Greek influence on Christianity

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11 from an unknown community and even from an unfriendly society As a result of the powerful speeches of Peter the first Christian community was established by his preaching’s in Jerusalem. Added to that there was an immediate impact in Jerusalem that thousands of them were repented and baptized and also they gave away all their properties to the poor and needy. They broke the bread in their houses and praised God. Since then common meal became a trademark that reminded the Lord supper. This common meal they took in those days was treated as love feast in some churches at present.

There was some scandal spread for some time regarding the authority of the cross. But even the cross has been the symbol of Christian faith and preaching Because of its importance it can be our daily life like lamps and Christian meeting places still the scandal reminded at Christian places where the word of God is not correctly understood. The remarks of some believers no way disturbed the faith of the people. The believers would understand that it was the scandalous remarks of some disgruntled family members. As a matter of fact cross is a major element that gives life to Christian faith.

Christianity began as an obscured sect of religion in a distant corner of the Roman Empire and developed into the most powerful religion in the world. So to say it remained as the largest religion of the world today with about 2 billion believers. The founder of this religion was of course Jesus Christ. And after Him it developed rapidly and influenced other civilizations also. The roots of this Christianity were originated in Jerusalem. Apart from that the messages of Jesus Christ the emphasis on education also helped for the spreading of Christianity. Jerusalem has strong enough traditions of instructions and for this purpose the Jewish synagogues served as major centres for worship for teaching and for scriptural studies for Jewish children and adults as well.

Jesus Christ was not only the founder of Christianity but also He was from Jewish origin. He was portrayed as the most powerful teacher of all times. The readers of the scriptures would encounter Jesus again and again among friends as well as enemies with dialogues parables and examples of

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real life. In his messages He explained to the multitudes the theological concepts of God which were difficult. The life after death the condition of human soul sin the redemption etc. Jesus Christ with His contributions to humanity remained as the greatest teacher of all times. His exemplary life caused profound influence on the educational theory. He told His disciples before he went to His father to take the example of His life and behaviour while teaching to others.

Greek influence on Christianity:

The influence of Christianity came through the conquest of Palestine by Alexander the Great in the last of the fourth century before Christ. This Macedonian soldier (Alexander the Great) marched into every part of the known world and spread his tremendous culture and civilization. But after his sudden death at the age of about 32 years only the four military generals distributed the Kingdom among themselves did not take much care for the spreading of the Greek language and culture. But still the influence of Christianity continued. The philosophy of good and bad was spread everywhere and God used both to prepare for the coming of Jesus Christ. The authentic and sceptical philosophy of the Greeks turned many gentiles from their superficial worship of false gods and intensified their heart hunger for real God in the first place. So to say the Greek philosophy itself on the other hand prepared the world for the coming of Christ the Messiah by magnifying the worth of human spirit and by putting high values on the spiritual and moral truth. In the second place the Greek language became a common tongue throughout the Mediterranean world. Even the good Jews were forced to learn Greek in Palestine to their business. This fact appeared to be more important at the first glance. And also the missionaries of Christ could continue their work without waiting to learn a new language for that purpose. Furthermore the presence of a common language caused a unity among different people. Finally this Greek language became a wonderful thing for everybody to understand everything. The Greeks at last developed a language that made people to express finally the great truth of the Christian revelation. And another advantage was that Greek

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13 happened to be language of New Testament. The point is that Greek spirit made its contribution to the Christian movement.

Roman influence on Christianity:

Apostle Paul suggested what the Roman Empire had contributed its mite for the Christian movement and its faith. Basing on history the Greeks ruled Palestine in about 167 B.C. Then the Jewish patriarchs under Judas Maccabees defeated them In 63 B.C. After about a century of Jewish independence the soldiers of Rome took possession of Palestine. If we look into the New Testament we can have the idea of Roman rule. It speaks about centurions of Roman guards, Roman jailers, Roman castles, Roman generals etc. On one occasion a Pharisee happened to question Jesus whether a Jew would have God, who was surving under Roman rule. It is a reference to Apostle Matthew who served as a tax collector under Roman rule.

When Jesus was born it was called Roman world. But the impact of their rule was neither too good nor too bad. On Christianity the central Government of Rome was very strong and it provided peace and protection. The Government did not allow any kind of violence to take place in the empire and also people were afraid of the punishment for any untoward incident. This situation allowed the missionaries to seize the opportunity to spread the word of God freely in the Mediterranean world as far as possible. But at the end of the first century the central government changed its attitude toward Christianity why because it did not correctly understand the value of the individual soul and also religiously. The Roman armies simply accepted the false gods of the nations they conquered. As a result the other nations which were already accepted those gods including the emperor worship. In such circumstances when the Christians refused to worship the emperor they were persecuted. This inhuman treatment to innocent Christians continued for about three centuries.

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Jewish influence on Christianity:

The third racial influence upon the Christian movement was most significant. The Jewish nations provided the immediate background of Christ and all His early disciples. The history of Jews as recorded in the Old Testament need not to be repeated in detail According to History God chose a family of faith which later under Devine care developed into a nation. And it was the family of Abraham chosen by God. The nation was named after his grandson Jacob (Israel). But in 1922 BC, the nation was divided into two as the Northern Kingdom of Israel with the capital Samaria and the southern kingdom of Judah with Jerusalem as its capital. Again in 722 B.C. the northern Kingdom was taken into captivity by the Assyrians the first heathen rulers who were according to genealogy ofstrings of Abraham.

But the southern Kingdom of Judah stood firm up to 587 B.C. This was also attacked by the Babylonians. And as a result Jerusalem was completely destroyed. They almost looted the God’s temple and they look everything from it. They also took thousands of Jews as captives including Daniel when he was just 13 years old. They remained in Babylon as captives for seventy years. Then the Persians came to power after defeating the Babylonians. These Persians were kind enough who returned everything that was taken by Babylonians. After Persians Greeks came to power and finally Romans in 63 B.C. which brought the history of the Jewish people and the New Testament.

During this long period the Jewish people unknowingly prepared for the coming of Jesus Christ. They carefully preserved the Revelation which God had given to them. As a result they realized two things during that time. There is only one God for man and the relationship of God to man is purely personal. Prior to the Babylonian captivity the Jews often fell into idolatry and polytheism. But after they returned to Palestine they realized the truth that God was one (Monotheism). That is to say the captive Jews realized and repented. There might be very few who were reluctant to accept the oneness of God like Jonah the rebellious prophet. The Jewish

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15 instructions and parties that formed so much a part of New Testament story and had their background in their historical experiences. The synagogue was developed as a place of teaching and worshipping during Babylonian captivity.

Then the contact between the Jews and the Persian religious ideas helped to produce the party known as the Essenes which arose in 150 B.C. It was considered the most rigorous orthodoxy quite against animal sacrifice at the time of worship. Then the Pharisees grew with separate tendency. In the New Testament they were labeled as narrow minded bigoted and hypocrites. They were many and became popular. The Sadducees were there during the second century B.C. friendly to Greek and Roman culture. They represented political and religious freedom. Their rationalism led them to deny resurrection Divine providence and tried for the freedom of human will. The Samaritans were born to Jews in the inter marriages between them and the gentiles in Palestine after many of them were taken as captives to Babylon.

Jesus Christ 4 B.C. to 30 A.D.

When the world was with believers and non believers Jesus was born. And all His life study can be found in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Matthew and Luke described the human geneology of Christ. It is better if we say that Matthew said about the geneology of Joseph. Whereas Luke dealt with the geneology of Mary. John described the eternal matters and pre incarnate existence of Jesus. According to the historical background

th the birth of Christ took place in 4 B.C. This means Christ began His public ministry in about 27 A.D. and He was crucified in about 30 A.D. His ministry for our understanding was divided into seven stages.

1.His early Judean ministry which was primarily described in John’s

Gospel, and during that time He called for His first disciples and

cleaning of the Temple.

2.The great Galilean ministry that covered the main work and it

continued for 1 ½ years. During that only Jesus was rejected in His

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native place Nazareth. And as a result He moved to Capernaum.

Then He chose His twelve disciples (Apostles) and His sermon on

the mount was important. In this period only He happened to visit

Galilee three times.

3.His several withdrawals from the press of the crowds gave Him the

opportunity for special instructions to His disciples for securing the

great confession at ceasareas, Philippi and for the transfiguration

experience.

and it was described by Luke and John. The note worthy point in this

time was the attending of Jesus with His disciples to be feast of

Tabernacles and to the dedication in Jerusalem.

5.His brief Persian ministry and this was mentioned by four Gospels

writers. They also said about His final miracles, parables and prophecy

about His resurrection.

6.His last week in Jerusalem was treated in full details by John’s Gospel.

It began with triumphal entry into Jerusalem and ended with His

crucifixion.

7.His post resurrection ministry was for about forty days before His

ascension to His father that was the close of the Gospels accounts.

The teachings of Jesus were remarkable both in method and contents. He explained to the believers the truth through parables questions discourses and doubts. That is the person of God and purpose were revealed through the life of Jesus Christ and His teachings. In all His examples love was the dominating theme which is a must in the life of a true Christian. Because God loved mankind Christ died on the cross for the sins of humanity and redeemed them for eternal life. The conquering power of the cross and the ultimate triumph of the Kingdom of God were the salient points in the teachings of Jesus Christ. He established His church a local autonomous body where there was two or three gather together in prayer and they could find His presence and power. After the death and ascension of Jesus

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17 His disciples who were entrusted in the work of spreading the word of God set out to take part in the impossible task. Though there were other religious working for their progress Christianity began growing like a mustard seed. From the human point of view there must be some reasons for the tremendous improvement. The following must be reasons for the rapid growth.

1.Atheism became bankrupt and could not answer the call of hungry

hearts.

2.The so called leaders of other religions claiming for more devotes

could not compete with God’s revelation in Christ.

3.Every Christian became missionary in sacred fire leaped from friend

to friend with a message.

4.The Christians had a strong conviction that Christ alone could

save the lost world and since the return of Jesus was sure and

certain there was no time to be lost.

Again the seventy year period of the growth of Christianity can be divided into three stages. It was from the time of the death of Jesus Christ to the last Apostle.

Local witnesses (30 to 45 A.D.)

The first 12 chapters of the book of Acts describe the history of the Christian movement during the first fifteen years. After the death of Christ and resurrection, the disciples received the Holy Spirit and with the power witnessed even in the places of some enemies with that power. They could bring the presence of Christ for their fellowship, on the day of Pentecost many were saved. They went back to their places and established churches. The persecution and martyrdom of Stephen made many Christians leave Jerusalem and go into Judea and Samaria to witness. This incident wonderfully worked among people especially persons like Saul who was one of the persecutors of Stephen. The pervading impact of peter was more on the gentiles and even a church was built for them in Antioch.

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Then there was another martyrdom of James son of Zebedee. The conversion of Saul who later became Paul his preparation to serve Christ and his wonderful ministry at Antioch were beyond comprehension and gave more scope for rapid development of Christianity.

Period of missionary Expansion: (45 to 65 A.D.)

With the support of the Holy Spirit and under the leadership of Paul those missionary tours took place for the expansion of Christianity. This time Paul wrote 14 books called Epistles to different churches. Paul the persecutor of Christians once now became a faithful follower of Christ, made the Roman authorities to imprison him two times and finally he was killed by the most cruel Roman emperor Nero. So to say Paul was responsible for the rise of all Christian centres during the first century churches were established through his efforts in some of the strongest cities of the empire. A noted theologian complemented that without the epistles of Apostle Paul there is no New Testament.

Period of outward growth (68 to 100 A.D.)

After the death of Paul the centre for Christianity moved toward western section of the Mediterranean area. In 66 A.D. Jewish war broke out and it resulted in complete destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. In 70 A.D. by Romans under Titus. The Christian church was uprooted and people were forced to flee to save themselves. It is said John happened to go to Ephesus at the time of the destruction. Apostle John wrote his five books at this time. Actually John was exiled to the isle of Patmos from Ephesus when the persecution was rampant. Just at that time the book revelation was written in which he denied the efforts of the Roman emperor to force Christians to worship the Roman emperor. It was almost the end of apostolic period. It is believed that Apostle John was the longest lived among the disciples of Christ.

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3. FOUR CRUCIAL COVENANTS OF GOD

1.People speak about the covenants now a days. But in the olden days

they spoke of cutting as a covenant because blood which was the

essence of life had to be spilled. If we look into history people entered

into an agreement by using different methods to finalize their issues.

Some of such methods were formal and legal, whereas other were

informal and personal. Accordingly those methods used to seal the

deal and they were called, treaties, accords, Contract, compacts,

promises, pledges, and covenants. Among those methods the heavenly

father God selected covenants to enter into a special relationship with

man. So, God particularly entered into four major covenants committed

by himself with the most prominent Personalities in the holy bible. And

those covenants were not simply over statements, but people must try

to understand their meaning, how they would work in them.

2. God himself committed those covenants as they possessed certain things

concerning to the life man.

3. That is, those covenants would have direct impact on the life of every

human being on earth.

4. Those covenants used to be in operation whether men are aware of

them or not

joy, peace, blessing and eternal life with God

6.Those covenants are so valuable and if people reject them they would

bring sadness curse, turmoil, and eternal separation from God. Among

those four covenants, of God the first one was with patriarch Abraham.

God committed and if was called Abrahamic. It was made with him as

the father of Jewish nation (Israel) the second covenant was committed

by God with Moses, and it was called mosaic covenant. Moses was

also called the law giver of Israel. The third covenant was commitment

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by God with David, and it was called Davidic covenant and he was

also called man after God’s own heart. The fourth covenant was called

New Testament. It was called so because the son of God Jesus Christ

himself started first. The first two, Abrahamic and mosaic covenants

were already discussed in my previous book (my 10th book) with the

title “Jerusalem city of peace”. And in my eleventh book I am writing

about the third and fourth covenants. They are Davidic and New

Testament covenants.

Davidic covenant:

The third major but crucial biblical covenant was Davidic covenant. And this was concerned to the 12 tribes of Israel into a nation king David happened to defeat the war like tribe called Jebusites who dwelt in the middle of the land of Israel. He then fortified the Jebusite city and finally it was called the city of David then he made it his capital which later became Jerusalem. King David took the help of Hiram king of Tyre who helped him with most prcious and valuable wood called cedar wood. He also sent efficient carpenters and masons for the construction of the Royal palace. for the king who gave credit to his emerging kingdom. The king then directed his attention for the recovery of the Ark of the Covenant which was taken away by the Philistines during the time of the high priest Eli, and it remained for a long time in the house of abandon.

The defeat of Israel army by the Philistines and the loss of the Ark of the Covenant clearly indicated that the presence of God and his blessings were completely withdrawn from Israel. But now with great military power king David became victorious and established his kingdom. As a result, he received the blessing of God for the nation. After he settled properly, he planned to bring back the Ark of the Covenant. Which remained with the heathen kings at that time? And also as long as the Ark was with them they experienced all draw backs. But finally King David was able to get it and he brought with all pomp and glory to the city. He thought to keep the Ark of the Covenant; the safest place would be only the tabernacle, because originally it remained in the tabernacle only. This tabernacle was the first

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21 mobile Temple of God. It was prepared by some efficient work men of Israel on the instigation of Prophet Moses. It was done at the foot of Mount Sinai, while Moses was bringing Israelites from Egypt to Canaan; a seed of concept began to develop in the mind and heart of King David.

And it came to pass when the king sat in his house, and the Lord had given him rest roundabout from all his enemies. Then the king said unto Nathan the prophet, see now I dwell in an house of cedar (a posh palace) but the ark of God dwelleth within curtains in the tabernacle- a portable temporary house (2 Samuel 7.1-2)

Actually King David wanted to build a beautiful temple to God so that he would dwell in it. With that intention he had seen a good member of the surrounding temples of different models with magnificent structures for the heathen Gods. As a matter of fact those Gods could not speak, nor help the worshippers in times of need. They could not see also, but only wicked and indicative. They were without life, and would not do anything to their believers. So King David realized that truth. He felt whole heartedly that his God was the only God, the holy one of Israel the true and living God and who was from everlasting to everlasting. His aim was always to deliver, when his people’s cause was genuine. Till the time of King David, there was no permanent house (temple) for his God except the tabernacle a mobile temple. He correctly understood that he was the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and the God had blessed him and gave him wonderful victory in the battles he fought.

The king sincerely felt it necessary to build a temple so that his God would dwell permanently in it among his chosen people. But all his hopes and plans become futile because he was advised by God through the prophet Nathan. The prophet told the king that his hands had been soaked with the blood of wars. So it was not appropriate for him to build the temple of God, with those blood wet hands. And finally building of Gods temple was entrusts to his son Solomon. Though David was not permitted to build the house of God amazingly God declared he would build a house for David more than an eternal kingly dynasty.

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GOD said: And when thy days be fulfilled and Thou shalt sleep with thy fathers I will Set up thy seed after thee, which shall Proceed out of thy bowels and I will Establish his kingdom. He shall build an House for my name and I will establish The throne of his kingdom forever. I Will be his father and he shall be my Son. If he commits iniquity I will chasten Him with the rod of men and with The stripes of the children of men. But My mercy shall not depart away from Him as I took it, from Saul whom I put Away before the and thine house and Thy kingdom shall be established for Ever before the, they throne shall be Established forever. (2 Samuel 7.12-16) This amazing Promise from God included the following facts.

1)Solomon the son of David would succeed him to sit on the throne and

establish his kingdom (v.12)

2)Solomon the son of David would build the temple of God (v.13)

3)The throne of Solomon would be established forever

4)If the king Solomon appeared to committee sin he would naturally

receive appropriate punishment but the mercy of God and loyal love

would endure forever

5)The house of David, his kingdom and his throne would be established

forever (v.16)

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However, this agreement did not of the dynasty for a period of time. And while there is no clear mention of blood those promises of King David were specially framed with the scriptures as a covenant. So it was written in the psalms. “I have made a covenant with my chosen. I have sworn unto David my servant. Thy seed will I establish forever and building up thy throne for generations” (psalms 89.3-4). The ultimate fulfillment of the promise to David regarding the house kingdom and throne will be lost forever. And they will find their fulfillment only at the end of the age with the second coming of Jesus Christ and his millennial (1000 years) kingdom. In the mean time king Solomon built the house of God on the mount Moraiah in Jerusalem and God lived happily in his permanent house. And King Solomon dedicated the temple with pomp and gory, by spending so much money and sacrificing so many animals.

It was really auspicious occasion for Israelites because they could have the presence (schekinah) of God in their midst. As a result of the effort of King Solomon in building God’s temple the nation became a blessed one in Jewish history. But it was most unfortunate in the character of King Solomon. He forgot the blessings of God who made him the richest man and the cleverest man on earth. He forgot all those things and he committed sin by having so many heathen wives. It is said he had 700 wives and 300 concubines. In addition to that he built even heathen temples to please his heathen wives at a place called Baal Beck. God became angry at his character and punished him by dividing his kingdom into two parts and the 12 tribes were also divided into two groups. They were the northern kingdom of Israel with 10 tribes and their capital was Samaria and the king to them was jeroboam. The second one is the southern kingdom of Judah with two tribes and their capital was Jerusalem. And their king was Rehaboam these twelve tribes were the children of Jacob (Israel) and this division took place in 922 B.C.

After two hundred years that is in 722 B.C. the northern kingdom was taken into captivity by the Assyrians the first heathen rulers. After that there was no more northern kingdom because Many Israelites were taken

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as captives to different places and the remaining were mixed and mingled with the Assyrians who settled in Samaria. As a result they lost their identity. Regarding the southern kingdom it continued for another 136 years. During that period about 19 kings of Davidic dynastic rulers ruled the southern kingdom. But out of 19 only 8 kings happened to rule, who were is right in the sight of God and the remaining kings proved themselves as the most wicked and unscrupulous in the sight of God. So, in the year 605 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon conquered Egypt in the battle of Carchemish and came to Jerusalem to show his authority on Judah and Davidic kings. These were called second heathen rulers that ruled Jewish nation.

At that time, he looted the temple of God and went with vessels and other costly things. In addition to that he took thousands of Jews as captives to Babylon. Prophet Daniel, a thirteen year old boy was one of them. Finally in 586 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar put an end to the Davidic dynastic rulers in Jerusalem. According to the bible also it was the time of gentie rulers. The first one was Assyrians and the second one was Babylonians and this was clearly depicted in the giant colosses (statues) of Prophet Daniel chapter 2. It is really most astonishing to know from that day onwards to this day the period of about 2600 years no divinely appointed Jewish king of the tribe of Judah and the family of David has ruled over Israel. There was a brief respite from the gentile rule for 102 years (165 to 63) D.C. during that time the dynasty of the Maccabaeus which was of priestly lineage ruled though it had no right to rule particularly Jerusalem. However Israel got independence in the year 1948 and its sovereignty was re established.

The nation remained in unbelief and ungodly. The rulers have been neither divinitey appointed, nor Davidic dynasty. And the fate of Jerusalem is still under defeat by different nations of the world. In spite of that God is faithful to his covenant promises to his chosen people. Even though the Middle East as been causing some troubles now and then God is always protecting them in times of need. From the point of view, the world is out

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25 of control, but gradually convulsing but from the divine perspective all is being prepared for the coming of one who is from the tribe of Judah (Genesis

49.10 ) and the family of David (2 Samuel 7.12-16), and that one is mighty God and everlasting father and “prince of peace” (Isaiah 9.6)

He will one day end the times of the gentiles (nations) and bring peace and blessing to the earth. In the book of revelation apostle John wrote. And one of the elders saith unto me weep not behold the lion of the tribe of Judah the root of David hath prevailed to open the book and to loose the seven seals thereof (Revelation 7.5). The person who is capable of loosing the seals and opens the scroll is no other than who has possessed the title deed of the planet earth. And Jesus Christ in the last chapter of the Bible said of himself, I Jesus have sent mine angel to testify unto you these things in the churches. I am the root and offspring of David and the bright and Morning star (revelation 22.16).

The fourth covenant the New Testament:

Jesus was sitting in the upper room on mount Zion on the night before, he was arrested and crucified. It was the time of pass over and all the Jews were seriously observing it. And Jesus also assembled with his followers to commemorate the pass over Luke in his book described that event in the following manner. And when the hour was come, he sat down and the twelve apostles were with him and he said unto them with desire, l have desire to eat this pass over with you before I suffer (Luke 22.14-15). The statement with desire I have desired is a strong idiom literally it means with great desire. As a matter of fact, this expression of Jesus Christ carried as with his deep emotion and pathos. Here we can understand the words of the Lord in this way, with great desire. I have desired to eat the pass over before I suffer that is, “before I become the pass over”

The lambs that were slaih in Egypt during the first pass over did not die in vain. With extreme faith the Israelites applied the blood of those slain lambs to the doorposts and lintels the result of that was the first born

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male child in those families was redeemed. But the first born male child in the families of heathens including the first born son in the house of king Pharaoh died. This historical reflection provided to the Lord the most vivid reminder and testimony that his suffering and death that took place, the next day did not become a waste. With the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ, on the cross many sons and daughters of Adam and Eve could have the experience of redemption. By preparing himself to face the task of death before him, he gave great comfort to all humanity in redeeming them. That is the reason why he said, with desire I have desired to eat this pass over with you. (Which reflects on his redeeming significance) before l suffers (became the pass over)

It was during that meal Jesus took bread blessed it broke it and than gave it to his disciples. And he said take eat this is my body (Matthew

26.26) it was a Bread along with the pass over lamb and the bitter herbs. These three were the essential items that comprised of the ancient pass over. For about 1500 years (from the time of Moses until the coming of Jesus the Jews people killed and ete the pass over lamb as a memorial of the first pass over. Jesus and unleavened bread realized this truth and on it’s the next day. He died on the cross as the Lamb of God, who takes it way the sin of all humanity from this land. Hence there was no need of sacrificing four legged animals (lambs). So, the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ is no doubt would be infinite in worth and eternal in duration with this wonderful event; there is no need of any more animal sacrifices.

So, Jesus took the unleavened bread that was found on the pass over table blessed it broke it and gave it to his disciples and said “take eat this is my body” since then sacrifice of the lamb was no more required instead of that unleavened bread which was sinless became the perfect replacement. Here the real idea was this. Take eat this unleavened bread that would replace the pass over lamb and represent my sinless body which would be broken for you. Since pass over was specifically said to be memorial (Exodus

13.9) so all so the unleavened bread was given as a memorial. However,

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