Notes
PART 1
THE IRRESISTIBLE ADVANCE
1. Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (A.D. 100-400) (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), viii.
2. Ibid., 2.
3. Ibid.
4. Ralph D. Winter, “The Kingdom Strikes Back: The Ten Epochs of Redemptive History,” in Perspectives on the World Christian Movement, ed. Ralph D. Winter and Steven C. Hawthorne (Pasadena: William Carey, 1981), 150.
5. J. Herbert Kane, A Concise History of the Christian World Mission: A Panoramic View of Missions from Pentecost to the Present (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978), 43.
6. Winter, “The Kingdom Strikes Back,” 148.
7. Philip Schaff, The Middle Ages, vol. 5 of History of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 588–89.
1
THE EARLY CENTURIES: EVANGELIZING THE ROMAN EMPIRE
1. David Bosch, Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1991), 16.
2. J. Herbert Kane, A Concise History of the Christian World Mission: A Panoramic View of Missions from Pentecost to the Present (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978), 7.
3. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1964), 24.
4. Milton L. Rudnick, Speaking the Gospel through the Ages: A History of Evangelism (St. Louis: Concordia, 1984), 14.
5. Ramsay MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire (A.D. 100–400) (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984), 109–10, 150.
6. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History: quoted in Neill, History of Christian Missions, 39–40.
7. John Foxe, Foxe’s Christian Martyrs of the World (Chicago: Moody Press, n.d.), 41.
8. Quoted in Neill, History of Christian Missions, 45.
9. Ibid., 42.
10. Ibid., 43.
11. Quoted in F. F. Bruce, The Spreading Flame: The Rise and Progress of Christianity from Its First Beginnings to the Conversion of the English (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 170.
12. Ibid., 171.
13. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 257–59.
14. Rudnick, Speaking the Gospel, 23.
15. Frederick W. Weidmann, Polycarp and John (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999), 60, 64, 72.
16. Kenneth Scott Latourette, The First Five Centuries, vol. 1 of A History of the Expansion of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970), 80.
17. N. T. Wright, What Saint Paul Really Said (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997), 37.
18. Roland Allen, Missionary Methods: St. Paul’s or Ours? (Chicago: Moody Press, 1956), 3–4.
19. Ibid., 6–7.
20. Ben Witherington III, The Renewed Search for the Jew of Tarsus (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1998), 128.
21. Michael Duncan, “The Other Side of Paul,” On Being (June 1991): 21–23.
22. Bosch, Transforming Mission, 124.
23. Cited in John Mark Terry, “The History of Missions in the Early Church,” in Missiology: An Introduction to the Foundations, History, and Strategies of World Missions, ed. John Mark Terry, Ebbie C. Smith, and Justice Anderson (Nashville: Broadman, 1998), 167.
24. Bruce, The Spreading Flame, 174.
25. W. H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (Oxford: Blackwell, 1965), 241, 189.
26. Bruce, The Spreading Flame, 260.
27. Philip Schaff, Ante-Nicene Christianity, vol. 2 of History of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 666.
28. Weidmann, Polycarp and John, passim.
29. Schaff, Ante-Nicene Christianity, 2:667.
30. Jack N. Sparks, St. Irenaios: The Preaching of the Apostles. See www.goarch.org/en/resources/fathers/contents.html (February 6, 2004).
31. Elliott Wright, Holy Company: Christian Heroes and Heroines (New York: Macmillan, 1980), 80.
32. Weidmann, Polycarp and John, 81.
33. Bruce, The Spreading Flame, 174.
34. Edith Deen, Great Women of the Christian Faith (New York: Harper & Row, 1959), 3.
35. Wright, Holy Company, 234.
36. Ibid., 235.
37. Deen, Great Women, 5.
38. Sherwood Wirt, “God’s Darling,” Moody Monthly (February 1977): 58.
39. Joyce E. Salisbury, Perpetua’s Passion: The Death and Memory of a Young Roman Woman (New York: Routledge, 1997), 92.
40. Wright, Holy Company, 236.
41. Deen, Great Women, 6.
42. Wirt, “God’s Darling,” 60.
43. Latourette, First Five Centuries, 213.
44. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 55; V. Raymond Edman, The Light in Dark Ages (Wheaton, IL: Van Kampen, 1949), 91.
45. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 55n.
46. Latourette, First Five Centuries, 214.
47. Philostorgius, History of the Church, quoted in Eerdmans’ Handbook to the History of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Erdmans, 1977), 180.
48. Edman, Light in Dark Ages, 93.
49. David Plotz, “St. Patrick: No snakes. No shamrocks. Just the facts,” March 17, 2000, http://slate.msn.com/id/77427/.
50. Thomas O’Loughlin, St. Patrick: The Man and His Works (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1999), 1.
51. Bruce, The Spreading Flame, 373.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., 374.
54. O’Loughlin, St. Patrick, 43.
55. Bruce, The Spreading Flame, 376–77.
56. J. Herbert Kane, “Saint Patrick—Evangelical Missionary to Ireland,” Eternity 23, no. 7 (July 1972): 34.
57. Latourette, First Five Centuries, 219.
58. Quoted in Bruce, The Spreading Flame, 381.
59. Edman, Light in Dark Ages, 145.
60. E. H. Broadbent, The Pilgrim Church (London: Pickering & Inglis, 1974), 34–35.
61. Will Durant, The Age of Faith, vol. 4 of The Story of Civilization (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1950), 532.
62. Kenneth Scott Latourette, The Thousand Years of Uncertainty, vol. 2 of A History of the Expansion of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970), 54.
2
ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSIONS: BAPTIZING THE MASSES
1. Philip Hughes, A Popular History of the Reformation (New York: Doubleday, 1960), 19.
2. Christopher Dawson, Religion and the Rise of Western Culture (rep., New York: Doubleday/Image Books, 1991), 34–35.
3. Bruce L. Shelley, Church History in Plain Language (Waco: Word, 1982), 176.
4. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1979), 67.
5. Quoted in ibid., 68–69.
6. John Stewart, The Nestorian Missionary Enterprise: A Church on Fire (Edinburgh: Clarke, 1923), 198, 29, 18.
7. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 74; Kenneth Scott Latourette, The Thousand Years of Uncertainty, vol. 2 of A History of the Expansion of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970), 85; Christopher Dawson, The Making of Europe (New York: New American Library, 1956), as quoted in Neill, History of Christian Missions, 74.
8. V. Raymond Edman, The Light in Dark Ages (Wheaton, IL: Van Kampen, 1949), 192.
9. John Cyril Sladden, Boniface of Devon: Apostle of Germany (Exeter, England: Paternoster Press, 1980), 33.
10. Latourette, Thousand Years of Uncertainty, 96.
11. George William Greenaway, Saint Boniface (London: Adam & Charles Black, 1955), 28.
12. Philip Schaff, Medieval Christianity, vol. 4 of History of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 94.
13. C. H. Talbot, “St. Boniface and the German Mission,” in The Mission of the Church and the Propagation of the Faith, ed. G. J. Cuming (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 49.
14. Latourette, Thousand Years of Uncertainty, 95.
15. Eleanor McLaughlin, “Women, Power and the Pursuit of Holiness in Medieval Christianity,” in Women of Spirit: Female Leaders in the Jewish and Christian Traditions, ed. Rosemary Ruether and Eleanor McLaughlin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 105.
16. Norman F. Cantor, Medieval History: The Life and Death of Civilization, 2d ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1975), 186.
17. Ibid., 187.
18. Schaff, Medieval Christianity, 98.
19. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 76.
20. Latourette, Thousand Years of Uncertainty, 103.
21. Ibid., 117.
22. Schaff, Medieval Christianity, 114.
23. Latourette, Thousand Years of Uncertainty, 155.
24. Ibid., 161.
25. J. Herbert Kane, A Concise History of the Christian World Mission, rev. ed. (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1980), 49–50.
26. Samuel M. Zwemer, Raymond Lull: First Missionary to the Moslems (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1902), 26.
27. Ibid., 34, 36.
28. Quoted in ibid., 52–53.
29. Ibid., 64.
30. Ibid., 63–64.
31. Ibid., 81–82.
32. Ibid., 83.
33. Ibid., 94.
34. Ibid., 108–11.
35. Ibid., 141.
36. Ibid., 142–43.
37. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 169.
38. Gustavo Gutierrez, Las Casas: In Search of the Poor of Jesus Christ, trans. Robert R. Barr (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1993), 47–48.
39. Quoted in Neill, History of Christian Missions, 171.
40. Kenneth Scott Latourette, Three Centuries of Advance, vol. 3 of A History of the Expansion of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978), 96.
41. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 148.
42. Quoted in Will Durant, The Reformation, vol. 6 of The Story of Civilization (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957), 914.
43. Quoted in James Brodrick, Saint Francis Xavier (New York: Wicklow, 1952), 204.
44. Ibid., 174.
45. Ibid., 145.
46. Ibid., 144.
47. Quoted in Neill, History of Christian Missions, 150.
48. Francis Xavier, The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier, trans. M. Joseph Costelloe (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992), 130.
49. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 154.
50. Ibid., 156.
51. F. A. Rouleau, “Matteo Ricci,” in The New Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. William J. McDonald (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 12:472.
52. Vincent Cronin, The Wise Man from the West (New York: Dutton, 1955), 31.
53. Jonathan Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York: Viking, 1984), 220.
54. A. J. Broomhall, Hudson Taylor and China’s Open Century (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1981), 74.
55. Ibid., 64.
56. Quoted in Rouleau, “Matteo Ricci,” 471.
57. “The Journal of Matthew Ricci,” in Classics of Christian Missions, ed. Francis M. Dubose (Nashville: Broadman, 1979), 172–73.
58. Broomhall, Hudson Taylor, 75.
3
AMERICAN INDIAN MISSIONS: SEEKING THE “NOBLE SAVAGE”
1. Henry Warner Bowden, American Indians and Christian Missions: Studies in Cultural Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 45–46.
2. Ibid., 48–49.
3. Ibid., 80.
4. Ibid., 87.
5. Quoted in Daniel Scalberg and Joy Cordell, “A Savage With the Savages,” Moody Magazine (April 1987): 56.
6. Ibid., 55.
7. Ibid., 55–57.
8. Ibid., 57.
9. Ola Elisabeth Winslow, John Eliot, “Apostle to the Indians” (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1968), 96.
10. Ibid., 110.
11. Ibid., 113.
12. Neville B. Cryer, “John Eliot,” in Five Pioneer Missionaries (London: Banner of Truth, 1965), 212.
13. Winslow, John Eliot, 179.
14. Elisabeth D. Dodds, Marriage to a Difficult Man: The “Uncommon Union” of Jonathan and Sarah Edwards (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1971), 118.
15. David Wynbeek, David Brainerd: Beloved Yankee (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1961), 60.
16. Quoted in ibid., 60–61.
17. Ibid., 79.
18. Ibid., 113.
19. William R. Hutchinson, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 30.
20. Ibid., 30–31.
21. Ibid., 32.
22. Jonathan Edwards, ed., The Life and Diary of David Brainerd (Chicago: Moody Press, 1949), 141, 146.
23. R. Pierce Beaver, Pioneers in Mission: The Early Missionary Ordination Sermons, Charges, and Instructions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1966), 211–12.
24. Quoted in Earl P. Olmstead, David Zeisberger: A Life among the Indians (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1997), 334, 333.
25. Quoted in Robert F. Berkhofer Jr., Salvation and the Savage: An Analysis of Protestant Missions and American Indian Response, 1787–1862 (Louisville: University of Kentucky Press, 1965), 101.
26. Quoted in John Ehle, Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation (New York: Doubleday, 1988), 361.
27. R. Pierce Beaver, Church, State, and the American Indians (St. Louis: Concordia, 1966), 100.
28. Nard Jones, The Great Command: The Story of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the Oregon Country Pioneers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959), 125.
29. Ibid., 202, 229.
30. Julie Roy Jeffrey, Converting the West: A Biography of Narcissa Whitman (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 138.
31. Jones, The Great Command, 219–20.
32. Jeffrey, Converting the West, 146.
33. Ibid., 151.
34. Don Pedro Casaldaliga, “Mass of the Land without Evil,” cited in ibid., 222.
35. Leecy Barnett, “Hundreds of Pious Women: Presbyterian Women Missionaries to the American Indians, 1833–1893” (master’s thesis, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1985), 114–15.
4
THE MORAVIAN ADVANCE: DAWN OF PROTESTANT MISSIONS
1. William J. Danker, Profit for the Lord (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), 73.
2. A. Skevington Wood, “Count von Zinzendorf,” in Eerdmans’ Handbook to the History of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), 477.
3. John R. Weinlick, Count Zinzendorf (Nashville: Abingdon, 1956), 225.
4. Ibid., 200.
5. Ibid., 205.
6. J. C. S. Mason, The Moravian Church and the Missionary Awakening in England, 1760–1800 (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2001), 9.
7. Quoted in ibid., 9–10.
8. Louis Bobé, Hans Egede: Colonizer and Missionary to Greenland (Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1952), 22.
9. Ibid., 23.
10. Ibid., 29.
11. Ibid., 82.
12. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1964), 237.
13. Bobé, Hans Egede, 155.
14. Ibid., 162.
15. Ibid., 158.
16. Bernard Kruger, The Pear Tree Blossoms: A History of the Moravian Mission Stations in South Africa, 1737–1869 (South Africa: Genadendal Printing Works, 1967), 19.
17. Ibid., 31.
18. Mason, The Moravian Church, 144.
PART 2
THE “GREAT CENTURY”
1. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1964), 243.
2. Martin E. Marty, A Short History of Christianity (New York: Meridian, 1959), 318.
3. Kenneth Scott Latourette, The Great Century: North Africa and Asia, vol. 6 of A History of the Expansion of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970), 445.
4. Marty, A Short History of Christianity, 273.
5. Harold Cook, Highlights of Christian Missions: A History and Survey (Chicago: Moody Press, 1967), 54.
6. Latourette, The Great Century, 443.
7. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 252.
8. Robert Hall Glover and J. Herbert Kane, The Progress of Worldwide Missions (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960), 58.
9. A. F. Walls, “Outposts of Empire,” in Eerdmans’ Handbook to the History of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), 556.
10. Ralph D. Winter, “The Kingdom Strikes Back: The Ten Epochs of Redemptive History,” in Perspectives on the World Christian Movement, ed. Ralph D. Winter and Steven C. Hawthorne (Pasadena: William Carey, 1981), 154.
11. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 259.
5
SOUTH CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING ANCIENT CREEDS
1. Mary Drewery, William Carey: A Biography (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979), 63.
2. George Smith, Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1922), 98–99.
3. Christopher Smith, “The Legacy of William Carey,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (January 1992), 2.
4. Drewery, William Carey, 25.
5. J. Herbert Kane, A Concise History of the Christian World Mission (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978), 85.
6. Drewery, William Carey, 70.
7. James R. Beck, Dorothy Carey: The Tragic and Untold Story of Mrs. William Carey (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992), 109.
8. Ibid., 114.
9. Ibid., 116–17.
10. Drewery, William Carey, 89.
11. Smith, “Legacy,” 2.
12. Timothy George, Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey (Birmingham: New Hope, 1991), 97.
13. Drewery, William Carey, 69, 111.
14. Ibid., 102.
15. Ibid., 115.
16. Ibid., 146.
17. Beck, Dorothy Carey, 129.
18. Drewery, William Carey, 183, 185.
19. George, Faithful Witness, 128.
20. Drewery, William Carey, 173.
21. Ibid., 166.
22. Courtney Anderson, To the Golden Shore: The Life of Adoniram Judson (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1972), 509.
23. Ibid., 50.
24. Alan Neely, “Samuel John Mills Jr.,” in Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, ed. Gerald Anderson (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 460.
25. Anderson, To the Golden Shore, 84.
26. Ibid., 181.
27. Ibid., 362.
28. Ibid., 391.
29. Ibid., 398.
30. Ibid., 478.
31. Wendy Tha Nyein, “How My Forefathers Helped Adoniram Judson Bring the Gospel to Burma,” Christian Mission (March/April 1989), 3–5.
32. John Seamands, Pioneers of the Younger Churches (Nashville: Abingdon, 1969), 22.
33. Anderson, To the Golden Shore, 416.
34. William Paton, Alexander Duff: Pioneer of Missionary Education (New York: Doran, 1922), 150.
35. Ibid., 220.
36. A. T. Pierson quoted in Robert H. Glover and J. Herbert Kane, The Progress of World-Wide Missions (New York: Harper, 1960), 72.
37. Frederick S. Downs, “John Everett Clough,” in Gerald H. Anderson, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 139.
38. Sherwood Eddy, Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade (Nashville: AbingdonCokesbury Press, 1945), 84.
39. Ibid., 93.
40. James M. Thoburn, Life of Isabella Thoburn (New York: Eaton and Mains, 1903), 148–49.
41. Gerald H. Anderson, “James Mills Thoburn,” in Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, 665.
42. Thoburn, Life of Isabella Thoburn, 192.
43. Eddy, Pathfinders, 94.
44. Ibid.
45. Thoburn, Life of Isabella Thoburn, 360–62.
46. W. F. Oldham, Thoburn—Called of God (New York: Methodist Book Concern, 1918), 70.
47. Ruth M. Armstrong, “Judson’s Successors in the Heyday of Burma Missions,” Missiology (January 1995): 61–63.
6
BLACK AFRICA: “THE WHITE MAN’S GRAVEYARD”
1. Andrew Walls, The Cross-Cultural Process in Christian History: Studies in the Transmission and Appropriation of Faith (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2002), 85.
2. Jon Bonk, “‘All Things to All Persons,’—The Missionary as a Racist-Imperialist, 1860–1918,” Missiology (July 1980): 300.
3. Ibid., 393–94.
4. Lamin Sanneh, “Africa,” in Toward the Twenty-first Century in Christian Mission, ed. James M. Phillips and Robert T. Coote (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993), 91.
5. Cecil Northcott, Robert Moffat: Pioneer in Africa, 1817–1870 (London: Lutterworth, 1961), 22.
6. Ibid., 34.
7. Adrian Hastings, The Church in Africa, 1450–1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 208.
8. Edith Deen, Great Women of the Christian Faith (New York: Harper & Row, 1959), 187.
9. J. H. Morrison, The Missionary Heroes of Africa (New York: Doran, 1922), 38.
10. Deen, Great Women, 188.
11. Northcott, Robert Moffat, 129.
12. Geoffrey Moorhouse, The Missionaries (New York: Lippincott, 1973), 111.
13. Oliver Ransford, David Livingstone: The Dark Interior (New York: St. Martin’s, 1978), 14.
14. Ibid., 23.
15. Ibid., 38.
16. Deen, Great Women, 192.
17. Northcott, Robert Moffat, 189.
18. Ransford, David Livingstone, 39.
19. Deen, Great Women, 193–94.
20. Ibid., 193–94; Ransford, David Livingstone, 118.
21. Moorhouse, The Missionaries, 256.
22. James and Marti Hefley, By Their Blood: Christian Martyrs of the 20th Century (Milford, MI: Mott, 1979), 343.
23. Meriel Buxton, David Livingstone (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), 175.
24. Morrison, Missionary Heroes, 201.
25. Ibid., 206.
26. Ibid., 208.
27. Pagan Kennedy, Black Livingstone: A True Tale of Adventure in the NineteenthCentury Congo (New York: Viking, 2002), 45.
28. Ibid., 51.
29. Ibid., 46.
30. Morrison, Missionary Heroes, 216.
31. Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 114.
32. Ibid., 153.
33. Ibid., 154.
34. Kennedy, Black Livingstone, 79.
35. Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 155.
36. Ibid., 157.
37. Kennedy, Black Livingstone, 143.
38. Quoted in Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 264.
39. Robert H. Glover and J. Herbert Kane, The Progress of World-Wide Missions (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), 329.
40. Edwin Bliss, ed., Encyclopedia of Missions (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1891), 2.
41. Hastings, The Church in Africa, 254, 375.
42. Ibid., 470.
43. Georgiana A. Gollock, Sons of Africa (New York: Friendship Press, 1920), 173.
44. Ibid., 178.
45. Hastings, The Church in Africa, 470.
46. Carol Christian and Gladys Plummer, God and One Redhead: Mary Slessor of Calabar (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970), 34.
47. W. P. Livingstone, Mary Slessor of Calabar: Pioneer Missionary (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1915), 51.
48. James Buchan, The Expendable Mary Slessor (New York: Seabury Press, 1981), 91, 95.
49. Quoted in Livingstone, Mary Slessor of Calabar, 142–43.
50. Christian and Plummer, God and One Redhead, 177.
7
CHINA: “BARBARIANS NOT WELCOME”
1. A. J. Broomhall, Hudson Taylor and China’s Open Century, Book One: Barbarians at the Gates (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1918), 267.
2. Sherwood Eddy, Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1945), 34.
3. Ibid.
4. Marshall Broomhall, Robert Morrison: A Master-builder (New York: Doran, 1924), 59.
5. Ibid., 61, 131.
6. Ibid., 72.
7. A. J. Broomhall, Barbarians at the Gates, 127
8. Quoted in J. Barton Starr, “The Legacy of Robert Morrison,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (April 1998), 75.
9. A. J. Broomhall, Barbarians at the Gates, 207.
10. Ibid., 137–38.
11. Jonathan D. Spence, God’s Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and Hong Xiuquan (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 16–17.
12. Ibid., 17.
13. Ibid., 18.
14. A. J. Broomhall, Barbarians at the Gates, 224.
15. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1964), 285.
16. J. C. Pollock, Hudson Taylor and Maria: Pioneers in China (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 17.
17. Ibid., 20.
18. Ibid., 19.
19. Ibid., 29.
20. Dr. and Mrs. Howard Taylor, J. Hudson Taylor: God’s Man in China (Chicago: Moody Press, 1978), 76.
21. Ibid., 70.
22. Pollock, Hudson Taylor, 31–32.
23. Taylor, J. Hudson Taylor, 100.
24. Pollock, Hudson Taylor, 49–50.
25. Ibid., 33.
26. Ibid., 81–82.
27. Ibid., 84–85.
28. Ibid., 89–91.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 95.
31. Ibid., 97–98.
32. Ibid., 140.
33. Ibid., 147.
34. Ibid., 189.
35. Ibid., 193.
36. Ibid., 196–97.
37. Pat Barr, To China with Love: The Lives and Times of Protestant Missionaries in China 1860–1900 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1973), 50–51.
38. Alvyn Austin, “No Solicitation: The China Inland Mission and Money,” in More Money, More Ministry: Money and Evangelicals in Recent North American History, ed. Larry Eskridge and Mark A. Noll (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000), 212.
39. Ibid., 222.
40. Taylor, J. Hudson Taylor, 272.
41. Kenneth Scott Latourette, The Great Century: North Africa and Asia, vol. 6 of A History of the Expansion of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970), 329.
42. Ralph D. Winter and Steven C. Hawthorne, eds. Perspectives on the World Christian Movement (Pasadena: William Carey, 1981), 172.
43. Rosalind Goforth, Goforth of China (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1937), 29.
44. Ibid., 48.
45. Ibid., 54–55.
46. Ibid., 119.
47. Ibid., 157–58.
48. Ibid., 189.
49. Ibid., 162.
50. Ibid., 214.
51. Mildred Cable and Francesca French, Something Happened (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1934), 122.
52. Phyllis Thompson, Desert Pilgrim (Lincoln, NE: Back to the Bible, 1957), 14.
53. Cable and French, Something Happened, 142.
54. Ibid., 126–27.
55. Eileen Crossman, Mountain Rain: A New Biography of James O. Fraser (Southampton, UK: Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1982), 101–2.
8
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS: PREACHING IN “PARADISE”
1. Robert H. Glover and J. Herbert Kane, The Progress of World-Wide Missions (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), 433.
2. Neil Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries in the South Seas, 1797—1860 (New York: Oxford, 1978), 178.
3. Graeme Kent, Company of Heaven: Early Missionaries in the South Seas (New York: Thomas Nelson, 1972), 83.
4. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1964), 297.
5. Kent, Company of Heaven, 33.
6. Ibid., 35.
7. Ibid., 45.
8. Gunson, Messengers of Grace, 202.
9. Ibid., 164–65.
10. Ibid., 153.
11. Kent, Company of Heaven, 57.
12. Ibid., 57.
13. Bradford Smith, Yankees in Paradise: The New England Impact on Hawaii (New York: Lippincott, 1956), 10.
14. Ibid., 164.
15. Ibid., 190.
16. Ibid., 191–92.
17. Ibid., 199.
18. Ibid., 205.
19. Ibid., 234.
20. John Gutch, Beyond the Reefs: The Life of John Williams, Missionary (London: McDonald, 1974), 18.
21. Ibid., 20.
22. Ibid., 33–34.
23. Ibid., 46.
24. Ibid., 47.
25. Kent, Company of Heaven, 79; Gutch, Beyond the Reefs, 87.
26. Neill, History of Christian Missions, 298–99.
27. Gutch, Beyond the Reefs, 109.
28. Kent, Company of Heaven, 82–83.
29. Ralph Bell, John G. Paton: Apostle to the New Hebrides (Butler, IN: Higley, 1957), 42–43.
30. John G. Paton, The Story of Dr. John G. Paton’s Thirty Years with South Sea Cannibals (New York: Doran, 1923), 33.
31. Ibid., 36.
32. Kent, Company of Heaven, 118–19; Paton, The Story, 130.
33. Bell, John G. Paton, 157.
34. Paton, The Story, 180.
35. Bell, John G. Paton, 237–38.
36. Alan R. Tippett, People Movements in Southern Polynesia: Studies in the Dynamics of Church-planting and Growth in Tahiti, New Zealand, Tonga, and Samoa (Chicago: Moody Press, 1971), 59.
37. Ibid., 61.
38. Ibid., 66.
39. Delavan L. Pierson, The Pacific Islanders: From Savages to Saints (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1906), 173.
40. Kent, Company of Heaven, 147.
41. William R. Hutchinson, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 74.
9
THE MUSLIM WORLD: MISSION FIELD IN THE DESERT
1. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1986), 310.
2. John Mark Terry, “Approaches to the Evangelization of Muslims,” Evangelical Missions Quarterly (April 1996).
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. J. Dudley Woodbury, “Islam, Muslim,” in A. Scott Moreau, Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2000), 506.
6. Clinton Bennett, “Victorian Images of Islam,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (July 1991): 117.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., 118.
9. Ibid., 116.
10. Clinton Bennett, “The Legacy of Henry Martyn,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (January 1992): 12, 13.
11. David Bentley-Taylor, My Love Must Wait: The Story of Henry Martyn (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1975), 26.
12. Richard T. France, “Henry Martyn” in Five Pioneer Missionaries (London: Banner of Truth, 1965), 255–56.
13. Bentley-Taylor, My Love Must Wait, 35.
14. Quoted in Kenneth Cragg, Troubled by Truth (Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1992), 18.
15. Ibid., 24.
16. Ibid., 21, 23.
17. Ibid.
18. Bennett, “The Legacy,” 12.
19. J. Christy Wilson, The Apostle to Islam: A Biography of Samuel M. Zwemer (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1952), 23.
20. Ibid., 47.
21. Ibid., 43.
22. Ibid., 234.
23. Ibid., 81.
24. Alan Neely, “Samuel Marinus Zwemer,” in Gerald H. Anderson, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 763.
25. Constance E. Padwick, Temple Gairdner of Cairo (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1930), 29.
26. Ibid., 38, 48.
27. Ibid., 93.
28. Ibid., 95.
29. Ibid., 125.
30. James A. Tebbe, “Kenneth Cragg in Perspective: A Comparison with Temple Gairdner and Wilfred Cantwell Smith,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (January 2002): 16–17.
31. Padwick, Temple Gairdner, 158, 260.
32. Ibid., 218.
33. Ibid., 267, 264.
34. Ibid., 220–22.
35. William Richey Hogg, Ecumenical Foundations: A History of the International Missionary Council and Its Nineteenth Century Background (New York: Harper, 1952), 325.
36. Gordon Hewitt, The Problems of Success: A History of the Church Missionary Society, 1910–1942 (London: SCM Press, 1971), 314–16.
37. Constance Padwick, “North African Reverie,” International Review of Missions 17 (1938): 351.
38. Agnes De Selincourt, “Signs of Progress in India,” in Annie Van Sommer and Samuel Zwemer, Daylight in the Harem: A New Era for Moslem Women (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1911), 57–58.
39. Constance Padwick, Call to Istanbul (London: Longmans, Green, 1958), ix.
40. Constance Padwick, “Lilias Trotter of Algiers,” International Review of Missions XXI (1932): 124–25.
41. Louise Walker, “Lillian Trasher: Mother to Thousands in Egypt,” Unpublished manuscript (Springfield, MO, 1986), 1.
42. Evelyn Stenbock, “Miss Terri”: The Story of Maude Cary, Pioneer GMU Missionary in Morocco (Lincoln, NB: Good News Broadcasting, 1970), 30.
43. Ibid., 35–36.
44. Ibid., 46.
45. Isobel Kuhn, By Searching (Chicago: Moody Press, 1959), 120; Helen Roseveare, Give Me This Mountain (London: Inter-Varsity Press, 1966).
46. Stenbock, “Miss Terri,” 60.
47. Ibid., 71.
48. Ibid., 103.
49. Ibid., 139.
10
KOREA AND JAPAN: A CONTRAST IN RECEPTIVITY
1. Everett N. Hunt Jr., Protestant Pioneers in Korea (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1980), 46, 51.
2. Ibid., 82.
3. Donald Richardson, Eternity in Their Hearts (Ventura, CA: Regal Books, 1984), 68.
4. Samuel Hugh Moffett, The Christians of Korea (New York: Friendship Press, 1962), 34.
5. Roy E. Shearer, Wildfire: Church Growth in Korea (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1966), 39–40.
6. Wi Jo Kang, “The Legacy of Horace Newton Allen,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (July 1996): 126.
7. Hunt Jr., Protestant Pioneers, 37.
8. Ibid., 19.
9. Ibid., 20, 34, 35.
10. Kang, “Legacy,” 126.
11. Ibid., 127.
12. Ibid., 128.
13. Ibid.
14. Hunt Jr., Protestant Pioneers, 43.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 24.
17. Edward W. Poitras, “The Legacy of Henry G. Appenzeller,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (October 1994): 177, 179.
18. Ibid., 178.
19. Daniel M. Davies, The Life and Thought of Henry Gerhard Appenzeller (1858–1902) (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1988), 150.
20. Poitras, “Legacy,” 178, 179.
21. Hunt Jr., Protestant Pioneers, 69, 70.
22. Davies, Life and Thought of Appenzeller, 299.
23. Ibid., 301.
24. Poitras, “Legacy,” 177.
25. Davies, Life and Thought of Appenzeller, 327.
26. Ibid.
27. Hunt Jr., Protestant Pioneers, 44.
28. Ibid., 65.
29. Horace Grant Underwood, The Call of Korea (New York: Revell, 1908), 106–7.
30. Hunt Jr., Protestant Pioneers, 73.
31. Shearer, Wildfire, 43.
32. Ibid., 44.
33. Hunt Jr., Protestant Pioneers, 74.
34. Winifred Mathews, Dauntless Women: Stories of Pioneer Wives (Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), 158.
35. Everett N. Hunt Jr., “The Legacy of John Livingston Nevius,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (July 1991): 120.
36. Ibid.
37. Quoted in Francis M. Dubose, ed., Classics of Christian Missions (Nashville: Broadman, 1979), 259.
38. Charles Allen Clark, The Korean Church and the Nevius Methods (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1928), 241–42.
39. Alan Neely, “Samuel Austin Moffet,” in Gerald H. Anderson, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 465.
40. Shearer, Wildfire, 49.
41. Ibid., 63.
42. Ibid., 65–66.
43. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1986), 375.
44. Quoted in ibid., 376–77.
45. David Mitchell, “William Smith Clark,” in J. D. Douglas, ed., The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids: Zondervan), 230.
46. Andrew F. Walls, “The American Dimension in the History of the Missionary Movement,” in Joel A. Carpenter and Wilbert R. Shenk, eds., Earthen Vessels: American Evangelicals and Foreign Missions, 1880–1980 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990), 1–2.
47. Chung Jun Ki, Social Criticism of Uchimura Kanzo and Kim Kyo-Shin (Seoul: UBF Press, 1988), 40.
48. Ibid., 41.
49. Ibid., 91–92.
50. Ibid., 94–95.
51. Ibid., 70–71.
52. Kanzo Uchimura, “Can Americans Teach Japanese in Religion?” Japan Christian Intelligencer 1 (1926): 357–61, cited in Walls, “The American Dimension,” 2.
53. B. H. Pearson, The Vision Lives: A Profile of Mrs. Charles E. Cowman (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1961), 33.
54. B. H. Pearson, The Vision Lives: The Life Story of Mrs. Charles E. Cowman (Fort Washington, PA: Christian Literature Crusade, 1961), 36–37.
55. Lettie B. Cowman, Charles E. Cowman: Missionary—Warrior (Los Angeles: Oriental Missionary Society, 1939), 95.
56. Pearson, The Vision Lives, 39.
57. Ibid., 53–55, 99.
58. Ibid., 148.
59. Cowman, Charles E. Cowman, 227.
60. Pearson, The Vision Lives, 52.
61. Ibid., 51.
62. Ibid., 55.
63. Ibid., 94, 95, 97.
64. Ibid., 154.
65. Mabel Francis, One Shall Chase a Thousand (Harrisburg, PA: Christian Publications, 1968), 48.
66. Ibid., 89.
67. Ibid., 59–60.
68. Ibid., 46.
69. Robert L. Niklaus et al., All for Jesus: God at Work in the Christian and Missionary Alliance Over One Hundred Years (Camp Hill, PA: Christian Publications, 1986), 201.
PART 3
THE EXPANDING INVOLVEMENT
1. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1964), 243.
2. Ibid., 452.
3. Ibid., 451.
4. Robert D. Linder, “Introduction: The Christian Centuries,” in Eerdmans’ Handbook to the History of Christianity (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), xxii.
5. Ibid.
6. Winthrop S. Hudson, Religion in America: An Historical Account of the Development of American Religious Life (New York: Scribner, 1973), 318.
7. Ibid.
8. Arthur J. Brown, The Why and How of Foreign Missions (New York: Missionary Education Movement, 1921), 127.
11
SINGLE WOMEN MISSIONARIES: “SECOND-CLASS CITIZENS”
1. R. Pierce Beaver, American Protestant Women in World Mission (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969), 59.
2. Glenn D. Kittler, The Woman God Loved (Garden City, NY: Hanover House, 1959), 225.
3. Helen Barnett Montgomery, Western Women in Eastern Lands (New York: Macmillan, 1910), 243–44.
4. Nancy A. Hardesty, Great Women of Faith (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1980), 104; Marlys Taege, And God Gave Women Talents! (St. Louis: Concordia, 1978), 90.
5. Dana Robert, American Women in Mission: A Social History of Their Thought and Practice (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1996), 136.
6. Leonard Warren, Adele Marion Fielde: Feminist, Social Activist, Scientist (New York: Routledge, 2002), 9, 14.
7. Quoted in ibid., 16–20.
8. Quoted in ibid., 23.
9. Ibid., 24, 33.
10. Ibid., 33, 35.
11. Ibid., 35.
12. Ibid., 39.
13. Ibid., 41.
14. Ibid., 54.
15. Ibid., 61–62, 65, 67.
16. Helen N. Stevens, Memorial Biography of Adele M. Fielde: Humanitarian (New York: Fielde Memorial Committee, 1918), 115.
17. Warren, Adele Marion Fielde, 70.
18. Ibid., 139, 143.
19. Frederick B. Hoyt, “’When a Field Was Found Too Difficult for a Man, a Woman Should Be Sent’: Adele M. Fielde in Asia, 1865–1890,” The Historian 44 (May 1982): 334.
20. Quoted in Catherine Allen, The New Lottie Moon Story (Nashville: Broadman, 1980), 136.
21. Alan Neely, “Saints Who Sometimes Were: Utilizing Missionary Hagiography,” Missiology (October 1999): 447.
22. Irwin Hyatt, Our Ordered Lives Confess: Three Nineteenth-Century American Missionaries in East Shantung (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), 95.
23. Ibid., 96.
24. Ibid., 98.
25. Ibid., 99.
26. Catherine B. Allen, “The Legacy of Lottie Moon,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (October 1993):148.
27. Hyatt, Our Ordered Lives, 104–5
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., 106.
30. Ibid., 115, 117.
31. Ibid., 113; Allen, The New Lottie Moon, 212–13.
32. Hyatt, Our Ordered Lives, 114.
33. Neely, “Saints Who Sometimes Were,” 452.
34. Allen, The New Lottie Moon, 114.
35. Sherwood Eddy, Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1945), 125.
36. Frank Houghton, Amy Carmichael of Dohnavur (London: Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, 1954), 61, 73.
37. Ibid., 78.
38. Ibid., 213.
39. Ibid., 62.
40. Amy Carmichael, Things as They Are: Missionary Work in Southern India (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1903), 158.
41. Elisabeth Elliot, A Chance to Die: The Life and Legacy of Amy Carmichael (Old Tappan, NJ: Fleming H. Revell, 1987), 142, 338.
42. Ibid., 119.
43. Ibid., 297, 170.
44. Ibid., 230, 126.
45. Ibid., 121–22, 155–56.
46. Ibid., 198, 201.
47. Amy Carmichael, Gold Cord: The Story of a Fellowship (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1932), 37, 179, 182.
48. Elliot, A Chance to Die, 268.
49. Ibid., 268, 270.
50. Stephen Neill, God’s Apprentice: The Autobiography of Stephen Neill (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1991), 95.
51. Eliot, A Chance to Die, 267–69.
52. Neill, God’s Apprentice, 45.
53. Quoted in Henry Beets, Johanna of Nigeria: Life and Labors of Johanna Veenstra (Grand Rapids: Grand Rapids Printing Company, 1937), 90, 129.
54. Johanna Veenstra, Pioneering for Christ in the Sudan (Grand Rapids: Smitter Book, 1926), 165.
55. Ibid., 210.
56. Beets, Johanna of Nigeria, 205.
57. Phyllis Thompson, A Transparent Woman: The Compelling Story of Gladys Aylward (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1971), 20.
58. Alan Burgess, The Small Woman (New York: Dutton, 1957), 29.
59. Thompson, A Transparent Woman, 183.
12
STUDENT VOLUNTEERS: FORSAKING WEALTH AND PRESTIGE
1. J. Herbert Kane, A Concise History of the Christian World Mission (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978), 103.
2. Harold R. Cook, Highlights of Christian Missions: A History and Survey (Chicago: Moody Press, 1967), 69.
3. Quoted in James and Marti Hefley, By Their Blood: Christian Martyrs of the 20th Century (Milford, MI: Mott, 1979), 76.
4. Sherwood Eddy, Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1945), 5–6.
5. Norman P. Grubb, C. T. Studd: Cricketer and Pioneer (Fort Washington, PA: Christian Literature Crusade, 1969), 17.
6. J. Herbert Kane, “C. T. Studd: A Gambler for God,” Eternity (December 1972): 39.
7. Grubb, C. T. Studd, 87.
8. Kane, “C. T. Studd,” 40.
9. Grubb, C. T. Studd, 121.
10. Norman P. Grubb, Once Caught, No Escape: My Life Story (Fort Washington, PA: Christian Literature Crusade, 1969), 78.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 81.
13. Ibid., 97.
14. Ibid., 99, 102.
15. Grubb, C. T. Studd, 205.
16. John R. Mott, The Larger Evangelism (Nashville: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1944), 11.
17. C. Howard Hopkins, John R. Mott, 1865–1955: A Biography (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 19.
18. Mott, The Larger Evangelism, 36.
19. Ibid.
20. Hopkins, John R. Mott, 568.
21. Quoted in ibid., 276.
22. Quoted in Terry Hurlbert, World Mission Today (Wheaton, IL: Evangelical Teacher Training Association), 29.
23. W. Reginald Wheeler, A Man Sent from God: A Biography of Robert E. Speer (London: Revell, 1956), 53.
24. Eddy, Pathfinders, 263.
25. Quoted in Arthur P. Johnston, The Battle for World Evangelism (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale, 1978), 32.
26. Wheeler, A Man Sent from God, 219.
27. Ibid., 163.
28. Ibid., 166.
29. Ibid., 15.
30. Eddy, Pathfinders, 53.
31. Ibid., 202.
32. Quoted in ibid., 202.
33. Quoted in ibid., 207.
34. Quoted in ibid., 206.
35. Quoted in ibid.
36. E. Stanley Jones, Along the Indian Road (New York: Abingdon, 1939), 19–29.
37. E. Stanley Jones, The Christ of the Indian Road (New York: Abingdon, 1925), 19–20.
38. Ibid., 8.
39. Ibid., 49.
40. Chester E. Tulga, The Case Against Modernism in Foreign Missions (Chicago: Conservative Baptist, 1950), 44.
40. Quoted in John R. W. Stott, Christian Mission in the Modern World (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1975), 76.
42. Jones, Along the Indian Road, 183–84.
43. Eddy, Pathfinders, 270; Robert H. Glover and J. Herbert Kane, The Progress of World-Wide Missions (New York: Harper, 1960), 185.
44. Jones, Along the Indian Road, 166.
45. Jones, Christ of the Indian Road, 212–13.
13
“FAITH” MISSIONARIES: DEPENDING ON GOD ALONE
1. Elisabeth Elliot, Through Gates of Splendor (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 176.
2. J. Herbert Kane, A Concise History of the Christian World Mission (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978), 102.
3. J. Herbert Kane, Faith Mighty Faith: A Handbook of the Interdenominational Foreign Mission Association (New York: Interdenominational Foreign Mission Association, 1956), 88.
4. A. E. Thompson, The Life of A. B. Simpson (New York: Christian Alliance Publishing, 1920), 65.
5. Ibid., 120.
6. Ibid., 121.
7. Ibid., 120.
8. A. W. Tozer, Wingspread: A. B. Simpson: A Study in Spiritual Altitude (Harrisburg: Christian Publications, 1943), 87.
9. Thompson, Life of A. B. Simpson, 227.
10. Tozer, Wingspread, 71.
11. Ibid., 72.
12. Edvard Torjesen, “The Legacy of Fredrik Franson,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (July 1991): 127.
13. Edvard Torjesen, Fredrik Franson: A Model for Worldwide Evangelism (Pasadena: William Carey Library, 1883), 73.
14. Fredrik Franson, “Prophesying Daughters,” Unpublished paper (Stockholm, Sweden, 1897), 2.
15. J. H. Hunter, A Flame of Fire: The Life and Work of R. V. Bingham (Scarborough, ON: Sudan Interior Mission, 1961), 56.
16. Ibid., 50.
17. Quoted in ibid., 65.
18. Ibid., 67.
19. Ibid., 78.
20. Ibid., 79.
21. Ibid., 82.
22. Ibid., 111.
23. Ibid., 211.
24. Raymond Davis, Fire on the Mountains: The Story of a Miracle—The Church in Ethiopia (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975), 88.
25. Ibid., 107.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., 115, 246–47.
28. This is not the Sudan of the 1890s but rather a portion of that great region that became known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. With independence it became known as the Republic of the Sudan or simply Sudan.
29. Kenneth Richardson, Garden of Miracle: The Story of the Africa Inland Mission (London: AIM, 1976), 70.
30. James and Marti Hefley, By Their Blood: Christian Martyrs of the 20th Century (Milford, MI: Mott, 1979), 422–23.
31. Mildred W. Spain, “And in Samaria”: A Story of More Than Sixty Years’ Missionary Witness in Central America, 1890–1954 (Dallas: Central American Mission, 1954), 8.
32. Robert H. Glover and J. Herbert Kane, The Progress of World-Wide Missions (New York: Harper, 1960), 356.
33. Harold R. Cook, Highlights of Christian Missions: A History and Survey (Chicago: Moody Press, 1967), 211–12.
34. Stephen Neill, A History of Christian Missions (New York: Penguin, 1986), 328.
35. Quoted in Cook, Highlights of Christian Missions, 214.
36. Jean Dye Johnson, God Planted Five Seeds (Woodworth, WI.: New Tribes Mission, 1966), 12, 23, 26.
37. Ibid., 84, 73.
38. Elliot, Through Gates of Splendor, 152–53.
39. Russell T. Hitt, Jungle Pilot: The Life and Witness of Nate Saint (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1973), 244.
40. Diary of Pete Fleming, December 6, 1953.
41. Elliot, Through Gates of Splendor, 146, 159; Hitt, Jungle Pilot, 241.
42. Hitt, Jungle Pilot, 252.
43. Elliot, Through Gates of Splendor, 104.
44. Ibid., 172, 176.
45. Diary of Pete Fleming, December 27, 1955.
46. Elliot, Through Gates of Splendor, 180.
47. Ibid., 196–97.
48. James C. Hefley, “The Auca Massacre and Beyond,” Power for Living (April 19, 1981), 5.
49. Hitt, Jungle Pilot, 258.
50. Elisabeth Elliot, “Thirty Years Later: The Auca Massacre,” Christian Life (April 1986): 28.
51. Elliott Wright, Holy Company: Christian Heroes and Heroines (New York: Macmillan, 1980), 93–94.
52. Lorry Lutz, Born to Lose, Bound to Win: The Amazing Journey of Mother Eliza George (Irvine, CA: Harvest House, 1980), 33.
53. Ibid., 37.
54. Ibid., 46–47.
55. Ibid., 54, 56, 61.
56. Ibid., 71, 77.
57. Ibid., 122.
58. Ibid., 137–38.
14
INNOVATION AND INGENUITY: THE CALL FOR SPECIALIZATION
1. Winthrop S. Hudson, Religion in America: An Historical Account of the Development of American Religious Life (New York: Scribner, 1956), 371–72.
2. Ibid., 383.
3. Sherwood Eddy, Pathfinders of the World Missionary Crusade (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1945), 225.
4. J. Lennox Kerr, Wilfred Grenfell: His Life and Work (New York: Dodd, 1959), 85.
5. Dorothy Clarke Wilson, Dr. Ida: The Story of Dr. Ida Scudder of Vellore (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), 5.
6. Eddy, Pathfinders, 131.
7. Wilson, Dr. Ida, 273.
8. Ibid., 286.
9. Ibid., 297.
10. Ibid., 321.
11. Ibid., 243.
12. Viggo Olsen, Daktar: Diplomat in Bangladesh (Chicago: Moody Press, 1973), 32.
13. William J. Peterson, Another Hand on Mine: The Story of Dr. Carl K. Becker of Africa Inland Mission (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 40.
14. Ibid., 54.
15. Ibid., 89.
16. Ibid., 127.
17. Ibid., 154.
18. Ibid., 144.
19. Ibid., 127.
20. Jamie Buckingham, Into the Glory (Plainfield, NJ: Logos, 1974), 21.
21. Hugh Steven, Wycliffe in the Making: The Memoirs of W. Cameron Townsend, 1920–1933 (Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw, 1995), 111, 153–54.
22. James and Marti Hefley, Uncle Cam: The Story of William Cameron Townsend, Founder of the Wycliffe Bible Translators and the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Waco, TX: Word, 1974), 99.
23. Ibid., 200.
24. Ibid., 243.
25. Ibid., 173.
26. Clarence W. Hall, “Two Thousand Tongues to Go” in Adventurers for God (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959), 119–20.
27. Ibid., 119.
28. Hefley, Uncle Cam, 96.
29. Ibid., 244.
30. Ibid., 182.
31. April 1982 Bulletin of Wycliffe Bible Translators on the death of William Cameron Townsend.
32. Ethel E. Wallis and Mary A. Bennett, Two Thousand Tongues to Go (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959), 51.
33. Eunice V. Pike, Ken Pike: Scholar and Christian (Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1981), 131.
34. Ibid., 179.
35. Barry Siedell, Gospel Radio: A 20th-Century Tool for a 20th-Century Challenge (Lincoln, NE: Good News Broadcasting, 1971), 132, 145.
36. Lois Neely, Come Up to This Mountain: The Miracle of Clarence W. Jones and HCJB (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale, 1980), 53.
37. Ibid., 54.
38. Ibid., 56.
39. Ibid., 67.
40. Ibid., 73.
41. Ibid., 108.
42. Ibid., 111.
43. Ibid., 140.
44. Gleason H. Ledyard, Sky Waves: The Incredible Far East Broadcasting Company Story (Chicago: Moody Press, 1968), 38.
45. Paul E. Freed, Towers to Eternity (Nashville: Sceptre, 1979), 63–64.
46. Lee Roddy, On Wings of Love: Stories from Mission Aviation Fellowship (Nashville: Nelson, 1981), 17.
47. Mary Wade, “On a Wing and a Prayer,” Saturday Evening Post (April 1980): 105.
48. “Miss Betty Greene: First Lady of MAF,” Christian Times (January 15, 1967): 3.
49. Russell T. Hitt, Jungle Pilot: The Life and Witness of Nate Saint (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1973), 99.
50. Dietrich G. Buss and Arthur F. Glasser, Giving Wings to the Gospel: The Remarkable Story of Mission Aviation Fellowship (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1995), 106–7, 110.
51. Hitt, Jungle Pilot, 203.
52. Ibid., 206, 226–27.
53. Gleason H. Ledyard, And to the Eskimos (Chicago: Moody Press, 1958), 91.
54. Ibid., 237.
PART 4
THE ERA OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM
1. Ralph D. Winter, The Twenty-five Unbelievable Years, 1945–1969 (Pasadena, CA: William Carey, 1970), 13.
2. John R. W. Stott, “The Bible in World Evangelism,” in Perspectives on the World Christian Movement, ed. Ralph D. Winter and Steven C. Hawthorne (Pasadena, CA: William Carey, 1981), 7.
3. A. Scott Moreau, “World Consultation on World Evangelization,” Evangelical Dictionary of World Misisons, ed. by A. Scott Moreau (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2000), 1024.
4. Robert Clouse, “Pentecostal Churches,” in The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. J. D. Douglas (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978), 764.
5. Robert T. Coote, “The Uneven Growth of Conservative Evangelical Missions,” International Bulletin of Missionary Research (July 1982): 118.
6. J. Herbert Kane, “The Saints Keep Marching ON,” Wherever (Fall 1979): 2.
7. J. Herbert Kane, Understanding Christian Missions (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1975), 405.
15
TWENTIETH-CENTURY MARTYRS: “YANKEE, GO HOME”
1. Quoted in Hugh Steven, “Who Was Chet Bitterman?” In Other Words (April 1981): 5.
2. Vernon J. Sterk, “You Can Help the Persecuted Church: Lessons from Chiapas, Mexico,” IBMR (January 1999): 15, 17.
3. Geoffrey Moorhouse, The Missionaries (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973), 175–78.
4. Ted Olsen, “Did Martin Die Needlessly?” Christianity Today (June 2003): 34.
5. Paul Marshall, Their Blood Cries Out: The Untold Story of Persecution against Christians in the Modern World (Dallas: Word, 1997), 4.
6. James and Marti Hefley, By Their Blood: Christian Martyrs of the 20th Century (Milford, MI: Mott, 1979), 46.
7. Leslie Lyall, A Passion for the Impossible: The China Inland Mission, 1865–1965 (Chicago: Moody Press, 1965), 108–9.
8. Mrs. Howard Taylor, The Triumph of John and Betty Stam (Philadelphia: China Inland Mission, 1960), 51–52.
9. Quoted in ibid., 54–55.
10. Ibid., 92.
11. Quoted in ibid., 102.
12. Hefley, By Their Blood, 66.
13. Lois Carlson, Monganga Paul: The Congo Ministry and Martyrdom of Paul Carlson, M.D. (New York: Harper & Row, 1966), 34.
14. Ibid., 50.
15. Ibid., 53.
16. Homer E. Dowdy, Out of the Jaws of the Lion: Christian Martyrdom in the Congo (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 186–87.
17. Ibid., 193.
18. John 15:13 NIV.
19. James and Marti Hefley, No Time for Tombstones: Life and Death in the Vietnamese Jungle (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale, 1976), 3.
20. Quoted in Hefley, By Their Blood, 126.
21. Hefley, No Time, 87.
22. Ibid., 91.
23. Hefley, By Their Blood, 95, 131.
24. Time (August 10, 1981): 41.
25. Betty Blair and Phil Landrum, “Chet Bitterman—Kidnappers’ Choice,” In Other Words (April 1981): 2.
26. Ibid.
27. Quoted in ibid., 3.
28. Molly Ekstrom, “Chet Bitterman: God’s Special Envoy to Colombia,” In Other Words (Summer 1981, Jubilee Edition): 19.
29. Blair and Landrum, “Chet Bitterman,” 2.
30. Jeanne Pugh, “Death of Bible Translators Sparks Expansion of Work,” St. Petersburg Times (April 4, 1981).
31. Harry Waterhouse, “We Gave Our Son to God,” In Other Words (April 1981): 4.
32. Charles Partee, Adventure in Africa: The Story of Don McClure (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990), 422.
33. Ibid., 280.
34. Don McClure, “Unpublished Letters,” cited in Ruth A. Tucker, Stories of Faith (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989), 147.
35. Ibid., 52.
36. Ibid., 64.
37. Ibid., 90–93.
38. Ibid., 97.
39. Ibid., 197–98.
16
THIRD WORLD MISSIONS: YOUNGER CHURCHES REACH OUT
1. Lawrence E. Keyes, The Last Age of Missions: A Study of Third World Missionary Societies (Pasadena: William Carey Library, 1983), 3.
2. Ibid., 9.
3. Theodore Williams, “Introduction: Missions within a Context of Poverty,” in Luis Bush, Funding Third World Missions (Wheaton, IL: World Evangelical Fellowship Missions Commission, 1990), 5.
4. Luis Bush, Funding Third World Missions (Wheaton, IL: World Evangelical Fellowship Missions Commission, 1990), 9.
5. Luis Bush, “The State of Missions,” Christianity Today (June 23, 2003): 19.
6. Pandita Ramabai, The High Caste Hindu Woman (London: George Bell and Sons, 1888), xxi.
7. Helen S. Dyler, Pandita Ramabai: Her Vision, Her Mission and Her Triumph of Faith (London: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.), 24.
8. John T. Seamands, Pioneers of the Younger Churches (Nashville: Abingdon, 1967), 102–3.
9. Shamsundar Manohar Adhav, Pandita Ramabai (Madras: Christian Literature Society, 1979), 131.
10. Ibid., 141–42.
11. Ibid., 142.
12. Pandita Ramabai, “Telling Others,” as reported at www.born-again-christian.info/mukti.mission.htm ( June 18, 2004).
13. Dyler, Pandita Ramabai, 71.
14. Colin Melbourne, “Pandita Ramabai,” http://born-again-christian.info/mukti.mission.htm.
15. Gary B. McGee, “‘Baptism of the Holy Ghost & Fire!’ The Mission Legacy of Minnie F. Abrams,” Missiology (October 1999): 517.
16. Seamands, Pioneers of the Younger Churches, 111.
17. Susan Billington Harper, In the Shadow of the Mahatma: Bishop V. S. Azariah and the Travails of Christianity in British India (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000), 1, 67.
18. David A. Shank, “The Legacy of William Wade Harris,” IBMR (October 1986): 170.
19. Ibid., 171.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., 172, 176.
22. Ibid., 174.
23. Quoted in ibid., 175.
24. Adrian Hastings, The Church in Africa, 1450–1950 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 445.
25. Allan K. Davidson, “Semisi Nau—A Pacific Islander Missionary,” Missiology (October 1999): 482.
26. Ibid., 493.
27. Ibid., 483.
28. Ibid.
29. Seamands, Pioneers of the Younger Churches, 88.
30. Ibid., 92–93.
31. William E. Schubert, I Remember John Sung (Singapore: Far Eastern Bible College Press, 1976), 42.
32. David Smithers, “John Sung: The Apostle of Revival,” www.Watchword.org/smithers/ww51a.html ( June 18, 2004).
33. Homer Dowdy, Christ’s Witchdoctor (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1973), 42.
34. Ibid., 103–4.
35. Ibid., 107, 113, 115, 124, 129.
36. Ibid., 148–49.
37. Ibid., 200.
38. Ibid., 211.
39. Ibid., 215, 217, 224.
40. Ibid., 229.
17
NEW METHODS AND STRATEGY: REACHING TOMORROW’S WORLD
1. Geoffrey Wainwright, Lesslie Newbigin: A Theological Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 222.
2. Charles Henry Long, “Roland Allen,” in Gerald H. Anderson, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 12.
3. Roland Allen, Missionary Methods: St. Paul’s or Ours? (1912; reprint, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1962), 99–100.
4. J. van den Berg, “Johan Herman Bavinck,” in Gerald H. Anderson, ed., Mission Legacies: Biographical Studies of Leaders of the Modern Missionary Movement (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1994), 432.
5. J. Verkuyl, Contemporary Missiology: An Introduction (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978), 36.
6. J. H. Bavinck, Faith and Its Difficulties (N.p.: n.d.), 11–12.
7. W. Dayton Roberts, Revolution in Evangelism: The Story of Evangelism-in-Depth in Latin America (Chicago: Moody Press, 1976), 6.
8. Ibid., 17–18.
9. Ibid., 18.
10. Elisabeth Elliot, Who Shall Ascend: The Life of R. Kenneth Strachan of Costa Rica (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 21.
11. Ibid., 73.
12. W. Dayton Roberts, Strachan of Costa Rica: Missionary Insights and Strategies (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), 63.
13. Ibid., 108.
14. Ibid., 99.
15. Ibid., 83.
16. Ibid., 95.
17. Quoted in ibid., 96.
18. Roberts, Revolution in Evangelism, 60.
19. Ibid., 60, 64.
20. Charles Troutman, Everything You Want to Know About the Mission Field, But Are Afraid You Won’t Learn Until You Get There (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1976), 26.
21. Quoted in Samuel Escobar, “The Legacy of Orlando Costas,” IBMR (April 2001): 50.
22. Ibid., 51.
23. Ibid., 52.
24. Ibid., 54.
25. Arthur Glasser, “Introducing Donald McGavran,” HIS (December 1973): 19.
26. A. R. Tippet, ed. God, Man and Church Growth (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973), ix.
27. Ibid., 18.
28. C. Peter Wagner, “Concepts of Evangelism Have Changed Over the Years,” Evangelical Missions Quarterly (January 1974): 43.
29. Ibid., 44.
30. Donald A. McGavran, “The Bridge of God,” in Perspectives on the World Christian Movement, eds. Ralph D. Winter and Steven C. Hawthorne (Pasadena: William Carey, 1982), 282.
31. Ibid., 288–89.
32. C. Peter Wagner, Our Kind of People: The Ethical Dimensions of Church Growth in America (Atlanta: Knox, 1979), 21, 100.
33. Quoted in ibid., 101.
34. Quoted in ibid., 23.
35. Tippet, Church Growth, 35.
36. Glasser, “Donald McGavran,” 18.
37. Tim Stafford, “The Father of Church Growth,” Christianity Today (February 21, 1986): 20.
38. Gordon Aeschliman, “United States Center for World Mission,” World Christian (March/April 1983): 20.
39. John Maust, “Ralph Winter’s Mission Center Forges Ahead; Money Still Tight,” Christianity Today (January 21, 1983): 34.
40. David Bryant, “Concerts of Prayer: Waking Up for a New Missions Thrust,” Mission Frontiers (March/April 1983): 31.
41. Doris Haley, “Ralph and Roberta Winter: A Wartime Life-Style,” Family Life Today (March 1983): 31.
42. Ralph Winter, “Welcome to the U.S. Center for World Mission,” publicity material.
43. Lesslie Newbigin, Unfinished Agenda (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1993), 11–12.
44. Ibid., 12, 55.
45. Wainwright, Lesslie Newbigin, 75.
46. Ibid., 190–91.
47. Tim Stafford, “God’s Missionary to Us,” Christianity Today (December 9, 1996): 25.
48. Ibid., 26.
49. Wainwright, Lesslie Newbigin, 58.
50. Stafford, “God’s Missionary to Us,” 28.
51. George R. Hunsberger, Bearing the Witness of the Spirit: Lesslie Newbigin’s Theology of Cultural Plurality (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 83–89.
52. Wainwright, Lesslie Newbigin, 388.
18
SAINTS AND CELEBRITIES: APPEALING TO THE MASSES
1. Quoted in Joan Jacobs Brumberg, Mission for Life: The Story of the Family of Adoniram Judson (New York: Macmillan, 1980), 7.
2. Ibid., 13.
3. Norman Grubb, C. T. Studd: Cricketer and Pioneer (Fort Washington, PA: Christian Literature Crusade, 1972), cover.
4. Anne Sebba, Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image (New York: Doubleday, 1998), xviii, 84.
5. Alan Neely, “Saints Who Sometimes Were: Utilizing Missionary Hagiography,” Missiology (October 1999): 443.
6. Ibid., 448.
7. Marilee Pierce Dunker, Man of Vision, Woman of Prayer (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1980), 179.
8. Ibid., 193–94.
9. Bruce Olson, Bruchko (Carol Stream, IL: Creation House, 1978), back cover.
10. Sebba, Mother Teresa, xiii.
11. Edward Le Joly, S.J., Mother Teresa of Calcutta: A Biography (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983), 8.
12. Sebba, Mother Teresa, 46.
13. Ibid., 36.
14. Eileen Egan, Such a Vision of the Street: Mother Teresa—the Spirit and the Work (New York: Doubleday, 1985), 90–91.
15. Sebba, Mother Teresa, 72.
16. Malcolm Muggeridge, Something Beautiful for God (Garden City, NY: Image Books, 1971), 37.
17. Egan, Such a Vision, 357.
18. Dee Jepson, Women Beyond Equal Rights (Waco, TX: Word Books, 1984), 52.
19. Brother Andrew, God’s Smuggler (Old Tappan, NJ: Revell, 1967), 26.
20. Ibid., 108.
21. Brother Andrew, Battle for Africa (Old Tappan, NJ: Revell, 1977), 23–26.
22. Russ Hoyle, “Risky Rendezvous at Swatow,” Time, (October 19, 1981): 109; “Bible Shipment to China,” Charisma (February 1982): 14.
23. Brother Andrew, The Ethics of Smuggling (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House, 1974), 136–37.
24. Hoyle, “Risky Rendezvous at Swatow,” 109.
25. Brother Andrew, “God’s Smuggler Confesses,” Christianity Today (December 11, 1995): 46.
26. Alan Burgess, Daylight Must Come: The Story of a Courageous Woman Doctor in the Congo (New York: Dell, 1975), 135.
27. Ibid., 149.
28. Ibid., 95.
29. “A HIS Interview with Helen Roseveare,” HIS (January 1977): 18.
30. Burgess, Daylight Must Come, 45.
31. “A HIS Interview,” 19.
32. Jackie Pullinger with Andrew Quicke, Chasing the Dragon (Ann Arbor, MI: Servant Books, 1980), 36.
33. Ibid., 31.
34. Ibid., 28, 31.
35. Ibid., 84.
36. Ibid., 69.
37. Ibid., 67–69.
38. Ibid., 77.
39. Ibid., 84–86.
40. Ibid., 133.
41. Jackie Pullinger, Crack in the Wall: Life and Death in Kowloon Walled City (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), 16.
42. Don Richardson, Peace Child (Glendale, CA: Regal, 1974), 96.
43. Ibid., 172.
44. Ibid.
45. “How to Reach the Hidden People: An Interview with Don Richardson by Robert Walker,” Christian Life (July 1981): 52.
46. Richardson, Peace Child, 191.
47. Ibid., 206.
48. Ibid., 277, 283.