[2] Wayland, Vol. 1, p. 12.
[1] Most of the material for this biography has been gleaned from Francis Wayland who was Judson’s official biographer. Two volumes of over 400 pages each were published in 1853 by James Nisbet. I am thankful to the Evangelical Library, 5/6 Gateway Mews, Ringway Bounds Green, London, N11 2UT, for the loan of these and other valuable volumes including the Memoir of Mrs. Ann H. Judson, edited by James D. Knowles, London, 1830. Wayland’s work together with Ann Judson’s memoirs form by far the richest source of original data. The most recent biography is To the Golden Shore by Courtney Anderson, 530 pages, Judson Press, USA. Anderson’s work is well researched and he supplies a bibliography. The book is concerned with the story and the drama of it all rather than with the spiritual values. Francis Wayland’s biography is spiritual in its approach. It provides the crucial letters in full. Wayland was influenced by both Judson and Luther Rice. Rice was preaching when Wayland was converted. The intensity of Judson’s dedication to the missionary cause inspired Wayland. Unfortunately after the death of his wife Ann, Adoniram had his letters destroyed together with his papers of a personal character.
[2] Wayland, Vol. 1, p. 12.
[3] Thomas Boston (1676-1732) – Scottish church leader. Born in Duns, his father and mother were both Covenanters. He was educated at Edinburgh, and licensed in 1697 by the presbytery of Chirnside. In 1699 he became minister of the small parish of Simprin, where there were 90 examinable persons. In 1704 he found a book brought into Scotland by a commonwealth soldier. This was the famous Marrow of Modern Divinity, by Edward Fisher, a compendium of the opinions of leeding Reformation divines on the doctrine of Gods grace and the offer of the Gospel, which set off the Marrow Controversy. Boston became and effective writer and church leader.
[4] Courtney Anderson, To the Golden Shore (Judson Press, Valley Forge, USA, 1989); p. 61.
[5] Ibid., p. 52.
[6] Ibid., pp. 63-64.
[7] Personal Reminiscences of the Life and Times of Gardiner Spring, New York, 1866, Vol. 1, p. 160, cited in Revival and Revivalism, Iain Murray (Banner of Truth, 1994), p. 118.
[8] The Life and Sermons of Edward D. Griffin were published by The Banner of Truth in 1987, two volumes of about 600 pages each, material of the highest quality. This material reflects generally the doctrine which was imbibed by Judson.
[9] Sharon James, Ann Judson: America’s First Woman Missionary (Reformation Today, Number 137); p. 12.
[10] Anderson, p. 83.
[11] James, ibid.
[12] Aparna Mukherjee, British Colonial Policy in Burma, 1840-1885 (Riverdale, Maryland USA, 1988). This book provides detailed descriptions of conditions in Burma. Revolting and barbaric practices of torture and death were commonly handed out to offenders at the Emperor’s whim.
[13] S. Pearce Carey, William Carey, 1923 (reprinted Wakeman, London, 1993); p. 266.
[14] Brian Stanley, The Bible and the Flag – Protestant Missions and British Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Apollos; InterVarsity Press; 1990).
[15] paedobaptism – baptism of infants.
[16] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 82.
[17] Knowles, p. 92.
[18] Leon H. McBeth, The Baptist Heritage (Broadman, Nashville); p. 350ff.
[19] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 103.
[20] Sunil Kumar Chatterjee, The Life of Felix Carey, 122 pages, available from Pustak Bipani, 27 Beniatola Lane, Calcutta 700009. This is an invaluable work of research into original sources and provides a mine of information not only on the Carey family but on the background to those times.
[21] Ibid., p. 249ff.
[22] Ibid., p. 195ff.
[23] Knowles, p. 281. Ann wrote detailed descriptions of the ordeal in her letters.
[24] Knowles, p. 314.
[25] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 263.
[26] Knowles, p. 322.
[27] nadir – the lowest point; time of greatest depression or dejection.
[28] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 346.
[29] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 333.
[30] Robert A. Torbet, A History of the Baptists (Judson Press, 1963); p. 333.
[31] Ibid., p. 359.
[32] Ibid., p. 365.
[33] Ibid., p. 433ff. Wayland discusses this period, describes the habits of Judson and defends him on the grounds of the ordeal through which he had passed in prison and the effects of the trauma of the subsequent loss of his wife and little daughter.
[34] Ibid., p. 349.
[35] Ibid., p. 14.
[36] W. S. Desai, History of the British Residency in Burma, 1826-1840 (University of Rangoon, 1939); p. 163ff. The circumstances and correspondence is presented in detail and illustrates perfectly the difference between outright despotic tyranny and religious freedom.
[37] Ibid.
[38] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 424.
[39] Wayland, Vol. 2; p. 92.
[40] D. G. A. Hall, Europe and Burma, A Study of European Relations with Burma to the Annexation of Thibaw’s Kingdom, 1886 (Oxford University Press, 1945); p. 119. In the most crucial battle of the war, 60,000 Burmese troops faced 4,000 British, reduced due to illness: 1,300 Europeans and 2,500 sepoys. Ibid., p. 115.
[41] Ibid., p. 376.
[42] Wayland, Vol. 2; p. 3.
[43] Ibid., p. 135.
[44] Ibid., p. 138.
[45] Ibid., p. 153.
[46] Ibid., p. 239.
[47] BEIC – British East India Company, which controlled the lucrative tea trade at the time.
[48] Ibid., p. 314.
[49] Ibid., p. 328.
[50] Ibid., p. 44.
[51] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 122.
[52] Ibid., p. 323ff.
[53] Ibid., pp. 71-86. William Carey was so impressed with a sermon preached on this subject by Adoniram Judson, that he had the work published as a booklet. This came to 88 pages and is titled Christian Baptism, A Sermon preached in the Lal Bazar Chapel, Calcutta, on the Lord’s day, September 27, 1812, previous to the administration of the ordinance of baptism, with many quotations from paedobaptist authors. If he preached it all it would have taken about four hours! We may be sure that he preached the main points. He begins with linguistic analysis with copious references to other authors (up to p. 29), then household baptisms in the New Testament are considered (up to p. 33), followed by the covenant and circumcision argument (up to p. 60), concluding with many quotes from other scholars.
[54] Wayland, Vol. 2; p. 104.
[55] Timothy George, The Life and Mission of William Carey (New Hope, Alabama, USA, 1991); p. 173.
[56] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 190.
[57] Thomas J. Nettles, By His Grace and for His Glory – A historical, theological, and practical study of the doctrines of grace in Baptist life (Baker, 1986); p. 148ff.
[58] Ibid., p. 153.
[59] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 382.
[60] John Murray, Collected Writings (Banner of Truth, 1977, Vol. 2); p. 277.
[61] Ibid., p. 257.
[62] Iain H Murray, D. Martyn Lloyd-Jones, The Fight of Faith, 1939-1981 (Banner of Truth); p. 207ff.
[63] See reviews of Joy Unspeakable and Prove All Things (Kingsway); reviewed by Victor Budgen in Reformation Today, Number 92. See also the book Crisis Experiences, Erroll Hulse (Carey Publications).
[64] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 389.
[65] Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology (IVP, 1994); p. 840ff.
[66] Wayland, Vol. 2; p. 301.
[67] Jonathan Edwards, The History of Redemption. Edwards’ work probably was more influential than any other. For up-to-date treatments, see J. A. De Jong, As the Waters Cover the Sea—Millennial Expectations in the Rise of Anglo-American Missions, 1649-1810, and The Puritan Hope by Iain Murray (Banner of Truth), and a paper given at the International Baptist Conference, Toronto, 1988, by Erroll Hulse, A Christianised World? The Post-Millennial Universal Reign of Christ.
[68] Wayland, Vol. 2; p. 23ff.
[69] Wayland, Vol. 1; p. 395ff, cf. p. 333.
[70] Wayland, Vol. 2; p. 317.
[71] Ibid., p. 214.
[72] Operation World, see on Myanmar, p. 398ff.
[73] Francis Wayland, Vol. 2; p. 48.
[74] See chapter on the call in Spurgeon’s Lectures to My Students. Also Joel Nederhood in the book Preaching (Evangelical Press).
[75] Operation World, Patrick Johnstone (Zondervan, USA; WEC, UK); p. 614.
[76] Ibid., A list of missionary societies is included in Operation World. A computer data base for further information, and periodicals which specialise on information about unevangelised countries, are available. SCAN, Society of Central Asian News, is an example: P O Box 151, Tonbridge, Kent, TN11 9XL, UK.
[77] Wayland, Vol. 2; p. 39ff.
[78] Operation World, p. 559
[79] Michael Haykin tells this inspiring story in his recently published biography of John Sutcliff,: One Heart and One Soul (Evangelical Press, UK, 1994; 430 pages).