Notes
NOTES
[1] Edna St. Vincent Millay, Collected Sonnets (New York: Harper, 1988), 140.
[2] Surprised by Joy, 266. Elsewhere in Surprised by Joy, Lewis refers to this as a “reconversion”: ibid., 135.
[3] Alister E. McGrath, The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis (Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013).
[4] Surprised by Joy, 1.
[5] W. H. Lewis, “C. S. Lewis: A Biography,” 27.
[6] Available online at http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000721989/. The entry “Cannot Read” is in a different hand.
[7] Lloyds Register of Shipping, No. 93171.
[8] Wilson, “William Thompson Kirkpatrick,” 33.
[9] Since the late nineteenth century, these roles have become fused in American legal practice. An American attorney can act in either or both capacities.
[10] Harford, The Opening of University Education to Women in Ireland, 78.
[11] J. W. Henderson, Methodist College, Belfast, 1868–1938: A Survey and Retrospect. 2 vols. (Belfast: Governors of Methodist College, 1939), vol. 1, 120–30. Note that the school, though founded in 1865, did not open until 1868.
[12] Ibid., vol. 1, 127. First Class Honours (often referred to simply as a “First”) in the British university examination system is equivalent to a GPA of 4.0 in the American system.
[13] Belfast Telegraph, 28 September 1929.
[14] See especially Lewis’s letter to Warren Lewis, 2 August 1928; Letters, vol. 1, 768–777, which is rich in such references.
[15] W. H. Lewis, “Memoir of C. S. Lewis,” 2.
[16] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 30 March 1915; Letters, vol. 1, 114.
[17] All My Road before Me, 105.
[18] Letter to Warren Lewis, 12 January 1930; Letters, vol. 1, 871.
[19] Bleakley, C. S. Lewis at Home in Ireland, 53. Elsewhere Lewis suggests transferring Oxford to County Donegal, rather than Down: see, for example, his letter to Arthur Greeves, 3 June 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 313.
[20] Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature, 126.
[21] For other examples, see Clare, “C. S. Lewis: An Irish Writer,” 20–21.
[22] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 8 July 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 325.
[23] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 24 July 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 330.
[24] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 31 August 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 394.
[25] Surprised by Joy, 9.
[26] W. H. Lewis, “Memoir of C. S. Lewis,” 1.
[27] The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 10–11.
[28] Surprised by Joy, 6.
[29] Ibid., 16.
[30] Ibid., 17.
[31] Ibid.
[32] Ibid., 18.
[33] Ibid.
[34] James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, 380–381.
[35] See the dedication of Tolkien’s poem “Mythopoiea”: Tolkien, Tree and Leaf, 85. The context of this poem makes it clear that this is a reference to Lewis: see Carpenter, J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography, 192–199.
[36] Letter to Albert Lewis, 16 February 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 356.
[37] Warnie would later have the same quotation inscribed on his brother’s gravestone in Oxford in 1963.
[38] Surprised by Joy, 23.
[39] The Magician’s Nephew, 166.
[40] Surprised by Joy, 20.
[41] Ibid., 22.
[42] Letter to Francine Smithline, 23 March 1962; Letters, vol. 3, 1325. The two “horrid” schools were Wynyard School and Malvern College.
[43] Sayer, Jack, 86.
[44] Surprised by Joy, 26.
[45] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 5 June 1914; Letters, vol. 1, 60.
[46] Surprised by Joy, 37.
[47] “Lewis Papers,” vol. 3, 40.
[48] Surprised by Joy, 56.
[49] Cherbourg School became part of Malvern College in 1992. The original site has since been sold for development.
[50] Surprised by Joy, 82.
[51] Ibid., 82.
[52] Richard Wagner, Siegfried and The Twilight of the Gods, translated by Margaret Armour, illustrated by Arthur Rackham (London: Heinemann, 1911).
[53] Surprised by Joy, 83.
[54] Ibid., 38.
[55] Letter to Albert Lewis, 8 July 1913; Letters, vol. 1, 28.
[56] Surprised by Joy, 71.
[57] Letter to Albert Lewis, 7 June 1913; Letters, vol. 1, 23.
[58] Ian Wilson, “William Thompson Kirkpatrick,” 39.
[59] The narrative can be found in Surprised by Joy, 95–135, taking up 18 percent of the text of the book.
[60] This often led to boys regarded as effete “intellectuals”—such as Lewis—being victimised and bullied: see Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School, 99–121.
[61] See Roberts, “Character in the Mind.”
[62] Surprised by Joy, 11. Lewis and Warnie inherited this defect from their father. The condition (a form of metacarpophalangeal synostosis) is now sometimes referred to as symphalangism (Lewis type) on account of its association with Lewis: see Alessandro Castriota–Scanderbeg and Bruno Dallapiccola, Abnormal Skeletal Phenotypes: From Simple Signs to Complex Diagnoses (Berlin: Springer, 2006), 405.
[63] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 5 June 1914; Letters, vol. 1, 59.
[64] Surprised by Joy, 117.
[65] The text of the poem is found in “Lewis Papers,” vol. 3, 262–263.
[66] W. H. Lewis, “Memoir of C. S. Lewis,” 5.
[67] Letter to Albert Lewis, 17 July 1929; Letters, vol. 1, 802.
[68] Letter to Albert Lewis, 18 March 1914; Letters, vol. 1, 51.
[69] Warren Lewis to Albert Lewis, 29 March 1914; “Lewis Papers,” vol. 4, 156.
[70] Ibid., 157.
[71] Surprised by Joy, 151.
[72] Letter to Warren Lewis, 18 May 1907; Letters, vol. 1, 3–4.
[73] Surprised by Joy, 151.
[74] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 5 June 1914; Letters, vol. 1, 60.
[75] Letter to Albert Lewis, 29 June 1914; Letters, vol. 1, 64.
[76] Surprised by Joy, 158.
[77] See Ian Wilson, “William Thompson Kirkpatrick.”
[78] Queen’s College, Belfast, was incorporated into the Royal University of Ireland in 1879. It was reestablished as a separate institution by the Irish Universities Act of 1908, which dissolved the Royal University of Ireland and replaced it with the National University of Ireland and the Queen’s University of Belfast.
[79] Surprised by Joy, 171.
[80] Letter to Albert Lewis, 8 February 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 275.
[81] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 12? October 1916; Letters, vol. 1, 230–231.
[82] “Lewis Papers,” vol. 10, 219. Lewis’s comments are found in a three-page reflection on Greeves, possibly written around 1935, on pages 218–220.
[83] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 18 October 1916; Letters, vol. 1, 235.
[84] Lewis’s own account in Surprised by Joy incorrectly dates this as taking place in August 1915. See Hooper, C. S. Lewis: The Companion and Guide, 568.
[85] Surprised by Joy, 208–209.
[86] Letter to Albert Lewis, 28? May 1915; Letters, vol. 1, 125.
[87] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 7 March 1916; Letters, vol. 1, 171.
[88] Letter from Albert Lewis to William Kirkpatrick, 8 May 1916; “Lewis Papers,” vol. 5, 79–80. For Kirkpatrick’s earlier letter, dated 5 May, see “Lewis Papers,” vol. 5, 78–79.
[89] Surprised by Joy, 214.
[90] Letter to Albert Lewis, 7 December 1916; Letters, vol. 1, 262.
[91] Letter to Albert Lewis, 28 January 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 267.
[92] Aston, The History of the University of Oxford, vol. 6, 356.
[93] Letter to Francine Smithline, 23 March 1962; Letters, vol. 3, 1325.
[94] Surprised by Joy, 226.
[95] Ibid., 183.
[96] See Darwall-Smith, A History of University College, Oxford, 440–447.
[97] Ibid., 443.
[98] Letter to Albert Lewis, 28 April 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 296.
[99] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 8 July 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 324.
[100] Surprised by Joy, 216.
[101] Lewis’s military record is held in the National Gallery (Public Records Office): War Office 339/105408.
[102] Letter to Albert Lewis, 3 May 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 299.
[103] Letter to Albert Lewis, 12 May 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 302.
[104] Letter to Albert Lewis, 8 June 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 316.
[105] Letter to Albert Lewis, 17 May 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 305.
[106] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 13 May 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 304.
[107] Letter to Albert Lewis, 3? June 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 315.
[108] Winifred Mary Letts, The Spires of Oxford and Other Poems (New York: Dutton, 1917), 3. Letts was “passing by” Oxford on a train.
[109] War Office 372/4 12913.
[110] King Edward VII School Magazine 15, no. 7 (May 1961).
[111] Surprised by Joy, 217. Detailed records survive for C Company: Oxford University Officers’ Training Corps, Archive OT 1/1/1-11; OT 1/2/1-4. Little documentation has survived about E Company, in which Lewis served.
[112] Oxford University Officers’ Training Corps Archives, Archive OT 1/1/1-11.
[113] Strictly speaking, Keble was a “New Foundation,” with tutors rather than fellows. It was not until 1930 that Keble’s internal governance fell into line with that of other Oxford colleges.
[114] Letter to Albert Lewis, 10? June 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 317.
[115] Moore was born on 17 November 1898; Lewis on 29 November 1898.
[116] Letter to Albert Lewis, 17? November 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 416. In fact, although Lewis did not know it, one of the four he believed to have been killed (Denis Howard de Pass) actually survived the war, becoming a dairy farmer in Sussex until his death in 1973.
[117] Letter to Albert Lewis, 10? June 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 317; Letter to Arthur Greeves, 10 June 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 319.
[118] Letter to Albert Lewis, 18 June 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 322.
[119] “Lewis Papers,” vol. 5, 239.
[120] Now held in the archives of Keble College, Oxford.
[121] Battalion Orders No. 30, 15 June 1917, sheet 4.
[122] See the instructions for platoon exercises issued in 1917 by the General Head-Quarters Small Arms School: Oxford University Officers’ Training Corps, Archive OT 1/8.
[123] Battalion Orders No. 31, 20 June 1917, Part 2, sheet 1.
[124] Battalion Orders No. 35, 13 July 1917, Part 2, sheet 5.
[125] Battalion Orders No. 59, 30 November 1917, Part 2, sheet 1.
[126] Letter to Albert Lewis, 24 July 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 329–330.
[127] “C” Company No. 4 O. C. B. 1916–19 (Oxford: Keble College, 1920), 34. Keble College, KC/JCR H1/1/3.
[128] In late July 1917, Lewis wrote to his father, remarking that the War Office had at last discovered his existence, and paid him seven shillings: Letter to Albert Lewis, 22 July 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 327. Perhaps this can be taken as an indication of the inadequate paperwork associated with this Cadet Battalion.
[129] All My Road before Me, 125.
[130] Note especially his letters to Arthur Greeves dated 3 June 1917 and 10 June 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 313, 319–320. The references to the “Visconte de Sade” were originally deleted by Greeves.
[131] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 10 June 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 319. “s.” is an abbreviation of “shilling.”
[132] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 28 January 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 269. This section of the letter was later deleted by Greeves.
[133] Lewis hints at this in a letter of January 1917, in which he fantasises about “punishing” an unnamed member of Greeves’s family: Letter to Arthur Greeves, 31 January 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 271.
[134] Letters to Arthur Greeves, 31 January 1917, 7 February 1917, 15 February 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 272, 274, 278. The significant letter of 28 January 1917, which discusses whipping, is not signed “Philomastix”: Letters, vol. 1, 269.
[135] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 15 February 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 276.
[136] Greeves’s pocket diaries (11.5 cm x 8 cm) for January 1917 to December 1918 are preserved in the Wade Center, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL. For this prayer, see entry for 8 July 1917; Arthur Greeves Diaries, 1-2.
[137] Entry for 18 July 1917; Arthur Greeves Diaries, 1-2.
[138] Lewis comments on this change in letters to his father, dated 18 September 1918 and 18 October 1918: Letters, vol. 1, 399–400, 408–409.
[139] For comment and analysis, see King, C. S. Lewis, Poet, 52–97.
[140] Spirits in Bondage, 25.
[141] Walter Hooper, who edited the manuscript of this diary, later came to the view that the character he had transcribed as D was actually the Greek letter Delta, Δ. This suggests that Lewis had a private name for Mrs. Moore based on a Greek term beginning with this letter. Lewis is known to have used this device in other contexts. For example, in 1940, Lewis read a paper to an Oxford society titled “The Kappa Element in Romance.” Kappa is the initial letter of the Greek word kryptos, meaning “concealed” or “hidden.”
[142] This battalion was designated as a “Special Reserve” unit, concerned primarily with military training, and remained in the United Kingdom throughout the Great War.
[143] Battalion Orders No. 30, 15 June 1917, sheet 4. As noted earlier (page 59), these incorrect initials were altered to “E. F. C.” a week later. Note that the British system of dating, used in this entry, refers to “day/month/year” rather than the American reference to “month/day/year.”
[144] “Lewis Papers,” vol. 5, 239.
[145] Letter to Albert Lewis, 22 October 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 338.
[146] Letter to Albert Lewis, 3 October 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 337.
[147] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 28? October 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 339.
[148] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 14 December 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 348.
[149] Letter to Albert Lewis, 5 November 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 344.
[150] Albert Lewis wondered if this was because Lewis was Irish: “Lewis Papers,” vol. 5, 247. A document of 22 May 1918 indicates that he was assigned to the 11th Brigade, 4th Division, of the 1st Somerset Light Infantry.
[151] For detailed accounts from 1914, see Wyrall, The History of the Somerset Light Infantry; from 1916, see Majendie, History of the 1st Battalion Somerset Light Infantry. The 2nd Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry was stationed in India throughout the Great War.
[152] Telegram to Albert Lewis, 15 November 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 345.
[153] “Lewis Papers,” vol. 5, 247.
[154] Letter to Albert Lewis, 13 December 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 347–348.
[155] Letter to Albert Lewis, 4 January 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 352.
[156] Surprised by Joy, 227.
[157] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 3 June 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 378.
[158] Darwall-Smith, History of University College, Oxford, 437.
[159] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 30 May 1916; Letters, vol. 1, 187.
[160] Letter to Albert Lewis, 16 February 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 356.
[161] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 21 February 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 358–360.
[162] Entry in the “memorandum” section of the diary for the week 17–23 March 1918; Arthur Greeves Diaries, 1-4.
[163] Entry for 11 April 1918; Arthur Greeves Diaries, 1-4.
[164] Entry for 31 April 1918; Arthur Greeves Diaries, 1-4.
[165] For this assault, see Majendie, History of the 1st Battalion Somerset Light Infantry, 76–81; Wyrall, History of the Somerset Light Infantry, 293–295.
[166] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 4? November 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 341–342.
[167] Surprised by Joy, 229.
[168] Majendie, History of the 1st Battalion Somerset Light Infantry, 81; Wyrall, History of the Somerset Light Infantry, 295.
[169] “Lewis Papers,” vol. 5, 308. In a later letter to the War Office, Lewis stated that he was “severely wounded” on this occasion: Letter to the War Office, 18 January 1919; Letters, vol. 1, 424.
[170] Warnie was promoted to captain on 29 November 1917, and retained this rank until his retirement in 1932, suggesting his subsequent military career was perhaps undistinguished.
[171] “Lewis Papers,” vol. 5, 309.
[172] For example, his remark that Greeves’s handwriting “is so like a girl’s”: Letter to Arthur Greeves, 14 June 1916; Letters, vol. 1, 193.
[173] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 23 May 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 371. Text enclosed thus “< >” was deleted by Greeves, and subsequently restored on editing by Walter Hooper.
[174] Entry for 27 May 1918; Arthur Greeves Diaries, 1-5.
[175] Entry in the “memorandum” section of the diary for the week 5–11 May 1918; Arthur Greeves Diaries, 1-5.
[176] Entry for 31 December 1918; Arthur Greeves Diaries, 1-6.
[177] Greeves kept a diary recording a visit to Oxford to meet Lewis in 1922, which is buoyant in tone, taking particular pleasure in the fact that Lewis suggested that he extend his visit. See his diary for 28 June–28 August 1922; Arthur Greeves Diaries, 1–7. This diary takes the form of an “Oxford Series” notebook, in which Greeves provides extended description of his artistic work and reflections, making no reference to any of the issues that so troubled him in 1917–1918.
[178] Letter to Albert Lewis, 20? June 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 384–387.
[179] For comment, see W. H. Lewis, “Memoir of C. S. Lewis,” 9–10.
[180] Poems, 81. The exact date of composition of this poem is unclear.
[181] Surprised by Joy, 197.
[182] Sayer, Jack, xvii–xviii.
[183] Letter to Albert Lewis, 29 June 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 387.
[184] Letter to Albert Lewis, 18 October 1918; Letters, vol. 1, 409.
[185] “Lewis Papers,” vol. 6, 79.
[186] See Fred Bickerton, Fred of Oxford: Being the Memoirs of Fred Bickerton (London: Evans Bros, 1953).
[187] Letter to Albert Lewis, 27 January 1919; Letters, vol. 1, 428.
[188] Spirits in Bondage, 82–83.
[189] Note Lewis’s explicit and immediate statement of his “wish to get a fellowship”: Letter to Albert Lewis, 27 January 1919; Letters, vol. 1, 428.
[190] Oxford University did not divide the Second Class into “Lower Second (2:2)” and “Upper Second (2:1)” until the 1990s. Oxford awarded Fourth Class Honours until the late 1960s.
[191] Oxford University Calendar 1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1918), xiv.
[192] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 26 January 1919: Letters, vol. 1, 425–426. One of the postwar reforms introduced by most Oxford colleges after the Great War was the abolition of compulsory chapel; Lewis’s enforced attendance at chapel did not last long.
[193] Bickerton, Fred of Oxford, 5–9.
[194] The village of Headington became part of the city of Oxford in 1929.
[195] For example, see Lewis’s letter to Arthur Greeves, 9 February 1919; Letters, vol. 1, 433: “‘The family’ has been greatly taken with your photo.” Or his letter to Arthur Greeves, 18 September 1919; Letters, vol. 1, 467: “The family sends their love.”
[196] Earlier letters use the more formal “Mrs Moore”; for example, his letters to Greeves of 6? October 1918 and 26 January 1919; Letters, vol. 1, 404, 425. The first (unexplained) use of this nickname is in the letter to Greeves of 14 July 1919; Letters, vol. 1, 460. It is used regularly thereafter: see, for example, Letters, vol. 1, 463, 465, 469, 473. By the early 1920s, “The Minto” simply became “Minto.”
[197] Lady Maureen Dunbar, OH/SR-8, fol. 11, Wade Center Oral History Collection, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL. For the history of “the Minto,” see Doncaster Gazette, 8 May 1934.
[198] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 2 June 1919; Letters, vol. 1, 454.
[199] See the correspondence between Warren and Albert Lewis on this question: “Lewis Papers,” vol. 6, 118, 124–125, 129.
[200] “Lewis Papers,” vol. 6, 161.
[201] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 20 February 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 280.
[202] Letter to Albert Lewis, 4 April 1920; Letters, vol. 1, 479.
[203] Letter to Albert Lewis, 8 December 1920; Letters, vol. 1, 512.
[204] Letter to Warren Lewis, 1 July 1921; Letters, vol. 1, 556–557.
[205] Letter to Albert Lewis, 17 June 1921; Letters, vol. 1, 551.
[206] I am very grateful to colleagues in the Oxford University Archives and the “Special Collections” of the Bodleian Library, Oxford, for their exhaustive searches for this document.
[207] Letter to Albert Lewis, 9 July 1921; Letters, vol. 1, 569.
[208] Letter to Warren Lewis, 7 August 1921; Letters, vol. 1, 570–573.
[209] Letter to Albert Lewis, 18 May 1922; Letters, vol. 1, 591.
[210] Darwall-Smith, History of University College Oxford, 447. These changes were implemented in 1926.
[211] Letter to Albert Lewis, 18 May 1922; Letters, vol. 1, 591–592.
[212] Letter to Albert Lewis, 20 July 1922; Letters, vol. 1, 595.
[213] Following the incorporation of Headington into the city of Oxford in 1929, this road was eventually renamed “Holyoake Road” in 1959, to avoid confusion with another “Western Road” in the southern Oxford suburb of Grandpont. The house numbering was also changed, so that the new address of “Hillsboro” is 14 Holyoake Road.
[214] All My Road before Me, 123.
[215] Some biographies suggest it was a fellowship in philosophy. The Magdalen College archives clearly indicate that it was a “Classical Fellowship.” See The President’s Notebooks, vol. 20, fols. 99–100. Magdalen College Oxford: MS PR 2/20.
[216] For the list of eleven candidates, see President’s Notebook for 1922: The President’s Notebooks, vol. 20, fol. 99.
[217] All My Road before Me, 110.
[218] Ibid., 117.
[219] Letter from Sir Herbert Warren to Lewis, 4 November 1922; Magdalen College Oxford, MS 1026/III/3.
[220] All My Road before Me, 151.
[221] See John Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1952). For a fuller statement, see John Bowlby, A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development (New York: Basic Books, 1988). Bowlby’s personal narrative shows similarities to Lewis’s at important points: see Suzan van Dijken, John Bowlby: His Early Life; A Biographical Journey into the Roots of Attachment Theory (London: Free Association Books, 1998).
[222] Surprised by Joy, 22.
[223] Allegory of Love, 7.
[224] Letter to Albert Lewis, 27 June 1921; Letters, vol. 1, 554.
[225] All My Road before Me, 240.
[226] Such as John Churton Collins, The Study of English Literature: A Plea for Its Recognition and Organization at the Universities (London: Macmillan, 1891).
[227] The view of Edward Augustus Freeman (1823–1892), Oxford’s Regius Professor of History, in 1887: see Alvin Kernan, The Death of Literature (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 38.
[228] Eagleton, Literary Theory, 15–46.
[229] All My Road before Me, 120.
[230] Ibid., 53.
[231] The Allegory of Love, v.
[232] Surprised by Joy, 262.
[233] Ibid., 239. For the full text of the “Great War” letters, including illustrations, see Letters, vol. 3, 1600–1646.
[234] The best study of this phase in Lewis’s life is Adey, C. S. Lewis’s “Great War” with Owen Barfield.
[235] Surprised by Joy, 241.
[236] Ibid., 243.
[237] For a detailed analysis of this approach, see McGrath, “The ‘New Look’: Lewis’s Philosophical Context at Oxford in the 1920s,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 31–54.
[238] Ibid., 237.
[239] Ibid., 243.
[240] “The Man Born Blind,” in Essay Collection, 783–786.
[241] Gibb, Light on C. S. Lewis, 52.
[242] All My Road before Me, 256.
[243] Letter to Albert Lewis, 1 July 1923; Letters, vol. 1, 610.
[244] Peter Bayley, “Family Matters III: The English Rising,” University College Record 14 (2006): 115–116.
[245] Darwell-Smith, History of University College, 449.
[246] Ibid., 447–452.
[247] Letter to Albert Lewis, 11 May 1924; Letters, vol. 1, 627–630.
[248] All My Road before Me, 409–410. The plot developed further a few days later: 413–414.
[249] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 4? November 1917; Letters, vol. 1, 342.
[250] Lewis noted the comment in his diary for 26 January 1927: All My Road before Me, 438.
[251] Letter to Albert Lewis, 15 October 1924; Letters, vol. 1, 635.
[252] A copy of the original announcement is bound into the President’s Notebook for 1927: The President’s Notebooks, vol. 21, fol. 11. Magdalen College Oxford: MS PR 2/21.
[253] See letters to Albert Lewis, April 1925 and 26 May 1925; Letters, vol. 1, 640, 642–646.
[254] President Warren, as events made clear, was perfectly prepared to sack even senior fellows who failed to deliver their promised performance.
[255] “University News: New Fellow of Magdalen College,” Times, 22 May 1925. There is an error in this report. As we saw in the previous chapter, Lewis actually won his scholarship to University College in 1916 (not 1915), and took up his place at the college in 1917.
[256] Letter to Albert Lewis, 14 August 1925; Letters, vol. 1, 647–648.
[257] Brockliss, Magdalen College Oxford, 593–594.
[258] Lewis commented on this in a letter to his father, written shortly after his arrival at Magdalen: Letter to Albert Lewis, 21 October 1925; Letters, vol. 1, 651.
[259] Brockliss, Magdalen College Oxford, 601. The practice of “procession by seniority” was not abandoned until 1958, some years after Lewis had left the college.
[260] Ibid., 602.
[261] For the salaries of fellows at this time, see Brockliss, Magdalen College Oxford, 597.
[262] Letter to Albert Lewis, 21 October 1925; Letters, vol. 1, 650.
[263] See Lewis’s diary entries for 23 June and 1 July 1926: All My Road before Me, 416, 420.
[264] For Lewis’s emerging understanding of the value of education, see Heck, Irrigating Deserts, 23–48.
[265] W. H. Lewis, C. S. Lewis: A Biography, 213.
[266] Letter to Owen Barfield, 9 September 1929; Letters, vol. 1, 820.
[267] Lewis’s correspondence with his brother about his father’s death seems confused about the dates: see Walter Hooper’s annotations to the letter to Warren Lewis, 29 September 1929; Letters, vol. 1, 823–824.
[268] Warnie was in Shanghai, China, on military service; Lewis had arrived back in Oxford on 22 September after being reassured that his father was in no imminent danger.
[269] Cromlyn [John Barry], in Church of Ireland Gazette, 5 February 1999. “Cromlyn” was Barry’s pen name when writing for this journal.
[270] Letter to Rhona Bodle, 24 March 1954; Letters, vol. 3, 445.
[271] Letter to Warren Lewis, 29 September 1929; Letters, vol. 1, 824–825.
[272] Warnie’s diary entry for 23 April 1930; “Lewis Papers,” vol. 11, 5.
[273] Letter to Dom Bede Griffiths, 8 February 1956; Letters, vol. 3, 703.
[274] Surprised by Joy, 231.
[275] Ibid., 251.
[276] “On Forgiveness,” in Essay Collection, 184–186.
[277] Surprised by Joy, 266.
[278] Letter to Warren Lewis, 12 January 1930; Letters, vol. 1, 865.
[279] Ibid., 870.
[280] See Warren Lewis’s letter to Lewis, dated 9 December 1931, confirming these details: Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS. Eng. Lett. c. 200/7 fol. 5. The UK Land Registry reference for this property is ON90127.
[281] Mrs. Moore’s will was drawn up by Barfield and Barfield, Solicitors, on 13 May 1945, with Maureen and Lewis as executors. By that time, Maureen was married, and her husband was incorporated into the inheritance stipulation.
[282] Letter to Warren Lewis, 12 December 1932; Letters, vol. 2, 90. The letter was sent to Le Havre in France, where the Automedon would dock before the final stage of its journey to Liverpool.
[283] Maureen Moore was of the view that Warnie did not “retire,” but was thrown out of the army because of an emerging drink problem: Wade Center Oral History Collection: Lady Maureen Dunbar, OH/SR-8, fol. 19.
[284] Warnie indicates that his often poor relationship with Mrs. Moore led him to prepare an “exit strategy” involving relocation to the Republic of Ireland. However, this was never put into action. W. H. Lewis, “Memoir of C. S. Lewis,” 24.
[285] In 1925, the Merton Chair of English Language and Literature was held by H. C. K. Wyld (1870–1945), and the Merton Chair of English Literature by George Stuart Gordon (1881–1942).
[286] All My Road before Me, 392–393.
[287] Lewis’s personal library, now held in the Wade Center (Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL), included a copy of the 1926 edition of Geir T. Zoëga, A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, in which Lewis has added notes concerning the conjugation of irregular verbs, as well as Guðbrandur Vigfússon’s Icelandic Prose Reader (1879).
[288] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 30 January 1930; Letters, vol. 1, 880.
[289] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 26 June 1927; Letters, vol. 1, 701.
[290] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 17 October 1929; Letters, vol. 1, 838. This section of the letter was actually written on 3 December.
[291] Tolkien eventually abandoned work on this poem in September 1931, and returned to it only in the 1950s.
[292] Members of the TCBS (“Tea Club, Barrovian Society”). This club was integral to Tolkien’s literary development, and in some ways anticipates the Inklings: see Carpenter, J. R. R. Tolkien, 67–76; Garth, Tolkien and the Great War, 3–138.
[293] Cited in J. R. R. Tolkien, The Lays of Beleriand (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), 151.
[294] Joseph Pearce, Literary Converts: Spiritual Inspiration in an Age of Unbelief (London: HarperCollins, 1999).
[295] Surprised by Joy, 221–222.
[296] Graham Greene, Collected Essays (New York: Penguin, 1966), 91–92.
[297] Donat Gallagher, ed., The Essays, Articles and Reviews of Evelyn Waugh (London: Methuen, 1983), 300–304.
[298] Letter to Edward Sackville-West, cited in Michael de-la-Noy, Eddy: The Life of Edward Sackville-West (London: Bodley Head, 1988), 237.
[299] Surprised by Joy, 249.
[300] Ibid.
[301] Ibid., 248.
[302] Allegory of Love, 142
[303] The Discarded Image, 206.
[304] Surprised by Joy, 252–260.
[305] Henri Poincaré, Science and Method (London: Nelson, 1914), 129.
[306] Surprised by Joy, 197.
[307] Ibid., 260–261.
[308] For the issues arising, see McGrath, “The Enigma of Autobiography: Critical Reflections on Surprised by Joy,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 7–29.
[309] Surprised by Joy, 264.
[310] Letter to Leo Baker, 25 September 1920; Letters, vol. 1, 509.
[311] Surprised by Joy, 265.
[312] Ibid., 261.
[313] Ibid., 265. For further comment on this “treaty with reality,” see McGrath, “The ‘New Look’: Lewis’s Philosophical Context at Oxford in the 1920s,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 39–42.
[314] Ibid., 266.
[315] Ibid., 271.
[316] Letter from Paul Elmer More to Lewis, 26 April 1935; cited in Letters, vol. 2, 164 n. 37.
[317] Surprised by Joy, 272.
[318] Ibid., 270.
[319] Ibid.
[320] Letter to Laurence Krieg, 21 April 1957; Letters, vol. 3, 848.
[321] W. H. Lewis, “C. S. Lewis: A Biography,” 43.
[322] Surprised by Joy, x.
[323] These dates are confirmed in official university publications of the period: see Oxford University Calendar, 1928 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1928), xx–xxii; Oxford University Calendar, 1929 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929), viii–x. Note that Lewis invariably refers to the eight-week “Full Term” during which tutorials and lectures took place.
[324] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 22 September 1931; Letters, vol. 1, 969–972.
[325] Letter to Owen Barfield, 3? February 1930; Letters, vol. 1, 882–883.
[326] Surprised by Joy, 268.
[327] Owen Barfield, in Poe, C. S. Lewis Remembered, 25–35.
[328] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 29 October 1930; Letters, vol. 1, 942.
[329] Surprised by Joy, 267.
[330] Ibid., 268.
[331] For an engaging comparison of Lewis and Freud on this point, see Nicholi, The Question of God.
[332] Surprised by Joy, 265.
[333] Ibid., 270.
[334] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 22 September 1931; Letters, vol. 1, 969–972.
[335] Lewis seems to have the imagery of the nighttime conversation between Christ and Nicodemus (John 3) in mind in later reflections on this conversation.
[336] Letters to Arthur Greeves, 1 October and 18 October 1931; Letters, vol. 1, 972–977.
[337] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 1 October 1931; Letters, vol. 1, 974.
[338] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 18 October 1931; Letters, vol. 1, 976.
[339] Ibid., 977.
[340] Miracles, 218. For the importance of this notion, see McGrath, “A Gleam of Divine Truth: The Concept of ‘Myth’ in Lewis’s Thought,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis., 55–81
[341] “Myth Became Fact,” in Essay Collection, 142.
[342] J. R. R. Tolkien, The Silmarillion (London: Allen & Unwin, 1977), 41.
[343] Surprised by Joy, 267.
[344] Ibid., 275. Whipsnade Park Zoo, located near Dunstable in Bedfordshire, about 50 miles (80 kilometres) from Oxford, opened in May 1931.
[345] See, for example, Downing, Most Reluctant Convert, 155.
[346] W. H. Lewis, “Memoir of C. S. Lewis,” 19.
[347] Holmer, C. S. Lewis: The Shape of His Faith and Thought, 22–45.
[348] For example, see the letter to Warren Lewis, 24 October 1931; Letters, vol. 2, 1–11. This letter suggests that Lewis has not yet resolved certain theological issues.
[349] Letter to Warren Lewis, 24 October 1931; Letters, vol. 2, 2. Warnie had left England for his last tour of duty in China on 9 October, 1931, arriving in Shanghai on 17 November.
[350] W. H. Lewis, “Memoir of C. S. Lewis,” 19.
[351] Surprised by Joy, 276.
[352] Since about 1960, the Spanish bluebell (Hyacinthoides hispanica) has become increasingly widespread in England. Lewis’s reference is clearly to the traditional English bluebell.
[353] ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, “Beautiful Bluebells,” press release, 17 May 2004.
[354] Surprised by Joy, 6.
[355] Note the cornflower theme in the early part of E. M. Forster’s classic Room with a View (1908).
[356] See his letter to Warren Lewis, 14 June 1932; Letters, vol. 2, 84.
[357] Letter to Warren Lewis, 25 December 1931; Letters, vol. 2, 30.
[358] This chapel, which took its name from the street on which it was located, no longer exists. “Bubbling Well Street” was renamed “Nanjing Road West” in 1945.
[359] The Pilgrim’s Regress, 5.
[360] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 4 February 1933; Letters, vol. 2, 95.
[361] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 12 September 1933; Letters, vol. 2, 125.
[362] Letter to Warren Lewis, 22 November 1931; Letters, vol. 2, 14–16.
[363] Letter to Thomasine, 14 December 1959; Letters, vol. 3, 1109.
[364] Sayer, Jack, 198.
[365] Lawlor in Gibb, Light on C. S. Lewis, 71–73. See further Lawlor, C. S. Lewis: Memories and Reflections. Lawlor later became Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Keele.
[366] John Wain in Gibb, Light on C. S. Lewis, 72.
[367] Wain, Sprightly Running, 138.
[368] Hooper, C. S. Lewis: A Companion and Guide, 42.
[369] Letter to Cynthia Donnelly, 14 August 1954; Letters, vol. 3, 503.
[370] Wilson, C. S. Lewis: A Biography, 161.
[371] Letter to Albert Lewis, 28 August 1924; Letters, vol. 1, 633.
[372] This image is used of Lewis by John Wain, in Roma Gill (ed.), William Empson (London: Routledge, 1977), 117.
[373] See the “faculty lecturer lists” published in Oxford University Calendar 1935 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1935), 12.
[374] Oxford University Calendar 1936 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936), 423 n. 9.
[375] The Discarded Image, 216.
[376] The Four Loves, 166.
[377] Letter to Guy Pocock, 17 January 1933; Letters, vol. 2, 94.
[378] The Pilgrim’s Regress, 5.
[379] Ibid., 5.
[380] “The Vision of John Bunyan,” in Selected Literary Essays, 149.
[381] Poems, 81.
[382] Pilgrim’s Regress, 11–12.
[383] Ibid., 8.
[384] Ibid., 10.
[385] For Lewis’s exploration of the significance of desire and longing, see McGrath, “Arrows of Joy: Lewis’s Argument from Desire,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 105–128.
[386] The Pilgrim’s Regress, 10.
[387] Ibid., 177.
[388] Acts 9:9-19; 2 Corinthians 3:13-16.
[389] Letter to Warren Lewis, 22 November 1931; Letters, vol. 2, 16.
[390] Tolkien mentions this in a letter to Christopher Tolkien, 30 January 1945; Tolkien, Letters, 108.
[391] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 4 February 1933; Letters, vol. 2, 96.
[392] Warnie’s best books, in my view, are The Splendid Century: Some Aspects of French Life in the Reign of Louis XIV (1953) and Levantine Adventurer: The Travels and Missions of the Chevalier d’Arvieux, 1653–1697 (1962).
[393] J. R. R. Tolkien to W. L. White, 11 September 1967; Tolkien, Letters, 388.
[394] Williams, To Michal from Serge, 227.
[395] J. R. R. Tolkien to W. L. White, 11 September 1967; Tolkien, Letters, 388.
[396] Letter to Charles Williams, 11 March 1936; Letters, vol. 2, 183.
[397] Letter to Janet Spens, 16 November 1934; Letters, vol. 2, 147–149.
[398] Owen Barfield; J. A. W. Bennett; David Cecil; Nevill Coghill; James Dundas-Grant; Hugo Dyson; Adam Fox; Colin Hardie; Robert E. Havard; C. S. Lewis; Warren Lewis; Gervase Mathew; R. B. McCallum; C. E. Stevens; Christopher Tolkien; J. R. R. Tolkien; John Wain; Charles Williams; C. L. Wrenn.
[399] Tolkien to Stanley Unwin, 4 June 1938; Tolkien, Letters, 36. It is not clear whether Tolkien is here referring to the Inklings or “The Cave,” a related group which was mainly concerned with English faculty politics. For “The Cave,” see Lewis’s letter to Warren Lewis, 17 March 1940; Letters, vol. 2, 365.
[400] Wain, Sprightly Running, 185.
[401] Letter to Leo Baker, 28 April 1935; Letters, vol. 2, 161.
[402] Letter to Albert Lewis, 10 July 1928; Letters, vol. 1, 766–767.
[403] The Clarendon Press is an imprint of Oxford University Press.
[404] Letter to Guy Pocock, 27 February 1933; Letters, vol. 2, 98.
[405] Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS. Eng. c. 6825, fols. 48–49.
[406] Allegory of Love, 1.
[407] Ibid., 2. The phrase courtly love is the traditional English translation of the French term amour courtois, somewhat tenuously derived from the Provençal term fin’ amors.
[408] See, for example, John C. Moore, “‘Courtly Love’: A Problem of Terminology,” Journal of the History of Ideas 40, no. 4 (1979): 621–632.
[409] See, for example, C. Stephen Jaeger, The Origins of Courtliness: Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Ideals, 937–1210 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991).
[410] David Hill Radcliffe, Edmund Spenser: A Reception History (Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1996), 168.
[411] Oxford University Calendar 1938 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1938), 460 n. 12.
[412] Gardner, “Clive Staples Lewis, 1898–1963,” 423.
[413] See Lewis’s Rehabilitations. Lewis here seeks to rehabilitate both individuals and schools, and offers a particularly interesting assessment of differences in style between Shakespeare and Milton.
[414] “On the Reading of Old Books,” in Essay Collection, 439.
[415] Ibid., 440.
[416] Ibid., 439.
[417] “Learning in War-Time,” in Essay Collection, 584.
[418] “De Descriptione Temporum,” in Selected Literary Essays, 13.
[419] “De Audiendis Poetis,” in Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature, 2–3.
[420] Experiment in Criticism, 140–141.
[421] Ibid., 137.
[422] Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and Lectures (New York: Library of America, 1983), 259.
[423] Experiment in Criticism, 85.
[424] The Personal Heresy, 11.
[425] Now known by the title “Learning in War-Time,” in Essay Collection, 579–586. Quote at page 586.
[426] Letter to Warren Lewis, 2 September 1939; Letters, vol. 2, 270–271.
[427] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 27 December 1940; Letters, vol. 3, 1538.
[428] Letter to Warren Lewis, 11 August 1940; Letters, vol. 2, 433.
[429] Letter to Warren Lewis, 24 November 1939; Letters, vol. 2, 296.
[430] J. R. R. Tolkien to Christopher Bretherton, 16 July 1964; Tolkien, Letters, 349.
[431] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 27 December 1940; Letters, vol. 3, 1538.
[432] Letter to Warren Lewis, 11 November 1939; Letters, vol. 2, 287.
[433] Ibid., 288–289.
[434] Williams, To Michal from Serge, 253.
[435] J. R. R. Tolkien to Rayner Unwin, 12 September 1965; Tolkien, Letters, 362. A similar point was made in 1954 on the publication of The Fellowship of the Ring: J. R. R. Tolkien to Rayner Unwin, 9 September 1954; Tolkien, Letters, 184. Both these letters were written at a time when Tolkien’s friendship with Lewis had cooled, giving added significance to his warm commendations.
[436] Letter to Warren Lewis, 3 December 1939; Letters, vol. 2, 302.
[437] See J. R. R. Tolkien to Christopher Tolkien, 31 May 1944; Tolkien, Letters, 83.
[438] The Problem of Pain, 91.
[439] “On Science Fiction,” in Essay Collection, 451.
[440] The Problem of Pain, 3.
[441] Ibid., 16.
[442] Ibid., 39.
[443] Ibid., 80.
[444] Letter to Warren Lewis, 3 December 1939; Letters, vol. 2, 302. Emphasis in original.
[445] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 3 April 1930; Letters, vol. 1, 889.
[446] Lewis discusses Adams primarily in his correspondence with Mary Neylan (1908–1997), his former student. Lewis was godfather to Neylan’s daughter, Sarah.
[447] Letter to Sister Penelope, 24 October 1940; Letters, vol. 2, 452.
[448] Letter to Mary Willis Shelburne, 31 March 1954; Letters, vol. 3, 449.
[449] The best study is Dorsett, Seeking the Secret Place, 85–107.
[450] Letter to Mary Neylan, 30 April 1941; Letters, vol. 2, 482.
[451] The BBC suspended local radio transmissions in 1939, and did not resume them until 1946.
[452] See Wolfe, The Churches and the British Broadcasting Corporation 1922–1956.
[453] See Justin Phillips, C. S. Lewis at the BBC (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 77–94.
[454] All correspondence between the BBC and Lewis is held at the BBC Written Archives Centre [WAC], Caversham Park. James Welch to Lewis, 7 February 1941, file 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[455] Letter to James Welch, 10 February 1941; Letters, vol. 2, 470.
[456] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 11 February 1941, 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[457] Letter to Sister Penelope, 15 May 1941; Letters, vol. 2, 485.
[458] “Christian Apologetics,” in Essay Collection, 153.
[459] Ibid., 155.
[460] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 21 February 1941, 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[461] Letter to Sister Penelope, 15 May 1941; Letters, vol. 2, 484–485.
[462] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 25 May 1941; Letters, vol. 2, 486.
[463] Letter to J. S. A. Ensor, 13 March 1944; Letters, vol. 2, 606.
[464] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 13 May 1941, 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[465] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 9 June 1941, 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[466] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 24 June 1941, 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[467] Internal Circulating Memo HG/PVH, 15 July 1941, file 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[468] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 22 July 1941, file 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[469] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 4 September 1941, file 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[470] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 5 December 1941, file 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[471] Miracles, 218. For the importance of this notion, see McGrath, “A ‘Mere Christian’: Anglicanism and Lewis’s Religious Identity,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 147–161.
[472] For an exploration of this point, see Wolfe and Wolfe, C. S. Lewis and the Church.
[473] Broadcast Talks, 5.
[474] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 18 February 1942, file 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[475] Eric Fenn to Lewis, 15 September 1942, file 910/TAL 1a, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[476] Letter to Eric Fenn, 25 March 1944; Letters, vol. 2, 609.
[477] Letter to Warren Lewis, 20 July 1940; Letters, vol. 2, 426.
[478] These comments are found in a preface written by Lewis in May 1960 for a later edition of this work, explaining more about its composition: The Screwtape Letters and Screwtape Proposes a Toast (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1961), xxi.
[479] The Screwtape Letters, 88.
[480] J. R. R. Tolkien to Michael Tolkien, November 1963?; Tolkien, Letters, 342.
[481] Oliver Quick to William Temple, 24 July 1943; William Temple Papers, vol. 39, fol. 269, Lambeth Palace Library. For the significance of Lewis’s approach to theology, see McGrath, “Outside the ‘Inner Ring’: Lewis as a Theologian,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 163–183.
[482] Lillian Lang to J. Warren MacAlpine, 16 June 1948, file 910/TAL 1b, BBC Written Archives Centre, Caversham Park.
[483] “On the Reading of Old Books,” in Essay Collection, 439.
[484] Richard Baxter, The Church History of the Government by Bishops (London: Thomas Simmons, 1681), folio b.
[485] English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, 454.
[486] Mere Christianity, 11–12. See further McGrath, “A ‘Mere Christian’: Anglicanism and Lewis’s Religious Identity,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 147–161.
[487] W. R. Inge, Protestantism (London: Nelson, 1936), 86 (Wade Center, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL).
[488] For a good analysis, see Giles Watson, “Dorothy L. Sayers and the Oecumenical Penguin.”
[489] Farrer, “The Christian Apologist,” in Gibb, Light on C. S. Lewis, 37. For further discussion of Lewis’s approach to apologetics, see McGrath, “Reason, Experience, and Imagination: Lewis’s Apologetic Method,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 129–146.
[490] Mere Christianity, 21.
[491] Ibid., 24.
[492] Ibid., 8.
[493] Ibid., 25.
[494] Ibid., 135.
[495] Ibid., 137. For a careful evaluation of this line of argument, see McGrath, “Arrows of Joy: Lewis’s Argument from Desire,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 103–128.
[496] Ibid., 136–7.
[497] A Preface to “Paradise Lost,” 80.
[498] “Is Theology Poetry?” in Essay Collection, 21. For Lewis’s use of the image of the sun, see McGrath, “The Privileging of Vision: Lewis’s Metaphors of Light, Sun, and Sight,” in The Intellectual World of C. S. Lewis, 83–104.
[499] Letter to Arthur Greeves, 11 December 1944; Letters, vol. 3, 1555.