I 'Fundamentalists' under Fire
CHAPTER I
'FUNDAMENTALISTS' UNDER FIRE
And it came to pass, when Ahab saw Elijah, that Ahab said unto him, Is it thou, thou troubler of Israel?
1 KINGS xviii. 17, RV
'FUNDAMENTALISM' has recently grown notorious. Three factors seem to have caused this: Billy Graham's evangelistic crusades, the growth of evangelical groups in schools and universities, and the increase of evangelical candidates for the ministry. A long correspondence in The Times in August 1955, coupled with strong words from bishops, headmasters and other responsible persons, made 'Fundamentalism' a matter of general interest. Since then, 'anti-fundamentalism' has become a widespread fashion. The debate continues, and shows no sign of abating yet.
It must encourage evangelical Christians to find so much notice taken of their position. The fact that those who differ from them can no longer ignore them marks a real increase in their influence. Unhappily, however, this discussion of their views goes on under what F. L. Patton once described as 'a condition of low visibility'. Crucial terms are used equivocally; questions are not clearly formulated; disputants snipe at each other more or less haphazardly. This is an unhelpful state of affairs, for low visibility leads to argument at cross purposes, and cross purposes stultify argument altogether. The following pages have been written in an attempt to resolve some of the misunderstandings that have arisen and with the aim of showing what is really at stake in this controversy.
VARIED CRITICISMS
Consider first how its critics picture 'Fundamentalism'. They have two main ways of doing this, neither of which is adequate.
Sometimes they define it as a theological peculiarity; namely, adherence to a distinctive doctrine of Scripture. But they are not then unanimous as to what that doctrine is. Professor Alan Richardson, for instance, in the 1950 edition of Chambers' Encyclopœdia described 'Fundamentalism' as a view about the origin of the Bible—'the theory of biblical inspiration which regards the written words of the Bible as divinely dictated'.1 The Bishop of Rochester, however, in a sermon printed in Theology for March 1956 (since published separately), defined 'Fundamentalism' as a view about the nature of the Bible—'the verbal inerrancy of Holy Scripture'; while the author of the leading article which ended The Times correspondence pictured it as a view about the interpretation of the Bible, describing a 'Fundamentalist' as 'a theologian who holds that every word of them (the Scriptures) should be treated as factually true'. Some elaborate this last point by adding that these 'Fundamentalists' have an authoritarian cast of mind and compel their disciples to subscribe to all the peculiarities of their exegesis. Thus, Gabriel Hebert makes the extraordinary statement: 'The "Jehovah's Witnesses" and the "Seventh Day Adventists" are Fundamentalists in the strict sense2 since they assume the complete infallibility and inerrancy of the text of the Bible, and add interpretations of their own which are imposed as of obligation on their adherents.'3 Such a remark is, in fact, a complete reductio ad absurdum of the idea that the distinguishing mark of evangelical Christianity (which is what all these writers are trying to talk about) is its adherence to any or all of the opinions listed above. A criterion which fails to differentiate evangelical Christians from non-Christian groups like Jehovah's Witnesses is plainly inadequate. Some other definition is required.
Sometimes a broader picture is painted. 'Fundamentalism' is then depicted as a religious phenomenon, distinguished not merely by its queer doctrine of Scripture, but also by certain peculiarities of practice. Dr. Michael Ramsey, for instance, writing in The Bishoprick (the Durham diocesan magazine) in February 1956, described 'Fundamentalism' as 'a version of Christianity with certain closely knit features' which he listed as follows: a denial of the human element in the Bible; a belief in the penal doctrine of the atonement; a habit of appealing for immediate decision at the close of evangelistic sermons; and an individualistic doctrine of the Holy Spirit's work in the believer which makes churchmanship and sacraments practically superfluous. Gabriel Hebert, in the book already cited, suggests that the evangelical movement is disfigured chiefly by two things : an inadequate doctrine of the Bible, and a proud attitude of spiritual self-sufficiency.1 Others give other lists of its failings. Liberals blame 'Fundamentalists' for not being Liberals; sacramentalists for not being sacramentalists; neo-orthodox for not being neo-orthodox; and so on. The limitation of this kind of criticism is clear. It tells us, in terms of some other system, what 'Fundamentalism' is not, without telling us—often, indeed, without even asking—what 'Fundamentalism' is in terms of itself. Consequently, these accounts do not touch the heart of the matter; for 'Fundamentalism' is something quite different from these other systems, and can be understood only in terms of its own first principles.
There is one point, however, on which all 'anti-fundamentalists' seem to agree; that is, that the doctrine of Scripture which they attribute to their evangelical brethren (whether they define it as dictation, literalism, inerrancy or anything else) is new, eccentric and in reality untenable. They note that the word 'Fundamentalism' is a twentieth-century coinage, and conclude that the thing is as new as its name. It began, they say, as a reaction against literary and historical criticism of the Bible, and attacks launched in the name of science against what the Bible was thought to teach about creation. It represents a defiant hardening of pre-critical and pre-scientific views, a desperate attempt to bolster up obsolete traditions. As such, it is a flight from facts. It provides a bolt-hole from the present to the past. In order to be a 'Fundamentalist', one must keep one's mind resolutely closed—locked, bolted and barred—against the entry of modern knowledge about the Bible. 'Fundamentalism' is thus retrograde and, in effect, dishonest. 'Intellectual hara-kiri' (to quote a correspondent to The Times) is the price which it exacts of its adherents; they have to learn to turn a blind eye to plain facts. This is why 'Fundamentalism' is so often equated with obscurantism, which the Shorter Oxford Dictionary defines as 'the practice or principles of those who strive to prevent enlightenment or the progress of knowledge'. The critics of 'Fundamentalism' see it as one among the many movements of blind reaction which disfigure the record of man's intellectual history; it presents to them the all-too-familiar spectacle of a die-hard traditionalism refusing to confess itself out-of-date. And in the heat of its reaction, they think, it has lost all balance of judgment. Some truths it runs to death, others it neglects entirely, and those who cannot say all its shibboleths it damns out of hand. 'It is heretical,' Dr. Ramsey declares, 'in one of the classic meanings of heresy, in that it represents a fixation of distorted elements from the Bible without the balanced tradition of scriptural truth as a whole. It is sectarian, in that the ardent Fundamentalist has no regard for religion outside his own experience and vocabulary.' As its critics see it, therefore 'Fundamentalism' holds out no promise for the future; it can do only harm while it lives; and the best that can be hoped for is that it may die decently and soon.
Naturally, those who take this view of the matter are deeply and sincerely distressed to see how vigorously 'Fundamentalists' labour to win young people to their faith. Such work, they fear, must in the long run do more harm than good. Their anxiety on this point was forthrightly voiced in the letter deploring Billy Graham's Cambridge mission with which the correspondence in The Times began. 'Universities exist for the advancement of learning,' said the letter; 'on what basis, therefore, can fundamentalism claim a hearing at Cambridge? In other spheres . . . an approach which pays no heed to the work of modern scholarship is unthinkable before a university audience. . . Is it not time that our religious leaders made it plain that . . . they cannot regard fundamentalism as likely to issue in anything but disillusionment and disaster for educated men and women in this twentieth-century world?'1 A movement that is essentially obscurantist must inevitably be hostile to the best interests of Christian scholarship and education; and this, it is said, means that 'Fundamentalism' is a menace to the very work of evangelism which it so energetically sponsors. The robust and unhesitating acceptance by the 'fundamentalist' preacher of what 'the Bible says' imparts to his message an attractive note of certainty and authority. This is just what alarms those who criticize this approach to evangelism; for biblical authority as 'Fundamentalists' understand it cannot, they think, be honestly maintained. To demand unquestioning submission to what 'the Bible says' seems to them tantamount to telling men to crucify their reason; such an attitude to the Bible, they think, is superstitious rather than religious, and bibliolatrous rather than Christian.
That 'Fundamentalists' do in fact tell men to crucify their reason is very obvious, such critics say, from their technique of evangelism. They meet intellectual difficulties, not with argument, but with authority; the claims of reason are brushed aside and enquirers are directed, on the sole basis of what 'the Bible says', to an act of blind 'decision', in which (they are told) the answer to all their problems will somehow magically be found. It is precisely in this crude but cavalier dogmatism, it is supposed, that the appeal of the 'fundamentalist' gospel lies. It cannot be denied that this gospel works a remarkable transformation in the lives of very many; but this is attributed not to the force of truth, but to the attraction of an authoritarian system. For adolescents this attraction is particularly strong, and particularly harmful. Dr. Ramsey expresses himself on this subject with vigour. '"Fundamentalist" evangelism', he writes, 'produces an ardent discipleship often marked by zeal and self-sacrifice. And why? It offers authority and security, quick and sure, to a generation restless and insecure. Other and more wholesome versions of Christianity offer security indeed—but rather more slowly. . . . But here is security—in a single night. Hither, young man, drown your worries in the rapture of conversion: stifle your doubts by abdicating the use of your mind. A rousing sermon, a hurricane of emotion, a will to leap in the dark—and peace at once and for ever.' That, at any rate, is what this escapist gospel promises; but 'the stifling of the mind in the process of decision may bring the most terrible revenges in scepticism and disillusion'.1 And this, Dr. Ramsey thinks, is often the result of the evangelism of 'Fundamentalists'; for it seems to him an essential part of their gospel that man must renounce the guidance of reason in order to embrace an unreasonable bibliolatry.
THE NEED FOR AN ANSWER
Thus the critics generally interpret and evaluate what Dr. Ramsey calls 'our English fundamentalism'. Naturally, they are not too respectful towards it. There is no doubt whom they have in mind in all this; it is the evangelical movement as a whole that is under fire. Hebert, in his book, is quite explicit: 'conservative evangelicals in the Church of England and other churches, and . . . the Inter-Varsity Fellowship of Evangelical Unions' are the persons to whom, and of whom, he is speaking.2 Now what should the reaction of Evangelicals be? Their critics' interpretation of Evangelicalism is, in their opinion, demonstrably false, and the strictures based on it are invalid. But theological controversy is an arid business, and 'anti-fundamentalism' is a fashion that may soon pass, as so many other fashions in theology have done. Might it not be wiser to ignore the whole thing?
There are at least two reasons why it would be wrong to pass over these criticisms in silence.
In the first place, they are made in good faith. They spring from a serious concern for Christian education and scholarship, for pastoral and evangelistic work in schools and colleges, for the welfare of the world Church. Such concern is right, and Evangelicals respect it; indeed, they share it. If, therefore, they think that their critics' fears are groundless, it is their duty to allay them. Furthermore, if they think that it is the principles of their critics, rather than those of Evangelicalism, which endanger the interests that we all have at heart, then they ought to say so. But they do think these things. That is one reason why this book is being written.
In the second place, these criticisms go deep. If they were concerned only with current evangelical practice, they would not much matter. Indeed, they would be rather comic; for it is not hard to show that the descriptions of evangelical practice which are being put forward are somewhat wide of the mark. Dr. Ramsey's picture of 'fundamentalist' evangelism, for instance, to which we referred above, is a caricature, as J. R. W. Stott showed in his booklet, Fundamentalism and Evangelism.1 But, in fact, these criticisms are directed rather at evangelical principles than at evangelical practice. We dismiss them too lightly if we do not see this. Why is Dr. Ramsey's description of 'fundamentalist' evangelism such a caricature? Simply because it is partly an interpretation of the practice in terms of what he regards as the principle underlying it. He considers the uncompromising demand for submission to what 'the Bible says', because the Bible says it, to be essentially unreasonable. Therefore, he interprets the appeal for 'decision' on this basis as being, in effect, a command to stifle the mind. His judgment of the practice is determined by his view of the principle. So it is with the other critics generally. Their real case is that 'Fundamentalism' is founded on a false principle—the exploded notion of biblical inerrancy. This is to say, in effect, that Evangelicalism is a form of Christianity that cannot honestly be held today. Such an indictment surely calls for comment by those who believe the evangelical faith to be the revealed truth of God. This is a further reason why it seemed needful to write this book.
What, then, are the real questions at issue? and how should we set about discussing them?
Here we are confronted with a remarkable fact. When 'anti-fundamentalists' generalize about 'Fundamentalism', they use, as we saw, very strong language; they describe it as 'obscurantist', 'heretical', 'sectarian', 'schismatic', 'crude' and 'atavistic', and its influence as 'disastrous'. Nothing seems too bad to say about it! But when, after this, they come down to details, they are suddenly found assuring us that there is no substantial difference between Evangelicals and themselves at all! This strange volteface is worth looking into.
The critics (at least, the more charitable and balanced of them) normally argue somewhat as follows : 'The first thing to grasp,' they say, 'is that these "Fundamentalists" are essentially orthodox in their beliefs and admirably forthright in their witness to basic Christian truth.1 But, unfortunately, there seem to be gaps in the evangelical understanding of the gospel (on such matters as the Church, the sacraments, and the meaning of Christian witness in society); and there are crudities too (such as this obscurantist attitude to the Bible, which casts a black shadow over all evangelical theology). Because of these ugly disfigurements, it is proper to call "Fundamentalism" heretical. But "Fundamentalists" do not err on anything essential, and a few minor adjustments of certain points in their teaching would put them right.' From this analysis they go on to draw the following conclusion. 'It appears,' they say, 'that there is no valid reason why evangelical groups should stand apart from such bodies as the S.G.M. If only "Fundamentalists" would abandon their isolationism and come into these movements ! They would lose nothing worth keeping; they would enrich the rest of the Church by sharing what God has taught them, and they would be enriched themselves as they learned what God has been teaching others. As it is, both sides are impoverished, and there is real danger that "fundamentalist" intransigence will end in schism.'
This is how some critics have analysed the situation. They are, in fact, only applying to this specific context things that during the past decade have been said again and again by ardent ecumenicals about 'Fundamentalists'. But the analysis is superficial and incorrect. It reflects two characteristic weaknesses of ecumenical theology. The first is the tendency to treat every theological tradition as no more than a loosely linked collection of isolated insights, brought together by the mere accident of history. But the evangelical faith is a systematic and integrated whole, built on a single foundation; and it must be understood and assessed as such. If, after recording their approval of the central themes of evangelical theology, these critics had looked below the surface and enquired into the foundation principle of that theology, they would not be able to say that they know of no major doctrinal issue separating the two sides. In fact, the cause of the division is, from one point of view, the deepest doctrinal divergence of all—disagreement as to the principle of authority; for there can be no stable agreement on anything between those who disagree here. Through treating the position of Evangelicals as mere bits and pieces and failing to ask why they believe the things that they do believe, the critics have missed this issue altogether. Yet it is the heart of the controversy, and it is here that our discussion must centre.
The second weakness of ecumenical thought which this analysis exposes is its conception of theological method. Its working principle is that all doctrinal views held, at any rate, by sizeable groups within Christendom are facets and fragments of God's truth, and should therefore be regarded as, in some way, complementary to each other. The way to construct a truly catholic theology is, accordingly, to conglomerate and, as far as possible, to fuse together all these different insights; and, where this cannot as yet be done, to hold them in tension till further analysis reveals the right way to combine them. And this programme, we are told, includes within its scope the insights of 'Fundamentalism', which are needed as much as any to make up the total picture.
F.—2
We regard this conception as a half-truth; an important half-truth, certainly, but only a half-truth. And a half-truth treated as the whole truth becomes a complete untruth. We agree that no single human formulation of God's truth can be final or exhaustive; we agree that it will take the combined insight of the whole Church to grasp the whole truth of God, and that all groups within Christendom have much to learn from each other; we know that we are all prone to misunderstand the views of others, and to do so in an unfavourable sense; we recognize that there is at least a grain of truth in every heresy, and that views which are partly wrong are also partly right. It is indeed important in theological discussion to bear these things in mind. But it is even more important to remember that the essential step in sound theologizing is to bring all views—one's own as well as those of others—to the touchstone of Scripture. This is a step which much ecumenical theology seems to overlook. It tells us that older theology was woefully one-sided in its habit of treating opposing views simply as forms of error; but it is itself no less one-sided in its own habit of treating them simply as aspects of truth. Indeed, the last state is worse than the first; for the older theology, whatever its faults, was at least vividly conscious of the difference between truth and error, whereas the modern determination to judge the doctrinal disputes of Christendom as the Dodo judged the caucus-race ('Everybody has won, and all must have prizes') seems to show a degree of theological agnosticism and indifference to truth which is, to say the least, disturbing. The truth is that it is not enough to labour at assimilating the various views to each other. Such labour may serve to promote better mutual understanding; but we are not entitled to infer from the fact that a group of people are drawing nearer to each other that any of them is drawing nearer to the truth. Our first task must be to test all the words of men by the authoritative Word of God, to receive only what Scripture endorses, and to reject all that is contrary to it.1 The essence of right theological method is thus reformation rather than conglomeration. For we may not assume in advance that all views are simply aspects of truth. Some of our fancied insights and cherished traditions may prove to be radical perversions of truth when tested by Scripture. We must take seriously what the Bible says about the reality of error in the Church (cf. Mt. vii. 15; 1 Tim. iv. 1 ff.; 1 Jn. iv. 1 ff.). So, when the Evangelical is assured by his critics that they do in fact approve of most of what he says and does, and is asked on that account to come and join them in further ecumenical enterprise, he declines. He thinks that the differences are being minimized and that the unity to which he is invited would prove a hollow pretence. Instead, the Evangelical asks his critics to come and join him in submitting the methods and conclusions of their respective theologies to the judgment of the written Word of God.
THE AIM OF THIS BOOK
In the following pages, we hope to do two things. First, we shall show what 'Fundamentalism' is. We have seen that it is widely interpreted as a modern movement of reaction. We shall show that, in fact, 'Fundamentalism' is just a twentieth-century name for historic Evangelicalism, though not, in our judgment, a very good or useful name. We shall show further that, although we must admit that many weaknesses and failings do manifest themselves, some of the oddities attributed to this movement are wholly imaginary, and that the rest are not the consequence of evangelical belief, but are rather inconsistencies which an Evangelicalism that is true to its own nature will be the first to deplore.
Then we shall discuss the fundamental question between 'Fundamentalists' and their critics—the question of authority in the Christian Church. We shall show that authentic Christianity is a religion of biblical authority. In the course of our discussion, we shall see where some of the other issues raised in this controversy fit in. We shall deal, for instance, with the subject of biblical inerrancy, which Hebert regards (rightly in a sense, though not quite in the sense he supposes) as the heart of the evangelical position. He criticizes the concept of inerrancy as being negative;1 but in fact, as we shall see, it is a very positive and significant notion, for it is basic to the doctrine of biblical authority. Only truth can be authoritative ; only an inerrant Bible can be used, as we shall hope to show, in the way that God means Scripture to be used.
Again, we shall deal with the accusation of obscurantism. We have seen that some interpret this controversy as essentially an issue between the representatives of progress in biblical study and certain die-hard traditionalists who have set their faces against modern scholarship. We shall see that this is not so. Evangelicals do not wish to put the clock back to the days before scientific study began. What they desire is that modern Bible study should be genuinely scientific—that is to say, fully biblical in its method; and their chief complaint against modern criticism is that it so often fails here. It is true that Evangelicals call for a return to principles of Bible study which have a long history in the Christian Church, and for some revision of modern critical methods in the light of them. But that is not because these principles are traditional; it is because they are biblical. There is certainly an arrogant, hide-bound type of traditionalism, unthinking and uncritical, which is carnal and devilish. But there is also a respectful willingness to take help from the Church's past in order to understand the Bible in the present; and such traditionalism is spiritual and Christian. Moreover, it is this attitude alone that makes possible real progress in theology; for theology goes forward only by looking back—back through the Church's heritage of teaching to Jesus Christ and His apostles. Evangelicals seek to be traditionalists of this kind. If they lapse from the second kind of traditionalism to the first, they become bad Evangelicals, and their fall discredits not their principles, but themselves. No doubt there are bad Evangelicals; and the critics of 'Fundamentalism' have probably met them. Their false impressions may therefore be due simply to mistaking the nature of the genuine evangelical outlook. We shall say more of this later.
It may be helpful to outline the argument that we shall put forward in the following chapters. We shall maintain that Jesus Christ constituted Christianity a religion of biblical authority. He is the Church's Lord and Teacher; and He teaches His people by His Spirit through His written Word. As the Westminster Confession puts it: 'The supreme Judge, by which all controversies of religion are to be determined, and all decrees of councils, opinions of ancient writers, doctrines of men, and private spirits, are to be examined, and in whose sentence we are to rest, can be no other but the Holy Spirit speaking in the Scripture.'1 We shall argue that subjection to the authority of Christ involves subjection to the authority of Scripture. Anything short of unconditional submission to Scripture, therefore, is a kind of impenitence; any view that subjects the written Word of God to the opinions and pronouncements of men involves unbelief and disloyalty towards Christ. Types of Christianity which regard as authoritative either tradition (as Romanism does) or reason (as Liberalism does) are perversions of the faith, for they locate the seat of authority, not in the Word of God, but in the words of men. Evangelicalism, however, seeking as it does to acknowledge in all things the supremacy of Scripture, is in principle Christianity at its purest and truest. We would not, indeed, deny that Evangelicals often fall below their principles, just as Roman Catholics and Liberal Protestants are themselves sometimes inconsistent and give to Scripture a position of authority which their principles would seem to disallow. Evangelicalism has no monopoly of gifts and graces. But that is not the point here. What we shall insist on is that the evangelical principle of authority is authentically Christian, whereas other principles are not.
Accordingly, we shall contend that 'Fundamentalism' (in so far as consistent Evangelicalism is meant by this term) is in principle nothing but Christianity itself. The critics call it a new heresy. We shall give reasons for regarding it as the oldest orthodoxy, grounded four-square upon the teaching of Christ and His apostles. We are told that it is an eccentric deviation from the historic faith. We shall show that, in fact, it stands in the direct line of Christian development in a way that other forms of the faith do not. We are told that it is obscurantist, able to survive only by shutting its eyes to facts. We shall suggest that the boot is, in fact, on the other foot; that 'Fundamentalism' (again, consistent Evangelicalism is meant) has its eyes open to facts which its critics have not faced, and which are decisive against the positions which these latter occupy. It is said that 'Fundamentalists' have forfeited their intellectual honesty and are squandering the Church's intellectual heritage. We shall argue that, on the contrary, 'Fundamentalism' is the only consistently thought-out version of the faith, and the 'Fundamentalist' is the only Christian who uses his mind in a fully Christian way. It is said that 'Fundamentalism' narrows the mind. We shall see that what it really does is to set the mind free from current prejudice so that it can achieve a genuinely Christian outlook. 'Fundamentalists' are accused of spiritual pride. This is deplorable where it is true; but we shall suggest that, in fact, their doctrinal position expresses and inculcates intellectual humility. 'Fundamentalism' is said to be schismatic in spirit, and a threat to the unity of the Church; but we shall maintain that a consistent Evangelicalism is the truest catholicity. And we shall give reasons for thinking that the adverse judgments on 'Fundamentalism' which we have noted spring partly from failure to discern the nature of the thing judged and partly from failure to criticize the presuppositions on which those judgments rest. For we think that part of the reason, at least, why 'Fundamentalism' impresses its critics as distorted Christianity is that their own conception of Christianity is, in fact, distorted, and it is this, we believe, that more than anything else needs revision. Our critics wish that we would align ourselves with them. We look for a day when they will stand with us. For, wherever the terms 'heretical' and 'sectarian' may belong, they are out of place in the 'fundamentalist' camp. Consistent Evangelicals are the last Christians in the world to whom they apply.