson, On the Eternity of Hell-Torments (London, 1708), 10–12.

67.Norman Fiering, Jonathan Edwards’s Moral Thought and Its British Context (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981), 232.

68.Whitefield, Eternity of Hell Torments, 17, 21; Brekus, Sarah Osborn’s World, 145; Fiering, Jonathan Edwards’s Moral Thought, 207.

69.Whitefield diary, Mar. 8, 1736, British Library; Kimbrough and Newport, Manuscript Journal of Charles Wesley, 1:93; Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 26; Whitefield, Journal, Savannah to London, 6–7; Whitefield to Mr. H., June 10, 1738, in Letters of Whitefield, 44; Johann Martin Boltzius to Gotthilf August Francke, Aug. 26, 1738, in Russell C. Kleckley, ed., The Letters of Johann Martin Boltzius, Lutheran Pastor in Ebenezer, Georgia (Lewiston, N.Y., 2009), 1:244; “Daily Reports of the Two Ministers Boltzius and Gronau,” Jan. 16, 1740, in George Fenwick Jones and Don Savelle, eds., Detailed Reports on the Salzburger Emigrants (Athens, Ga., 1983), 7:19. See also Whitefield to G. A. Francke, [1738], in George Fenwick Jones, ed., “Two ‘Salzburger’ Letters from George Whitefield and Theobald Kiefer II,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 62, no. 1 (Spring 1978): 51–52.

70.George Whitefield, The Great Duty of Charity Recommended (London, 1740), 24; Brekus, Sarah Osborn’s World, 224–28.

71.Lord Egmont quoted in Edward J. Cashin, Beloved Bethesda: A History of George Whitefield’s Home for Boys, 1740–1800 (Macon, Ga., 2001), 12.

72.Whitefield, Journal, Savannah to London, 17–18.

73.Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 28.

74.Whitefield to the Inhabitants of Georgia, Oct. 2, 1738, Whitefield to Mr. ——, Nov. 16, 1738, in Letters of Whitefield, 45, 490.

CHAPTER 4. “THE FIERY TRIAL OF POPULARITY”

1.Daily Post, June 24 and Dec. 6, 1738.

2.Whitefield, Journal, Savannah to London, 21–22, 25.

3.Ibid., 28–29.

4.Ibid., 31.

5.Whitefield, A Continuation of the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Journal, From his Arrival at London, To his Departure from thence on his Way to Georgia (London, 1739), 1.

6.Colin Podmore, The Moravian Church in England, 1728–1760 (Oxford, 1998), 5–7; Aaron Spencer Fogleman, Jesus Is Female: Moravians and the Challenge of Radical Religion in Early America (Philadelphia, 2007), 119.

7.Böhler quoted in Podmore, Moravian Church, 38; see also 38–44 for the forming of the society.

8.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 2; Kidd, Great Awakening, xiv; Whitefield to John Bray, Jan. 5, 1738, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 369; Whitefield, “The Indwelling of the Spirit, The Common Privilege of All Believers” (1739), in Whitefield, The Christian’s Companion: or, Sermons on Several Subjects (London, 1739), 244.

9.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 2.

10.Ibid., 3.

11.W. Reginald Ward and Richard P. Heitzenrater, eds., The Works of John Wesley: Journal and Diaries II, 1738–1743 (Nashville, Tenn., 1990), 19:29; Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast, 187–88; Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 4; Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 34.

12.Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast, 184–85, Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 18:270, 280.

13.Edwards quoted in Kidd, Great Awakening, 13.

14.Kimbrough and Newport, Manuscript Journal of Charles Wesley, 1:156.

15.Howell Harris, A Brief Account of the Life of Howell Harris (Trevecka, Wales, 1791), 13–14; Mark A. Noll, The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield, and the Wesleys (Downers Grove, Ill., 2003), 79. Since Harris signed his name “Howell,” I use this spelling instead of the more conventional Welsh “Howel”; see David Ceri Jones, Boyd Stanley Schlenther, and Eryn Mant White, The Elect Methodists: Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales, 1735–1811 (Cardiff, 2012), xv.

16.Geraint Tudur, Howell Harris: From Conversion to Separation, 1735–1750 (Cardiff, 2000), 22–23.

17.Ibid., 42–43.

18.Whitefield to Howell Harris, Dec. 20, 1738, in Harris, Brief Account, 110–11.

19.Howell Harris to Whitefield, Jan. 8, 1739, in Harris, Brief Account, 112–14. This letter is dated Jan. 10 in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 74, and I have used that version for quotations here; see also Whitefield to Mr. H., Jan. 27, 1739, in Letters of Whitefield, 47.

20.Philip Doddridge to Whitefield, Dec. 12 and 16, 1738, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 66–68. In an April 1736 journal entry, Whitefield noted that he had heard Doddridge was praying for the Methodists; see Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:88.

21.Whitefield to Mr. H., Dec. 30, 1738, in Letters of Whitefield, 46; Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 8.

22.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 9; The Book of Common Prayer (Cambridge, 1701), n.p.

23.T. G., Remarks on the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Journal (London, [1738?]), 2. This tract was advertised at least as early as January 16, 1739, in the London Evening Post.

24.Tristram Land, A Letter to the Rev. Mr. Whitefield (London, 1739), 5–6, 8–9.

25.Book of Common Prayer, n.p.; Land, Letter to Whitefield, 28; Edmund Gibson, The Bishop of London’s Pastoral Letter to the People of His Diocese (London, 1739), 46; Whitefield, “The Nature and Necessity of our New Birth in Christ Jesus,” in Whitefield, Christian’s Companion, 9–10.

26.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 9.

27.Ibid., 10–11; Tristram Land, A Second Letter to the Rev. Mr. Whitefield (London, [1741?]).

28.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 15.

29.Ibid., 11.

30.Whitefield, First Two Parts of His Life, 118.

31.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 16; Whitefield diary, May 17, June 5, 1736, British Library; Stout, Divine Dramatist, 43.

32.Stout, Divine Dramatist, 41.

33.Ibid.

34.Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:228–29; Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 17–18, 25; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:174.

35.Whitefield, From his Arrival at London to his Departure, 22.

36.Whitefield to Mrs. J. Mathews, Feb. 2, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 76.

37.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 28.

38.Ibid., 29; John Taylor, A Book about Bristol (London, 1872), 304.

39.T. S. Ashton and Joseph Sykes, The Coal Industry of the Eighteenth Century (1929; rept., New York, 1967), 121.

40.Ibid., 147–49; David Hempton, Methodism: Empire of the Spirit (New Haven, Conn., 2005), 27; Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 31.

41.Dallimore, Whitefield, 1: 256; Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 31; Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 37; Whitefield to Daniel Abbot, Feb. 17, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 79. There is some controversy about whether Whitefield was referring to Hanham Mount or to the place he called “the mount on Rose Green.” He refers to both in his journals, but does not always indicate which “mount” he means; see “John Wesley at the Brickyard,” Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society, 37–38, available at http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/whs/03-2.pdf, accessed May 5, 2013; Dallimore shows that John Cennick identified the first mount as Rose Green (Whitefield, 1:256n3).

42.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 40; Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 38.

43.William Seward to James Hutton, Mar. 5, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 93; Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity,” 62–63.

44.Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 38; Whitefield to Daniel Abbot, Mar. 3, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 91. John Wesley used this saying at least as early as a letter tentatively dated Mar. 28, 1739, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:616. Whitefield used the phrase again in a Nov. 1739 letter; see Letters of Whitefield, 105.

45.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 34–35.

46.Whitefield to the Bishop of Bristol, Feb. 24, 1739, in Letters of Whitefield, 493; Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 39–40.

47.Richard Pearsall to Mr. Debardt, Mar. 3, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 90.

48.William Seward to Joseph Stennett, Apr. 17, 1739, William Seward to Joseph Stennett, Apr. 5, 1739, Whitefield to Samuel Mason, Apr. 7, 1739, all in ibid., 292, 197.

49.Whitefield to Mr. Debardt, Mar. 10, 1739, William Seward to Daniel Abbot, Mar. 10, 1739, in ibid., 177, 175.

50.Whitefield to Mr. Debardt, Mar. 10, 1739, in ibid., 177.

51.Whitefield to John Wesley, Mar. 3, 1739, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:605.

52.Ibid.

53.John Wesley to Whitefield, Mar. 20, 1739, in Baker, ed., Works of John Wesley, 25:611.

54.Whitefield to John Wesley, Mar. 20, 23, 1739, in ibid., 25: 611–12; Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:37.

55.Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:37–38.

56.John Wesley to James Hutton and the Fetter Lane Society, Apr. 2, 1739, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:620.

57.“Shoe laces” quotation in Gareth Lloyd, Charles Wesley and the Struggle for Methodist Identity (Oxford, 2007), 34, 52; Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:46; Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:274–75.

58.Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:46; John Wesley to James Hutton and the Fetter Lane Society, Apr. 2, 1739.

59.“Jenny a Servant Maid at Bristol” to Whitefield, May 2, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 299.

60.Ibid.

61.Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:51–53 (n55), 386; “Jenny a Servant Maid at Bristol” to Whitefield, May 2, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 300.

62.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 79–80; William Seward to Joseph Stennett, Apr. 17, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 293.

63.“Wesley’s Interview with Bishop Butler, August 16 and 18, 1739,” in Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:471, Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:342–44.

64.Isaac Watts to the Bishop of London, Aug. 15, 1739, in Thomas Milner, ed., The Life, Times, and Correspondence of the Rev. Isaac Watts (London, 1845), 638.

65.Thomas S. Kidd, “The Healing of Mercy Wheeler: Illness and Miracles among Early American Evangelicals,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 63, no. 1 (Jan. 2006): 164–65; Gibson, Pastoral Letter, 20; Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast, 113.

66.Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:54–55; Whitefield to John Wesley, June 25, 1739, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:661–62.

67.Whitefield, The Rev. Mr. Whitefield’s Answer, to the Bishop of London’s Last Pastoral Letter (London, 1739), 11–12, 16–17; Whitefield to [the Fetter Lane Society], June 12, 1739, in Letters of Whitefield, 50; George Whitefield, The Indwelling of the Spirit (London, 1739), 7; Fogleman, Jesus Is Female, 158.

68.Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:287–88; Country Journal or The Craftsman, Apr. 7, 1739; Whitefield to Mr. H., Apr. 27, 1739, in Whitefield, Letters of Whitefield, 49; Daily Post, June 11, 1739.

69.Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity,” 47; Stout, Divine Dramatist, 107, 256.

70.London Evening Post, May 3, 1739; Anderson, Imagining Methodism, 94–95.

71.Peter Charles Hoffer, When Benjamin Franklin Met the Reverend Whitefield: Enlightenment, Revival, and the Power of the Printed Word (Baltimore, 2011), 11–12.

72.Ibid., 12, 50.

73.London Evening Post, May 10, 1739.

74.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 107, 109.

75.Ibid., 111; Braxton Boren and Agnieszka Roginska, “Benjamin Franklin and the Maximum Intelligible Range of the Human Voice,” 166th Acoustical Society of America Meeting, at http://www.acoustics.org/press/166th/1aAA4_Boren.html, accessed Dec. 17, 2013.

76.Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 96.

77.Mercy Good to Whitefield, [?], 1739, Evangelical Library (London).

78.The Methodists, An Humorous Burlesque Poem (London, 1739), 19–20, 22; Anderson, Imagining Methodism, 45.

79.The Conduct and Doctrine of the Reverend Mr. Whitefield Vindicated (London, 1739), 4, 6, 11.

80.Joseph Trapp, The Nature, Folly, Sin, and Danger, of Being Righteous Over-Much (London, 1739), 34–35; Whitefield, Journal, London to Georgia, 89; London Daily Post and Daily Advertiser, June 7, 1739.

81.Albert M. Lyles, Methodism Mocked: The Satiric Reaction to Methodism in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1960), 127–28.

82.Whitefield to John Miller, June 8, 1739, in Boyd Stanley Schlenther and Eryn Mant White, eds. Calendar of the Trevecka Letters (Aberystwyth, Wales, 2003), 24; Whitefield to Rev. James Ogilvie at Aberdeen, Aug. 3, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 433; Timothy L. Smith, “George Whitefield and Wesleyan Perfection,” Wesleyan Theological Journal 19, no. 1 (Spring 1984): 67–70, at http://wesley.nnu.edu/fileadmin/imported_site/wesleyjournal/1984-wtj-19-1.pdf, accessed Dec. 21, 2012.

83.John Wesley to James Hutton, May 8, 1739, Whitefield to Charles Wesley, June 22, 1739, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:644, 661n3.

84.Peter J. Theusen, Predestination: The American Career of a Contentious Doctrine (New York, 2009), 73, 76.

85.Whitefield to John Wesley, June 25, 1739, July 2, 1739, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:662, 667.

86.John Wesley, Free Grace (Bristol, UK, 1739), 24–25. Although the original was published in Bristol in 1739, it is not clear exactly when it appeared that year—Whitefield’s letter of July 2 indicated that he thought it had not appeared yet. Iain Murray says it was published soon after Whitefield left in August; see Iain Murray, “Prefatory Note,” in George Whitefield, George Whitefield’s Journals (Carlisle, Pa., 1960), 565.

87.Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast, 198–202; Lloyd, Charles Wesley, 57.

88.Whitefield, A Continuation of the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Journal, During the Time he was Detained in England by the Embargo (London, 1739), 23; Whitefield to John Wesley, Mar. 26, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 156.

89.Richard Harding, The Emergence of Britain’s Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739–1748 (Rochester, N.Y., 2010), 21; Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich II of Prussia (London, 1897), 8:367–68. Philip Woodfine contends that Jenkins did not, in fact, appear before the Commons, with or without his preserved ear; see Woodfine, Britannia’s Glories: The Walpole Ministry and the 1739 War with Spain (Rochester, N.Y., 1998), 2.

90.Daily Post, June 22, 1739; Whitefield, Journal, Embargo, 10; Ralph Erskine to Whitefield, July 6, 1739, in Thomas, “Whitefield and Friends,” 309.

91.London Evening Post, June 2, 1739; Daily Post, June 5, 1739.

92.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo, 26.

93.Ibid., 27–28; Emma Griffin, England’s Revelry: A History of Popular Sports and Pastimes, 1660–1830 (Oxford, 2005), 53–54.

94.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo, 29–31.

95.Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:357–60.

96.Whitefield, A Continuation of the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Journal, From his Embarking after the Embargo, To his Arrival at Savannah in Georgia (London, 1740), 5–6. See also Whitefield, The Bishop of London’s Pastoral Letter Answer'd by the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield (London, 1739).

97.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo, 38–39.

98.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 6.

CHAPTER 5. “A TOUR ROUND AMERICA”

1.Carl Bridenbaugh, ed., Gentleman’s Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton, 1744 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1948), 192–93.

2.Leonard W. Labaree et al., eds., The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn., 2003), 179.

3.Ibid., 180; Hoffer, When Benjamin Franklin, 18, 20; Pennsylvania Gazette, Nov. 15, 1739.

4.James N. Green, “English Books and Printing in the Age of Franklin,” in Hugh Amory and David D. Hall, eds., A History of the Book in America, vol. 1, The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (New York, 2000), 257–61.

5.See, for example, American Weekly Mercury, July 5, 1739; Boston Evening-Post, July 30, 1739; New-York Weekly Journal, Sept. 3, 1739.

6.Whitefield to “my dear sister in Christ,” Nov. 10, 1739, and Whitefield to “Rev. and dear sir,” Nov. 10, 1739, both in Letters of Whitefield, 69, 77. These letters, undoubtedly written on board the Elizabeth, are postmarked Nov. 10, when he was able to send them.

7.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 13, 15–16.

8.John Wesley made his own note on George Whitefield to John Wesley, Nov. 8, 1739, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 25:699; Whitefield, The Believer[']s Golden Chain (Glasgow, 1741), 6; Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. J[ohn] W[esley], Aug. 25, 1740, Whitefield to “Dear brother H.,” Nov. 10, 1739, and to “the Rev. Mr. P——,” in Letters of Whitefield, 87, 90, 205; Jonathan Warne, Arminianism, the Back-Door to Popery (London, 1738), 13; Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 19.

9.Ava Chamberlain, “The Theology of Cruelty: A New Look at the Rise of Arminianism in Eighteenth-Century New England,” Harvard Theological Review 85, no. 3 (July 1992): 345–46; Brekus, Sarah Osborn’s World, 83; Norman S. Fiering, “Irresistible Compassion: An Aspect of Eighteenth-Century Sympathy and Humanitarianism,” Journal of the History of Ideas 37, no. 2 (Apr.–June 1976): 215–16.

10.Brekus, Sarah Osborn’s World, 87–88.

11.Whitefield, Indwelling of the Spirit, 16; Austin quoted in Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 139; Claggett in Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 189.

12.Thomas Boston, Human Nature in Its Four-Fold State (Edinburgh, 1720), 193; Whitefield to [Ralph Erskine], Nov. 28, 1739, in Letters of Whitefield, 128–29.

13.Whitefield to “dear madam,” Nov. 10, 1739, and Whitefield to “my dear friend and brother,” Nov. 10, 1739, both in Letters of Whitefield, 71, 78.

14.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 25.

15.Ibid., 27–29, 32–33; Boston Gazette, Nov. 19, 1739.

16.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 29.

17.Ibid., 31; Kidd, Great Awakening, 31.

18.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 34.

19.Ibid., 35; “extremely pleasant” and “slave city” quotations in Jill Lepore, New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan (New York, 2005), xii.

20.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 35.

21.Ibid., 36.

22.Ibid., 37.

23.New England Weekly Journal, Dec. 4, 1739.

24.Ibid.

25.Boston News-Letter, Nov. 22, 1739, orig. published in the New York Gazette, Nov. 17, 1739; “Mr. Arnold’s Letter against the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, Answer'd, by Magnus Falconar, Marriner [sic],” American Weekly Mercury, Nov. 22, 1739.

26.Whitefield to “the Rev. Mr. ——,” in Letters of Whitefield, 113.

27.Whitefield to Rev. Mr. P——, Nov. 28, 1739, in ibid., 122–23; Ebenezer Pemberton to Whitefield, [rec'd. Nov. 28, 1739], in Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 51.

28.Kidd, Great Awakening, 27–30; Ward, Protestant Evangelical Awakening, 229, 244–46.

29.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 41.

30.Ibid., 44.

31.Ibid., 43–45.

32.John B. Frantz, “The Awakening of Religion among the German Settlers in the Middle Colonies,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 33, no. 2 (Apr. 1976): 268; Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 48.

33.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 58, 67.

34.Lorena S. Walsh, “Feeding the Eighteenth-Century Town Folk, or, Whence the Beef?,” at Colonial Williamsburg Research Division, http://research.history.org/Historical_Research/Research_Themes/ThemeRespect/Feeding.cfm, accessed May 5, 2013; Jane Wilson McWilliams, Annapolis: City on the Severn (Baltimore, 2011), 45–46.

35.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 58; McWilliams, Annapolis, 57–58.

36.Richard J. Cox, ed., “Stephen Bordley, George Whitefield and the Great Awakening in Maryland,” Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 46, no. 3 (Sept. 1977): 303–4.

37.Cox, “Stephen Bordley,” 305–7.

38.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 62–63; James Blair et al., The Present State of Virginia, and the College (London, 1727), 2.

39.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 63; Linda L. Sturtz, Within Her Power: Propertied Women in Colonial America (London, 2002), 89–110.

40.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 63.

41.Ibid., 64; Walsh, “Feeding the Town Folk”; Virginia Gazette, Dec. 14, 1739, 3; Lisa Smith, The First Great Awakening in Colonial American Newspapers: A Shifting Story (Lanham, Md., 2012), 75.

42.“The Charter of the College of William and Mary,” in The History of the College of William and Mary from its Foundation, 1660, to 1874 (Richmond, Va., 1874), 3; Thad W. Tate, “James Blair (ca. 1655–1743),” Dictionary of Virginia Biography, at http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Blair_James_ca_1655-1743, accessed Aug. 7, 2012.

43.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 64–65; Lee Gatiss, ed., The Sermons of George Whitefield (Wheaton, Ill., 2012), 1:19.

44.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 65–66; Whitefield to [Gilbert Tennent], Dec. 15, 1739, in Letters of Whitefield, 138.

45.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 68–69.

46.Herbert R. Paschal, A History of Colonial Bath (Raleigh, N.C., 1955), 59.

47.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 70.

48.Ibid., 71.

49.Ibid., 74; Whitefield to Samuel Mason, Dec. 29, 1739, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 31; David Eltis and David Richardson, Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade (New Haven, Conn., 2010), 51.

50.Alan Taylor, American Colonies (New York, 2001), 334, 336.

51.Ibid., 240.

52.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 77–78.

53.Ibid., 78–79.

54.Emma Hart, Building Charleston: Town and Society in the Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World (Charlottesville, Va., 2010), 39–40; Eliza Lucas quoted in Walter J. Fraser, Jr., Charleston! Charleston! The History of a Southern City (Columbia, S.C., 1989), 63.

55.Louis P. Nelson, “The Diversity of Countries: Anglican Churches in Virginia, South Carolina, and Jamaica,” in David S. Shields, ed., Material Culture in Anglo-America: Regional Identity and Urbanity in the Tidewater, Lowcountry, and Caribbean (Columbia, S.C., 2009), 75.

56.Kidd, Great Awakening, 68–69; Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 80; “burnt wine” quotation in Fraser, Charleston!, 66.

57.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 81; R. C. Nash, “Huguenot Merchants and the Development of South Carolina’s Slave-Plantation and Atlantic Trading Economy, 1680–1775,” in Bertrand Van Ruymbeke and Randy J. Sparks, eds., Memory and Identity: The Huguenots in France and the Atlantic Diaspora (Columbia, S.C., 2003), 208–40.

58.Whitefield, Journal, Embargo to Savannah, 83.

59.Ibid., 83–84.

60.Ibid., 85–86.

61.George Whitefield, A Continuation of the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Journal, After his Arrival at Georgia, To a Few Days after his Second Return Thither from Philadelphia (London, 1741), 3–4.

62.Boston Post-Boy, Apr. 21, 1740; Lambert, James Habersham, 48–49.

63.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 6; Cashin, Beloved Bethesda, 25–26.

64.“Journal of the Earl of Egmont,” in Colonial Records of Georgia (Atlanta, 1908), 5: 333–34; Whitefield to Harman Verelst, Jan. 28, 1740, and Whitefield to the Trustees, Apr. 7, 1740, both in Mills Lane, ed., General Oglethorpe’s Georgia: Colonial Letters, 1733–1743 (Savannah, Ga., 1975), 436, 440–41; Whitefield to the Hon. J. W., Mar. 10, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 154; Harman Verelst to Whitefield, June 11, 1740, in Kenneth Coleman, ed., Colonial Records of the State of Georgia: Trustees’ Letter Book, 1738–1745 (Athens, Ga., 1985), 143.

65.Whitefield to Wm. D[elamotte], Nov. 10, 1739, in Letters of Whitefield, 109.

66.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 10–11; Whitefield, Journal, Embargo, 18.

67.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 11.

68.Ibid., 12–13.

69.Ibid., 14; Whitefield to John Wesley, Mar. 26, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 156.

70.Whitefield to Elizabeth D[elamotte], Feb. 1, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 148.

71.Stout, Divine Dramatist, 164; Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:469; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 15.

72.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 15; Whitefield to Mr. and Mrs. Delamotte, Apr. 4, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 159.

73.Whitefield to Miss E[lizabeth], Apr. 4, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 160.

74.Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:367; Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:470; Whitefield to Wm. S[eward], [July] 26, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 194. (On the date of this letter, which Gillies registered as June 26, see Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:524n.)

75.Whitefield to Gilbert Tennent, Nov. 25, 1740, quoted in Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:474, and see generally Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:473–76; Whitefield to Daniel Rogers and Gilbert Tennent, Nov. 25, 1740, Southern Methodist University Special Collections. This letter also appears in Gillies’s edition of Whitefield’s letters, but does not include the reference to Elizabeth Delamotte.

76.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 18.

CHAPTER 6. “TO REVIVE THE FLAME AGAIN”

1.Henry Abelove, ed., “Jonathan Edwards’s Letter of Invitation to George Whitefield,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 29, no. 3 (Jul., 1972): 488; Jonathan Edwards to Thomas Prince, Dec. 12, 1743, in Christian History 46 (Jan. 14, 1743/4): 368; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 47. Histories of this encounter between Whitefield and Edwards often quote Sarah Edwards describing Whitefield’s voice as “perfect music,” but the source used seems to have invented Sarah’s words for literary effect; see “Diary and Letters of Sarah Pierpont,” Hours at Home 5, no. 4 (Aug. 1867): 301. Thanks to George Marsden for pointing this out to me.

2.Whitefield to a friend in London, Jan. 18, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 505–6. The letters were originally published in the Pennsylvania Gazette in April and May 1740, then published as a pamphlet by Franklin later; see Hoffer, When Benjamin Franklin, 140n3.

3.Whitefield, Three Letters from the Rev. George Whitefield (Philadelphia, 1740), 2–3.

4.Fiering, Jonathan Edwards’s Moral Thought, 229n80; William Williams to Benjamin Colman, July 1, 1740, in Benjamin Colman Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 22–23; Cummings quoted in Deborah Mathias Gough, Christ Church, Philadelphia: The Nation’s Church in a Changing City (Philadelphia, 1995), 54.

5.Archibald Cummings, Faith Absolutely Necessary, But Not Sufficient to Salvation Without Good Works (Philadelphia, 1740), v–vi, xv; compare Whitefield, A Letter from the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, to the Religious Societies (Philadelphia, 1739), 10.

6.American Weekly Mercury, Dec. 11, 1740, 3.

7.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 35.

8.William Seward, Journal of a Voyage from Savannah to Philadelphia (London, 1740), 4–5; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 20; Whitefield, First Two Parts of His Life, 340.

9.Whitefield, Three Letters, 13; John R. Tyson, ed., Charles Wesley: A Reader (New York, 1989), 77–78.

10.Whitefield, Three Letters, 13–14; Alan Gallay, “The Great Sellout: George Whitefield on Slavery,” in Winfred B. Moore, Jr., and Joseph F. Tripp, eds., Looking South: Chapters in the Story of an American Region (Westport, Conn., 1989), 21–22.

11.Whitefield, Three Letters, 14–15; Edward E. Andrews, Native Apostles: Black and Indian Missionaries in the British Atlantic World (Cambridge, Mass., 2013), 107.

12.“Black bitch” quote in Rebecca Anne Goetz, The Baptism of Early Virginia: How Christianity Created Race (Baltimore, 2012), 106, see also 86–111.

13.Whitefield, Three Letters, 13; on Whitefield and Alexander Garden’s debate over slavery, see Young Hwi Yoon, “The Spread of Antislavery Sentiment through Proslavery Tracts in the Transatlantic Evangelical Community, 1740s–1770s,” Church History 81, no. 2 (June 2012): 356–59; Travis Glasson, Mastering Christianity: Missionary Anglicanism and Slavery in the Atlantic World (New York, 2012), 121–23.

14.Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 25; Seward, Journal of a Voyage, 2, 17.

15.Whitefield to a friend in London, Apr. 27, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 507; Whitefield to Dr. Barecroft, n.d., quoted in Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:497; Steven Craig Harper, Promised Land: Penn’s Holy Experiment, the Walking Purchase, and the Dispossession of the Delawares, 1600–1763 (Cranbury, N.J., 2006), 75.

16.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 24; Robert W. Brockway, A Wonderful Work of God: Puritanism and the Great Awakening (Cranbury, N.J., 2003), 62.

17.Seward, Journal of a Voyage, 7; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 20–21.

18.Kenneth P. Minkema, “Jonathan Edwards’s Defense of Slavery,” Massachusetts Historical Review 4 (2002): 23, 32; Richard A. Bailey, Race and Redemption in Puritan New England (New York, 2011), 61–62, 119–120.

19.Minkema, “Edwards’s Defense of Slavery,” 36, 39; Marsden, Jonathan Edwards: A Life (New Haven, Conn., 2003), 256–58.

20.Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 53; Seward, Journal of a Voyage, 7.

21.Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 177.

22.Ibid., 177.

23.Ibid., 178; Whitefield to Mr. F[ranklin], Nov. 26, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 226; B[enjamin] Franklin to John Franklin, Aug. 6, 1747, in Leonard W. Labaree, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1, 1745, through June 30, 1750 (New Haven, Conn., 1961), 3:169.

24.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 31.

25.Joseph Tracy, The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield (Boston, 1845), 232–33.

26.Charles Chauncy, Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England (Boston, 1743), 213; Kidd, Great Awakening, 62.

27.Tracy, Great Awakening, 233.

28.Andrew Croswell, Mr. Croswell’s Reply to the Declaration of a Number of the Associated Ministers in Boston and Charlestown, With Regard to the Rev. Mr. James Davenport and His Conduct (Boston, 1742), 8–9; Tracy, Great Awakening, 230.

29.Seward, Journal of a Voyage, 38, 64.

30.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 36.

31.Ibid., 36–37; Whitefield, “The Lord Our Righteousness,” in Whitefield, Nine Sermons upon the Following Subjects (London, 1742), 33; Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:499.

32.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 38; extract from Memoirs of Mrs. Hannah Hodge, in the Evangelical Magazine 17 (London, 1809), 152.

33.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 38–39.

34.Ibid., 40.

35.Ibid., 35–36.

36.Whitefield to Mr. M——, an Indian Trader, May 19, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 171.

37.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 48; Whitefield to the Allegany Indians, May 21, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 173; Linford D. Fisher, The Indian Great Awakening: Religion and the Shaping of Native Cultures in Early America (New York, 2012), 70–75.

38.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 43.

39.Ibid., 44.

40.Ibid., 44–45.

41.Ibid., 45; Kidd, Great Awakening, 64–65.

42.Whitefield to a friend in London, Apr. 27, 1740, and Whitefield to Mr. G—— L——, in London, May 22, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 179, 508; Frank Lambert, Inventing the “Great Awakening” (Princeton, N.J., 1999), 112.

43.Whitefield to J[ohn] W[esley], May 24, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 182–183.

44.Whitefield to J[ohn] W[esley], May 24, 1740, and Whitefield to J[ames] H[utton], June 7, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 182–83, 185; see also Whitefield to J[ohn] W[esley], June 25, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 189–90.

45.Whitefield to J[ames] H[utton], June 7, 1740, and Whitefield to J[ohn] W[esley], June 25, 1740 in Letters of Whitefield, 185, 190; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 53–54.

46.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 4–7.

47.Andrew Croswell, An Answer to the Rev. Mr. Garden’s Three First Letters to the Rev. Mr. Whitefield (Boston, 1741), 56–58; David Ramsay, The History of South Carolina, from Its First Settlement in 1670 to the Year 1808 (Charleston, 1809), 14–15n; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:398–400; Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:517–19.

48.Hugh Bryan to his sister, [Nov. 13, 1740], in Hugh Bryan, Living Christianity Delineated (London, 1760), 7, 9, 14 [date per the Weekly History, June 6, 1741]; Alan Gallay, The Formation of a Planter Elite: Jonathan Bryan and the Southern Colonial Frontier (Athens, Ga., 1989), 33–34.

49.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 9–11.

50.Ibid., 12–13, 16; Gallay, Formation of a Planter Elite, 34.

51.Boston News-Letter, Apr. 12, 1739; New England Weekly Journal, Nov. 20, 1739.

52.Whitefield to Jonathan Edwards, Nov. 16, 1739, Whitefield to Benjamin Colman, Nov. 16, 1739, and Whitefield to [Gilbert Tennent], Jan. 22, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 120–21, 141; Kidd, Great Awakening, 83–84.

53.Benjamin Colman to Whitefield, Dec. 3, 1739, in Three Letters to the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield (Philadelphia, [1739]), 2–3, 5.

54.“Paragraph of a Letter from Philadelphia, June 5, 1740,” in Boston Weekly Post-Boy, June 23, 1740.

55.New England Weekly Journal, Sept. 23, 1740.

56.Bridenbaugh, Gentlemen’s Progress, 101–2; Carl Bridenbaugh, “Colonial Newport as a Summer Resort,” Rhode Island Historical Collections 26, no. 1 (Jan. 1933): 3.

57.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 18–19; Honeyman quoted in Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:527n.

58.“Joseph Bennett’s History of New England,” in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 5 (1860–62): 110–11, 114–15, 125.

59.Douglas C. Stenerson, ed., “An Anglican Critique of the Early Phase of the Great Awakening in New England: A Letter by Timothy Cutler,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 30, no. 3 (July 1973): 477.

60.Timothy Cutler to the Bishop of London, May 28, 1739, in Stenerson, “Anglican Critique,” 487.

61.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 24–25.

62.Ibid., 25.

63.Ibid., 26.

64.Ibid.; American Weekly Mercury, Sept. 25, 1740.

65.American Weekly Mercury, Oct. 2, 1740.

66.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 27.

67.Ibid., 27–28; Whitefield, An Exhortation to Come and See Jesus (London, 1739), 9; Mark Hutchinson and John Wolffe, A Short History of Global Evangelicalism (New York, 2012), 47.

68.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 28–29; Whitefield, First Two Parts of His Life, 393n.

69.Samuel Eliot Morison, Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936 (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), 85; Weekly History, May 30, 1741.

70.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 29.

71.Ibid., 31. The King James Version refers to the Holy Spirit as “itself” in Romans 8:26, while modern translations often use “himself.”

72.Ibid., 31–32.

73.Ibid., 31, 37.

74.Ibid., 37; Whitefield, A Continuation of the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Journal from Savannah, June 25. 1740. To his Arrival at Rhode-Island, his Travels in the Other Governments of New-England, to his Departure from Stanford for New-York (Boston, 1741), 69.

75.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 38.

76.Gilbert Tennent, The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry (Philadelphia, 1740), 5; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 38, 48.

77.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 41; New England Weekly Journal, Oct. 14, 1740; Boston News Letter, Oct., 16, 1740; Whitefield, First Two Parts of His Life, 406.

78.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 42; Weekly History, May 30, 1741.

79.Israel Loring, diary transcript, Nov. 1, 14, 15, and 29, 1739; Oct. 13 and 14, 1740; Mar. 28, 1742, Sudbury, Massachusetts, archives; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 43; Kidd, Great Awakening, 150, 156.

80.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 45–46.

81.Ibid., 47; Daniel Rogers Diary, Oct. 19, 1740, New-York Historical Society; Whitefield, “The Seed of the Woman, and the Seed of the Serpent,” in Nine Sermons, 64–65. Rogers wrote that Whitefield preached on “3. Chaptr. Genesis.”

82.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 45; Jonathan Edwards to Thomas Prince, Dec. 12, 1743, and Edwards to Whitefield, Dec. 14, 1740, in George Claghorn, ed., The Works of Jonathan Edwards: Letters and Personal Writings (New Haven, Conn., 1998), 16:116, 87.

83.Jonathan Edwards, Copies of the Two Letters Cited by the Rev. Mr. Clap, Rector of the College at New-Haven (Boston, 1745), 7.

84.Ava Chamberlain, “The Grand Sower of the Seed: Jonathan Edwards’s Critique of George Whitefield,” New England Quarterly 70, no. 3 (Sept. 1997): 374, 379.

85.Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 213.

CHAPTER 7. “HEARING HIM PREACH, GAVE ME A HEART WOUND”

1.Michael J. Crawford, ed., “The Spiritual Travels of Nathan Cole,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 33, no. 1 (Jan. 1976): 92.

2.Ibid., 93.

3.Ibid., 90, 93.

4.Barbara Lacey, ed., The World of Hannah Heaton: The Diary of an Eighteenth-Century New England Farm Woman (DeKalb, Ill., 2003), 6, 9.

5.Thomas S. Kidd, “Daniel Rogers’ Egalitarian Great Awakening,” Journal of the Historical Society 7, no. 1 (Mar. 2007): 114.

6.Daniel Rogers Diary, Oct. 22, 23, 1740.

7.Daniel Rogers Diary, Oct. 30, 1740.

8.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 51, 55; “The Colleges Censure George Whitefield,” in Douglas Sloan, ed., The Great Awakening and American Education: A Documentary History (New York, 1973), 148–49.

9.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 53.

10.Ibid., 53–54.

11.Ibid., 55.

12.Alexander Garden, Six Letters to the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield, 2nd ed. (Boston, 1740), 6, 14, 36.

13.The Querists, Or, An Extract of Sundry Passages Taken Out of Mr. Whitefield’s Printed Sermons, Journals, and Letters (Philadelphia, 1740), iii–iv.

14.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 56; Whitefield, A Letter from the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, to Some Church Members of the Presbyterian Perswasion (Boston, 1740), 6.

15.Whitefield, Letter to Some Church Members, 10; The Querists, v; Thomas Halyburton, An Abstract of the Life and Death of the Reverend Learned and Pious Mr. Thomas Halyburton (London, 1739), vii.

16.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 57–58; Daniel Rogers Diary, Nov. 2, 1740.

17.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 58.

18.Ibid., 59–60.

19.Ibid., 60.

20.Ibid.; Daniel Rogers Diary, Nov. 5, 1740; Whitefield, “Blind Bartimeus,” in George Whitefield, Sermons by the Late Rev. George Whitefield (Glasgow, 1740), 234. The title of this imprint mistakenly implied that Whitefield was deceased.

21.Daniel Rogers Diary, Nov. 5, 1740; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 60.

22.Daniel Rogers Diary, Nov. 5, 1740; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 61.

23.Kidd, Great Awakening, 91–92, 141, 146–147; Whitefield to Mr. G[ilbert] T[ennent], Feb. 5, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 366.

24.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 61–62.

25.Whitefield to Jonathan Belcher, Nov. 9, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 221; Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 62–63.

26.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Philadelphia, 40;Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 64.

27.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 64–65; John Clement, “Charles Brockden,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 12 (1888): 188.

28.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 67.

29.“From the Pennsylvania Gazette—on hearing Mr. George Whitefield at the New Building in Philadelphia,” Weekly History, May 30, 1741.

30.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 70–71, 76; Whitefield to H[owell] H[arris], Nov. 9, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 220.

31.Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. J[ohn] W[esley], Nov. 24, 1740, and Whitefield to George C——, Dec. 11, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 225, 227; Podmore, Moravian Church, 60, 70.

32.Whitefield to J[ames] H[utton], Nov. 24, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 224; Podmore, Moravian Church, 81.

33.Whitefield to J[ames] H[utton], Nov. 24, 1740, in Letters of Whitefield, 224; Whitefield to Hutton, Nov. 29, [1740], quoted in Podmore, Moravian Church, 81.

34.Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:474.

35.Ibid., 1:583–85; Wilson H. Kimnach and Kenneth P. Minkema, “The Material and Social Practices of Intellectual Work: Jonathan Edwards’s Study,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 69, no. 4 (Oct. 2012): 700n37.

36.Weekly Miscellany, Nov. 1, 1740; Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. [William] C[ooper], Jan. 1, 1741, Whitefield to J[ames] H[abersham], Mar. 25, 1741, Whitefield to J[ohn] C[ennick], June 8, 1741, and Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. G[ilbert] T[ennent], Feb. 2, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 230, 271, 362. There is surprisingly little primary-source evidence about the circumstances surrounding Seward’s death, leading one author to question whether Seward was actually killed in Hay or whether his death resulted from complications from the initial attack; see Geoffrey L. Fairs, “Notes on the Death of William Seward at Hay, 1740,” Journal of the Calvinistic Methodist Historical Society 58, no. 1 (Mar. 1973): 12–17.

37.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 76–77; Kidd, Great Awakening, 76.

38.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 77; Lambert, James Habersham, 40–42; letter from “a young Gentleman of Boston,” Jan. 1, 1742, in Whitefield, Continuation of the Account of the Orphan House, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:447–48.

39.E. Merton Coulter, ed., The Journal of William Stephens, 1741–1743 (Athens, Ga., 1958), 30; Whitefield to the Georgia Trustees, Aug. 17, 1742, in Colonial Records of the State of Georgia (Atlanta, 1914), 23:392; Whitefield to James Oglethorpe, Aug. 18, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 423; “new birth” quotation in Julie Anne Sweet, William Stephens: Georgia’s Forgotten Founder (Baton Rouge, La., 2010), 186. On Orton, see Sweet, William Stephens, 194–95; Lambert, James Habersham, 42–45.

40.Weekly History, June 13, 1741, 3–4; also June 20, 1741, 1.

41.Whitefield, Journal, Georgia to Falmouth, 80–81.

42.To Mr. [Jonathan] B[arber] and his wife at Bethesda, Feb. 17, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 244; Whitefield to Ralph Erskine, Feb. 16, 1741, in Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:461.

43.Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:182–84; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:38–39.

44.Whitefield to John Wesley, Feb. 1, 1741, in Frank Baker, ed., The Works of John Wesley: Letters II, 1740–1755 (Oxford, 1982), 26:48–49; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:464.

45.Whitefield to Mrs. A[nne] D[utton], Feb. 20, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 250–51; Karen O'Dell Bullock, “Dutton [née Williams], Anne (1691x5–1765),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (New York, 2004), at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/71063, accessed Oct. 12, 2012; Stephen J. Stein, “A Note on Anne Dutton, Eighteenth-Century Evangelical,” Church History 44, no. 4 (Dec. 1975): 485–91; Fogleman, Jesus Is Female, 45.

46.Mack, Heart Religion, 19; “disciplined moral energy” quotation in Mack, Heart Religion, 26; Anderson, Imagining Methodism, 77–78; Hempton, Methodism, 5, 137, 149–50; Anna M. Lawrence, One Family under God: Love, Belonging, and Authority in Early Transatlantic Methodism (Philadelphia, 2011), 110–11.

47.Whitefield to J[ames] H[abersham], Mar. 25, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 256–57; Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 70.

48.Whitefield manuscript quoted in Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 69.

49.Ibid., 72.

50.Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:188–89, 456; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:51–52.

51.Whitefield, A Letter to the Reverend John Wesley (London, 1741), 5, 7.

52.Ibid., 10–11.

53.Ibid., 19–20, 27; Timothy L. Smith, “George Whitefield and Wesleyan Perfectionism,” Wesleyan Theological Journal 19, no. 1 (Spring 1984): 71–72, available at http://wesley.nnu.edu/fileadmin/imported_site/wesleyjournal/1984-wtj-19-1.pdf, accessed Dec. 21, 2012; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:66.

54.Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:189–90.

55.Whitefield to a friend in London, Apr. 25, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 510; John Wesley to Whitefield, Apr. 27, 1741, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 26:59–61.

56.John Wesley to Whitefield, Apr. 27, 1741, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 26:59–61; Cennick quoted in Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:70.

57.Howell Harris to John Cennick, Oct. 27, 1740, in the Weekly History, July 11, 1741, 3; Whitefield to Howell Harris, Apr. 28, 1741, and Whitefield to Mr. Wm. W——, at Edinburgh, May 16, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 259–60, 261.

58.Whitefield to Howell Harris, Apr. 28, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 259–60.

CHAPTER 8. “THY MAKER IS THY HUSBAND”

1.Account from Whitefield to Mr. L——, May 11, 1742, and Whitefield to the same, May 15, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 384–88.

2.Whitefield to Mr. L——, May 11, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 386.

3.Quoted in Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 77, 135.

4.Description of Leith in A New Guide to the City of Edinburgh, 3rd ed. (Edinburgh, 1797), 125–26.

5.Ralph Erksine to Whitefield, April 10, 1741, in H. M. Paton, ed., Scottish Historical Review 31, no. 111, pt. 1 (Apr. 1952): 53; Thomas Boston, Human Nature in Its Fourfold State, 4th ed. (Edinburgh, 1744), 159; Whitefield, Golden Chain, 8; Noll, Rise of Evangelicalism, 58–59. Whitefield’s list of recommended texts is in the Weekly History, July 4, 1741, and the Daily Gazetteer, Aug. 10, 1741.

6.Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:503; Ralph Erskine to Whitefield, April 10, 1741, in Paton, Scottish Historical Review, 53–54.

7.Ralph Erskine to Whitefield, April 10, 1741, 55 ; Whitefield to E[benezer] E[rskine], May 16, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 262 (a slightly different version is in Tyerman); Ebenezer Erskine to Whitefield, June 1741, in Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:506–7.

8.Whitefield to Mrs. [Anne] D[utton], at Gransden, July 17, 1741, and Whitefield to Mr. [Jonathan] B[arber], July 24, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 277–78, 280; Susan O'Brien, “A Transatlantic Community of Saints: The Great Awakening and the First Evangelical Network, 1735–1755,” American Historical Review 91, no. 4 (Oct. 1986): 817–19.

9.Whitefield to Rebekah B., July 25, 1741, and Whitefield to Mary A., July 25, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 288–89.

10.Gilbert Tennent to Whitefield, Apr. 25, 1741, in the Weekly History, June 20, 1741; Whitefield to the students, &c. under convictions at the colleges of Cambridge and New-Haven, [July 1741?], and Whitefield to Mr. D——, at Boston, July 25, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 296–97.

11.Weekly History, Apr. 11, 1741; Whitefield to Howell Harris, Aug. 15, 1741, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 58–59; Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity,” 69–70; O'Brien, “Transatlantic Community,” 827.

12.Whitefield to J[ohn] C[ennick], Aug. 1, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 304–5; George Whitefield, The Prodigal Son (Glasgow, 1741), 4; Defoe quoted in Arthur Fawcett, The Cambuslang Revival: The Scottish Evangelical Revival of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1971), 80–81.

13.Ralph Erskine to Whitefield, Aug. 21, 1739, in Ralph Erskine, A Letter from the Reverend Mr. Ralph Erskine to the Reverend Mr. Geo. Whitefield (Philadelphia, 1741), 13–14; Leigh Eric Schmidt, Holy Fairs: Scotland and the Making of American Revivalism, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2001), 49.

14.Whitefield to J[ohn] C[ennick], Aug. 1, 1741, and Whitefield to Thomas N[oble], Aug. 8, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 305, 307.

15.Whitefield to Thomas N[oble], Aug. 8, 1741, and Whitefield to G[ilbert] T[ennent], Feb. 2, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 307–8, 363.

16.Whitefield to Thomas N[oble], Aug. 8, 1741, and Whitefield to Mr. D——A——, July 30–31, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 307–8, 413.

17.“An Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman at Edinburgh, to His Friend in London,” Aug. 8, 1741, in the Weekly History, Aug. 22, 1741; Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. [John] W[illison], Aug. 10, 1741, and Whitefield to H[owell] H[arris], Aug. 11, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 310, 312.

18.Whitefield, The Method of Grace (Glasgow, 1741), 2; Keith Edward Beebe, ed., “The McCulloch Manuscripts of the Cambuslang Revival, 1742: A Critical Edition” (PhD diss., University of Aberdeen, 2003), appendix 1a, 103.

19.Beebe, “McCulloch Manuscripts,” appendix 2b, 500; Whitefield, “Christ the Believer’s Husband,” in Five Sermons on the Following Subjects (London, 1747), 30.

20.Whitefield, The Lord Our Righteousness (Glasgow, 1741), 12, 16, 18; Beebe, “McCulloch Manuscripts,” appendix 1b, 1.7. The text of the 1741 edition of The Lord Our Righteousness is substantially different from that in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, which is also the basis of Gatiss, Sermons of Whitefield. Gillies’s edition follows more closely the text of The Lord Our Righteousness in Whitefield, Nine Sermons. Whitefield undoubtedly delivered, and probably revised, this sermon (as with most of his published sermons) many times, so it is not surprising that different texts would appear between 1741 and 1742.

21.Stout, Divine Dramatist, 42; Whitefield, Saul’s Conversion (Glasgow, 1741), 10, 12, 28–29.

22.Whitefield, Method of Grace, 16–17, 26.

23.Ibid., 31–32; George Whitefield, The Duty of a Gospel Minister (Glasgow, 1741), 30.

24.George Whitefield, Persecution, the Christian’s Lot (Glasgow, 1741), 19–21; Gatiss, Sermons of Whitefield, 1:19.

25.Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. J[ohn] W[esley], Oct. 10, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 331.

26.Whitefield to Peter B[öhler], Oct. 10, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 331–32; George Whitefield, A Letter from the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield, to the Reverend Mr. John Wesley (Boston, 1740), 27.

27.Charles Wesley to John Wesley, [Sept. 28, 1741], in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 26:65–66; Whitefield to Howell Harris, Dec. 28, 1741, in Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:141; Charles Wesley’s sermon recommended in the Weekly History, May 1, 1742, 4; sermon praised by “Mr. Wesley” in ibid.; Whitefield to Mr. F——, Sept. 22, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 438–39; Lloyd, Charles Wesley, 55–56.

28.Quoted in Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:101–2.

29.Whitefield to Howell Harris, Aug. 22, 1741, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 60; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:105–6; E. Benyon, “Mrs. James, Abergavenny: Her Courtship with Howell Harris, and Her Marriage to George Whitefield,” Journal of the Calvinistic Methodist Historical Society 27, no. 1 (1943): 14.

30.Howell Harris to Anna Williams, Nov. 19, 1741, Howell Harris to Anna Williams, Nov. 21, 1741, Howell Harris to Elizabeth [James] Whitefield, Nov. 26, 1741, and Howell Harris to [Whitefield], [Nov. 26, 1741], in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 66–67; Benyon, “Mrs. James,” 19.

31.Lawrence Stone, Uncertain Unions: Marriage in England, 1660–1753 (New York, 1992), 7–8; Lawrence, One Family under God, 162–63.

32.Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:109–10; Whitefield to T——E—— in Edinburgh, Nov. 27, 1741, and Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. G[ilbert] T[ennent], Feb. 2, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 342, 362; Amanda Vickery, Behind Closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England (New Haven, Conn., 2009), 218.

33.Mack, Heart Religion, 84–91.

34.W. Hammond to Whitefield, Dec. 13, 1741, Southern Methodist University Special Collections; A Brief and Impartial Account of the Character and Doctrines of Mr. Whitefield and Mr. Wesley (Edinburgh, 1743), 12; London Evening Post, Apr. 22, 1742.

35.Whitefield to Mr. W——, Feb. 2, 1742, Whitefield to Mr. James R——, Feb. 2, 1742, and Whitefield to Mr. O——, Apr. 6, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 364–65, 381; Weekly History, Apr. 17, 1742, 4; Albert Outler, ed., John Wesley (New York, 1964), 15–16; Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 63.

36.Whitefield to Mr. A——, Nov. 30, 1741 [also printed, with slight variations, in the Weekly History, Dec. 5, 1741], in Letters of Whitefield, 343; John Willison to a friend in Edinburgh, Oct. 8, 1741, in Thomas Prince, Christian History, Nov. 5, 1743.

37.Whitefield to Mr. A——, Nov. 30, 1741, Whitefield to J[ohn] C[ennick], Dec. 22, 1741, and Whitefield to Miss——, Feb. 27, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 343, 347, 373; Whitefield to John Cennick, Dec. 22, 1741, in the Weekly History, Jan. 2, 1742; Craig Atwood, “Understanding Zinzendorf’s Blood and Wounds Theology,” Journal of Moravian History no. 1 (Fall 2006): 35.

38.Whitefield to [James] H[abersham], Sept. 24, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 441; Whitefield to John Wesley, Mar. 11, 1742, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 26:74; Podmore, Moravian Church, 80–84; Milton J. Coalter, Jr., Gilbert Tennent, Son of Thunder: A Case Study of Continental Pietism’s Impact on the First Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies (Westport, Conn., 1986), 115.

39.Extract of a letter from Mr. T. L. and J. K. of Edinburgh to the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield, Dec. 26, 1741, in the Weekly History, Feb. 13, 1742; William McCulloch to Whitefield, Feb. 14, 1742, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress; [William McCulloch] to Whitefield, Apr. 28, 1742, in the Weekly History, May 29, 1742; Whitefield to [William] M[cCulloch], June 8, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 401.

40.Beebe, “McCulloch Manuscripts,” appendix 1a, 229.

41.“A Letter from a Minister in Boston New-England, to his Correspondent in Gorbals,” Glasgow Weekly-History, May 14, 1742, 6.

42.William McCulloch, A Sermon against the Idolatrous Worship of the Church of Rome (Glasgow, 1726), introduction, 12, 34; Fawcett, Cambuslang Revival, 38–41.

43.Fawcett, Cambuslang Revival, 97–98; Whitefield to Elizabeth Whitefield, July 7, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 405; James Robe, A Short Narrative of the Extraordinary Work at Cambuslang, near Glasgow (Boston, 1742), 4; Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 194.

44.Whitefield to J[ohn] C[ennick], July 15, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 409; Fawcett, Cambuslang Revival, 115; letter from William McCulloch, July 14, 1742, in Glasgow Weekly-History 30, 2; John Erskine to [Thomas Prince], July 17, 1742, in Jonathan Yeager, ed., “John Erskine’s Letterbook, 1742–45,” Miscellany of the Scottish History Society 14 (2013): 234.

45.Schmidt, Holy Fairs, 108.

46.Whitefield to J[ohn] C[ennick], July 15, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 409; Fawcett, Cambuslang Revival, 115; letter from William McCulloch, July 14, 1742.

47.Fawcett, Cambuslang Revival, 116; T. C. Smout, “Born Again at Cambuslang: New Evidence on Popular Religion and Literacy in Eighteenth-Century Scotland,” Past and Present 97 (Nov. 1982): 115; Beebe, “McCulloch Manuscripts,” appendix 1a, 229; D. MacFarlan, The Revivals of the Eighteenth Century, Particularly at Cambuslang (Edinburgh, 1847), 66; Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 183n63, 194. Whitefield kept “Thy Maker is Thy Husband” in his preaching repertoire; for example, he delivered it in Brinkworth, England, in June 1743, and wrote “it was a day of espousals I believe to many”; see Whitefield to Mr. S——, June 27, 1743, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:29.

48.Whitefield, Five Sermons, 5–6, 11.

49.Ibid., 11 (emphasis in original), 16.

50.Ibid., 22; Anderson, Imagining Methodism, 85–87.

51.Susan Juster, Disorderly Women: Sexual Politics and Evangelicalism in Revolutionary New England (Ithaca, N.Y., 1994), 52–53, 64; Philip Greven, The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America (New York, 1977), 125–27.

52.Brekus, Sarah Osborn’s World, 111–12, 116.

53.Ned Landsman, “Evangelists and Their Hearers: Popular Interpretation of Revivalist Preaching in Eighteenth-Century Scotland,” Journal of British Studies 28, no. 2 (Apr. 1989): 123. The total of 109 is per Beebe, “McCulloch Manuscripts,” 3n6. Hindmarsh notes that the total has been variously reported from 105 to 110 (Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 195n5).

54.Beebe, ed., “McCulloch Manuscripts,” appendix 1a, 7.

55.Ibid., appendix 1a, 7; appendix 1b, 354.

56.Ibid., appendix 2a, 163, 325; appendix 2b, 541. Whitefield to John Cennick, July 14, 1742, in the Weekly History, Sept. 11, 1742. Gillies’s edition of Whitefield’s works contains a version of this letter as well, but the more enthusiastic or Moravian-sounding passages were removed or edited. For instance, Whitefield’s original letter said that he was living “very happily in my Saviour’s Wounds,” a phrase that does not appear in Gillies’s version.

57.Beebe, “McCulloch Manuscripts,” appendix 1a, 9, 13, see also appendix 1a, 59; Landsman, “Evangelists and Their Hearers,” 133.

58.Beebe, “McCulloch Manuscripts,” appendix 1a, 45, 129, 288–89.

59.Ibid., appendix 2b, 450; Kidd, Great Awakening, 285.

60.Beebe, “McCulloch Manuscripts,” appendix 1b, 309–10.

61.Ibid., 310–11.

62.The Declaration of the True Presbyterians within the Kingdom of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1742), 6, 16–17, 23.

63.Beebe, “McCulloch Manuscripts,” appendix 1a, 167; Whitefield to H[owell] H[arris], Aug. 26, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 426; William McCulloch, “An Account of the Second Sacrament at Cambuslang,” Glasgow Weekly-History 39, 2.

64.MacFarlan, Revivals, 72; Whitefield to [Jonathan] B[arber], Aug. 17, 1742, and Whitefield to Mr. A——, Aug. 27, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 417, 429; McCulloch, “Account of the Second Sacrament,” 4, 8.

65.Jonathan Edwards to William McCulloch, May 12, 1743, in Claghorn, Works of Jonathan Edwards, 16:105; Smith, First Great Awakening, 5–6.

66.Smith, First Great Awakening, 6.

CHAPTER 9. “CLOSE ATTACKS, BUT STRONG CONSOLATIONS”

1.Whitefield to Howell Harris, Dec. 6, 1743, in Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:79–80.

2.Whitefield to Mrs. [Anne] D[utton], June 26, 1744, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:59.

3.Ibid., 2:59–60.

4.Ibid., 2:60.

5.Whitefield to Mrs. [Anne] D[utton], July 4, 1744, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:61.

6.Whitefield, A Continuation of the Account of the Orphan-House in Georgia, From January 1740/1 to June 1742 (Edinburgh, 1742), 4.

7.Oglethorpe quoted in Cashin, Beloved Bethesda, 46–47.

8.Julie Anne Sweet, “Battle of Bloody Marsh,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, at http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-806, accessed Dec. 13, 2012; Whitefield to [James] H[abersham], Sept. 24, 1742, and Whitefield to the Earl of ——, Nov. 23, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 439–40, 467.

9.A. M., The State of Religion in New England, since the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield’s Arrival There (Glasgow, 1742), 3–4; Whitefield, Some Remarks on a Late Pamphlet (Glasgow, 1742), 20.

10.Kidd, Great Awakening, 141–46; Benjamin Colman to Whitefield, June 3, 1742, in Glasgow Weekly-History 45, 3; Whitefield to the Reverend Dr. C[olman], Nov. 18, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 459.

11.A Letter from a Gentleman in Scotland, To his Friend in New-England (Boston, 1743), 9, 11.

12.Genuine and Secret Memoirs Relating to the Life and Adventures of that Arch-Methodist, Mr. G. W——fi——d (Oxford, 1742), 83–84; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:17.

13.Whitefield, A Farewell Sermon Preached on Thursday Morning, October 28th, 1742 (Glasgow, 1742), 4, 7–10.

14.Whitefield, Farewell Sermon, 13, 15.

15.Whitefield to J[ames] H[abersham], Nov. 12, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 451; Whitefield to Mr. H——, Feb. 4, 1743, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:8; Tudur, Howell Harris, 158; Jones, Schlenther, and White, Elect Methodists, 57–58; Elizabeth Whitefield to Howell Harris, Aug. 31, 1742, and Howell Harris to Whitefield, Oct. 15, 1742, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 93, 107.

16.Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:37.

17.Whitefield to Howell Harris, Sept. 3, 1742, in the Weekly History, Oct. 16, 1742, cited in Jones, Schlenther, and White, Elect Methodists, 60; Whitefield to John Wesley, Dec. 21, 1742, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 26:97.

18.Whitefield, A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Whitefield to the Religious Societies Lately Set on Foot in Several Parts of England and Wales (London, 1740), 9; Whitefield to “dear brethren in Christ,” Dec. 28, 1741, British Library, which is nearly the same text as Whitefield to the brethren in Wales, Dec. 28, 1741, in Letters of Whitefield, 511–12; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:155–58; Tudur, Howell Harris, 88–89; Jones, “Glorious Work in the World,” 214–20; Jones, Schlenther, and White, Elect Methodists, 54, 60–62.

19.Whitefield to brother S——, Apr. 17 and 20, 1743, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:16.

20.Whitefield to Mrs. D——, Oct. 5, 1743, in ibid., 2:40.

21.Whitefield to Mr. D—— T——, Feb. 9, 1744, in ibid., 2:50–51; Elizabeth and George Whitefield to Howell Harris, Feb. 4, 1744, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 174.

22.Whitefield to Mr. H——, Jan. 18, 1744, in Gillies, ed., Works of Whitefield, 2:50; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:167.

23.John Grace to Howell Harris, Jan. 31, 1744, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 171–72; Brekus, Sarah Osborn’s World, 90.

24.Whitefield to Mr. D—— T——, Feb. 9, 1744.

25.Elizabeth and George Whitefield to Howell Harris, Feb. 4, 1744, and Howell Harris to [Thomas?] Price, Feb. 10, 1744, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 174; Whitefield to Mr. D—— T——, Feb. 9, 1744; Whitefield to Benjamin Colman, Feb. 22, 1744, in “Letters of Rev. George Whitefield,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 10 (Oct. 1895): 301.

26.Hugh Joshua Hughes, The Life of Howell Harris (London, 1892), 231; Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 19:345.

27.Whitefield to J[ohn] W[esley], Oct. 11, 1742, in Letters of Whitefield, 448; Whitefield to J—— S——, Dec. 31, 1743, and Whitefield to G. H——, Feb. 24, 1744, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:47, 54; Whitefield to John Wesley, Dec. 5, 1742, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 26:93; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:146–47.

28.[Edmund Gibson], Observations upon the Conduct and Behaviour of a Certain Sect, Usually Distinguished by the Name of Methodists, 2nd ed. (London, 1744), 10.

29.Whitefield, A Letter to the Reverend Mr. Thomas Church (London, 1744), 5; London Gazette, Mar. 17, 1744; Langford, Polite and Commercial People, 193.

30.Whitefield, A Letter to the Right Reverend the Bishop of London, and the Other the Right Rev. the Bishops (London, 1744), 6, 8, 25. The four editions printed were not identical in content.

31.Whitefield to Mr. T——, Oct. 20, 1744, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:66–68.

32.Whitefield to Mr. ——, Oct. 30, 1744, and Whitefield to Mr. ——, Nov. 6, 1744, in ibid., 2:68–69; Elizabeth Whitefield, letter, Nov. 14, 17, 1744, in Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:122–23; Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 142–43.

33.Whitefield to Mr. ——, Jan. 18, 1745, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:72.

34.Kidd, Great Awakening, 153–54, 164; Boston Evening-Post, Mar. 14 and Apr. 11, 1743; Boston Post-Boy, Mar. 28, 1743.

35.Kidd, Great Awakening, 217–18.

36.American Weekly Mercury, Nov. 22, 1744; Lepore, New York Burning, 188.

37.Boston Post-Boy, May 3, 1742, in Kidd, Great Awakening, 115–16; Smith, First Great Awakening, 113; Whitefield to Mr. ——, Jan. 18, 1745, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:73.

38.Daniel Rogers Diary, Oct. 27, 1744.

39.“A Letter from the Country,” Boston Evening-Post, Nov. 19, 1744.

40.Earnest Edward Eells, ed., “An Unpublished Journal of George Whitefield,” Church History 7, no. 4 (Dec. 1938): 316–17.

41.Eells, “Unpublished Journal,” 317, 320; Kidd, Great Awakening, 169.

42.Harvard College, The Testimony of the President, Professors, Tutors and Hebrew Instructor of Harvard College in Cambridge, against the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield, and his Conduct (Boston, 1744), 3–4, 8; Kidd, Great Awakening, 169–70; David F. Holland, Sacred Borders: Continuing Revelation and Canonical Restraint in Early America (New York, 2011), 61–62.

43.Yale College, The Declaration of the Rector and Tutors of Yale College, in New-Haven, against the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield, His Principles and Designs (Boston, 1745), 4; Whitefield, A Letter to the Rev. the President, and Professors, Tutors, and Hebrew Instructor, of Harvard-College in Cambridge (Boston, 1745), 21; Jonathan Edwards to a Friend, Feb. 4, 1745, in Claghorn, Works of Jonathan Edwards, 16:154–55; Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 307–8.

44.Edwards to a Friend, Feb. 4, 1745, in Claghorn, Works of Jonathan Edwards, 16:161.

45.Eells, “Unpublished Journal,” 326.

46.Ibid., 337, 339.

47.Ibid., 339; Whitefield to Mrs. ——, July 29, 1745, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:80–81; George A. Rawlyk, Yankees at Louisbourg: The Story of the First Siege, 1745 (Wreck Cove, Nova Scotia, 1999), 45.

48.Howard H. Peckham, The Colonial Wars, 1689–1762 (Chicago, 1964), 101–4.

49.Whitefield to Mrs. ——, July 29, 1745, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:82; Jonathan Edwards to a correspondent in Scotland, Nov. 1745, in Claghorn, Works of Jonathan Edwards, 16:197.

50.Douglas K. Fidler, “John Odlin of Exeter and the Threat to Congregational Peace and Order in Northern New England,” Historical New Hampshire 55 (2000): 12, 14.

51.Eells, “Unpublished Journal,” 341–44; Boston Evening-Post, Mar. 25, 1745; Diary of Daniel Rogers, Mar. 13, 1745.

52.Pennsylvania Gazette, Aug. 15, 1745.

53.Jonathan Edwards to friends in Scotland, [after Sept. 16, 1745], in Claghorn, Works of Jonathan Edwards, 16:176.

54.Ibid., 178; Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 310; Fisher, Indian Great Awakening, 76; Frances Manwaring Caulkins, History of Norwich, Connecticut: From its Possession by the Indians, to the Year 1866 (Hartford, Conn., 1878), 321.

55.Diary of Joshua Hempstead (New London, Conn., 1901), 446–47.

56.John Graham (Woodbury, Conn.) to Whitefield, Feb. 22, 1745, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress; Jonathan Edwards to friends in Scotland, [after Sept. 16, 1745], in Claghorn, Works of Jonathan Edwards, 16:178.

57.Mr. Whi[tefiel]d’s Soliloquy [Boston, 1745], broadside.

CHAPTER 10. “HUNTING IN THE AMERICAN WOODS”

1.John W. Christie, ed., “Newly Discovered Letters of George Whitefield, 1745–1746,” Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society 32, no. 2 (June 1954): 69.

2.Kidd, Great Awakening, 254.

3.Whitefield to a Gentleman his Friend in Boston, Jan. 2, 1746, in the Boston Gazette, Mar. 18, 1746.

4.Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848 (London, 1988), 96–98; Bethany Wiggin, “'For Each and Every House to Wish for Peace’: Christoph Saur’s High German American Almanac and the French and Indian War in Pennsylvania,” in Linda Gregerson and Susan Juster, eds., Empires of God: Religious Encounters in the Early Modern Atlantic (Philadelphia, 2011), 171.

5.Johann Martin Boltzius to Whitefield, Dec. 24, 1745, in The Colonial Records of the State of Georgia (Atlanta, 1915), 24:434–42 (in this letter, Boltzius summarizes Whitefield’s position, so the “Providence of God” quotation is from Boltzius); Johann Martin Boltzius to Whitefield, Sept. 20, 1750, Evangelical Library (London). See also Cashin, Beloved Bethesda, 61–62; Christopher Leslie Brown, Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2006), 85–87.

6.Whitefield to William Hutson, Dec. 16, 1745, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 76–77.

7.Ibid.; Kidd, Great Awakening, 254; Gallay, Formation of a Planter Elite, 49; Gallay, “Great Sellout,” 25–26.

8.Stout, Divine Dramatist, 199.

9.Gilbert Tennent, The Necessity of Holding Fast the Truth (Boston, 1743), 2; Kidd, Great Awakening, 147; Coalter, Gilbert Tennent, 106.

10.Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:153.

11.Samuel Davies, The State of Religion among the Protestant Dissenters in Virginia (Boston, 1751), 10–11.

12.Ibid., 10–11, 17; “News from the Country,” Virginia Gazette, Oct. 24, 1745.

13.“Transcript of a letter wrote by one in company with the Rev. Mr. Whitefield,” Oct. 14, 1745, Boston Gazette, May 6, 1746; John K. Thornton, “African Dimensions of the Stono Rebellion,” American Historical Review 96, no. 4 (Oct. 1991): 1103.

14.Whitefield to Mrs. Swinton, May 31, 1746, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 181; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:209.

15.Whitefield to William Strahan, Nov. 27, 1745, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 71; Lilla Mills Hawes, ed., “A Description of Whitefield’s Bethesda: Samuel Fayrweather to Thomas Prince and Thomas Foxcroft,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 45, no. 4 (Dec. 1961): 364; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:155; Cashin, Beloved Bethesda, 58–60.

16.Whitefield, A Brief Account of the Rise, Progress, and Present Situation of the Orphan-House in Georgia (Philadelphia, 1746), 60, 62; Cashin, Beloved Bethesda, 56; Hawes, “Whitefield’s Bethesda,” 366.

17.Whitefield to Jonathan Bryan, Dec. 16, 1745, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 75–76.

18.James Hutchinson, May 21, 1743, in Boston Evening-Post, May 23, 1743; Smith, First Great Awakening, 113–14. Papers in Philadelphia and New York reprinted Hutchinson’s letter.

19.Pennsylvania Gazette, May 22, 1746; also published in Whitefield, Brief Account of the Orphan-House, 65.

20.Howell Harris to Whitefield, Jan. 11, 1745, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 206; Whitefield to John Syms, Nov. 30, 1745, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 73.

21.Cennick quoted in Podmore, Moravian Church, 91; see also Podmore, Moravian Church, 93; Whitefield to John Syms, Mar. 12, 1746, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 79; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 1:397; Whitefield to John Wesley, Dec. 23, 1746, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 26:222–23; Jacob M. Blosser, “Constructing Modernity: Historical Imagery and Religious Identity in Charleston’s Great Awakening,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 106, no. 4 (Oct. 2005): 229–30.

22.Whitefield to John Cennick, May 2, 1746, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 84–85.

23.Whitefield to John Cennick, May 2, 1746, Whitefield to Samuel Church, May 11, 1746, and Whitefield to Mr. Smith of Boston, May 21, 1746, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 84–85, 160, 166; Whitefield to [Philip] D[oddridge], Dec. 21, 1748, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:215.

24.Whitefield to Hugh Bryan, Dec. 16, 1745, and Whitefield to James Davenport, May 28, 1746, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 75, 172; James Davenport to Whitefield, Jan. 15, 1745, Dr. Williams’s Library (London).

25.Whitefield, Britain’s Mercies, and Britain’s Duty (Philadelphia, 1746), 24–25; Whitefield to William Strahan, Nov. 27, 1745, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 72.

26.Boston Evening-Post, July 7, 1746; Boston Gazette, Sept. 9, 1746; Mahaffey, Accidental Revolutionary, 106–15.

27.Whitefield, Britain’s Mercies, 6–8, 11.

28.Whitefield to Gilbert Tennent, Feb. 27, 1742, and Tennent to Whitefield, June 7, 1742, in Moravian Archives, quoted in Coalter, Gilbert Tennent, 111–12.

29.Whitefield to Mr. Smith of Boston, May 21, 1746, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 166; Elizabeth Whitefield to Benjamin Colman, June 16, 1746, in J. P. Quincy, “Letter of Mrs. George Whitefield,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 19 (1881–82): 180–81.

30.Gilbert Tennent, preface to Whitefield, Five Sermons, iii–iv.

31.Ibid., v; Tennent, Necessity of Holding Fast, 73–74; Craig Atwood, Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem (University Park, Pa., 2004), 51.

32.Tennent, preface to Whitefield, Five Sermons, v–vi.

33.Whitefield to the Rev. J[ohn] W[esley], Sept. 11, 1747, and Whitefield to Mr. B——, June 29, 1750, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:126–27, 363.

34.Whitefield to John Wesley, Oct. 14, 1746, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 26:221; Whitefield to John Syms, June 26, 1746, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 264; Timothy P. Feist, “'A Stirring among the Dry Bones’: George Whitefield and the Great Awakening in Maryland,” Maryland Historical Magazine 95, no. 4 (2000): 389–408; Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. M——, junior, May 9, 1747, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2: 99.

35.Whitefield to Mrs. L[ongden], Aug. 26, 1746, Whitefield to a friend in London, Dec. 24, 1746 [Christian History (London, 1747), 28, has the date as Dec. 14], and Whitefield to ——, June 29, 1747, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:83, 87, 110; John Stevens to Whitefield, Nov. 22, 1746, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress.

36.Whitefield to Benjamin Seward, June 12, 1746, in Christie, “Newly Discovered Letters,” 251; Whitefield to Mr. Franklin, June 23, 1747, in Labaree, Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 3:143–44.

37.Whitefield to a generous benefactor unknown, Mar. 15, 1747, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:90; “Extract of another letter from S. Carolina, dated March 11, 1747,” in New-York Gazette, Apr. 27, 1747; Gallay, Formation of a Planter Elite, 49.

38.Whitefield to Mr. Henry S——, Aug. 29, 1747, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:119; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:170.

39.Elizabeth Whitefield to Howell Harris, May 30, 1747, in Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:171–72; Whitefield to Mr. J—— S——, June 4, 1747, Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. S——, June 23, 1747, Whitefield to ——, June 29, 1747, and Whitefield to Mr. P——, Oct. 6, 1747, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:105, 107, 110, 133; Mary E. Fissell, Patients, Power, and the Poor in Eighteenth-Century Bristol (New York, 1991), 28.

40.William Shippen to David Vanhorne, June 30, 1747, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress.

41.Christian History (1747), 122–23; John Smith journal, Feb. 21, 1746, quoted in John Fanning Watson, Annals of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1830), 518; John Caldwell, An Impartial Trial of the Spirit Operating in this Part of the World (Williamsburg, Va., 1747).

42.Whitefield to H[owell] H[arris], Feb. 28, 1748, and Whitefield to Howell Harris, Mar. 6, 1748, in Christian History (1747), 208, 210; Howell Harris to Whitefield, [June] 1748, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 301. On Harris’s theology, see Tudur, Howell Harris, 170–80.

43.Whitefield to Howell Harris, Mar. 6, 1748, in Christian History (1747), 210.

44.Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. —— of Boston, May 17, 1748, in Christian History (1747), 223–25. Franklin also published a copy of this letter in Philadelphia.

45.Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 113; Michael Jarvis, In the Eye of All Trade: Bermuda, Bermudians, and the Maritime Atlantic World, 1680–1783 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2010), 101, 314.

46.Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 113–15.

47.Whitefield to Mrs. F——, June 2, 1748, Whitefield to Mr. H——, Sept. 21, 1748, Whitefield to Mr. S——, Sept. 23, 1748, and Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. S——, Nov. 12, 1748, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:148, 179, 180, 201; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:254.

CHAPTER 11. “AS I GREW MODERATE”

1.Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. S——, June 24, 1748, Whitefield to the Countess of H[untingdon], Nov. 14, 1748, and Whitefield to the Countess of D——, Feb. 22, 1749, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:143–44, 202, 237.

2.Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 285–86; Jonathan Edwards, A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections, in John E. Smith, Harry S. Stout, and Kenneth P. Minkema, eds., A Jonathan Edwards Reader (New Haven, Conn., 1995), 141, 143, 147.

3.Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast, 115–16; Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 109–10.

4.Hindmarsh, Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 94, 100–101.

5.Jacobite’s Journal, Mar. 19, 1748; General Evening Post, May 17, 1748, and January 18, 1749.

6.James Helling to Whitefield, July 12, 1748, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress; From a brother at Plymouth, Oct. 16, 1747, in Christian History (1747), 112.

7.Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:246.

8.Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. J[ohn] W[esley], Sept. 1, 1748, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:170; Howell Harris, Aug. 2, 1749, in Tom Beynon, ed., Howell Harris’s Visits to London (Aberystwyth, Wales, 1960), 229; Jones, Schlenther, and White, Elect Methodists, 85.

9.Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast, 257–61.

10.Heitzenrater, Elusive Mr. Wesley, 183.

11.Ibid.; Charles Wesley to Ebenezer Blackwell, Oct. 8, 1749, quoted in Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:236; Lloyd, Charles Wesley, 107–8.

12.Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. J[ohn] W[esley], Sept. 1, 1748, and Whitefield to Mr. J[ames] W[hitefield], Sept. 1, 1748, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:170; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:210; Alan Harding, The Countess of Huntingdon’s Connexion: A Sect in Action in Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford, 2003), 38–39; Boyd Stanley Schlenther, Queen of the Methodists: The Countess of Huntingdon and the Eighteenth-Century Crisis of Faith and Society (Durham, UK, 1997), 38–39.

13.B[enjamin] Franklin to Whitefield, July 6, 1749, in Labaree, Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 3:383.

14.Whitefield to the Countess of H[untingdon], Sept. 29, 1748, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:186; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:200.

15.Whitefield to Mrs. E——, Sept. 28, 1748, and Whitefield to Mr. H——, Oct. 9, 1748, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:184, 191.

16.Whitefield to the Countess of H[untingdon], Nov. 14, 1748, in ibid., 2:201.

17.Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. S——, Nov. 12, 1748, in ibid., 2:201.

18.Whitefield to the Trustees of Georgia, Dec. 6, 1748, in ibid., 2:208–9; Gallay, Formation of a Planter Elite, 50.

19.Georg[e] Geare to Whitefield, Oct. 20, 1749, Evangelical Library (London); Wood, Slavery in Colonial Georgia, 76.

20.Whitefield to the Trustees of Georgia, Dec. 6, 1748, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:208–9; Gilbert Tennent to Whitefield, Dec. 15, 1750, in Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:268.

21.Benjamin Franklin, Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1749), 22; Whitefield to Benjamin Franklin, Feb. 26, 1750, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:335–36.

22.Whitefield to Governor B[elcher], Oct. 13, 1750, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:384; Edward P. Cheyney, History of the University of Pennsylvania, 1740–1940 (Philadelphia, 1940), 32.

23.Whitefield to Mr. F[ranklin], Aug. 17, 1752, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:440.

24.Franklin epitaph (1728) at http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/bf0061s.jpg, accessed May 5, 2013; Whitefield to Benjamin Franklin, Jan. 17, 1755, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:115; Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 178.

25.B[enjamin] Franklin to Whitefield, July 2, 1756, in Leonard W. Labaree, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin: April 1, 1755, through September 30, 1756 (New Haven, Conn., 1963), 6:468–69.

26.Ibid., 6:469.

27.Whitefield to the Countess of H[untingdon], Dec. 10, 1748, and Whitefield to H[owell] H[arris], Dec. 18, 1748, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:210, 212.

28.Whitefield to Dr. S——, June 14, 1749, Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. H——, June 14 and 24, 1749, Whitefield to Mr. C——, July 21, 1750, Whitefield Mr. D——, June 1, 1751, and Whitefield to Lady H[untingdon], July 12, 1751, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:263, 265, 367, 410, 418; Whitehall Evening Post or London Intelligencer, July 25, 1751.

29.“Experience of the Rev. Mr. Grimshaw, in a letter from Mr. Josiah Williams to the Rev. Malachi Blake of Blandford,” Mar. 5, 1745, in Evangelical Magazine (Nov. 1794): 469–70; Noll, Rise of Evangelicalism, 123–24; Whitehall Evening Post or London Intelligencer, July 10, 1750.

30.[George Lavington], The Enthusiasm of Methodists and Papists Compar'd (London, 1749), 81.

31.Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. G——, Mar. 17, 1749, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:246; Whitefield, Some Remarks on a Pamphlet (London, 1749), 32, 40. Editions of Some Remarks on a Pamphlet also appeared in Philadelphia and Boston.

32.Howell Harris, Apr. 6, 12, 1749, in Beynon, Harris’s Visits to London, 212, 214–15; Schlenther, Queen of the Methodists, 42.

33.Howell Harris, Aug. 4, 6, 1749, in Beynon, Harris’s Visits to London, 230–31.

34.Howell Harris, Aug. 6–7, 1749, in ibid., 231.

35.Howell Harris, Aug. 21, Sept. 23, Dec. 2, 1749, in ibid., 235, 246, 248; Howell Harris to Anne Harris, Aug. 19, 1749, and Anne Harris to Howell Harris, Aug. 21, 1749, in Schlenther and White, Trevecka Letters, 317; Jones, Schlenther, and White, Elect Methodists, 85–86.

36.Howell Harris, Dec. 7, 11, 20, 30, 1749, and Jan. 1, 27, 1750, in Beynon, Harris’s Visits to London, 248, 250, 252, 255, 265.

37.W. Reginald Ward and Richard P. Heitzenrater, eds., The Works of John Wesley: Journal and Diaries III, 1743–1754 (Nashville, 1991), 20:318–19; Whitefield to Mr. L——, Jan. 27, 1750, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:323.

38.Elizabeth Whitefield to the Countess of Huntingdon, July 13, 1751, in Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:275; Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. H——, Feb. 1, 1752, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:427.

39.Whitefield to Mr. B——, Mar. 22, 1751, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:404–5.

40.Whitefield to Mr. B——, Mar. 22, 1751, Whitefield to Lady H[untingdo]n, Aug. 10, 1751, and Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. B——, Jan. 31, 1753, in ibid., 2:404–5, 421, 480; Kenneth P. Minkema, “Jonathan Edwards on Slavery and the Slave Trade,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 54, no. 4 (Oct. 1997): 824; “poor barbarous” in Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. Stennet, Feb. 14, 1754, in Whitefield Papers, Southern Methodist University Special Collections. See similar sentiments on the Highlanders in W. R. to Whitefield, Oct. 27, 1753, Evangelical Library (London). The sale of Providence was arranged in February 1753; see Hugh Bryan to Whitefield, May 4, 1753, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress.

41.Whitefield to Mr. B——, Mar. 22, 1751, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:405; Jonathan Bryan to Whitefield, Apr. 2, 1753, and William Brisbane to Whitefield, Sept. 10, 1753, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress.

42.Whitefield to Mr. Blackwell, May 21, 1752, Evangelical Library (London).

43.Ibid.; John Wesley, Serious Thoughts upon the Perseverance of the Saints (London, 1751), 4; Whitefield to Mr. S—— C——, Feb. 5, 1752, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:428; Elizabeth Whitefield quoted in Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:343.

44.Whitefield to Mr. C[harles] W[esley], Dec. 22, 1752, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:464.

45.Whitefield to C[harles] W[esley], Mar. 3, 1753, and Whitefield to Mr. ——, June 8, 1753, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:6, 16; Whitefield, The True Nature of Beholding the Lamb of God, and Peter’s Denial of his Lord, Opened and Explained, in Two Sermons (London, 1753), 6; John Wesley to Whitefield, May [28?], 1753, in Baker, Works of John Wesley, 26:507n15, 507–8.

46.Isabel Rivers, “Hervey, James (1714–1758),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13113?docPos=1, accessed Nov. 8, 2013.

47.Whitefield to Mr. S——, Aug. 1, 1752, and Whitefield to Lady H[untingdon], Sept. 22, 1752, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:439, 443.

48.Whitefield to Mr. B[ennet], Aug. 30, 1752, Whitefield to Governor B[elcher], Dec. 20, 1752, and Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. B——, Jan. 31, 1753, in ibid., 2:442, 461, 480.

49.John Edgar and James Beale to Whitefield,, May 20, 1753, Evangelical Library (London); William Shrubsole to Whitefield, Aug. 28, 1752, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress; Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 219.

50.Schlenther, Queen of the Methodists, 42; A Collection of Hymns: Consisting Chiefly of Translations from the German, Part III, 2nd ed. (London, 1749), 62–63; Atwood, Community of the Cross, 64, 106–9; Fogleman, Jesus Is Female, 75–82.

51.Whitefield to Mr. S——, Mar. 21, 1753, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:9; Whitefield, An Expostulatory Letter, Addressed to Nicholas Lewis, Count Zinzendorf, and Lord Advocate of the Unitas Fratrum (London, 1753), 5; Andrews, Native Apostles, 105.

52.Whitefield to Mr. S[yms], May 27, 1753, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:13–14; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:303–9.

53.George William Pilcher, ed., The Reverend Samuel Davies Abroad: The Diary of a Journey to England and Scotland (Urbana, Ill., 1967), 29, 43.

54.Ibid., 44, 47; Whitefield to the Marquis of Lothian, Dec. 27, 1753, and Whitefield to [John] G[illies], Dec. 27, 1753, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:54–56.

55.Henry Fielding, The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon (London, 1755), 218.

56.Whitefield to the Rev. Mr. Z——, Mar. 29, 1754, and Whitefield to Mr. C——, Mar. 30, 1754, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:70–71; Whitefield to “My dear friend,” Mar. 1754, and Apr. 13, 1754, in Whitefield, A Brief Account of Some Lent and Other Extraordinary Processions and Ecclesiastical Entertainments Seen Last Year at Lisbon (London, 1755), 2–4, 27. On Whitefield’s observations in the context of Catholic Reformation piety, see Philip M. Soergel, “Ritual and Faith Formation in Early Modern Catholic Europe,” in John Van Engen, ed., Educating People of Faith: Exploring the History of Jewish and Christian Communities (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2004), 314–18.

57.Nicholas Schrady, The Last Day: Wrath, Ruin, and Reason in the Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 (New York, 2008), 51–52; Whitefield to Mr. S——, Nov. 30, 1755, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:151; Whitefield, A Short Address to Persons of All Denominations (London, 1756), 12. A Letter from a Clergyman at London to the Remaining Disconsolate Inhabitants of Lisbon (London, 1755), regarding the Lisbon earthquake, is attributed to Whitefield in Eighteenth-Century Collections Online, but his authorship has not been confirmed.

58.Whitefield to Mr. C—— W——, July 20, 1754, and Whitefield to Mr. R——, Aug. 7, 1754, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:94, 99; Pennsylvania Gazette, Sept. 26, 1754.

59.Boston Gazette, Sept. 10, 1754.

60.Ron Chernow, Washington: A Life (New York, 2010), 54–57.

61.George Stockwell to Whitefield, Jan. 5, 1760, Evangelical Library (London).

62.Whitefield to Mr. V——, Oct. 14, 1754, and Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. G[illies], Nov. 25, 1754, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:106, 110; James Davenport to Elizabeth Whitefield, Oct. 10, 1754, Dr. Williams’s Library (London).

63.Whitefield to Mr. H——, Oct. 13, 1754, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:106.

64.A Poem, on the Joyful News of the Rev. Mr. Whitefield’s Visit to Boston (Boston, 1754).

65.Edward Wigglesworth, Some Distinguishing Characters of the Extraordinary and Ordinary Ministers of the Church of Christ (Boston, 1754), 9, 11, 14; Whitefield, Letter to the President and Professors, 16.

66.Wigglesworth, Some Distinguishing Characters, 30; Kidd, “Healing of Mercy Wheeler,” 149. Wigglesworth’s belief that the gifts such as evangelism had ceased with the apostolic period is a more rigorous form of cessationism than one would typically find today. Cessationists more typically hold that the “sign gifts,” including healings and tongues, had ceased, but not others needed in the normal operations of the church.

67.Whitefield to Mrs. C——, Dec. 27, 1754, and Whitefield to Mrs. C——, Mar. 3, 1755, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:111, 116; Johann Martin Boltzius to Samuel Urlsperger, Feb. 16, 1755, in Kleckley, Letters of Boltzius, 2:618.

CHAPTER 12. “THIS PILGRIMAGE KIND OF LIFE”

1.Whitefield to the Countess of Huntingdon, May 27, 1755, Drew University Special Collections; also transcribed in John R. Tyson, ed., In the Midst of Early Methodism: Lady Huntingdon and Her Correspondence (Lanham, Md., 2006), 88. This letter is an instance in which Gillies’s version of one of Whitefield’s letters clearly excises a controversial section, since it includes no reference to the new rift with Wesley; see Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:120. Stirk to the Countess of Huntingdon, May 14, 1755, quoted in Tyson, In the Midst, 87.

2.Whitefield to John Wesley, Aug. 9, 1755, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:133; W. Reginald Ward and Richard P. Heitzenrater, eds., The Works of John Wesley: Journal and Diaries IV, 1755–1765 (Nashville, 1992), 21:33.

3.Whitefield to the Countess of Huntingdon, July 11, 1755, Drew University Special Collections; also transcribed in Tyson, In the Midst, 92; Whitefield to Lady ——, Nov. 17, 1756, Whitefield to [John] G[illies], Aug. 10, 1758, and Whitefield to Mrs. W——, July 18, 1759, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:193, 239, 254.

4.William R. Nester, The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755 (Westport, Conn., 2000), 227; Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years’ War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (New York, 2000), 102.

5.Whitefield to Miss P——, Aug. 30, 1755, and Whitefield to Mr. V——, Aug. 30, 1755, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:136–39.

6.Whitefield to Mr. B——, Nov. 1, 1755, in ibid., 3:146; Johnson quoted in James Boswell, The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, ed. Percy Fitzgerald (London, 1900), 543.

7.B[enjamin] Franklin to Whitefield, July 2, 1756, in Leonard W. Labaree, Papers of Benjamin Franklin, 6:468; Whitefield, Persons of All Denominations, 9, 11, 14, 16; Mahaffey, Accidental Revolutionary, 130–32; Whitefield to Lady H[untingdon], Apr. 18, 1756, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:173.

8.Whitefield to the Bishop of B[angor, Zachary Pearce], Feb. 2, 1756, and Whitefield to the Bishop of B[angor, Zachary Pearce], Feb. 23, 1756, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:158, 165; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:355–56.

9.Whitefield to the Bishop of B[angor, Zachary Pearce], Mar. 25, 1756, Whitefield to Mr. C——, Apr. 25, 1756, Whitefield to Lady H[untingdon], May 2, 1756, and Whitefield to Mrs. B——, Dec. 30, 1756, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:168, 177, 196; London Gazette, May 1, 1756.

10.“Discern any difference” quotation in Mack, Heart Religion, 65; Tate Wilkinson, Memoirs of His Own Life (York, UK, 1790) 3:8, 12; Stout, Divine Dramatist, 239.

11.Whitefield to Mr. M——, Nov. 26, 1757, and Whitefield to Professor F[rancke], Mar. 5, 1758, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:221, 230; letter to the editor, Lloyd’s Evening Post, Jan. 4, 1758; Russian Cruelty (London, 1760), 14; London Chronicle, Mar. 13, 1760; G. F. Nuttall, “Continental Pietism and the Evangelical Movement in Britain,” in Johannes van den Berg and Jan Pieter van Dooren, eds., Pietismus und Reveil (Leiden, 1978), 213.

12.Patrick Fagan, Catholics in a Protestant Country: The Papist Constituency in Eighteenth-Century Dublin (Portland, Ore., 1998), 44; Whitefield to Mr. ——, July 9, 1757, Whitefield to Mr. I——, July 15, 1757, and Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. G[illies], Oct. 16, 1757, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:207–9, 213.

13.Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:411.

14.Ibid., 2:422; Whitefield to Eleazar Wheelock, Oct. 22, 1759, in Papers of Eleazar Wheelock (Hanover, N.H., 1971), UMI microfilm.

15.Whitefield to Mr. D——, Feb. 5, 1760, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:259; London Chronicle, Feb. 2, 1760.

16.Phyllis T. Dircks, “Foote, Samuel (bap. 1721, d. 1777),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9808, accessed Mar. 12, 2013.

17.Samuel Foote, The Minor, a Comedy (London, 1760), 8, 46, 74–75, 90; Stout, Divine Dramatist, 243–44; Anderson, Imagining Methodism, 130, 144; Thomas V. Kenney, “Shandymania: Class, Religion, and Constupration in the Pamphlet Responses to Tristram Shandy” (PhD diss., Fordham University, 2008), 58–64.

18.Friendly Advice, For Dr. Squintum (London, 1760), 2; Anderson, Imagining Methodism, 144.

19.Charles Hardy to Whitefield, Oct. 7, 1760, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress; Anderson, Imagining Methodism, 149.

20.Anderson, Imagining Methodism, 150–53; Dennis Todd, Imagining Monsters: Miscreations of the Self in Eighteenth-Century England (Chicago, 1995), 295n62.

21.Charles Hardy to Whitefield, Oct. 7, 1760, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress; Whitefield to Mr. D——, Aug. 15, 1760, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:262; London Chronicle, Oct. 23, 1760.

22.John Grayson to Whitefield, Sept. 28, 1760, and Charles Hardy to Whitefield, Oct. 7, 1760, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress.

23.An Elegy on the Much Lamented Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield ([London?], 1761), broadside; Public Ledger, Mar. 30, 1761; Mary Grant to Whitefield, July 16, 1761, Evangelical Library (London); Whitefield to Mrs. C——, Oct. 24, 1761, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:271; General Evening Post, Jan. 14, 1762. For the death notice in America, see, for example, New-York Mercury, May 25, 1761.

24.Whitefield to Charles Wesley, July 29, 1762, in John Wesley Family Papers, Emory University Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library.

25.Whitefield to Charles Wesley, Mar. 17, 1763, Southern Methodist University Special Collections; Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 21:411; Whitefield to John Wesley, Sept. 25, 1764, in Arminian Magazine (Aug. 1782): 439–40.

26.Whitefield, Aaron’s Blessing the Children of Israel (Edinburgh, 1762), 18–19.

27.Whitefield, Observations on Some Fatal Mistakes (Edinburgh, 1763), 6–8; Whitefield to W—— P——, Esq., Dec. 30, 1766, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:343.

28.Whitefield to Mr. S—— S——, July 15, 1763, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:293.

29.Boston Gazette, Oct. 3, 1763; Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. G——, Dec. 18, 1763, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:304.

30.Boston Post-Boy, Jan. 16, 1764.

31.Whitefield to Mr. S—— S——, Mar. 10, 1764, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:307; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:472; Whitefield to Eleazar Wheelock, Jan. 12, 1764, Papers of Wheelock.

32.Methodism Anatomiz'd (Philadelphia, 1763), 2, 4; “phiz,” Oxford English Dictionary (thanks to Joseph Stubenrauch for this reference).

33.B[enjamin] Franklin to Whitefield, June 19, 1764, in Leonard W. Labaree, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1764 (New Haven, Conn., 1967), 11:231–32.

34.Whitefield to Mr. R—— K——n, Mar. 3, 1764, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:305; Whitefield to Eleazar Wheelock, Apr. 19, 1764, Papers of Wheelock; Kidd, Great Awakening, 272, 277.

35.New Hampshire Gazette, Mar. 30, 1764; William Gordon, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America (London, 1788), 1:143–44.

36.Gordon, History of the Rise, 1:143–144; Alexander Gordon, “Gordon, William (1727/8–1807),” rev. Troy O. Bickham, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11088, accessed Mar. 20, 2013.

37.Whitefield to Mr. R——, Sept. 4, 1748, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 2:172–73; W. R. Ward, “Evangelical Awakenings in the North Atlantic World,” in Stewart J. Brown and Timothy Tackett, eds., The Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 7, Enlightenment, Reawakening, and Revolution, 1660–1815 (New York, 2006), 346; London Evening Post, Apr. 9, 1765; Georgia Gazette, June 20, 1765; Boston Evening-Post, May 27, 1765; Thomas S. Kidd, God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution (New York, 2010), 59–66; Boston Evening-Post, June 11, 1764; Schlenther, Queen of the Methodists, 43.

38.Whitefield to R[obert] K[ee]n, Mar. 29, 1765, Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:325; New-York Gazette, June 18, 1764; Boston News-Letter, July 19, 1764; Boston Evening-Post, Oct. 22, 1764; Mr. Reed to the Secretary, Dec. 21, 1764, in Colonial Records of North Carolina (Raleigh, N.C., 1888), 6:1060–61; Bill Hand, “The Return of George Whitefield,” New Bern Sun Journal, Apr. 28, 2013, at http://www.newbernsj.com/news/local-columns/bill-hand-the-return-of-george-whitefield-1.134605, accessed Apr. 29, 2013. Thanks to Mr. Hand for e-mail correspondence about sources related to Whitefield’s North Carolina visits.

39.Whitefield to C—— H——, Nov. 22, 1764, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:317; New-York Gazette, May 13, 1765. It was about eight years before the technical introduction of Wesleyan Methodism in Virginia, but the writer was referring to other evangelicals as Methodists. Whitefield corrected North Carolina Anglicans on this point, saying, “None were properly called [Methodists], but the followers of himself and Mr. Wesley.” James Reed replied that while the new evangelicals might not technically be Whitefield’s followers, “they sprung from the seed which he first planted in New England”; see Mr. Reed to the Secretary, Dec. 21, 1764, in Colonial Records of North Carolina, 6:1060–61.

40.George Fenwick Jones, ed., “A Letter by Pastor Johann Martin Boltzius about Bethesda and Marital Irregularities in Savannah,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 84, no. 2 (Summer 2000): 288.

41.Jones, “Letter by Boltzius,” 289–90; Whitefield to Mr. S—— S——, Jan. 14, 1765, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:320; “Extract of a Letter from a Young Gentleman at Georgia,” Boston Evening-Post, May 6, 1765; London Chronicle, Apr. 20, 1765.

42.Whitefield to James Wright, Dec. 18, 1764, in Georgia Gazette, Jan. 17, 1765; Whitefield to the Archbishop, June 17 and July 4, 1767, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:475, 478; David Hempton, The Church in the Long Eighteenth Century (London, 2011), 153; “bell-weather” in George A. Stevens, The Celebrated Lecture on Heads (London, 1765), 20; Cashin, Beloved Bethesda, 85–92; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:482, 505.

43.Vincent Carretta, ed., Olaudah Equiano: The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings, rev. ed. (New York, 2003), 132; Caretta, “'I began to feel the happiness of liberty, of which I knew nothing before’: Eighteenth-Century Black Accounts,” in Philip Morgan, ed., African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee (Athens, Ga., 2010), 90–91.

44.William Jay, ed., Memoirs of the Life and Character of the Late Reverend Cornelius Winter (Bath, UK, 1808), 23; Whitefield, preface, The Works of that Eminent Servant of Christ Mr. John Bunyan, 3rd ed. (London, 1767), 1:iv; Allan M. Harman, “The Impact of Matthew Henry’s Exposition on Eighteenth-Century Christianity,” Evangelical Quarterly 82, no. 1 (Jan. 2010), 9–11; David Crump, “The Preaching of George Whitefield and His Use of Matthew Henry’s Commentary,” Crux 25, no. 3 (Sept. 1989), 19–28.

45.Jay, Memoirs of Winter, 24–28.

46.Ibid., 80–82.

47.Georgia Gazette, May 9, 1765.

48.James Habersham to Whitefield, Jan. 27, 1766, in James Habersham, Letters of Hon. James Habersham, 1756–1775 (Savannah, 1904), 54–55; Lambert, James Habersham, 156–67.

49.Leonard W. Labaree, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1766 (New Haven, Conn., 1969), 13:135–36, 255n; Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 248.

50.Whitefield to R[obert] K[ee]n, Oct. 7, 1765, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:332; Schlenther, Queen of the Methodists, 68–69.

51.W. Reginald Ward and Richard P. Heitzenrater, eds., The Works of John Wesley: Journal and Diaries V, 1765–1775 (Nashville, 1993), 22:24, 28–29, 99; The Life and Times of Selina Countess of Huntingdon (London, 1839), 1:475; Tyson, In the Midst, 11; Schlenther, Queen of the Methodists, 105–10.

52.Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 22:99; John Wesley to Mrs. Emma Moon, Dec. 6, 1767, in John Emory, ed., The Works of the Reverend John Wesley (New York, 1835), 6:762; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:531, 534; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:463–64.

53.London Chronicle, Feb. 28, 1765; Boston Evening-Post, Apr. 29, 1765; Eleazar Wheelock to Whitefield, Feb. 14, 1766, Papers of Wheelock; Kidd, Great Awakening, 210.

54.Whitefield to Peter [Vanbergh Livingston?], Feb. 27, 1766, Papers of Wheelock; Samson Occom, journal, in Joanna Brooks, ed., The Collected Writings of Samson Occom: Leadership and Literature in Eighteenth-Century Native America (New York, 2006), 266–67.

55.Occom journal, in Brooks, Samson Occom, 267; Whitefield to the Reverend Mr. G——, Apr. 25, 1766, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:335; Whitefield to Eleazar Wheelock, Feb. 9, 1767, Papers of Wheelock.

56.Samson Occom to Eleazar Wheelock, July 24, 1771, in Brooks, Samson Occom, 99, see also 161; Kidd, Great Awakening, 210–11.

57.Boswell, Life of Johnson, 3:223–24; Noll, Rise of Evangelicalism, 158–59.

58.Whitefield, A Letter to the Reverend Dr. Durrell (London, 1768), 26–27; W. C., Remarks upon the Reverend Mr. Whitefield’s Letter to the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford (Oxford, 1768), 2, 5.

59.Whitefield, Letter to Durrell, 41; Mahaffey, Accidental Revolutionary, 167–68.

60.Whitefield to A[ndrew] K[insman], July 2, 1768, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:371; Lloyd’s Evening Post, Aug. 8, 1768; Dallimore, Whitefield, 2:472.

61.Jay, Memoirs of Winter, 80.

62.James Davenport to Elizabeth Whitefield, Oct. 10, 1754, Dr. Williams’s Library (London); Whitefield to Mr. [Torial] J[o]ss, Aug. 16, 1768, and Whitefield to Mr. A——s, Mar. 11, 1769, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:373, 382; “some other person” quotation in Mack, Heart Religion, 109 (thanks to Joseph Stubenrauch for this reference).

63.Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 22:168, 172; Robert Keen to Whitefield, Aug. 5, 1769, in Whitefield Papers, Library of Congress.

64.Public Advertiser, Aug. 28, 1769.

65.Whitefield, A Sermon by the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield Being His Last Farewell to His Friends (London, 1769); Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 161.

66.Whitefield, Last Farewell to His Friends, iii, 11, 15.

67.Ibid., 29–31.

68.Jay, Memoirs of Winter, 78.

CONCLUSION. “JESUS CHRIST HAS GOT THEE AT LAST”

1.[William] Aldridge, ed., A Narrative of the Lord’s Wonderful Dealings with John Marrant, A Black, 4th ed. (London, 1785), 10–11.

2.Ibid., 11; Vincent Carretta, “Marrant, John (1755–1791),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (New York, 2004), at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/73349, accessed Apr. 8, 2013.

3.New-Hampshire Gazette, Jan. 26, 1770.

4.Whitefield to Mr. S—— S——, Jan. 11, 1770, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:412; Paul M. Pressly, On the Rim of the Caribbean: Colonial Georgia and the British Atlantic World (Athens, Ga., 2013), 69–70.

5.Boston Chronicle, Mar. 22, 1770; Tyerman, Life of Whitefield, 2:575–77; Whitefield, “Sermon Preached Before the Governor,” in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 6:382; Cashin, Beloved Bethesda, 94–95.

6.Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:496–500.

7.Whitefield to R[obert] K[ee]n, July 29 and Sept. 23, 1770, in Gillies, Works of Whitefield, 3:425, 426.

8.Whitefield to R[obert] K[ee]n, Sept. 23, 1770, in ibid., 3:427; Massachusetts Spy, Sept. 22, 1770; Richard Smith, testimony, in Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 273.

9.Richard Smith, testimony, in Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 272–74; Boston Evening-Post, Oct. 8, 1770; Boston News-Letter, Oct. 8, 1770; Robert E. Cray, Jr., “Memorialization and Enshrinement: George Whitefield and Popular Religious Culture, 1770–1850,” Journal of the Early Republic 10, no. 3 (Autumn 1990): 345.

10.Richard Smith, testimony, in Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 274–75.

11.Jay, Memoirs of Winter, 103, Lloyd, Charles Wesley, 57–58; Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 22:259.

12.John Wesley, A Sermon on the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield (London, 1770), 19, 23, 25; Ward and Heitzenrater, Works of John Wesley, 22:259–60.

13.Charles Wesley, An Elegy on the Late Reverend George Whitefield (Dublin, 1771), 6.

14.Phillis Wheatley, An Elegiac Poem, on the Death of that Celebrated Divine (Boston, 1770), 5–7; Vincent Carretta, Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage (Athens, Ga., 2011), 74; Patricia C. Willis, “Phillis Wheatley, George Whitefield, and the Countess of Huntingdon in the Beinecke Library,” Yale University Library Gazette 80, no. 3/4 (Apr. 2006): 168, 172.

15.B[enjamin] Franklin to Noble Wimberly Jones, Mar. 5, 1771, in William B. Wilcox, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1771 (New Haven, Conn., 1974), 18:53; Whitefield to “My Dear Doctor [Franklin],” Jan. 21, 1768, in William B. Wilcox, ed., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1768 (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 15:29.

16.Dallimore, Whitefield, 1:7–8.

17.Gillies, Memoirs of Whitefield, 358; London Evening Post, July 23, 1772; Esther Singleton, Social New York under the Georges, 1714–1776: Houses, Streets, and Country Homes, with Chapters on Fashions, Furniture, China, Plate, and Manners (New York, 1902), 318–19; Brendan McConville, The King’s Three Faces: The Rise and Fall of Royal America, 1688–1776 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2006), 136.

18.New Hampshire Gazette, Oct. 10, 1770; An Elegiac Poem; Sacred to the Memory of the Rev. George Whitefield (Boston, 1770), 6.

19.Nathaniel Whitaker, A Funeral Sermon, On the Death of the Reverend George Whitefield (Salem, Mass., 1770), 33–34; Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity,” 222–23.

20.Jane Dunlap, Poems, Upon Several Sermons, Preached by the Rev'd, and Renowned, George Whitefield (Boston, 1771), title page, 10, 20; James G. Basker, ed., Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery (New Haven, Conn., 2002), 192.

21.Joel T. Headley, The Chaplains and Clergy of the Revolution (New York, 1864), 93; Cray, “Memorialization and Enshrinement,” 349–50; James Kirby Martin, Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered (New York, 1997), 118–19; Charles P. Hanson, Necessary Virtue: The Pragmatic Origins of Religious Liberty in New England (Charlottesville, Va., 1998), 6–7; “un-Protestant” quotation in Heimert, Religion and the American Mind, 483.

22.Minton Thrift, Memoir of the Rev. Jesse Lee (New York, 1823), 155–156; Cray, “Memorialization and Enshrinement,” 353–54.

23.Euphemia Vale Blake, History of Newburyport: From the Earliest Settlement of the Country to the Present Time (Newburyport, Mass., 1854), 374–75; Colleen McDannell, Material Christianity: Religion and Popular Culture in America (New Haven, Conn., 1995), 42–43; “Famous Finger Donated to Drew University,” Aug. 21, 2002, AP report at Boston.com, http://www.boston.com/news/daily/21/famous_finger.htm, accessed Apr. 30, 2013; Cray, “Memorialization and Enshrinement,” 357–58; G. Jeffrey MacDonald, “Evangelicals on the Newburyport Trail,” Christianity Today, July 23, 2009, at http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2009/july/33.34.html?start=1, accessed Apr. 30, 2013.

24.Wesley funeral sermon coin, and cherub coin, in the catalogue of Stack’s May 2006 auction, http://www.stacksarchive.com/viewcat.php?auction=ST0506&heading=23909&headinglevel=3, accessed May 5, 2013; C. Wyllys Betts, American Colonial History Illustrated by Contemporary Medals (New York, 1894), 232–34.

25.London Evening Post, Mar. 10, 1774; J. F. Blacker, Nineteenth Century English Ceramic Art (Boston, 1911), 168–70.

26.“George Whitefield’s Success,” New York Times, Aug. 12, 1877.

27.Times of London, Dec. 14, 1914, 5; El Paso Herald, Jan. 15, 1915.

28.“Commemoration of the Two Hundredth Anniversary of the Life of George Whitefield,” Herald of Gospel Liberty, Aug. 20, 1914; Washington Herald, Dec. 12, 1914, 5; Western Liberal (Lordsburg, N.M.), Jan. 1, 1915, 1; Kingston Gleaner, Dec. 12, 1914; Kidd, Great Awakening, 265; “East Queen Street Baptist Church,” Jamaica National Heritage Trust, at http://www.jnht.com/site_east_queen_street_baptist_church.php, accessed Apr. 30, 2013.

29.“Whitefield Statue Unveiled,” Pennsylvania Gazette, June 27, 1919; Jeanne Long, “For the Record: George Whitefield,” Penn Current, Mar. 21, 2013, at http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/2013-03-21/record/record-george-whitefield, accessed Apr. 30, 2013.

30.“Says America Owes England Huge Debt,” New York Times, Oct. 27, 1922; “Whitefield Is Honored,” New York Times, May 9, 1938; Harold W. Dodds, “Education and Piety: The President Speculates on Their Relationship as Shown in the Work of George Whitefield,” Princeton Alumni Weekly 38, no. 33 (May 27, 1938).

31.Stout, Divine Dramatist, xvi, 289; Jon Butler, “Whitefield in America: A Two Hundred Fiftieth Commemoration,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 113, no. 4 (Oct. 1989): 517; Dallimore, review of Stout, Divine Dramatist, at Resurgence: A Ministry of Mars Hill Church, http://theresurgence.com/files/pdf/arnold_dallimore_1992-10_the_divine_dramatist—george_whitefield_and_the_rise_of_modern_evangelicalism.pdf, accessed Apr. 30, 2013; John Piper, “'I Will Not Be a Velvet-Mouthed Preacher!’: The Life and Ministry of George Whitefield; Living and Preaching as Though God Were Real (Because He Is),” Feb. 3, 2009, Desiring God, http://www.desiringgod.org/resource-library/biographies/i-will-not-be-a-velvet--mouthed-preacher, accessed Apr. 30, 2013.

32.Glenn Beck, “'Glenn Beck’: Founders’ Friday: George Whitefield,” May 17, 2010, at http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,592997,00.html, accessed Apr. 30, 2013.

33.Stout, Divine Dramatist, xiii.

34.J. C. Ryle, A Sketch of the Life and Labors of George Whitefield (New York, 1854), 28; Gatiss, Sermons of Whitefield, 1:19. Bruce Daniels refers to Whitefield’s “shallow theology” in his review of Jerome Mahaffey’s Preaching Politics, (Journal of American History 95, no. 3 [Dec. 2008]: 819). While Stout concedes that Whitefield was a thoroughgoing Calvinist, he also argues that Whitefield often “showed no interest in theology” and that he had to sell the new birth “with all the dramatic artifice of a huckster”; see Stout, Divine Dramatist, 39–40. Daniel Pals says that Whitefield blithely “passes over scriptural exegesis or doctrinal exposition” in favor of simplistic “evangelical moralism”; see Pals, “Several Christologies of the Great Awakening,” Anglican Theological Review 72, no. 4 (Fall 1990): 425.

35.Whitefield’s will, Mar. 22, 1770, in Tyson, In the Midst, 214; James Habersham to the Countess of Huntingdon, Dec. 10, 1770, in Letters of Habersham, 6:107; Schlenther, Queen of the Methodists, 91; Cashin, Beloved Bethesda, 140–41.

36.Brown, Moral Capital, 105–7, 127.

37.Boston News-Letter, Feb. 8, 1770; Liberator, June 16, Aug. 11, 1832; Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), 425.

38.Occom journal, Apr. 2, 1786, in Brooks, Samson Occom, 334.

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